Chapter 11 爱尔兰共和国Geography and History 地理与历史1.the Great Famine Chapter 11The Great Famine refers to the disaster that happened in the mid 19th century in Ireland. The year 1845, when the Great Famine began , marked the end of one era and the beginning of another in the social history of Ireland. As the result of this disaster , the population reduced 19.5% and shrank to 6.6 million . And many people left Ireland during and after the Great Famine. It was one of the reasons that Ireland suffered a Great Famine.2.Geographical FeaturesThe British Isles are made up of two large islands and hundreds of small ones. The two large islands are Great Britain and Ireland. Ireland is also called the Emerald Isle because of its rich green countryside. Ireland is divided into two political units. They are Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland. Northern Island is part of the United Kingdom. The Republic of Ireland (Eire) is an independent country.The Republic of Ireland covers an area of 70, 282 sq. km. It is bounded on the northeast by Northern Ireland, on the east and southeast by the Irish Sea and St. George's Channel and on the north and west by the Atlantic Ocean. The countrys total boundary is 3, 603 km long, of which its land border with Northern Ireland is 434 km.The capital is Dublin. It is located on Dublin Bay at the mouth of the Liffey River at its confluence with the Dodder River. Dublin is a city of over I million. The other main urban centres are: Cork, Limerick, Gaiway and Waterford. Ireland has been compared to a basin in which a limestone plateau is rimmed by coastal highlands. he principal mountain ranges are the Maurne Mountains, the Wicklow Mountains in the east and the Macgillicuddy's Reeks in the southwest. The highest peaks are Carrantuohill (1, 041 m) and Mount Brandon (953 m) near Killarriey, and Lugnaquilla (926 m), about 64 km. south of Dublin.Variety is the main feature of the lowlands. The Central Lowland is the heart of Ireland. The largest river in Ireland is the Shannon River. It rises in the plateau near Sligo Bay, flows sluggishly over the western part of the lowland and then fills Lough Derg before beginning its final flow through rapids to its estuary.there are only 1,300 species of plants in Ireland, as against 2, 300 in Britain. The most common trees in Ireland are oak, ash, elm and birch. Pine is dominant on poorer soils.Bogs remain the most significant feature of Irish landscape.3.Climate and WeatherThe weather of Ireland is described as "mild, moist and changeable." Ireland has excessive rainfall.The Central Lowland: This is the area of the tightest rainfall in Ireland, with two areas that receive less than 762 mm per annum The mean winter temperatures are about 4t to 5t.4.Population and ReligionIn Ireland the basic ethnic stock is Celtic, with an admixture of Norse, French, Norman and English. Ireland has four unusual demographic features: a low birthrate compounded by a century of emigration, a late marriage age (35 for men and 29 for women), an excess of males in the population and a high proportion of bachelors and spinsters of all ages.Together they have reduced Ireland's population by one-half during the past 100 years. The year 1845, when the Great Famine began, marks the end of one era and the beginning of another in the social history of Ireland. The first census of Ireland, in 1821, recorded a population of 6,802,000 and it rose to 8.2 million by 1841. There are two official languages in Ireland. They are Irish (or Gaelic) and English.Ireland is one of the most Catholic countries of Europe. Catholicism is an integral and pervasive influence on national life and en!ture. Missionary work in Ireland was begun by Palladius in 431 AD and by Patrick in 432 AD and Ireland became a centre for the evangelization of other countries, including England. Today 93 % of the Irish population are Roman Catholics. About half the Catholic bishops in the United States are of Irish origin.The Anglican Church of Ireland is the largest non-Catholic denominati5.Historical BackgroundIreland was invaded by a number of Celtic tribes in prehistoric times. The arrival of St. Patrick in AD 432 wasperhaps the most important event in Irish history and transformed the island into a centre of learning and Christian culture.Towards the end of the 8th century the Viking invasions began. However, the Danes were defeated and driven away by Brian Boru in 1014 (battle of Clontarf). In 1170 the Anglo-Saxons invaded Ireland. Tiey gradually gained control of the island. Conflict between the English and the Irish went on for almost 800 years.Irish nationalism became stronger and even more violent in the early decades of the 20th century and climaxed in the Easter Uprising of 1916 in which an Irish Republic was proclaimed. In 1921 the British signed the Anglo-Irish Treaty establishing an Irish Free State with dominion status with a separate government in the Protestant-dominated Northern Ireland.Under Eamon de Valera, who took office in 1932, Ireland kept out of World War 11 to demonstrate its continued displeasure with the British. In 1937, under a new constitution, the Governor-.General was replaced by an elected president and the name of the country was officially changed to Ireland (Eire in Gaelic). In 1948, Ireland voted itself out of the Commonwealth and on April 18, 1949 declared itself a republic.6.Foreign PolicyIt has contributed personnel to U. N. peacekeeping units in the Middle East, New Guinea,, Zaire and Cyprus. Since Albert Reynolds became prime minister in February 1992, both Ireland and Britain have agreed to hold regular meetings to negotiate a peaceful settlement of the problem of Northern Ireland.7.the Easter Uprising of 1916Irish nationalism became stronger and even more violent in the early decades of the 20th century .In 1916 the Easter Uprising broke out and an Irish Republic was proclaimed. War broke out betweem the Irish Republican Army (IRA) and the British government (1919-21). In 1921 the British signed the Anglo-Irish Treaty establishing an Irish Free State with dominion status with a separate government in the Protestant-dominated Northern Ireland.8.the Irish Republic Army Chapter 11The Irish Republic Army is an army formed in the Easter Uprising by Irish nationalists against the British rule in 1916. It fought a war with the British government in 1919-1921. It showed its violent opposition to the Anglo-Irish Treaty and a civil war which lasted for one year broke out. The Irish Republic Army continued to demand that the Republic of Ireland should be united with the six countries that form Northern Ireland. It is an illegel organization in Ireland.9.Anglo-Irish TreatyFrom 1918—1921 there was fighting between the irish republican army and the british government. In 1921 the British signed the Anglo-Irish Treaty. The Gritish government agreed to organize a partition of Ireland. The southern part of Ireland gained dominion status as the Irish Free State,while the northern part would remain a part of the United kingdom.Chapter 23 Canada Geography and History 加拿大历史与地理10.Size and location 地理与所处位置Canada is the world's second largest country after Russia. It has a land area of about 10 million square kilometres(9, 976, 186 square kilornetres to be exact). It covers about two fifths of the North American continent. Canada lies to the north of the United States. The 45th parallel marks the boundary between Canada and northern Vermont and New York of the United States. However, most of Canada is north of the 49th parallel. Canada and the United States share a 6, 378 kilometre boundary that has not been fortified for over a hundred years. Every day it is crossed by thousands of travelers.With such a vast territory Canada has a population of only a little over 29 million( 1994). Most of Canada is thinly inhabited. Nearly 89 % of the land has no permanent population. Nearly 80 % of Canadians live in large cities near the border with the United States. 60 % of the population is concentrated between Quebec City and the westernend of Lake Ontario.Toronto, Canada's largest city, has a population of over 3. 4 million. Montreal is the second largest city with a population of over 2. 9 million, and the third largest city is Vancouver which has a population of over 1.3 million.11.Topography 地形Canada has an extremely varied topography. In the east the mountainous maritime provinces have an irregular coast line on the Gulf of St. Lawrence and the Atlantic. The St. Lawrence plain and the interior continental plain are the principal cultivable areas. Westward towards the Pacific, the area is covered by mountain ranges from north to south including the Rockies. The highest peak in Canada is Mount Logan (6, 050 m), which is in the Yukon Territory of northwest Canada.The two principal river systems are the Mackenzie and the St. Lawrence. The St. Lawrence , with its tributaries is navigable for over 3, 058 kilometres.12.Mackenzie River 马更些河Mackenzie River is one of two principal river systems in Canada. It flows between the Canadian Shield and the Rocky Mountains in west Canada. It is the second largest river system of North American.13.Climate 气候The climate throughout Canada is varied and uncomfortable.A humid continental climate can be found from eastern Canada to the Canadian prairie. A maritime climate similar to that of Washington and Oregon states in the United States is found in the southwestern part of British Colombia. North of these regions lie the evergreen forests of the subarctic taiga. In the far north there is a polar climate with a treeless tundra zone.The icy Labrador Current chills the shores of eastern Canada, and winds blowing across Hudson Bay make the interior of the country very cold.Because of the cold climate that exists throughout most of Canada, a major part of the population lives along the southern border.14.Geographical regions 地理区域Canada is made up of ten provinces and two territories. From east to west they can be divided into six geographical regions: Atlantic provinces, St. Lawrence-Great Lakes provinces, the Canadian Shield, Prairie provinces, British Colombia, Northern provinces and territories.(1)Atlantic provinces include New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, and Newfoundland. Potatoes grow well there and are particularly important in New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island.Some farming also takes place in the valleys of Nova Scotia, where apples are grown. The climate is milder there because mountains give protection against wind and fog. Dairying and raising animals for fur are other activities engaged by farmers in this region.The irregular coast line on the Gulf of St. Lawrence and the Atlantic allows for good fishing habours and the Grand Banks, off the eastern shore of Newfoundland, form one of the world's great fishing grounds.The tourist trade is an important part of the region's economy. The rich green mountains and valleys make these provinces some of the most beautiful in Canada.(2)St. Lawrence-Great Lakes provinces include the St. Lawrence Lowlands and the southern part of Quebec and Ontario. This is the most highly developed part of Canada. This area, which is among the mast fertile, was easily accessible to European settlers and is today the most densely populated and industrialized part of Canada.(3)Almost half of Canada is covered by the Canadian Shield.(4)The Prairie Provinces lie west of Ontario. They are Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta. This region is the Canadian section of the Great Plains of North America. Much of the southern part of these provinces is made up of great stretches of level and fertile grasslands. It is ideal for growing wheat. The area also contains important deposits of oil, gas, coal and potash.Winnipeg is the chief city of the wheat region. All east-west rail traffic passes through Winnipeg. This important collection and shipping point for the products of the prairie is sometimes called the Chicago ofCanada.(5)The province of British Columbia lies on the Pacific coast of Canada. Vancouver is British Columbia's largest city and the third largest city in Canada. It is an important ice-free harbour and the major canadian outlet to the Pacific Ocean and the largest cargo port on the Pacific.(6)The bare, thinly settled region of northern Canada takes up four fifth of the country.15.the Canadian Shield 加拿大大地盾The Canadian Shield is a semicircular band of rocky highlands and plateaus around Hudson Bay from the northern shores of Quebec to the Arctic shores of the Northwest Territories. It is a region of rounded hills and tens of thousands of lakes and swamps.16.The European discovery 欧洲人的发现The name "Canada" is believed to have come from the native people, the Indians, who used the word "kanata" to describe a settlement. The word was misheard and understood to be the name of the country.The European discovery of Canada can be traced back to the end of the 15th century. Two men are important in the early discovery of Canada. They were John Cabot, an Italian sea captain, and Jacques Cattier, a French navigator from St. Malo, France.John Cabot discovered and claimed Newfoundland and the east coast of Canada in the name of King Henry VII of England in 1497. However, it was Jacques Cartier who in 1535 sailed up the St. Lawrence River as far as what it is today the site of Montreal. While he failed to find the passage to Asia he was seeking, he opened the interior of Canada to French fur traders and later colonizers.Four years later in 1608, Samuel de Champlain, the French explorer established his" habitation"in what now is Quebec City, to lay the roots of French Canada.In 1610, Henry Hudson, the English explorer, gave his name to the huge bay in the centre of Canada and later in 1670 the English Hudson Bay Company was established.Through the seventeenth century the French settled the banks of the St. Lawrence and Nova Scotia or"Arcadia"of Canada's eastern coast, while the English established larger and better settlements in their New England colonies and Virginia.17.the Seven Year s’ War 七年战争By the middle of the 18th century the French in North America realized that they could not avoid a fight to the death with the British and their American colonists. After the Seven Years' War from 1756 to 1763, the French were forced to give up every inch of land in North America and the whole of Canada came under the British rule.18.the Quebec Act of 1774 1774年魁北克法案The British-appointed Governor , Sir Guy Carleton , recongnized the French character of Quebec. This recognition was made official by the Quebec Act of 1774, in which the British Parliament granted the people of Quebec rights as French Canadians. The Act introduced English criminal law but kept French civil law and recognized the right fo Catholic Church.19.Loyalist 忠诚分子The first British settlers in Canada were American refugees who refused to fight against the British army in the War of American Independence ( 1775-1783), because they felt they were more British than American. They called themselves Loyalists.20.British Canada 英国统治下的加拿大By an Act of 1791 Upper Canada (British) and Lower Canada (French)were created. In 1837 a conflict took place between Upper Canada and Lower Canada.So with the Act of Union in 1840, the Upper Canada and Lower Canada were united again, and given internal self-government in 1848.As a result three colonies, already controlling their local affairs, Canada(Quebec and Ontario), New Brunswick and Nova Scotia joined in 1867 in a" Confederaticn", a federal union and was made a dominion in 1867 by the British North America Act.21.Self-government and Confederation 自治政府和联盟制In 1869 Under the first prime minister Sir John Macdonald, Canada bought from the Hudson's Bay Company the vast middle west from which the province of Manitoba ( 1870), and later the other prairie provinces (Saskatchewan and Alberta in 1905) and northern territories were formed.During the years between 1866 and 1896 the country was govened by the Conservative Party, led by Sir John Macdonald except during the years 1873-78. In 1896, the Liberal Party took over and the country was ruled under Sir Wilfrid Laurier, an eminent French Canadian, until 1911.Under Laurier a change also took place in Canada's foreign relations. He founded the Canadian Navy, and tried to increase Canada's control over its foreign relations.22.John Macdonald 约翰·麦克唐纳The first Prime Minister of Canada, John Macdonald let the country buy from the Hudson’s Bay Company the vast middle west ,from which the province of Manitoba and later the other prairie provinces and other territories were formed.23.The Canadian nation 加拿大国By the Statute of Westminster in 1931 the British Dominions, including Canada, were formally declared to be partner nations with Britain and "equal in status, in no way subordinate to each other", and bound together only by their loyalty to a common Crown. Since then Canada became a member of the Commonwealth of Nations.In 1949 Newfoundland became Canada's tenth province and in 1959 the opening of the St. Lawrence Seaway saw a further growth in Canada's economy.Chapter 27 Australia Land and People 澳大利亚国土与人民24.Introduction 导言Australia is in the southern hemisphere. In other words it lies south of the equator. To the Europeans it is at the other end of the world. That is why Australia is popularly known in the West as "the Land Down Under". Australia is the world's smallest continent with an area of 7.7 million square km.It is the world's sixth largest country after Russia, Canada, China, Brazil and the USA. With a geological history of more than 3 billion years Australia is one of the oldest land masses in the world. Australia is the only continent that contains one country. The highest point is Mount Kosciusko at 2,255 metres above sea level.25.The Geographical Structure 地理结构It is generally divided into three topographical regions—the Great Western Plateau, the Eastern Highlands and the great lowland belt known as the Central Eastern Lowlands.The Outback usually refers to the interior and the centre of the Western Plateau and its northern plains. The Red Centre refers to an area with red-brown and tan soils in the heart of the country.1. The Western Plateau is a vast upland made of ancient rock. It covers almost two thirds of the continent.2. The Eastern Highlands, better known as the Great Dividing Range, follow the eastern coast south from northern Queensland to southern T asmania. The Australian Alps, the highest plateau in Australia, and the Snowy Mountains lie in the southern part. Mount Kosciusko, the highest peak in Australia, is also located there.The Great Dividing Range is Australia's main watershed. Short, swift rivers flow from the Eastern Highlands eastwards into the Pacific Ocean, while long inland rivers that supply water for the fertile lands flow slowly away from the coast. Off the north-eastern coast is a 2,000 km line of coral islands and reefs known as the Great Barrier Reef. The Murray, Australia's longest river(2, 520 km),.forms the major part of the boundary between the states of New South Wales and Victoria before it enters the sea in South Australia.3. The land between the Western Plateau and the Eastern Highlands is a great lowland known as the Central Eastern Lowlands. Lake Eyre is regarded as Australia's largest lake, but it is known as a part-time lake. In 1974 it was filled with water, making the lake 5.7 m deep at its deepest point.This lowland area has the country's richest farmland and best grazing land26.Climate 气候39 % of Australia lies in the tropics and the rest of the continent also has a warm climate. Australia is a dry land. More than half of Australia receives less than 350 mm of rainfall each year. Drought is a fact of life in Australia. There have been nine major droughts since European colonization in 1788. The worst one, which was between 1885 and 1903, affected the whole of Australia.Australia is hot and dry because of the following factors: First, most of Australia ties 20°and 35° south. This is a hot, dry area of the world. Secondly, Australia has few mountains. Mountain areas have cool, wet climates but Australia has few areas like this. Thirdly, the air masses that affect Australia for most of the year are dry, sunny, high pressure cells. Finally, distance from the ocean also affects the weather.27.Plants and Animals 动植物Eucalypts and wattles are drought and fire resistant and grow in poor soils.Kangaroos and emus, the largest native desert animals, can survive in hot conditions, need little moisture arid can travel over long distances in search of food and water. The budgerigar, which is kept as a pet all over the world, can live in desert areas for up to 30 days without water.In Australia about half of the native animals are marsupials. Apart from kangaroos marsupials include koalas, wombats, and possums. Echidnas (spiny ant-eater) and platypus are monotremes.28.Multicultural society 多文化社会Among Australian people , the overwhelming majority are immigrants from over 30 countries, or their descendants. These people have come from other countries with a different way of life, often with different languages, religions, dress, customs, food and sports. In recent years, Australian government have encouraged people with different ethnic backgrounds to keep their own culture, thus, Austalia is known as a multicultural society (multiculturalism).29.People 人民Although Australians are the descendants of many nations, Great Britain has had the greatest influence because Australia was settled as a British colony. The Australian population is still mainly of British descent. There are many aspects of Australian way of life that are British: their language, system of government, the Australian flag, legal system, sports, family and place names and even school system (including school uniforms). Two hundred years after the arrival of the First Fleet, the head of the Australian government is not their Prime Minister, but the Queen of England.Australia is one of the most urbanized countries in the world. 80 % of Australians live in the suburbs of coastal cities and towns, with most of these in the narrow coastal strip between Brisbane and Adelaide. hy are there so few people in Australia? Why do so many people prefer to live in a coastal city or town? The main reason is an envi-ronmental one. The hot, dry environment has also had a great influence on population distributiOn. Since the north and centre of the continent are generally hot and/or dry, 80 % of Australians live in the cooler, wetter south and east. Lack of water, poor soils, heat and distance from the coast discourage people from living there.30.Australia’s Built Environment 澳大利亚的人造环境The environment can be divided into two types—the natural and the built. The natural environment consists of living and non-living features. The built environment refers to those parts of the environment built by people or changed by people.The term "urban sprawl" is used to describe a city that has grown over a large area of land. Urban sprawl occurs because most Australians prefer to live as small family units in their own homes on their own blocks of land, rather than share buildings or land in the form of flats, home units, townhouses or villas.Among the five cities with a population of more than one million, four of them (Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Adelaide) are located on the eastern coast while one of them (Perth) is on the western coast.About 60 % of the land is used for sheep and cattle grazing on large properties called stations. In the thinlypopulated outback, they have been so successful that Australia has ranked first in the world export of wool. Children learn their lessons through a radio educational system called School of the Air. Lessons are transmitted by radio. Homework is now exchanged by fax. People can also use radio to call doctors who will come by plane. They are called flying doctors.31.Political Divisions 政治区划分Australia is politically divided into six states and two territories.1. New South Wales is located in the south-east of Australia. As the first colony established by Britain in 1788 it is the oldest of the Australian states. That is why it is called the premier state. Sydney, its capital, is the largest city in Australia with a population of 3. 6 million. It is one of the world's great seaports.2. Victoria is in the south-eastern corner of the mainland Australia. It became a colony in 1851. It grew rapidly during the goidrushes of the 1850s. Though the smallest mainland state, Victoria has an importance in the country's economy far greater than its size might indicate. Its economy is based on agricultural and pastoral industries. It produces about a quarter of Australia's rural output. It has a broadly based manufacturing industry and highly developed service industries. Melbourne, the capital of Victoria, is Australia's second largest city - It has a population of3. 1 million. It is also regarded as the cultural and sports centre of Australia. It is also known as the garden state.3.The second largest and youngest state, Queensland, occupies the tropical north-eastern corner of Australia. More than one million live in Brisbane, the capital. Queensland accounts for a fifth of Australia's agricultural and mining production and about a quarter of the value of its exports. Queensland is also called the sunshine state because it has 7. 5 hours of sunshine daily. The sunniest in Australia is Darwin, with 8.4 hours of sunshine daily. Brisbane is the gateway to two of Australia' s major tourist playgrounds, the Gold Coast and the Great Barrier Reef.4. South Australia is the third largest state in Australia. Half of the world's opals are found there. South Australia is also a leader in shipbuilding and lumbering. Adelaide, the capital of South Australia, is internationally known for its arts festival. Every other year, leaders in music, drama, and dance from many parts of the world join Australian artists for a fortnight of cultural events, including jazz, ballet and art exhibitions.5. Western Australia is the biggest Australian state, accounting for one third of the total area of the country, but its population ( about 1.5 million) is only 9% of the country's population. Western Australia is also known as the state of excitement. Perth, the capital city of Western Australia, has more than half the population in the state. Situated on the estuary of the Swan River, Perth is a beautiful city with a perfect climate.6. T asmania is the smallest of the Australian states. It is an island lying south of the south-eastern corner of the Australian mainland. It is the second oldest of the Australian states with a population of about half a million. T asmania is often called the holiday isle. The T asmanian Wilderness which consists of the Cradle Mountain-Lake, St Clair National Park, the Franklin-Lower Gordon Wild Rivers National Pak and the Southwest National Park is on the World Heritage List. Hobart is the capital city of T asmania. It has a deep harbour and a big casino.7. The Northern Territory covers nearly a fifth of the continent. The southern area of the Northern Territory is the famous Red Centre of Australia. It consists of miles and miles of red-sand desert and mountain ranges. Uluru (it used to be called Ayers Rock) has probably Australia's best known national park and the rock itself probably attracts more overseas visitors than any other national scenic feature in Australia. Darwin is the only large city on the entire northern coast of Australia. The city is like a frontier town and often serves as the place of entrance and exit for people who come to visit the area.8. Australian Capital Territory: Shortly after the Australian colonies joined together to form a federation in 1901, it was decided that the new nation should have a new seat of government. So the Australian Capital Territory (ACT), an area of 2, 333 square km, was mapped out of the state of New South Wales to be the site of the national capital. "Canburry" is an Aboriginal word for "meeting place" and from it came the name of the capital, Canberra. Canberra is also called the garden city because of its beautiful layout.32.Flying Doctors 会飞的医生。
海底两万里1-3章概括100字英文回答：Chapter 1 of "Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea" introduces the main characters and sets the stage for the adventure to come. The story is narrated by ProfessorPierre Aronnax, a renowned marine biologist. He is accompanied by his loyal servant Conseil and a Canadian harpooner named Ned Land. They embark on a journey aboard the USS Abraham Lincoln in search of a mysterious sea monster that has been terrorizing ships.中文回答：《海底两万里》第一章介绍了主要人物并为后续冒险做了铺垫。
故事由著名海洋生物学家皮埃尔·阿罗纳克斯教授叙述。
他带着忠诚的仆人孔塞尔和一位名叫内德·兰德的加拿大捕鲸者一起踏上了“亚伯拉罕·林肯”号的航程，寻找一只神秘的海怪，该海怪一直在恐吓船只。
Chapter 2 begins with the encounter between the USS Abraham Lincoln and the sea monster. The crew of the ship engages in a fierce battle with the creature, but their efforts prove futile. In the chaos, Professor Aronnax, Conseil, and Ned Land are thrown overboard and find themselves clinging to the back of the sea monster. Totheir surprise, they discover that the creature is not a monster at all, but a technologically advanced submarine called the Nautilus, commanded by the enigmatic Captain Nemo.第二章开始，亚伯拉罕·林肯号与海怪相遇。
