CT-based delineation o心脑血管药理、食管癌放疗增敏研究

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CT-baseddelineationoflymphnodelevelsandrelatedCTVsinthenode-negativeneck:DAHANCA,EORTC,GORTEC,NCIC,RTOGconsensusguidelines

VincentGre´goirea,*,1,PeterLevendagb,1,KianK.Angc,JacquesBernierd,MarijelBraaksmab,VolkerBudache,CliffChaoc,EmmanuelCochef,JayS.Cooperc,GuyCosnardf,

AvrahamEisbruchc,SamyEl-Sayedg,BahmanEmamic,CaiGrauh,MarcHamoiri,NancyLeec,PhilippeMaingonj,KarinMullerb,Herve´Reychlerk

aRadiationOncologyDept.andLaboratoryofRadiobiology,Universite´CatholiquedeLouvain,St-LucUniversityHospital,B-1200Brussels,Belgium

bRadiationOncologyDept.,ErasmusMedicalCenterDanieldenHoedCancerCenter,Rotterdam,TheNetherlands

cHeadandNeckgroup,RTOG,1101MarketStreet,14thFloor,Philadelphia,PA19107,USA

dHeadandNeckgroup,EORTC,AvenueE.Mounier,83/11,B-1200Brussels,Belgium

eRadiotherapygroup,EORTC,AvenueE.Mounier,83/11,B-1200Brussels,Belgium

fRadiologyDept.,Universite´CatholiquedeLouvain,St-LucUniversityHospital,B-1200Brussels,Belgium

gHeadandNeckDSG,NCIC-CTG,10AlcornAvenue,Suite200,Toronto,Ont.,Canada,M4V3B1

hDAHANCA,Norrebrogade44,8000AarhusC,Denmark

iHeadandNeckSurgeryDept.,Universite´CatholiquedeLouvain,St-LucUniversityHospital,B-1200Brussels,Belgium

jGORTEC,RueC.Desmoulins,39,94805,Villejuif,France

hMaxillo-FacialSurgeryDept.,Universite´CatholiquedeLouvain,St-LucUniversityHospital,B-1200Brussels,Belgium

Received4July2003;receivedinrevisedform18August2003;accepted12September2003

AbstractBackgroundandpurpose:Theappropriateapplicationof3-DCRTandIMRTforHNSCCrequiresastandardizationoftheproceduresforthedelineationofthetargetvolumes.Overthepastfewyears,twoproposals—theso-calledBrusselsguidelinesfromGre´goireetal.,andtheso-calledRotterdamguidelinesfromNowaketal.—emergedfromtheliteratureforthedelineationofthenecknodelevels.Detailedexaminationoftheseproposalshoweverrevealedsomeimportantdiscrepancies.Materialsandmethods:Withinthisframework,theBrusselsandRotterdamgroupsdecidedtoreviewtheirguidelinesandderiveacommonsetofrecommendationsfordelineationofnecknodelevels.ThisproposalwasthendiscussedwithrepresentativesofmajorcooperativegroupsinEurope(DAHANCA,EORTC,GORTEC)andinNorthAmerica(NCIC,RTOG),which,aftersomeadditionalrefinements,haveendorsedthem.Theobjectiveofthepresentarticleistopresenttheconsensusguidelinesforthedelineationofthenodelevelsinthenode-negativeneck.Resultsandconclusions:FirstashortdiscussionofthediscrepanciesbetweenthepreviousBrusselsandtheRotterdamguidelinesispresented.Thegeneralphilosophyoftheconsensusguidelinesandthemethodologyusedtoresolvethevariousdiscrepanciesarethendescribed.TheconsensusproposalisthenpresentedandrepresentativeCTVsthatareconsistentwiththeseguidelinesareillustratedonCTsections.Last,thelimitationsoftheconsensusguidelinesarediscussedandsomeconcernsaboutthedirectapplicationsoftheseguidelinestothenode-positiveneckandthepost-operativeneckaredescribed.q2003ElsevierIrelandLtd.Allrightsreserved.

Keywords:Radiotherapy;Headandneck;Nodelevels;Guidelines

1.IntroductionTheimplementationofthree-dimensionalconformalradiotherapy(3D-CRT)andintensity-modulatedradiationtherapy(IMRT)permitsfargreatercontrolofdose

0167-8140/$-seefrontmatterq2003ElsevierIrelandLtd.Allrightsreserved.doi:10.1016/j.radonc.2003.09.011

RadiotherapyandOncology69(2003)227–236www.elsevier.com/locate/radonline

1Bothauthorscontributedequallytothepaper.

*Correspondingauthor.distribution,selectionandthedelineationoftargetvolumes.Thisnewcapabilityisparticularlyimportantforthemanagementoftumorsintheheadandneckregion,where,withfewexceptions(e.g.earlystagelaryngealandoralcavitytumors),radiationoncologistspreviouslyhavebeenusedtocomprehensivetreatmentofallnecknodelevels.Inrecentyears,however,ithasbeensuggestedthatmoreselectivetreatmentofthenecknodescouldleadtosubstantialreductioninthedoseinflictedoncriticalorgansatrisk,suchastheparotids,withoutjeopardizingloco-regionalcontrol[3,8].However,sub-optimalselectionanddelineationoftargetvolumescouldeasilyjeopardizetheclinicalimpactoftheexquisitedosedistributionsproduced.Overthepastfewyears,severalauthorshaveadvocatedtheconceptoflimitedtreatment,i.e.selectiveneckdissectionorselectiveneckirradiation,forlimitedstagetumors(seereviewsinRefs.[2,6,7,9]).Itisbeyondthescopeofthisarticletodiscussthisissueatlength.But,comprehensivereviewoftheliteraturehasindicatedthatinthepreviouslyuntreatedneck,thelymphnodedrainageoftheoralcavity,larynxandpharynxfollowsasufficientlypredictablepatternthattheconceptofselectivetreatmenthasalegitimaterationale.Theapplicationofthisconcepthoweverrequiresstandardizationoftheterminologyandproceduresforbothneckdissectionandneckirradiation.In1991,theCommitteeforHeadandNeckSurgeryandOncologyoftheAmericanAcademyforOtolaryngology—HeadandNeckSurgeryproposedasetofdefinitionsofthevariouslymphnodedissectionprocedures[15].Theserecommendations,popularizedbyRobbins,werebasedonasystematicclassificationofthenecknodesintosixlevels,theboundariesofeachbeingdefinedbysurgicallyvisiblebones,muscles,bloodvesselsornerves.Theserecommen-dationsrecentlyhavebeenupdated,withrefinementsofsomeboundariesusingradiologiclandmarks,andfurtherdefinitionofsub-levels(e.g.IIa–IIb,Va–Vb)[16,17].Inthewakeoftheserecommendations,severalgroupshavetranslatedtheanatomicboundariesofthevariousnecknodelevelsonCT-orMR-scans[2,9,13,14,19,20].IntheRadiationOncologycommunity,twooftheseguidelineproposals—theso-calledBrusselsguidelinesfromGre´goireetal.,andtheso-calledRotterdamguidelinesfromNowaketal.—appeartobethemostwidelyusedinclinicalpractice[9,14].TheRotterdamguidelineshavefurtherevolvedintoasimplifiedversionthattheirauthorsconsidermoreusableinaroutinepractice[20].DetailedexaminationoftheBrusselsandRotterdamrecommendations,however,revealssomeimportantdiscrepancies,preventinguniformdelineationofthetargetvolumesintheneckamongradiationoncologists.Withinthisframework,theBrusselsandRotterdamgroupsdecidedtoreviewtheirguidelinesandderiveacommonsetofrecommendationsfordelineationofnecknodelevels[11].ThisproposalwasthendiscussedwithrepresentativesofmajorcooperativegroupsinEurope