Unit 1
Sentence Paraphrase and Language Study
1.I walked alongside my father, clutching his right hand. (1)
present participle as adverbial modifier Paraphrase: I walked next to my father, holding his right hand.
clutch (1)vt. to hold sth. or sb. tightly, esp. because you are frightened, in pain, or do not want to lose something
Examples: Tom fell to the ground, clutching his stomach.
A woman clutching a baby stole an elderly woman’s purse.
clutch at (2)to try hard to hold sth., esp. when you’re in a dange rous situation Example: A drowning man will clutch at a straw. (to try hard to find a sign of hope or
a solution, even when they are not likely to exist in a difficult or dangerous situation)
2. They did not make me happy, however, as this was the day I was to be thrown into school for the first time. (1)“As” introduces an adverbial clause of reason. Paraphrase: But my new clothes did not bring any happiness to me, because it was the day I was forced to go to school for the first time.
Cf. to throw sb. out of (a place): to force sb. to leave a place, e.g.
They will throw me out of school if I fail three times.
Nick got thrown out of college in the second year for taking drugs.
Anyone who opposes the regime is liable to be thrown into jail/prison.
More examples:
The moment I saw him, I recognized he was the criminal the police were looking for. The year I was born, my father was working towards a PhD degree.
The day Hans Christian Andersen returned to his hometown, almost all the people turned out to greet him.
3. My mother stood at the window watching our progress, and I turned towards her from time to time, hoping she would help. (2)present participle phrase, acting as adverbial of accompanying circumstances
Paraphrase: My mother stood at the window watching our slow and difficult movement towards the school, and I looked back at her frequently, hoping she would stop my father taking me to school.
More examples:We walked along a street lined with gardens, and fields planted with crops, pears, and date palms. (2) past participle phrase used here to modify “a street” and “fields” respectively. It can be regarded as a relative clause cut short. Paraphrase: We walked along a street, on both sides of which there are gardens and fields where crops, pears and date palms are planted.
What is the language spoken in that area? = that is spoken
They are problems left over by history. = which have been left
4. It’s a place that makes useful men out of boys. to make sb./sth. become …Examples:
The army made a man of him.
The four brothers all made a success of their lives.
He said the Government were frightened of nothing. The real trouble was that we were making a mountain out of a molehill (小题大做).
5. I was not convinced. convince vt. to make sb. feel certain that sth. is true Examples:
I couldn’t convince him of his mistake. How can I convince you of my sincerity?
I managed to convince them that the story was true.
a convincing argument convincing evidence
6. I did not believe there was really any good to be had in tearing me away from my home and throwing me into the huge, high-walled building. (5)gerund as the object of the preposition
tear sb. away from: to (make sb.) leave a place unwillingly because one has to Paraphrase: I didn’t think it was useful to take me away from home and put me into that building with high walls.
More examples:
1) We had difficulty in finding a parking lot. 2) I have no objection to hearing your story again.
3) I’m not keen on gambling. I’m too afraid of losing. 4) There’s no point in waiting.
There’s no good to be had in doing sth.=It’s no good/use doing sth. or There is no good/use doing sth.: It’s not useful to do sth.
Examples:
It’s no good crying spilt milk. (proverb)It’s no use talking to him.
There is no good to be had in buying a boat when you don’t have enough spare time to use it.
I don’t see there is any good to be had in downsizing the company.
Related phrases:
it is no (not much) good
it is no (not any, hardly any, little) use
it is useless + doing
it is not the slightest use
it is worth (worthwhile)
there is no (good, use)
Example: There is no good denying that women are playing an important role in the world today.
to tear oneself/sb. away from: to (make sb.) leave a place or a person unwillingly because one has to.
Examples:
Can’t you tear yourself away from the TV for dinner?
The young artist couldn’t tear himself away from da Vinci’s Mona Lisa.
7. Vast (1)a. extremely large; spreading a great distance
Examples:
The vast plains of this country spread for hundreds of miles.
He is very valuable to his employer because of his vast experience in the business. vast (2)
Examples:
The group of actors was brought from New York to London at vast expense.
The refugees came across the border in vast numbers.
The vast majority of young people don’t take drugs.
8. I hesitated and clung to his hand, …to hold tightly; not release one’s grip on Examples:
The little child clung to his mother for comfort.
Some of the victims of the fire climbed out of the building, clung to the window ledges for a minute or two and then dropped to their death a hundred feet below. Collocations:
cling to the belief; cling to the hope; cling to one’s own view
cling to the habit; cling to one’s possessions
9. You will find me waiting for you when it’s time to leave. (7) find + obj + v-ing (object complement)
Paraphrase: I’ll come to fetch you when school is over. I’ll be waiting for you here at the gate.
More examples:
1) When I entered the room, I found him reading something aloud.
2) I found a tree lying across the road.
3) If she catches you reading her diary, she’ll be furious.
4) His remark left me wondering what he was driving at.
5) The words immediately set us all laughing.
Note: Thi s structure is very common in verbs like “see, hear, feel, watch, notice.”10. Some of the children burst into tears.
burst into:to begin, suddenly and/or violently, to cry, laugh, sing, etc. Example: Aunt Annabel, who has been nervous and jumpy lately, suddenly burst into tears.
Collocations:
As the comic got into his stride, the audience burst into hoots of laughter/a guffaw. The aircraft crashed into the hillside and burst into flames.
The orchards seemed to have burst into blossom overnight.
The entire hall burst into thunderous cheers/applause.
Everyone on the bus burst into song as we got closer to home.
Similar expressions:
As they left the club the revellers broke into song/loud curses.
I mentioned the incident later to a tailor friend and he burst out laughing/crying.
11. … from each floor we were overlooked by a long balcony roofed in wood. (11) Paraphrase:… on one side of the courtyard was a building with a long wood-roofed balcony on each floor where we could be seen. Or: … from the balcony on each floor of the building people could see the pattern into which we formed.
overlook: vt. a. to have a view of sth. from above; b. to fail to see or notice; pay no attention to
Examples:
Our room overlooks the ocean. My garden is overlooked by the neighbours. I’m afraid I overlooked your name; I’ll add it to the list immediately.
I’ll overlook your mistake this time.
12. I had never imagined school would have this rich variety of experience. Paraphrase: I had never thought life at school would be so colorful and interesting. variety (1) n. number or range of different things
Examples:
The T-shirts are available in a wide variety of colors.
The students come from a variety of different backgrounds.
variety (2) n. quality of not being the same, or not being the same at all times Examples:
There was little she could do to add variety to her daily routine.
She didn’t like the work, because it lacked variety; she was doing the same things all the time.
Variety is the spice of life. (=Doing a lot of different things, meeting different people, etc. is what makes life interesting.)
Examples:
1) Customs vary from country to country.
2) Human nature, in all its many and varied forms, is very complex and hard to understand.
3) Of all the various ways of cooking an egg, I like boiling best.
4) There are wide regional variations in house price.
5) There are too many variables in the experiment to predict the result accurately.
6) Consumers’ preferences are so variable that planning is almost impossible.
13. We saw a globe of the Earth, which revolved and ….
v. a. to spin around or make sth. spin around, on a central point; b. (fig.) to think about
Examples:
The metal disc revolves at high speed. The earth revolves round the sun.
The story revolves around a young girl who runs away from home.
He revolved the matter in his head/mind.
18. It was not all a matter of playing and fooling around. (15)
all: completely; fool around: to waste time instead of doing sth. that you should be doing
Paraphrase: What we did at school wasn’t just playing and wasting time doing nothing useful.
a matter of: a subject/situation that involves sth.
Examples:
Learning is a matter of seeing much, suffering much and studying much.
The King’s mental state was becoming a matter of c oncern.
Personally I can’t stand rock music, but I suppose it’s all a matter of opinion.
I can’t say which wine is best—it’s a matter of personal taste.
fool around/about: to waste time behaving in a silly way
Examples:
He spent the whole afternoon just fooling around.
Stop fooling around otherwise you’ll never amount to anything.
Cf. He noticed a strange-looking person hanging about the bus stop.
I hung around the station for an hour but he never showed up.
The children lingered on at the zoo until the closing time.
14. Rivalries could bring about pain and hatred or give rise to fighting.
bring about: to make sth. happen
Examples:
Computers have brought about many changes in workplace.
I offered to act as mediator and try to bring about a reconciliation between the two parties.
That unpopular measure finally brought about the downfall of the government.
give rise to: to be the reason why sth. esp. sth. bad or unpleasant happens Examples:
Two phenomena are giving rise to world-wide concern—mass unemployment and mass migration into cities.
Most people argued that poverty had given rise to the crimes in the town.
15. … she would resort to physical punishment.
resort to: to make use of ; to turn to sth. (esp. sth. bad) as a solution
Examples:
There is no righ t to resort to violence when you don’t get your way.
Terrorists resorted to bombing city centers as a means of achieving their political aims.
Differences and disputes should be resolved through dialogue and negotiation rather than by resorting to force or terrorist actions.
16. In addition, the time for changing one’s mind was over and gone and there was no question of ever returning to the paradise of home. (16) no possibility of Paraphrase: Besides, it was impossible for us to quit school and return to the good old days when we stayed home playing and fooling around all day. Our childhood was gone, never to come back.
There is no question (of sth. happening / sb. doing sth.): There is no possibility. Example: There is no question of their dismissing you at the moment.
17. Nothing lay ahead of us but exertion, struggle, and perseverance. (16) Paraphrase: We would have to do our best and keep working very hard until we finished school. This is what I imagined our school days would be like. Or: The kind of life that was waiting for us at school would be full of exertion, struggle and perseverance.
Nothing but: only
Right now he thinks about nothing but his research. She ate nothing but an apple for lunch.
18. Those who were (relative clause modifying “those”)able took advantage of the opportunities for success and happiness that presented themselves. (relative clause modifying “opportunities”) (16)
Paraphrase: If there came opportunities, capable students would seize them to achieve success and happiness.
take advantage of: to use a particular situation to do or get what you want
Examples: I took advantage of the weather to paint the shed.
Don’t lend them the car—they’re taking advantage of you!
More phrases:
For certain types of work wood has/gains/wins advantages over plastic.
New tax regulations had given them an advantage over their commercial rivals.
You have the advantage of me. Candidates with computer skills will be at an advantage.
Do take more exercise. It is to your advantage.
present (1)v. (reflex) to appear; attend
Examples:
When the chance to study at Harvard presented itself, I jumped at it.
He was ordered to present himself at the chairman’s office at nine o’clock next morning.
present (2) v. a. to give; offer; put forward; submit; b. to show or reveal; c. to put on; produce (a play)
Examples:
David’s manager presented him with the award for best sales in the region.
His sudden resignation presents us with a tricky situation.
The National Theatre is presenting “King Lear” next month.
19. I looked around bu t found no trace of my father.
trace (1) n. a. a small sign that shows that sb.or sth. was present or existed; b. very small amount
It vanished/disappeared/without trace. Petra’s lost all trace of her German accent. Age has left its traces on his face. There are traces of poison in the man’s blood.
A mere trace of smile passed over her face.
trace (2)v. a. to follow the marks to find sb. or sth.; b. to find the origin of sth.
c. to study or describe the history, development or progress of sth. Examples:
She had given up all hope of tracing her missing daughter.
The style of these paintings can be traced back to early medieval influences.
His book traces the changing nature of the relationship between men and women. 20. How did these hills of rubbish find their way to cover its sides? (17)to arrive or get to a place
Paraphrase: How did the street come to be covered with so much rubbish on both sides? Where did they come from?
find one’s way to:to arrive or get to a place
Examples:
After being lost for two days, the little dog finally found its way back to its owner’s house.
Because of the dense fog, the traveller couldn’t find his way to his camp.
Related phrases:
make one’s way to/towards the door bow her way out of the room
push her way out of the hall shoulder her way through the crowd
worm his way into the organization beg her way back home
inch one’s way up the mountain
21. Here and there stood conjurers showing off their tricks or making snakes appear from baskets. (17) an inverted sentence due to long subject
Paraphrase: Conjurers stood everywhere. They were showing off their tricks or making snakes appear from baskets.
More examples: 1) There are some exceptions to this reaction.
2) Were there no air on the earth, there would be no life on it. 3) There goes the bell.
4) In no case should we waste our time. 5) Away hurried the customers.
show off: a. to attract attention to; b. to try to impress people and make them admire your abilities, achievements or possession
Examples:
It was said that Mrs. Perkins only went to church to show off her new clothes.
She was always at any function or gathering where her accomplishments could be shown off.
Pay no attention to Susan—she’s just showing off.
22. Then there was a band announcing the opening of a circus, with clowns and weight lifters walking in front. (17) “With+n.+doing” construction is used adverbially modifying “announcing”.
Paraphrase: Then there was a band that was announcing the opening of a circus. The clowns and weight lifters were walking in its front.
More examples:
1) He stood there with a stick in his hand. (with + n. + prep.)
2) Paul soon fell asleep with the light still burning. (with + n. + participle)
3) She can’t go out with all these dishes to wash. (with + n. + to do)
4) He was lying on the bed with all his clothes on. (with + n. + adv.)
23. I was in a daze. n. a confused state of mind; v. to make (sb.) feel stupid or unable to think clearly
Examples: I’ve been wandering around in a daze all day.
If someone gave you a heavy blow on the head, you would probably feel dazed.
Dazed survivors staggered from the wreckage.
24…, but the stream of cars would not let up.
let up: a. to stop or become less strong or serious; b. to slacken one’s efforts Examples: When will the rain let up?
Keep plodding away at your task, no matter how difficult it is; don’t let up on it.
Unit 2
Sentence Paraphrase and Language Study
1．They were dreaming of golden beaches and sea tides as the grey, cold spring of New York vanished behind them.
dream of/about: to imagine and think about sth. that you would like to happen
Examples:
1) The girl dreamed of becoming a movie star.
2) Some thought it was the breakthrough scientists had dreamed of.
3) He's got the sort of money that you and I can only dream about.
vanish: v. to disappear suddenly, esp. in a way that cannot easily be explained Examples:
1) I turned around again, the boy had vanished.
2) It is a bad idea to let Tom Cruise vanish for almost an hour in the middle of his picture.
3) Many species in South America have vanished completely.
Cf. varnish, tarnish, furnish
varnish: to cover with 给······涂清漆1) He varnished the wooden table. 2) After he fixed the shelf, he varnished the whole to a high shine.
tarnish: (esp. of metal surfaces) to lose; cause the loss of brightness （尤指金属表面）使失去光泽
1) The damp atmosphere has tarnished the gilt. 2) His reputation is tarnished. furnish: to supply or provide; put furniture in
1)The records furnished the information required.
2)The president’s office is tastefully furnished with modern furniture.
2. As the bus passed through New Jersey, …
pass through: to go through a town, etc., perhaps stopping there for a short time, but not staying
Examples:
1) As they passed through the flooded areas, they felt bad.
2) We passed through the gates into a courtyard behind.
3) We were just passing through (= travelling through a place) and thought we'd drop in to see you.
pass (a place): to go past a place without entering
Examples:
1) On her way to work she passed a supermarket. 2) We passed a group of students outside the theatre. 3) I pass the sports centre on the way to work.
3. His fingers were stained from cigarettes …
stain:v. a. to accidentally make a mark on sth. esp. one that cannot be removed; b. to change the color of sth., especially sth. made of wood, by using a special liquid (Syn. dye)
Examples:
1) This tablecloth stains very easily. 2) Her fingers were stained yellow from years of smoking.
3) Stain the table before you varnish it.
Collocations:stain sb.’s name/reputation/honor; stain with; leave a stain; blood/ink/wine stain; a stain on sb.’s character/reputation; remove/get rid of a stain; stubborn stains
Examples:
1) A sudden gust of rain dashed against the red bricks that were already stained in
patches by water.
2) Her fingers were stained with dirt, her nail varnish chipped.
3) How do you get wine stains out of a tablecloth? 4) There was a dark red stain on the carpet.
5) Water is a miraculous substance remover; it will remove probably 85 percent of all stains.
5. He sat in complete silence and seemed completely unaware of the existence of the others.
in+n.: to show a state or condition
unaware of: not knowing or realizing that sth. is happening or that sth. exists Paraphrase: He sat without saying anything as if he did not know there were other people around.
4. …, the bus pulled into a Howard Johnson’s restaurant ….
pull into: (of a vehicle) to arrive at (a station); move in towards
Examples:
1) They will pull into the station at 7 sharp. 2) Let’s pull into the parking lot and have a rest.
3) The train pulled into the station on the stroke of 12.
Opposite—pull out:if a train pulls out, it leaves a station
Examples:
1) The three-thirty is pulling out of platform four. 2) We got there just as the train was pulling out.
7. The young people began to wonder about him, ….
wonder about/at: to feel curious about; be doubtful about
Examples:
1) John says he didn’t do it, but I am still wondering about that.
2) Sometimes I wonder about his behaviour.
3) He wondered at her ability never to reveal the slightest disquiet in front of her husband.
5.… she decided to engage him in a conversation.
engage sb. in: to make sb. take part in sth.
Examples:
1) She tried to engage her roommate in a philosophical discussion.
2) They spoke little about life outside the organization despite my efforts to engage them in conversation about it.
3) They engaged him in a new project.
6.The girl insisted that he join them. (Para. 5) subjunctive mood, "should" is
dropped out
insist: demand that sth. should happen
After the verbs expressing a command, decision, suggestion, such as decide, decree, demand, insist, move, order, prefer, propose, recommend, request, require, suggest, vote, advise, determine, desire, resolve, urge, etc, in that-clause we usu. use subjunctive mood “(should) do sth.”.
More examples in ppt.
7. He thanked her and retreated again into his silence.
retreat into/to: to yield; move back to
Examples:
1) The soldiers were ordered to retreat to safer positions.
2) At last we forced the enemy to retreat into the mountains from the town.
3) More and more she retreated into books.
Collocations:
retreat into oneself 不与人交往，离群索居
retreat into one’s shell 变得缄默，不愿与人接触
retreat into fantasy 退避到梦幻世界
8．…, and that if she can’t stand it, …
stand: v. a. to bear, tolerate; b.to be or stay in a particular state or condition; c.to be proved to be true, correct, useful, etc. when tested
can't stand the heat (room)stand idle stand wear and tear (door)stand open stand up under close scrutiny stand up well to cross-checking Patterns：can't stand (sb./sth.) doing sth.
can't stand to do sth.
can't stand the sight/thought, etc. of
Examples: I can't stand people smoking around me when I'm eating.
She can't stand to hear her parents arguing about her personal affairs.
I know he can't stand the sight of me. She couldn't stand the thought of losing her children.
a music stand乐谱架 a fruit stand水果摊 a stand for taxi出租汽车停车处make one’s stand clear表明立场come to a stand陷于停顿
international stand国际地位standing committee/army常务委员会／常备军standing joke／jest老笑话take/make/mount a stand against sth. 反抗，抵抗9. She’s a wo nderful woman, really something—and forget about me.
something: n. a thing or a person of some value or importance
Examples: He considers himself to be something, but actually he is nothing.
She thinks she’s something since she won the beauty contest. Collocations: make something of yourself (= to become successful )
be (really/quite) something
(= spoken used to say that something is very good and impressive)
there's something in/to something
(= used to admit that someone's words are true or their ideas are successful, etc.)
Examples: He looked like a man who might be able to make something of himself if a good woman took him in hand.
Running your own company at 21 is really something.
They had to concede that there was something in his teaching methods.
forget about: a. to lose remembrance of; fail to keep in memory; fail to recall; b. to stop thinking or worrying about someone or something; c. not to care about or give attention to someone or something any longer
Examples: She forgot all about their anniversary.
Once they have money, some people forget about all their old friends.
I'd completely forgotten about our bet until Bill reminded me.
10. …, when I was sure the parole was coming through I wrote her again.
come through: to arrive as expected
Examples: Has the train come through?
We're still waiting for our exam results to come through.
There is news just coming through of an explosion in a chemical factory.
11. ... Soon all of them were caught up in the approach of Brunswick, looking at the pictures Vingo showed them of his wife and three children.
be/get caught up in: to be completely absorbed in or get involved in
Examples:
I was caught up in conversation with a friend when someone knocked at the door.
I am painfully aware of how we get caught up in our times and become contaminated by our own hypocrisy.
I didn't want to get caught up in endless petty arguments.
approach: v. to move towards or nearer to someone or something
Examples: I heard footsteps approaching.
Everyone prepared celebrations as the year 2000 approached.
As I approached the forest, a hare ran out of the trees.
Translation: He is hard to approach. 他很难接近。
His best approach to the great man lay through a mutual friend.
对他说来，要接近那位伟人，最好的办法是通过一个双方都认识的朋友。Researchers are looking for new ways to approach the problem.
研究人员正在寻找新的处理这个问题的方法。
Paraphrase: … all the young people became excited and deeply interested in Vingo's story and in what was going to happen at Brunswick as they were looking at the pictures…
12. Vingo stopped looking, tightening his face into the ex-con's mask, as if fortifying himself against still another disappointment. present participle phrase. Here "he was/were" is omitted after "as if".
Examples:He gave out a terrible cry, as if seeing a ghost.
Tim spoke very slowly, as if fearing to be heard.
"It is," he said quietly, as if remembering something he had tried to forget.
(Para. 4)
fortify oneself against: to strengthen (sth. or oneself) so as to be able to deal with (i.e. an attack)
Examples: Have some hot ginger soup to fortify yourself against cold.
He fortified himself against the cold with a heavy coat.
Paraphrase: Vingo moved his eyes away from the window, and his face again became expressionless as if he was trying to find the courage to face another possible blow, another disappointment in his life.
13. Then suddenly all of the young people were up out of their seats, screaming and shouting and crying, doing small dances, shaking clenched fists in triumph and exaltation. All except Vingo. (Para. 11) present participles functioning as
accompanying circumstances
Examples: He ran up to her, breathing heavily.
The old man was fast asleep, holding a book in his hand.
Vingo sat there, looking at the oak tree through his misty eyes. (Para. 12) scream: v. a. to give a loud, sharp cry or cries as of fear or pain; b. to cry sth. in a loud shrill voice
Examples: As a child, I used to wake up screaming with terror in the middle of the night.
Adam screamed, loud and violent, in his attempt to absorb the pain.
She screamed out that there was a burglar under the bed.
triumph: n. a. [C] an important victory or success after a difficult struggle; b. [U] a feeling of pleasure and satisfaction that you get from victory or success. Examples: Winning the scholarship is a great personal triumph.
The Government Commission was established here in triumph, and sank here into obscurity.
A fine sweat was beading his forehead but there was a grin of triumph on his face. exaltation: n. a very strong feeling of happiness
Examples: My depression had lifted and my mood had changed to exaltation. Teammates who were strangers before the party are instantly bonded, and victory is celebrated with fists-in-the-air exaltation.
Paraphrase: Then all of a sudden, all the young people left their seats and began doing all sorts of things they could think of to express their happiness and excitement. Vingo alone remained still.
14. Vingo sat there stunned, looking at the oak tree through his misty eyes. (Para. 12) past participle functioning as accompanying circumstances;present participle functioning as accompanying circumstances
Examples: I made a leisurely round of the town, fascinated by the construction going on everywhere.
He went to Beijing in that winter, disguised as a merchant.
United as one, they are training hard for next year's world championship.
stun: v. to surprise or upset someone so much that they do not react immediately Examples: His words stunned her, and she stared at him in disbelief.
Sara was too stunned by what had happened to say a word.
Suminski in love: the idea stuns her.
misty: a. a. (eyes) full of tears, esp. because you are remembering a time in the past; b. not clear or bright; c. (weather) with a lot of mist
Examples: Toward evening, the weather turned and, as they approached the dock, the sky was gray and misty.
He paused, his eyes growing misty.
Without my glasses everything is just a misty blur.
Paraphrase: Vingo sat still; he was utterly surprised, looking at the oak tree through tearful eyes.
15. …, and made his way to the front of the bus to go home.
make one’s way to: to go forward with difficulty
Examples: They made their way through the crowd. I made my way to the center of the town.
The two women made their way into the woods.
单词总结 Bet 1.bet (sth) (on/against sth ) to risk money on a race or an event by trying to predict the result 下赌注（于）用…..打赌 https://www.doczj.com/doc/c711232552.html,ed to say that you are almost certain that sth is true or that sth will happen 敢说八成二 词语扩展 I’ll bet 1．（表示理解）有同感当然 2．（表示不相信对方的话） e.g: “I’m going to tell her what I think of her.” “Yeah. I’ll bet.” I wouldn’t bet on it/don’t bet on it. 不大可能 e.g:”she’ll soon get used to the idea.” “I wouldn’t bet on it!”(很难说) You bet中文解释的确当然 e.g:”are you nervous?” “you bet!”(这还有说) You can bet your life/your bottom dollar （on sth/(that)…..）中文解释肯定毫无疑问 e.g: you can bet your bottom dollar that he’ll be late.（他肯定会迟到） Peer Noun 1. a person who is the same age r who has the same social status as you 身份或地位相同的人同龄人同辈 2. (in Britain) a member of the NOBILITY 英国的贵族成员 Verb (~+adv/prep) to look closely or carefully at sth ,especially when you can not see it clearly.仔细端详 Spectacle 1.spectacles 相当于glasses 2. a performance or a event that is very impressive and exciting to look at 精彩的表演，壮 观的场面 3. a sight or a view that is very impressive to look at 壮观的景象 4.an unusual or surprising sight or situation that attract a lot of attention. 奇特的景象出 人意料之外的情况 词语扩展 Make a spectacle of yourself to draw attention of yourself by behaving or dressing in a ridiculous way in public 出洋相出丑
1 B a s i c C o n c e p t s 基本概念 1.1 the definition of a word （ alone in a sentence. A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.） 1.2 sound and meaning ：symbolic connection is almost always arbitrary and conventional . A dog is called a dog not because the sound and the three letters that make up the word just automatically suggest the animal in question. 1.3 sound and form ： 1.4 vocabulary 1.5 classification of words 词汇分类 basic word stock 基本词汇 nonbasic vocabulary 非基本词汇 by use frequency 按使用频率分： basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary 基本词汇和非基本词汇 by notion 按概念分： content words and functional words 实义词和功能词 by origin 按起源分： native words and borrowed words 本地词和外来词 all national character 全民性 stability 稳定性 productivity 多产性 polysemy 一词多义 collocability 搭配性 terminology 术语 jargon 行话 slang 俚语 argon 黑话 dialectal words 方言词 archaism 古语词 neologism 新词 neutral in style 文体上中性 frequent in use 使用频繁 native words 本地词 borrowed words 外来词 denizens 同化词 aliens 异形词 translation-loans 译借词 1. No enough letters: alphabet from Latin 2. Pronunciation changed more rapidly 3. Early scribes: change spelling for easier recognition 4. Borrowing: different rules of pronunciation and spelling obvious characteristics 明显的特点 (Functional words do not have notions of their own and their main function is to express the relation between notions, words, etc.)
第一单元 课程开始之际，就如何使学习英语的任务更容易提出一些建议似乎正当其实。 学习英语的几种策略 学习英语决非易事。它需要刻苦和长期努力。 虽然不经过持续的刻苦努力便不能期望精通英语，然而还是有各种有用的学习策略可以用来使这一任务变得容易一些。以下便是其中的几种： 1．不要以完全相同的方式对待所有的生词。你可曾因为简直无法记住所学的所有生词而抱怨自己的记忆力太差？其实，责任并不在你的记忆力。如果你一下子把太多的生词塞进头脑，必定有一些生词会被挤出来。你需要做的是根据生词日常使用的频率以不同的方式对待它们。积极词汇需要经常练习，有用的词汇必须牢记，而在日常情况下不常出现的词只需见到时认识即可。你会发现把注意力集中于积极有用的词上是扩大词汇量最有效的途径。 2．密切注意地道的表达方式。你可曾纳闷过，为什么我们说“我对英语感兴趣”是“I’m interested in English”，而说“我精于法语”则是“I’m good at French”?你可曾问过自己，为什么以英语为母语的人说“获悉消息或密秘”是“learnthenewsorsecret”,而“获悉某人的成功或到来”却是“learn of someone’s success or arrival”?这些都是惯用法的例子。在学习英语时，你不仅必须注意词义，还必须注意以英语为母语的人在日常生活中如何使用它。 3．每天听英语。经常听英语不仅会提高你的听力，而且有助你培养说的技能。除了专为课程准备的语言磁带外，你还可以听英语广播，看英语电视和英语电影。第一次听录好音的英语对话或语段，你也许不能听懂很多。先试着听懂大意，然后在反复地听。 你会发现每次重复都会听懂更多的xx。 4．抓住机会说。的确，在学校里必须用英语进行交流的场合并不多，但你还是可以找到练习讲英语的机会。例如，跟你的同班同学进行交谈可能就是得到一些练习的一种轻松愉快的方式。还可以找校园里以英语为母语的人跟他们
L3. Pub Talk and the King’s English(酒吧闲谈与标准英语) Henry Fairlie (亨利·费尔利) 1.Conversation is the most sociable of all human activities.And it is an activity only of humans. However intricate the way in which animals communicate with each other, they do not indulge in anything that deserves the name of conversation. 人类的一切活动中，闲谈是最具交际性的sociable（主题句），也是人类特有的。而动物之间的信息交流，无论其方式何等复杂intricate，也是称不上交际的。 1.And it is an activity only of humans. (para1) 并且它是人类特有的一种活动。 And conversation is an activity which is found only among human being． Sociable [?so???bl] adj.随和的，好交际的，友善的friendly or agreeable,eapecially in an easy,informal way(用书） intricate (adj) : hard to follow or understand because full of puzzling parts，details，or relationships错综复杂的；难以理解的，难懂的 Indulge: 任凭自己沉溺于……；耽于to allow yourself to have or do sth that you like,eapecially sth that is considered bad for you ----indulge in sth, indulge yourself. 例：Women do not indulge in to the same extent as men. deserve: 值得；应得 2.The charm of conversation is that it does not really start from anywhere, and no one has any idea where it will go as it meander s or leap s and sparkle s or just glow s. The enemy of good conversation is the person who has “something to say.”Conversation is not for making a point. Argument may often be a part of it, but the purpose of the argument is not to convince. There is no winning in conversation. In fact, the best conversationalist s are those who are prepared to lose. Suddenly they see the moment for one of their best anecdote s, but in a flash the conversation has moved on and the opportunity is lost. They are ready to let it go.
Unit1 课程开始之际，就如何使学习英语的任务更容易提出一些建议似乎正当其时。 Some Strategies or Learning English 学习英语绝非易事。它需要刻苦和长期努力。 虽然不经过持续的刻苦努力便不能期望精通英语，然而还是有各种有用的学习策略可以用来使这一任务变得容易一些。以下便是其中的几种。 1. 不要以完全同样的方式对待所有的生词。你可曾因为简直无法记住所学的所有生词而抱怨自己的记忆力太差？其实，责任并不在你的记忆力。如果你一下子把太多的生词塞进头脑，必定有一些生词会被挤出来。你需要做的是根据生词日常使用的频率以不同的方式对待它们。积极词汇需要经常练习，有用的词汇必须牢记，而在日常情况下不常出现的词只需见到时认识即可。你会发现把注意力集中于积极有用的词上是扩大词汇量最有效的途径。 2．密切注意地道的表达方式。你可曾纳闷过，为什么我们说我对英语感兴趣是I'm 湩整敲瑳摥椠?湅汧獩屨，而说我精于法语则是???潧摯愠?牆湥档？你可曾问过自己，为什么以英语为母语的人说获悉消息或秘密是汜慥湲琠敨渠睥?牯猠捥敲屴，而获悉某人的成功或到来却是汜慥湲漠?潳敭湯?环猠捵散獳漠?牡楲慶屬？这些都是惯用法的例子。在学习英语时，你不仅必须注意词义，还必须注意以英语为母语的人在日常生活中如何使用它。 3．每天听英语。经常听英语不仅会提高你的听力，而且有助你培养说的技能。除了专为课程准备的语言磁带外，你还可以听英语广播，看英语电视和英语电影。第一次听录好音的英语对话或语段，你也许不能听懂很多。先试着听懂大意，然后再反复地听。你会发现每次重复都会听懂更多的东西。 4．抓住机会说。的确，在学校里必须用英语进行交流的场合并不多，但你还是可以找到练习讲英语的机会。例如，跟你的同班同学进行交谈可能就是得到一些练习的一种轻松愉快的方式。还可以找校园里以英语为母语的人跟他们随意交谈。或许练习讲英语最容易的方式是高声朗读，因为这在任何时间，任何地方，不需要搭档就可以做到。例如，你可以看着图片18 / 1 或身边的物件，试着对它们详加描述。你还可以复述日常情景。在商店里购物或在餐馆里吃完饭付过账后，假装这一切都发生在一个讲英语的国家，试着用英语把它表演出来。 5．广泛阅读。广泛阅读很重要，因为在我们的学习环境中，阅读是最重要、最可靠的语言输入来源。在选择阅读材料时，要找你认为有趣的、不需要过多依赖词典就能看懂的东西。开始时每天读一页是个好办法。接下去，你就会发现你每天可以读更多页，而且能对付难度更高的材料。6．经常写。写作是练习你已经学会的东西的好方法。除了老师布置的作文，你还可以找到自己要写的理由。有个笔友可以提供很好的动力；与某个跟你趣味相投但来自不同文化的人进行交流，你会学到很多东西。经常写作的其他方式还有记日记，写小故事或概述每天的新闻。 语言学习是一个积累的过程。从读和听中吸收尽量多的东西，然后再试着把学到的东西通过说和写加以运用，定会大有收益。 Unit2 弗朗西斯·奇切斯特在六十五岁时开始了只身环球航行。本文记述的就是这一冒险故事。 Sailing Round the Word 弗朗西斯·奇切斯特在独自驾船作环球航行之前，已有好几次让他的朋友们感到吃惊了。他曾试图作环球飞行，但没有成功。那是1931年。 好多年过去了。他放弃了飞行，开始航海。他领略到航海的巨大乐趣。奇切斯特在首届横渡大西洋单人航海比赛中夺魁时，已经五十八岁。他周游世界的宿愿重又被唤起，不过这一次他是要驾船环游。由于他患有肺癌，朋友们和医生们都认为他不该去，但奇切斯特决意实施自己的计划。
Face To Face With Hurricane Camille 迎战卡米尔号飓风 约瑟夫.布兰克 1John Koshak,Jr., knew Hurricane Camille would be bad. Radio and television warnings had sounded throughout that Sunday. Last August 17, as Camille lashed northwestward across the Gulf of Mexico. It was certain to pummel Gulfport, Miss., where the Koshaks lived. Along the coasts of Louisiana, Mississippi and Alabama, nearly 150,000 people fled inland to safer ground. But like thousands of others in the coastal communities, John was reluctant to abandon his home unless the family—his wife, Janis and their seven children, aged 3 to 11—was clearly endangered. 小约翰。柯夏克已料到，卡米尔号飓风来势定然凶猛。就在去年8月17日那个星期天，当卡米尔号飓风越过墨西哥湾向西北进袭之时，收音机和电视里整天不断地播放着飓风警报。柯夏克一家居住的地方一—密西西比州的高尔夫港——肯定会遭到这场飓风的猛烈袭击。路易斯安那、密西西比和亚拉巴马三州沿海一带的居民已有将近15万人逃往内陆安全地带。但约翰就像沿海村落中其他成千上万的人一样，不愿舍弃家园，要他下决心弃家外逃，除非等到他的一家人一—妻子詹妮丝以及他们那七个年龄从三岁到十一岁的孩子一一眼看着就要灾祸临头。lash (v.): move quickly or violently猛烈冲击；拍打 pummel (n.): beat or hit with repeated blows，esp．with the fist(尤指用拳头)连续地打 2 Trying to reason out the best course of action, he talked with his father and mother, who had moved into the ten-room house with the Koshaks a month earlier from California. He also consulted Charles Hill, a longtime friend, who had driven from Las Vegas for a visit. 为了找出应付这场风灾的最佳对策，他与父母商量过。两位老人是早在一个月前就从加利福尼亚迁到这里来，住进柯夏克一家所住的那幢十个房间的屋子里。他还就此征求过从拉斯韦加斯开车来访的老朋友查理希尔的意见。 course (n.): a way of behaving；mode 0f conduct行为；品行；做法 reason out: to find out an explanation or solution to a problem，by thinking of all the possibilities寻找解决途径 例：Let's reason this out instead of quarrelling．让我们不要争吵，商量出事情的解决方案 3 John, 37—whose business was right there in his home (he designed and developed educational toys and supplies, and all of Magna Products’ correspondence, engineering drawings and art work were there on the first floor)—was familiar with the power of a hurricane. Four years earlier Hurricane Betsy had demolished his former home a few miles west of Gulfport (Koshak had moved his family to a motel for the night). But that house had stood only a few feet above sea level. “We’re elevated23 feet,” he told his father, “and we’re a good 250 yards from the sea. The place has been here since 1915, and no hurricane has ever bothered it. We’ll probably be as safe here as anyplace else.”
高分作文标志 1、是否长短句交叉； 2、用词是否恰当，准确，形象，尽量使用能够吸引阅卷老师眼球的闪光词； 3、关键词是否换用，切勿老用重复词； 下面给出写好一篇作文的注意事项： 1.适当用被动代替主动，这样能更客观的反映事实, 句子开头不要总是用we / I (比如写结尾时不用we should pay attention to而用Attention should be paid to. )举个经典结 尾It is ,therefore, high time that some applicable approaches were implemented by the service industry like that. Thus， its competitive edge will be sharpened effectively. 2.善于使用插入语，比如说把副词、连接词等，作插入语放在中间，一般放在主语、动词或者助动词后，两边分别加上逗号。 如however / therefore /for example/I believe 做插入语放在中间，一般放在动词， 助动词后，两边分别加上逗号。 比如说：Other individuals, however, take the attitude that … 3. 一定要学会换词，换形象，具体的代替太宽泛的。(考试中一般不要出现good, bad , many, thing, think, people, opinion 等等)比如上面例子中，applicable代替proper, approaches代替ways, implement代替carry out, sharpen one’s competitive edge代替enhance one’s competitiveness(提高某物竞争力) 下面举一篇例子，给各位钻石班会员共勉！ Computer and I By Simmy I never forget the exceedingly thrilling day when my mother bought me a computer as birthday present, which exerted a tremendous fascination on me so that i indulged myself in googling an army of useful information i had expected ,and enjoy a sea of melodious classic music. That night I was sleepless, feeling that the whole world belonged to me. exceedingly 替换 very thrilling 替换 exciting
考研英语词汇复习笔记 翻硕复习的一大重头戏就是词汇，而词汇量是巨大的，必须要有日常的积累和复习，并且掌握科学的记忆方法，才能最有效地积累词予匚量。下面是关于英语词汇的学习笔记，以供大家参考。(1) 1. bereave :使某人丧失(尤指亲属)bereave Sb Of Sb an accident WhiCh bereaved Him Of his Wife 使他丧失妻子的事古攵the bereaved husband 死了妻子的男人 the bereaved丧失亲人的人 bereavement(n):丧亲之痛，丧失亲人 deprive : take Sth away from sb;PreVent Sb from enjoying Or USing Sth剥夺sb/sth的sth;阻止某人 享有或使用Sth deprive sb/sth Of Sth deprive Of OneS CiVil rights剥夺某人的公民权deprivation(n):剥夺;贫困;被剥夺的事物WideSPreaCl deprivation 普遍贫困 MiSSing the HOIiday WaS a great deprivatiOrL错失假日是极大的损失。 deprived(adj):贫困的，穷苦的deprived ChildhOOd 贫苦的童年
2. abdomen : Part Of the body below the CheSt and CliaPhragm,cOntaining the stomach.腹部 abdominal(adj)腹部的an abdominal OPeratiOn 月复咅8手术belly : (口)front Of the HUman body from the WaiSt to the groin;belly 肚子，胃 With an empty belly 空着肚子 in the belly Of a ShiP 在船腹里 belly OUt(动词用法):鼓涨,凸出The Wind bellied OUt the SaiIS 3. c onSeCrate : devote sth/sb to Or reserve sth/sb for a SPeCial (esp religious) PUrPOSe 扌巴sth/sb 献给 sth/sb 做某种(尤其宗教)用途COnSeCrate sth/sb to Sth COnSeCrate OneS Iife to the SerViCe Of GOd,to the relief Of SUffering献身于为神服务(解除世人痛苦)的事业 devote : give OneS time z energy to sth/sb; dedicate 为某人付出，向某人奉献，献身于devote Oneself/sth to sb/sth devoted(adj):热爱的，非常忠实的Z全心全意的a devoted SOn
大学英语精读1课文翻译 Unit1 Some Strategies or Learning English 学习英语绝非易事。它需要刻苦和长期努力。 虽然不经过持续的刻苦努力便不能期望精通英语，然而还是有各种有用的学习策略可以用来使这一任务变得容易一些。以下便是其中的几种。 1. 不要以完全同样的方式对待所有的生词。你可曾因为简直无法记住所学的所有生词而抱怨自己的记忆力太差？其实，责任并不在你的记忆力。如果你一下子把太多的生词塞进头脑，必定有一些生词会被挤出来。你需要做的是根据生词日常使用的频率以不同的方式对待它们。积极词汇需要经常练习，有用的词汇必须牢记，而在日常情况下不常出现的词只需见到时认识即可。你会发现把注意力集中于积极有用的词上是扩大词汇量最有效的途径。 2．密切注意地道的表达方式。你可曾纳闷过，为什么我们说 "我对英语感兴趣"是"I'm interested in English"，而说"我精于法语"则是"I'm good at French"？你可曾问过自己，为什么以英语为母语的人说"获悉消息或秘密"是"learn the news or secret"，而"获悉某人的成功或到来"却是"learn of someone's success or arrival"？这些都是惯用法的例子。在学习英语时，你不仅必须注意词义，还必须注意以英语为母语的人在日常生活中如何使用它。 3．每天听英语。经常听英语不仅会提高你的听力，而且有助你培养说的技能。除了专为课程准备的语言磁带外，你还可以听英语广播，看英语电视和英语电影。第一次听录好音的英语对话或语段，你也许不能听懂很多。先试着听懂大意，然后再反复地听。你会发现每次重复都会听懂更多的东西。 4．抓住机会说。的确，在学校里必须用英语进行交流的场合并不多，但你还是可以找到练习讲英语的机会。例如，跟你的同班同学进行交谈可能就是得到一些练习的一种轻松愉快的方式。还可以找校园里以英语为母语的人跟他们随意交谈。或许练习讲英语最容易的方式是高声朗读，因为这在任何时间，任何地方，不需要搭档就可以做到。例如，你可以看着图片或身边的物件，试着对它们详加描述。你还可以复述日常情景。在商店里购物或在餐馆里吃完饭付过账后，假装这一切都发生在一个讲英语的国家，试着用英语把它表演出来。
Marrakech George Orwell 1 As the corpse went past the flies left the restaurant table in a cloud and rushed after it, but they came back a few minutes later. 2 The little crowd of mourners -- all men and boys, no women--threaded their way across （break ones way）the market place between the piles of pomegranates and the taxis and the camels, walling a short chant over and over again. What really appeals to the flies is that the corpses here are never put into coffins, they are merely wrapped in a piece of rag and carried on a rough wooden bier on the shoulders of four friends. When the friends get to the burying-ground they hack an oblong hole a foot or two deep, dump the body in it and fling over it a little of the dried-up, lumpy earth, which is like broken brick. No gravestone, no name, no identifying mark of any kind. The burying-ground is merely a huge waste of hummocky earth, like a derelict building-lot. After a month or two no one can even be certain where his own relatives are buried. 1.一具尸体抬过，成群的苍蝇从饭馆的餐桌上嗡嗡而起追逐过去，但几分钟过后又飞了回来。 2.一支人数不多的送葬队伍——其中老少尽皆男性，没有一个女的——沿着集贸市场，从一堆堆石榴摊子以及出租汽车和骆驼中间挤道而行，边走边悲痛地重复着一支短促的哀歌。苍蝇之所以群起追逐是因为在这个地方死人的尸首从不装进棺木，只是用一块破布裹着放在一个草草做成的木头架子上，有四个朋友抬着送葬。朋友们到了安葬场后，便在地上挖出一个一二英尺深的长方形坑，将尸首往坑里一倒。再扔一些像碎砖头一样的干土块。不立墓碑，不留姓名，什么识别标志都没有。坟场只不过是一片土丘林立的荒野，恰似一片已废弃不用的建筑场地。一两个月过后，就谁也说不准自己的亲人葬于何处了。 3 When you walk through a town like this -- two hundred thousand inhabitants of whom at least twenty thousand own literally (really;真实的)nothing except the rags they stand up in-- when you see how the people live, and still more how easily they die, it is always difficult to believe that you are walking among human beings. All colonial empires are in reality founded upon this fact. The people have brown faces--besides, there are so many of them! Are they really the same flesh （mankind人类）as your self? Do they even have names? Or are they merely a kind of undifferentiated（无差别的）brown stuff, about as individual as bees or coral insects? （三个疑问句）They rise out of the earth（出生贫寒，metaphor），they sweat and starve(alliteration;) for a few years, and then they sink back into the nameless mounds of the graveyard and nobody notices that they are gone. And even the graves themselves soon fade back into the soil. Sometimes, out for a walk as you break your way(threaded their way) through the prickly pear(刺梨), you notice that it is rather bumpy（not even）underfoot, and only a certain regularity in the bumps tells you that you are walking over skeletons.//part1:the coprse scene 3.当你穿行也这样的城镇——其居民20万中至少有2万是除开一身聊以蔽体的破衣烂衫之外完全一无所有——当你看到那些人是如何生活，又如何动辄死亡时，你永远难以相信自己是行走在人类之中。实际上，这是所有的殖民帝国赖以建立的基础。这里的人都有一张褐色的脸，而且，人数书如此之多！他们真的和你意义同属人类吗？难道他们也会有名有姓吗？也许他们只是像彼此之间难以区分的蜜蜂或珊瑚虫一样的东西。他们从泥土里长出来，受哭受累，忍饥挨饿过上几年，然后有被埋在那一个个无名的小坟丘里。谁也不会注意到他们的离去。就是那些小坟丘本身也过不了很久便会变成平地。有时当你外出散步，穿过仙人掌丛时，你会感觉到地上有些绊脚的东西，只是在经过多次以后，摸清了其一般规律时，你才会知道你脚下踩的是死人的骷髅。
笔记整理: Unit1 1.频度副词: always, usually, often, sometimes, hardly ever, never. (对他们提问用how often). 并且他们是一般现在时的标志 2.go skateboarding 去玩滑板 3.do/take exercise 做运动 4.morning/eye exercises早操/眼保健操 5.surf the Internet 上网冲浪 6.once a week/twice a month/ three or four times a day(对其提问也用how often) 7.How often do you go shopping? How often does your mother clean the house? How often do they play sports? (注意助动词的运用) 8.activity survey 活动调查 9.most 大多数most students/ most of the classmates 10.at Green High School 在格林高中 11.Here is/are… 12.the result（c.n）of…。。。的结果the results of the final exam(期末考试的结果) 13.as for 至于，关于As for homework 14.the results for ―watch TV‖ 15.junk food 垃圾食品（u.n） 16.vegetables(c.n) and fruit(u.n) 17.want sb. to do sth. 18.be good/bad for 对…有好/坏外be good to sb 对…好be good with sb 和某人相处得 好be good at=do well in 擅长 19.healthy (adj) health(n) 固定搭配有：a healthy lifestyle, be in good health=keey/stay healthy, healthy food, it’s good for your health, 20.how many hours=how long, how many times=how often 21.eatting habits(注意不能说a eating habits) 22.try to do 尽力做某事try one’s best to do尽某人最大的努力做某事 https://www.doczj.com/doc/c711232552.html,e home from school 从学校回家 24.look after=take care of 照顾 25.help sb (to) do 26.get good grades 取得好成绩（注意不能说a good grades） 27.the same as/be different from 28.keep in good health=keep healthy保持健康 29.less meat更少的肉 Unit2 1.What’s the matter? What’s the trouble? What’s wrong? What’s up? 询问某人怎么了（除了 What’s up外，都可以在后面加上with sb） 2.have a cold/have a fever/have a headache/have a toothache/have a sore throat/have a sore back/have a stomachache/have a sore leg 3.lie down 躺下(lie作动词讲有撒谎的意思，常用短语：lie to sb 对某人撒谎tell a lie 撒了一个谎) 4.have a (good) rest （好好）休息
英语词汇学笔记之“名词解释篇” 2010.1.11济南1.Word --- A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic funtion. 2. Morpheme --- A morpheme is the minimal significant element in the composition of words. 3. Free morphemes or Content morphemes (Free root)--- They are morphemes that may constitute words by themselves : cat, walk. 4. Bound Morphemes or Grammatical morphemes--- They are morphemes that must appear with at least one other morpheme, either bound or free : Catts, walk+ing. 5. Bound root --- A bound root is that part of the word that carries the fundamental meaning just like a free root. Unlike a free root, it is a bound form and has to combine with other morphemes to make words. Take -dict- for example: it conveys the meaning of "say or speak" as a Latin root, but not as a word. With the prefix pre-(=before) we obtain the verb predict meaning "tell beforehand". 6. Affixes --- Affixes are forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or funtion. 7. Inflectional morphemes or Inflectional affixes --- Affixes attaches to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are inflectional ,thus known as inflectional morphemes. There is the regular plural suffix -s(-es) which is added to nouns such as machines, desks. 8. Derivational morphemes or Derivational affixes--- Derivational affixes are affixes added to other morphemes to create new words. 9. Prefixes --- Prefixes are affixes that come before the word, such as, pre+war. 10. Suffixes --- suffixes are affixes that come after the word, for instance, blood+y. Derivational morphemes/ derivational affixes --- A process of forming new words by the addition of a word element. Such as prefix, suffix, combing form to an already existing word. Prefixation ---- is the formation of new words by adding prefix or combing form to the base. (It modify the lexical meaning of the base) Suffixation--- is the formation of a new word by adding a suffix or combing form to the base and usually changing the word-class of the base. Such as boy. Boyish (noun- adjective) 11. Roo t --- A root is the basic form of a word which cannot be further analysed without total loss of identity. 12.Opaque Words--Words that are formed by one content morpheme only and cannot be analysed into parts are called opaque words, such as axe, glove. 13. Transparent Words--Words that consist of more than one morphemes and can be segmented into parts are called transparent words: workable(work+able), door-man(door+man).