Temporal chaos versus spatial mixing in reaction-advection-diffusion systems

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arXiv:nlin/0404057v2 [nlin.PS] 31 Aug 2006Temporalchaosversusspatialmixinginreaction-advection-diffusionsystems

ArthurV.Straube∗,MarkusAbelandArkadyPikovskyDepartmentofPhysics,UniversityofPotsdam,AmNeuenPalais10,PF601553,D-14415,Potsdam,Germany

Wedevelopatheorydescribingthetransitiontoaspatiallyhomogeneousregimeinamixingflowwithachaoticintimereaction.ThetransverseLyapunovexponentgoverningthestabilityofthehomogeneousstatecanberepresentedasacombinationofLyapunovexponentsforspatialmixingandtemporalchaos.Thisrepresentation,beingexactfortime-independentflowsandequalP´ecletnumbersofdifferentcomponents,isdemonstratedtoworkaccuratelyfortime-dependentflowsanddifferentP´ecletnumbers.

PACSnumbers:47.54.+r,05.60.-k,47.52.+j,47.70.-n

Complexspatiotemporaldynamicshasattractedlarge

interestinthelastdecades.Recently,reaction-diffusion

equationshavebeensubjectofintenseresearchdueto

theirrichvarietyofpatterns.Theydescribemanyim-

portantphysicalsystems,suchaschemicalreactions[1],

lasers[2],orsemiconductors[3].Ontheotherhand,

complexstructurescanbecreatedinfluidmechanicsby

spatialmixing[4].InthisLetter,weconsiderthecom-

binedactionoftheaboveeffects,leadingtoareaction-

advection-diffusionsystem,seeEq.(2)below.Suchsys-

temshavebeeninvestigatedwithrespecttofrontprop-

agation[5],excitabledynamics[6],andthefilamental

structureofreactiveparticles[7].Practically,stirred

flowswithreactionarerelevantfromlargescales(plank-

tondynamicsintheoceans[8])tomicroscales(construc-

tionofalabonachip[9]),andareimportantforbio-

physical,ecological,andchemicalapplications;similar

equationsdescribethedynamoeffectinmagnetohydro-

dynamics[10].

InthisLetter,weconsideratemporallychaoticreac-

tionprocess.Itisknownthatinpresenceofdiffusion,

temporalchaoscanleadtotheappearanceofnontrivial

spatialstructuresandspace-timechaos.Wedemonstrate

thatsuchstructurescanappearinthepresenceofmixing,

too.Wedevelopatheoryforthetransitionfromspatially

homogeneous(fullymixed)temporallychaoticstatetoa

nonhomogeneousone,andcompareitwithcalculations.

Ourapproachisstronglyrelatedtothetheoryofcom-

pletesynchronizationofcoupledchaoticsystems,which

issignificantlyextendedbecausethespatialmixingleads

tospecialtypesofcoupling.

Wenowformulatethereactionequations.Theevolu-

tionoftheconcentrationsφi,i=1,...,Nduetoreaction

isdescribedbyanonlinearsystem

dφi

∗E-mail:straube@stat.physik.uni-potsdam.dePaperpublishedinPhys.Rev.Lett93,174501(2004)eachcomponentissubjecttodiffusionandadvectionby

anincompressiblevelocityfieldv(r,t).Normalizationby

thecharacteristicadvectiontimeallowsadescriptionby

dimensionlessdiffusionconstantsdi(equivalenttoP´eclet

numbersd−1i∼Pei,generallydifferent)andthedimen-

sionlessreactionrate,orDamk¨ohlernumber,Da.The

resultingspatio-temporalequationsare

∂φi

∂t+(v·∇)ϕi=di∇2ϕi+DaCij(Dat)ϕj,(3)

whereCij(t)=∂Fi2

diffusionconstantsdi=d.Inthiscasetheansatz

ϕi(r,t)=X(r)Φi(t)allowsforaseparationoftimeand

spacedependenceoftheperturbationfield.Thespa-

tialcomponentisdeterminedbytheadvection–diffusion

eigenvalueproblem

d∇2X−(v·∇)X=−ΓX,∇X|S=0.(4)

TheeigenvalueΓdescribesthedecayofnon-

homogeneousstatesofthepassivescalarfieldu(r,t),gov-

ernedby∂u

dt=−γΦi+DaCij(Dat)Φj(6)

WiththeansatzΦi=e−γtwithisequationistrans-

formedtotheequationforlinear

perturbations

of

the

reaction

problem

(1)

dw

i

λ

.

(9)Asimilarconditionforatrivialcaseofreaction-diffusion

systemhasbeenobtainedin[13]andforanabstract

mappingmodelofmixingin[14].Weemphasizethat

condition(9),obtainedforarealisticreaction-advection-

diffusionsystem,canbedirectlyappliedtoanexperi-

ment.Indeed,theeigenvalueγcanbedirectlymeasured

fromthetimeevolutionofthecontrastofapassivescalar

intheflowunderinvestigation[15].TheLEλcanbe

determinedfromtheadvection-freesetup:thecritical

domainsizeLcatwhichthepatternsappearisrelated

toλviaCdL−2c=λ,whereCisageometricalfactor

dependingonthedomainform.

Theanalysisaboveisbasedonsimplifyingassump-

tions:time-independenceofthevelocityfieldandequal-

ityofdiffusionconstants.Ingeneral,ifthevelocitiesare

time-dependentandthediffusionconstantsaredifferent,

Eq.(3)cannotbesimplifiedandshouldbeanalyzednu-

merically.Sinceweareinterestedinstabilitywithre-

specttospatiallyinhomogeneousperturbations,theso-

lutionshouldbesoughtintheclassoffieldsϕhavingzero

spatialaverage(thespatiallyhomogeneousmodesin(3)

aredecoupledfromothermodes).Numerically,onecan

usetheusualmethodforcalculationofthelargestLE:

startingwithanarbitraryinitialfieldin(3),withvan-

ishingspatialaverage,oneintegrates(3)alongwith(2)

performingnormalizationofthelinearfieldtoavoidnu-

mericalover-orunderflow;averagingthelogarithmof

thenormalizationfactorsyieldsthetransversalLEλ⊥.

Weapplythisnumericalmethodtothetime-dependent

flow,2π-periodicinspace,suggestedin[16]:

v={axf(t)cos[y+θx(t)],ay[1−f(t)]cos[x+θy(t)]}.