Temporal chaos versus spatial mixing in reaction-advection-diffusion systems
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arXiv:nlin/0404057v2 [nlin.PS] 31 Aug 2006Temporalchaosversusspatialmixinginreaction-advection-diffusionsystems
ArthurV.Straube∗,MarkusAbelandArkadyPikovskyDepartmentofPhysics,UniversityofPotsdam,AmNeuenPalais10,PF601553,D-14415,Potsdam,Germany
Wedevelopatheorydescribingthetransitiontoaspatiallyhomogeneousregimeinamixingflowwithachaoticintimereaction.ThetransverseLyapunovexponentgoverningthestabilityofthehomogeneousstatecanberepresentedasacombinationofLyapunovexponentsforspatialmixingandtemporalchaos.Thisrepresentation,beingexactfortime-independentflowsandequalP´ecletnumbersofdifferentcomponents,isdemonstratedtoworkaccuratelyfortime-dependentflowsanddifferentP´ecletnumbers.
PACSnumbers:47.54.+r,05.60.-k,47.52.+j,47.70.-n
Complexspatiotemporaldynamicshasattractedlarge
interestinthelastdecades.Recently,reaction-diffusion
equationshavebeensubjectofintenseresearchdueto
theirrichvarietyofpatterns.Theydescribemanyim-
portantphysicalsystems,suchaschemicalreactions[1],
lasers[2],orsemiconductors[3].Ontheotherhand,
complexstructurescanbecreatedinfluidmechanicsby
spatialmixing[4].InthisLetter,weconsiderthecom-
binedactionoftheaboveeffects,leadingtoareaction-
advection-diffusionsystem,seeEq.(2)below.Suchsys-
temshavebeeninvestigatedwithrespecttofrontprop-
agation[5],excitabledynamics[6],andthefilamental
structureofreactiveparticles[7].Practically,stirred
flowswithreactionarerelevantfromlargescales(plank-
tondynamicsintheoceans[8])tomicroscales(construc-
tionofalabonachip[9]),andareimportantforbio-
physical,ecological,andchemicalapplications;similar
equationsdescribethedynamoeffectinmagnetohydro-
dynamics[10].
InthisLetter,weconsideratemporallychaoticreac-
tionprocess.Itisknownthatinpresenceofdiffusion,
temporalchaoscanleadtotheappearanceofnontrivial
spatialstructuresandspace-timechaos.Wedemonstrate
thatsuchstructurescanappearinthepresenceofmixing,
too.Wedevelopatheoryforthetransitionfromspatially
homogeneous(fullymixed)temporallychaoticstatetoa
nonhomogeneousone,andcompareitwithcalculations.
Ourapproachisstronglyrelatedtothetheoryofcom-
pletesynchronizationofcoupledchaoticsystems,which
issignificantlyextendedbecausethespatialmixingleads
tospecialtypesofcoupling.
Wenowformulatethereactionequations.Theevolu-
tionoftheconcentrationsφi,i=1,...,Nduetoreaction
isdescribedbyanonlinearsystem
dφi
∗E-mail:straube@stat.physik.uni-potsdam.dePaperpublishedinPhys.Rev.Lett93,174501(2004)eachcomponentissubjecttodiffusionandadvectionby
anincompressiblevelocityfieldv(r,t).Normalizationby
thecharacteristicadvectiontimeallowsadescriptionby
dimensionlessdiffusionconstantsdi(equivalenttoP´eclet
numbersd−1i∼Pei,generallydifferent)andthedimen-
sionlessreactionrate,orDamk¨ohlernumber,Da.The
resultingspatio-temporalequationsare
∂φi
∂t+(v·∇)ϕi=di∇2ϕi+DaCij(Dat)ϕj,(3)
whereCij(t)=∂Fi2
diffusionconstantsdi=d.Inthiscasetheansatz
ϕi(r,t)=X(r)Φi(t)allowsforaseparationoftimeand
spacedependenceoftheperturbationfield.Thespa-
tialcomponentisdeterminedbytheadvection–diffusion
eigenvalueproblem
d∇2X−(v·∇)X=−ΓX,∇X|S=0.(4)
TheeigenvalueΓdescribesthedecayofnon-
homogeneousstatesofthepassivescalarfieldu(r,t),gov-
ernedby∂u
dt=−γΦi+DaCij(Dat)Φj(6)
WiththeansatzΦi=e−γtwithisequationistrans-
formedtotheequationforlinear
perturbations
of
the
reaction
problem
(1)
dw
i
λ
.
(9)Asimilarconditionforatrivialcaseofreaction-diffusion
systemhasbeenobtainedin[13]andforanabstract
mappingmodelofmixingin[14].Weemphasizethat
condition(9),obtainedforarealisticreaction-advection-
diffusionsystem,canbedirectlyappliedtoanexperi-
ment.Indeed,theeigenvalueγcanbedirectlymeasured
fromthetimeevolutionofthecontrastofapassivescalar
intheflowunderinvestigation[15].TheLEλcanbe
determinedfromtheadvection-freesetup:thecritical
domainsizeLcatwhichthepatternsappearisrelated
toλviaCdL−2c=λ,whereCisageometricalfactor
dependingonthedomainform.
Theanalysisaboveisbasedonsimplifyingassump-
tions:time-independenceofthevelocityfieldandequal-
ityofdiffusionconstants.Ingeneral,ifthevelocitiesare
time-dependentandthediffusionconstantsaredifferent,
Eq.(3)cannotbesimplifiedandshouldbeanalyzednu-
merically.Sinceweareinterestedinstabilitywithre-
specttospatiallyinhomogeneousperturbations,theso-
lutionshouldbesoughtintheclassoffieldsϕhavingzero
spatialaverage(thespatiallyhomogeneousmodesin(3)
aredecoupledfromothermodes).Numerically,onecan
usetheusualmethodforcalculationofthelargestLE:
startingwithanarbitraryinitialfieldin(3),withvan-
ishingspatialaverage,oneintegrates(3)alongwith(2)
performingnormalizationofthelinearfieldtoavoidnu-
mericalover-orunderflow;averagingthelogarithmof
thenormalizationfactorsyieldsthetransversalLEλ⊥.
Weapplythisnumericalmethodtothetime-dependent
flow,2π-periodicinspace,suggestedin[16]:
v={axf(t)cos[y+θx(t)],ay[1−f(t)]cos[x+θy(t)]}.