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英国历史简介英国历史简介（一）：英国历史简介英国历史是一部征服与合并的历史。
英国全称为大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国，由英格兰、威尔士、苏格兰和北爱尔兰组成，而整个英国的历史也就是由这四个区域的历史交织组成。
1535年威尔士成为英格兰王国的一部分，1707年苏格兰与英格兰正式合并为大不列颠王国，1800年大不列颠王国和爱尔兰合并成为大不列颠与爱尔兰联合王国，1922年爱尔兰共和国独立，爱尔兰北部仍留在联合王国内。
英国历史文化简介英国经济实力的发展，使其成为当时世界上第一个工业革命国家，在世界上持续第一强国。
并且在19世纪时，到达了全盛时期，由于国家实力的雄厚，使得其领土不断扩张，以至于之后其殖民地的面积到达了本土面积的111倍，成为了但是世界上头号殖民大国，也就是日不落帝国。
由于第一次世界大战的爆发，对经济产生了重大的打击，使得英国逐渐瓦解。
迫于压力，在1920年设立北爱兰郡，并于1921年至1922年允许爱尔兰南部脱离其统治，成立独立国家。
同样，对于英国来说，在其经济还未完全复苏时，第二次世界大战又爆发了，无疑又是一次雪上加霜的打击，因此其政治地位开始下降。
随着1947年印度和巴基斯坦的相继独立，到60年代，英帝国殖民体系瓦解。
1973年1月英国加入欧洲共同体。
文化英国历史文化，从日不落开始，便称为世界的中心，此刻英国文化中，以大本钟为其所独特的名片而被全世界理解，华丽的外形设计和清脆悦耳的声音，吸引着全世界的游客，至今已经有一个世纪之久。
在建筑方面，白金汉宫、西敏寺、议会大厦还有伦敦塔等都称为游客必去的地方，豪华的设计加上独特的造型与功能，映衬着强大地历史背景，成为世界瞩目的旅游胜地。
作为英国文化的符号，莎士比亚是不可忽视的，不仅仅仅是在英国，就连全世界，莎士比亚的影响也是有目共睹的，其浓厚的文化氛围与影响侵入到每一个世界人的血液中，温暖着，流动着，成为英国人的骄傲，也成为全世界的骄傲。
英国历史文化在全世界的影响，就如每个人所看到的一样，深远而长久，值得每一个人身临其境的了解。
The Origins of the United Kingdom(5000BC-1066)I.Early Settlers （5000BC-55BC）1.The first known settlers of Britain were the Iberians.2.At about 2000 BC the Beaker Folk arrived from the areas now known as Holland and Rhineland.3. The Celts began to arrive Britain about 700 BC.II. Roman Britain (55BC-410AD)1.British recorded history begins with the Roman invasion. In 55BC and 54BC, Julius Caesar, a Roman general, invaded Britain twice. In 43, the Emperor Claudius invaded Britain successfully. For nearly 400 years, Britain was under the Roman occupation, though it was never a total occupation.2. Roman’s influence.The Roman built many towns, road, baths, temples and buildings. They make good use of Britain’s natural resources. They also brought the new religion, Christianity, to Britain.3.Reasons for limited Roman influence.First, the Romans always treated the Britons as a subject people of slave class. Second, never during the 4 centuries did the Romans and Britons intermarry. Third, the Romans had no impact on the language or culture of ordinary Britons.III. The Anglo-Saxons (446-871)1. Basis of Modern English race: the Anglo-Saxons.In the mid-5th century a new wave of invaders, Jutes, Saxons and Angles, three Teutonic tribes, came to Britain.2.The early Anglo-Saxons converted to Christianity.The Anglo-Saxons brought their own Teutonic religion to Britain. Christianity soon disappeared. In 579 St. Augustine was remarkably successful in converting the king and the nobility to Christianity, but the conversion of the common people was largely due to the missionary activities of the monks in the north.IV.Viking and Danish invasions1.The invaders were the Norwegians and the Danes. By the middle of 9th century, the Viking and the Danes were posing a threat to the Saxon kingdom of Wessex.2.King Alfred (849-899) and his contributionsAlfred was a king of Wessex. He defeated the Danes and reached a friendly agreement with them in 879. He also converted some leading Danes into Christians.He founded a strong fleet and is known as “the father of the British navy”. He reorganized the Saxon army, making it more efficient. He translated a Latin book into English. He also established schools and formulated a legal system. All this earns him the title “Alfred the Great.”V.The Norman Conquest (1066)1.Reasons for William’s invasion.It was said that king Edward had promised the English throne to William, but the Witan chose Harold as king. So William led his army to invade England. In October 1066, during the importantbattle of Hastings, William defeated Harold and killed him. One Christmas Day, William was crowned king of England, thus beginning the Norman Conquest of England.2.ConsequencesThe Norman Conquest of 1066 is perhaps the best-known event in English history. William the Conqueror confiscated almost all the land and gave it to his Norman followers. He replaced the weak Saxon rule with a strong Norman government. So the feudal system was completely established in England. Relations with the Continent were opened, and the civilization and commerce were extended. Norman-French culture, language, manners and architecture were introduced. The Church was brought into closer connection with Rome, and the church courts were separated from the civil courts.。
Unit 2 History of the UKA Brief History--1st century AD: Celtic people55 -54BC,Julius Caesar/43 BC, Claudius I410, Germanic invasion/Angles and Saxons8th century, the invasion of Vikings11th century: Norman invasionThe Hundrend Years¡¯War (1337-1453)The Wars of the Roses (1455-1485)The Civil War(1642-1649)The Glorious RevolutionThe Rise and Fall of the British EmpireEarlier residents:Celt, Celts凯尔特人（Celt，拉丁文称Celtae或Galli，希腊文Keltoi）盖尔特人、克尔特人、塞尔特人、居尔特人Celtic culture-- a powerful culture originating产生于in central Europe, 2000 BCBritain → Briton, a Celtic tribeCeltic culture– legend and folk tales/a/20080320/000059.htmFirst invasion:55 BC, 54 BC–twice invaded byJulius Caesar (history undocumented before 55 BC)43 AD was invaded againby Roman army under theleadership of Claudius I 克劳迪亚斯Britain became a Roman province until the 5th centuryNative Celts were driven to Scotland and WalesSecond invasion:In 410, Germanic日耳曼人barbarians异族人attacked RomeSoon after Roman armies left,Germanic warriors landed on the island–Angles and SaxonsBritons → driven to mountains→ remained as slaves奴隶The language of Angles (English)–dominant languageEngland→“the land of Angles”The legend of King Arthur亚瑟–“round table” assemblyThird invasion:In the 8th century, Vikings 维京人invaded the northern and eastern sea coastThey were called by other Europeans as “Northman”北方来客, while they called themselves as “Viking¡”, meaning first “travel”, second “rob”抢夺.Distinguish the northern people from the southern peopleFourth invasion: Normans诺曼人from northern France/ descendants后裔of VikingsUnder the leadership of William the Conqueror, they crossed the English Channel in 1066.William defeated King Harold哈洛德and took the English throne王位, became William the First of England.He built the Tower of London, a castle in the centre of London.The Hundred Years’ War (1337-1453):百年战争a series of wars fought between England and France over trade, territory, security抵押品and the throne宝座Edward III, Philip VIthe King of England vs the head of the Valois House瓦罗王朝1st stage阶段1337 - 13601337, English army led by Edward III attacked French army, which was the beginning of the Hundred Years’ War1340, English army took over接管English Channel1346. English took over接管Normandy诺曼底1347, English took over Calais加来1348,黑死病（Black Death, Black Plague ) took away 1/3 of the population in Europe, the war stopped for 10 years1356, 普瓦捷Poitiers, the French king, Jean II was captured俘获by English army1360, a peace treaty条约was signed, French territory in south west France was taken over by England2nd stage1360 - 14001364, Prince Charles took the throne→ Charles V 查尔斯五世1369, started the war again, took back most of the lost land1396, ceasefire convention停火协议was signed, to stop fire for 20 years3rd stage1415 - 14291415, Charles VI took the French throne, power struggle inside French, King of England, Henry V took the chance to attack France again1420, peace treaty, Henry V was entitled the privilege to inherit继承the throne in France, marriage between Henry V & daughter of Charles VI.1422, Henry V & Charles VI died in the same yearFight between new French King, Charles VII and new King of England, Henry VI, for French throneWar started again4th stage 1429 - 1453French people fought against English invadersJoan of Arc (1431)贞德Calais (1558)加来/programs/view/1J_vz9cJSNA/The significant有意义的，重大的impact of the Hundred Years’ War1) it promoted the concept观念of English nationalism民族主义;2) it promoted the development of the textile纺织工业industry because it reduced the export of English wool;3) it raised the social position of the bourgeois资产阶级class.4) Urged the centralization of authority中心机构The Wars of the Roses (1455-1458)玫瑰战争the House of York约克角, white rose→the House of Lancaster卡兰斯特, red roseRichard, duke公爵of York (south & east)→ the Lancastrian king Henry VI (north & west)for power, wealth and ultimately the throneAlmost all the noble贵族的families involved, great loss of life and property财产lasted for 30 yearsthe House of Lancaster wonHenry Tudor → King Henry VII (1485-1509)1458 –1603Medieval / Feudalism→ modern countryThe Civil War南北战争Stage 1:Parliamentary clashes over monopolies, 17th century 议会对于垄断持有不同的意见 Parliament declared monopolies without its consent illegal1629, King Charles I dissolved融化the parliament11 years, no parliament国会Demands for a new government increased要求增加一个新的政府相关电影：《亨利六世》、《理查三世》Stage 21642, the Civil War broke outthe Royalists → the Cavaliers保王党人vsParliamentarians 国会议员→ the Roundheads圆颅党人Oliver Cromwell克伦威尔(1599-1658) , the New Model Army 新模范军1649, the king was captured and executed 处决The monarchy君主制度was abolisheda commonwealth联邦was declaredStage 3Cromwell gradually became unpopular:不得人心的* conservative in social reforms* Led an army to Ireland* Killed many royalists保皇主义者* Restricted the freedom of Catholic 天主教的* Tax were increased to keep the army supplied1658, Cromwell died and was succeeded by his son, Richard1660, Parliament decided to restore Charles II to the throne of EnglandThe Glorious Revolution 光荣革命Stage 1Charles II was crowned on April 23, 1661he tried to restore the old social order1685, James II, Charles II¡¯s brother, a Catholicsoon showed his readiness意愿to reestablish重建Catholicism天主教in England, against the English bourgeoisie’s willWilliam, head of the United Netherlands and his wife Mary, James II’s daughter were asked backThe invitation was acceptedStage 2November, 1688, William landed in England with an army, James II fled to FranceA new Parliament declared the throne vacant and appointed William and Mary joint sovereigns. This was called the Glorious Revolution光荣革命.Stage 31689, Bill of Rights 人权法案limited the power of the monarchguaranteed the authority of parliament.The Glorious Revolution was complete, in which Parliament succeeded in removing a ruling monarch they did not like and establishing a system known as constitutional monarchy君主立宪制.The Rise and Fall of the British Empire1583, Newfoundland(纽芬兰),the first British colony overseasin 1837Queen Victoria(1837-1901) ascended the throne, the First British Empire: Canada, Australia, New Zealand, India and many small states in the West Indies→individual business people for the purpose of trade.WWI, the world’s largest colonial empire:33.5 m sq.km → 137 times the size of Britain393.5 m people→ 8 times the population of BritainAn empire on which the sun never setsWWII, colonies demanded for independence.1947, India and Pakistan1948, Burma and Malaya1956, Egyptin the 1960s, an independece movement swept the entire British Empire. More than 20 countries won their independence.The Empire had been replaced by the British Commonwealth of Nations, a loosely organized community of former British colonies.。
