2011年1月SAT真题

2011-1PART I 听力Section A (1 point each)Directions: in this section, you will hear nine short conversations between two speakers.At the end of each conversation a question will be asked about what was said.The conversations and the questions well be read only once. Choose the bestanswer from the four choices given by marking the corresponding letter witha single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scoring answersheet.1. A. he was beaten by a fellow workerB. he was laughed at by a fellow workerC. he was fired from his workD. he was replaced by his co-worker2. A. he did it like everyone elseB. he was not speeding basicallyC. he would like to pay the fineD. the policeman was unfair to him3. A. talk about their fishing experiencesB. drive the woman’s dad to the station togetherC. put off their fishing plan for the next weekendD. go fishing after the woman sees her dad off4. A. she thought the man’s project had been finishedB. she didn’t know the man’s project was urgentC. she thinks the man shouldn’t be so stressedD. she thinks the man has exaggerated about his project5. A. he knows psychology very wellB. psychology is beyond his comprehensionC. psychology is his majorD. he has forgotten the theory of psychology6. A. it’s a pleasant surpriseB. it’s really unexpectedC. it’s very sadD. it’s a pity7. A. he was disappointed with the serviceB. he was satisfied with the serviceC. he finally got what he wantedD. he would like to try it again8. A. he didn’t finish his finals weekB. he failed most of his examinationsC. he couldn’t remember what he had prepared in the examsD. he couldn’t concentrate during the exams9. A. not enjoyableB. just so soC. it’s his favoriteD. he likes itSection B(1 point each)Directions: in this section, you will hear two mini-talks. At the end of talk, there will be some questions. Both the talks and the questions well be read only once. Aftereach question, there will be a pause. During the pause, you must choose thebest answer from the four choices given by marking the corresponding letterwith a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scoring answersheet.Mini-talk one10. A. to start up her own businessB. to gain experienceC. to save for her tuitionD. to help her family11. A. because he could have more spare creditsB. because the 15-credit-plan was more cost-efficientC. because he had to make up 15 creditsD. because the 15-credit-plan was easier12. A. to become an internB. to challenge traditionsC. to start up her own businessD. to get a full time jobMini-talk two13. A. The United States has declared its independenceB. Lady Liberty is a gift from the people of FranceC. American people have shaken off the oppressionD. The United States has broken off its relations with UK14. A. Lady LibertyB. Liberty LadyC. The Statue of LibertyD. Liberty Enlightening the World15. A. By busB. By boatC. By carD. By subwaySection C (1 point each)听力填空16. Mental health experts also include other disorders like ______ (4words) that affect millions of people.17. Mental health problems are most severe in poor countries that ______ (3words) to deal with them.18. About half of all mental health problems first appear before ______ (4words).19. According to WHO, how many people suffered form depression in 2009? (4words).20. The disability caused by mental disorders can have a big impact on ______ (3words).PART II 词汇选择(10 minutes, 10 points)Section A (0.5 point each)21. It was fascinating to watch my husband as he literally became president before my eyes.A. liberallyB. wiselyC. actuallyD. theoretically22. The rights that the citizens of those countries enjoy can all be incorporated in the laws of those individual countries.A. embodiedB. excludedC. immersedD. interpreted23. These are the men and women who run the house and tend to the special needs of its residents.A. take toB. amount toC. attend toD. object to24. These women hoped that cease-fire would continue and that the violence would end once and for all.A. quicklyB. conclusivelyC. universallyD. temporarily25. There is some excitement on the horizon, but I can’t tell you about it.A. in the distanceB.soon to happenC. without a questionD.at first sight26. Low interest rates created easy credit conditions, fueling a housing construction boomand encouraging consumption.A. contaminatingB. ectinguishingC. stimulatingD.transporting27. War involves inflicting the greatest amount of damage in the briefest space of time.A. imposingB. avoidingC. compensatingD.fabricating28. Inflation can destroy the fabric of society by adversely affecting fixed income groups.A. stabilityB. perplexityC. evolutionD.structure29. The participants of the meeting were astonished by the discrepancy between the may or’s words and his actions.A. differenceB. correlationC.conformityD.separation30.The English writing of college students in China is generally redundant for lack of specific words.A. ambiguousB. wordyC. unconvincingD.stereotyped Section B (0.5 point each)31. Without mutual trust, willingness to engage _____ in the learning process is hindred.A. deliberatelyB. collaborativelyC. destructivelyD. individually32.Humans have to settle the problems with food, clothes and _____ before they can survive.A. cabinB. mansionC. shedD. shelter33.How did it _____ that in English the correlation between spelling and pronuciation is not very close?A. come aboute one toD. come by34. While the test-oriented approach to teaching is _____ desirable, it is widely used in China.A. other thanB. not onlyC. nothing butD. far from35. In january 1995, George W. Bush was _____ as the new governor of Texas.A. turned inB. taken inC. sworn inD. put it36. The latest data showed that global ozone _____ had dropped several percent over the last decade.A. penetrationsB. concentrationsC. dimensionsD. extensions37. Scientists have been trying to _____ what factors can cause aging.A. find outB. turn outC. set outD. carry out38. Ten years _____ her career as a lawyer, she decided to start her own firm in Chicago.A.withinB. duringC. intoD. amid39. The tower of the World Trade Center _____ after it was hit by the plane.A. dissipatedB. paddledC. hedgedD. collapsed40. I could speak their language and _____ with their problems because I have been there myself.A. collideB. coincideC.identifyD. associatePART III 完形填空(10 minutes, 10 points, 1 point each)Early in January 2009, the temperature in Tanana Alaska, fell to 55 below zero F. It was so cold that when the airport runway lights stopped working, crews were __41__ from going outside to fix them.So it was a real concern whe Vicky Aldridge, a nurse practitioner at the village health center, realized that 61-year-old Winkler Bifelt was bleeding __42__ and needed medical treatment at Fairbanks Memorial Hospital, __43__ 150 miles away. The sun was already down when Aldridge made the __44__ telephone call to Frontier Service in Fairbanks.“We told them the only way we could fly was if they could find enough vehicles to __45__ the runway with headlights so we could land,” said Bob Hajdukovich, the company’s president. Aldridge’s next calls went to airport and town officials, who, __46__, called villagers. Forty five minutes later, enough cars, trucks, minivans and snowmobiles had lined up so that the runway was __47__.Pilots Nate Thompson and David Fowler landed without __48__, and then took off again, with Bifelt.“There is this wonderful caring __49__ in the village,” Aldridge said, “ if anyone needs anything, all I have to do is call one or two people and everything will get __50__”41. A. objected B. obstructed C. obliged D. observed42. A.intimately B. integrally C. intentionally D. internally43. A. less B. some C. but D.even44. A. eagerness B. pressure C. emergency D. hurry45. A. line B. cross C. span D. park46. A. by turns B. in turn C. in order D. in return47. A. lightened B. illustrated C. cleared D. widened48. A. reason B. support C. hesitation D. atmosphere49. A. status B. occasion C. surrounding D. atmosphere50. A. into control B. out of danger C. done well with D. taken care of PART IV 阅读理解(45 minutes, 30 points, 1 point each)Passage oneNovember 25 is the International Day for the Elimination of Violence Against Women. This day was recognized by the General Assembly of the United Nations in 1999 with a view to raising public awareness of violations of the right of women. Why was this step necessary?In many cultures women are viewed and treated as inferior or as second class citizens. Prejudices against them are deep rooted. Gender base violence in all its forms is an ongoing problem, even in the so-called developed world. According to former UN Secretary General Kofi Annan,”violence against women is global in reach, and takes place in all societies and cultures. It affects women no matter what their race, social origin, birth or other status may be.”Radhika Coomaraswamy, UN expert of the Commission on Human Rights on violence against women, says in his report that for the vast majority of women, violence against women is “a taboo issue, invisible in society and a shameful fact of life.” Statistics issued by a victim study institution in Holland indicate that 23 percent of women in one South Amercian country, or about 1in 4, suffer some form of domestic violence. Likewise, the Council of Europe estimates that 1 in 4 European women suffer domestic violenceduring their lifetime. According to the British Home Office in England and Wales in one recent year, an average of two women each week were killed by current or former partners. The magazine India Today International reported that “for w omen across India, fear is constant companion and rape is the stranger they may have to confront at every corner, on any road, in any public place at any hour”. UN experts described violence against women and girl as “today’s most serious human rights challenge.”51. This passage is intended to __________.A. point out the root of violence against womenB. find solutions to violence against womenC. criticize the governments’ inaction about violence against womenD. make people better aware of violence against women52. The word “gender” in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to “__________”.A. raceB. societyC. cultureD. sex53. According to former UN Secretary General Kofi Annan, violence against women could be widely found __________.A. in South American countriesB. in rich countriesC. in developing countriesD. across the world54. By “violence against women is a taboo issue”, Radhika Coomaraswamy means that the vast majority of women __________.A. turn a blind eye to the problemB. don’t want to talk about the problemC. turn a deaf ear to the problemD. have been accustomed to the problem55. According to the last paragraph, violence against women is __________.A. more serious in South American countriesB. more serious in European countriesC. equally serious in South American and European countriesD. less serious in developed countries56. According to the passage, women in India __________.A. often live in the fear of violence against themB. suffer more serious domestic violenceC. must have their companions everywhereD. are facing most serious human rights challengesPassage TwoWhen you think of monkeys, you probably think of the Tropics. Few species of monkeys venture into temperate lands. Nevertheless, there are one or two notable exceptions.In the high Atlas Mountains of North Africa, where snowfall is common during the winter, small groups of Barbary apes roam through forests of cedar and oak. One isolated group of these monkeys can be found 200 miles to the north, living on the Rock ofGibraltar, at the southern most tip of Europe.How do naturalists explain this mystery? Some believe that the monkeys colonized other areas of Europe in the distant past and that those of Gibraltar are the only surviving group. Others think that Arabic or British colonizers brought them to the Rock. Legend has it that the monkeys crossed the narrow straits dividing Europe from Africa by means of a long-lost underground tunnel. Whatever their origin, they are now the only free range monkeys. The Barbary apes inhabit the pine woods that cover the upper part of the Rock. Although they number only a hundred or so, they have become “the peninsula’s most famous resdents,” according to the International Primate Protection League.Since seven million tourists visit Gibraltar every year, the mischievous monkeys have an ample food supply. Although they feed on wild plants, they have become skilled at begging and occasionally stealing food from visitors. Local authorities also provide the monkeys with fruit and vegetables.Apart from feeding, the monkeys spend 20 percent of their day grooming each other. Both male and females monkeys care for and play with the young ones. They live in close knit groups, where stress sometimes leads to confrontation. While the older monkeys use threats and screams to chase away the younger ones, they also have an unusual tooth-chattering behavior that seems to calm them down.Their arrival on Gibraltar may remain a mystery; still, these sociable monkeys add a special charm to the limestone headland that guards the entrance to the Mediterranean sea. Gibraltar would not be the same without them.57. The monkeys on the Rock of Gibraltar are special because __________.A. they live in tropic areasB. they inhabit temperate landsC. they live in forestsD. they came from North Africa58. Which of the following is NOT the possible origin of the Gibraltar monkey?A. They may be the surviving group of European.B. they may have been brought ot Gibraltar by colonizers.C. they may have come from Africa through the long- lost tunnel.D. they may have swum across the narrow straits from Africa.59. The population of “the peninsula’s most famous residents” __________.A. is growing rapidlyB. outnumbers the local peopleC. is threatened by too many visitorsD. is about five scores60. We canlearn from the 5th paragraph that Gibraltar monkeys __________.A. mainly feed on food from visitorsB. often threaten local touristsC. are very naughtyD. are raised by the local authorities61. The word “grooming” in the 6th paragraph is closest in meaning to “__________”.A. cleaningB. bitingC. fightingD. isolating62. According to the passage, __________.A. Gibraltar would be better without the monkeysB. the monkeys heve added beauty to the Rock of GibraltarC. Gibraltar monkeys and those in the high Atlas Mountains are of different speciesD. the older Gibraltar monkeys are very fierce to the younger onesPassage threeWhich would you give up: TV, Cell, or Web? From November 6 to December 3, a 1-question online poll was placed on high-traffic websites in 15 countries(Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, Gndia, Italy, N etherlands, Philippines, Russia, Singapore, Spain, United Kingdom, United States). A total of 150 respondents in each country participated in the poll. In this global survey, 11 of 15 countriessay they’d turn off the TV berfore they’d silence their cell phone or log off the Internet. Women,especially, will give up their favorite shows, voting to do so by a greater percentage than men in all but four countries. “I work 50-plus hours a week, and more importantly, the programs I watch on TV are free on the web.” Paula Kress of Georgia explains why she’d give up on TV.Y ounger respondents are more likely to take a pass on television, but older folks don’t necessarily stay stay away from the online experience. In Singapore, not a single person over 45 voted to stop surfing. “I’m not much for sitting in front of the screens, but I nee d the Internet to keep in touch with friends and family.” Hanna Larna explains why she’d keep the web and ditch TV.In the United States, people vited to give up TV, yet Americans sit in front of the flat screen for an average of four hours, 37minutes a day. But if the decision had been made by respondents over 45, the cell phone would have gotten the boot instead.In Canada people voted to give up the cell. The cost effect analysis shows that people there pay some of the highest rates for their cell phone plans, which may be why they have the lowest number of cell users among the western countries polled. “I don’t want to be reachable at every moment.”is another logical explanation.Why was Brazil the only country to pick the Internet (and by such a huge margin)? Brazil has some of the lowest rates of Internet use worldwide, with just 35 users per 100 people.(The U.S. and U.K. both have 72.) Brazil’s cost to hook up is also high, about $26a month, compared with $7.4in Germany.63. what is the most important reason for Paula Kress to give up TV?A. she doesn’t have time to watch TV.B. she doesn’t like sitting in front of screens.C. she can watch TV programs on the web.D. she finds online programs more interesting.64. Survey results in Singapore show that __________.A. women watch TV programs for a longer period of time than menB. men depend as much on cell phones as women doC. younger people use cell phones more than older peopleD. older people enjoy the Internet just like the younger ones65. Which of the following phrases is closest in meaning to “get the boot”(Para. 3)?A. be dismissedB. catch onC. be favoredD. become dominant66. It is implied that among the Americans polled, there were more __________.A. menB. womenC. younger peopleD. older people67. How many countries picked the cell phone in the survey?A. 2B. 3C. 4D. 568. In the last paragraph, the author mainly __________.A. describes the findings in the Brazilian surveyB. discusses the gap between Brazil and the western worldC. presents the reasons behind the Brazilian decisionD. analyzes the development of the Internet in BrazilPassage fourToday, world leaders are discussing climates change and what—if anything—can be done to combat global warming. Extreme weather conditions have brought home the fact that our climate is changing—and changing fast. It may be easy to be fatalistic about it, but the truth is that although we humans have caused the problem, we also have the solution. “Think global and act local,”said Friends of the Earth founder David Bower. In many small but important ways we can make a difference. Here are my top tips for how to begin:Count your food miles. What you eat and where you buy it affects global emissions. Pollution from transport is the fastest growing source of carbon dioxide emissions, so it is madness to fly out-of-season vegetables across the world to supermarkets. We should lobby supermarkets for a system of classifying food according to the distance travelled: 0 for local food, 1 for British, 2 for Europe, and 3 for intercontinental.Turn off anything that winks at you. A video recorder on standby uses almost as much electricity as one playing a tape. Turning down the thermostat by one degree, not leaving TV and music centres on standby, turning off lights,putting lids on cooking pots, and only half-filling kettles can cut energy consumption by 30%, saving your money as well as saving the planet.Just stop using petrol. Y es you can, and the cr industry may help you. Hydrogen-powered cars are loved by car designers and could become a reality in about 10 years. Meanwhile, consider converting to liquefied petroleum gas(LPG). Y ou won’t be alone: a new pump for this is opening every day. Meanwhile, you can cut down on conventional petrol use just by changing driving habits—no rapid acceleration, lower speeds, keeping tires at the right pressure.Well, you can always walk. Or cycle. The majority of car journeys are less than five miles and, honestly, once you’ve stepped out, you’ll find it’s really not that bad. The only energy used is your own and that’s healthy. Y ou only have th look at the collective strength of the people’s fuel lobby to know this maked sense.These changes will save you money which you should invest in an ethical saving account. They are profitable and they put the pressure on business to clean up its act.69. In the first paragraph, the author tries to emphasize __________.A. his concern over climate changeB. his optimism in finding a way outC. the necessary of global actionsD. the difficulty in reaching an agreement70. Which conclusion can be drawn from paragraph 2 ?A. Centralized distribution of food is highly efficient and cost-effective.B. Organic food from abroad is better than food produced locally.C. Supermarkets do a great job of offering a wide selection of goods.D. It’s better for us consumers to shop in local farmers’ markets.71. In Paragraph 3 the author tries to convey the message that __________.A. small changes in small habits can make big differencesB. it is not easy for us to reduce energy consumption at homeC. the present way of using energy leaves much to be desiredD. we individuals may not help much in fighting global warming72. At presen, to replace petrol-driven cars, people may choose cars driven by _______.A, electricity B. LPG C. hydrogen D. biofuel73. For most of the car journeys, walking or cycling __________.A. is a waste of timeB. is undesirableC. is a feasible optionD. is what people prefer74. The passage is focused on __________.A. the passage of climate change on people’s livesB. the importance of individuals improving the environmentC. the benefits of cutting energy consumptionD. the small ways that can help fight global warmingPassage fiveSome years ago, thumping, jumping noises routinely issued from the apartment upstairs as if baby elephants were competing in the 50-year dash. I went up one day to politely inquire. “No, nobady’s making noise here” the husband and wife both insisted. It must be coming from elsewhere in the building.” Two children about five years old, each holding soccer balls, stood right beside their parents. “Could the thumping b e your kids running around, perhaps playing soccer?”, I asked. “Oh no, we never let the kids play in the house.”For monhs, the pattern continued: the thumping and jumping above, our delicate check-in, the denial. It got so that every time I saw the couple, I glared without a word of greeting. When they moved out of the building, the thumping stopped.I suppose I could have forgiven my neighbors and spared them the glare. After all, forgiveness is in, a trend advocated by best-selling books, foundations and research institutes. The notion has gone well beyond spiritual leaders advising that forgiveness is good for the soul and that hard feelings will turn us bitter and hostile. Now the medical community cites studies showing that forgiveness can prevent heart attacks, lower blood pressure and even ease depression.I may be outnumbered, but I still believe in the healing power of the grudge(不满). I’ve deployed grudges with an equal-opportunity sense of fairness—against teachers andclassmates,bosses and colleagues, family and friends. I’ve chosen to stop speaking to certain people permanently and occasionally even spoken ill of them—but more with disbelief than a sense of revenge. I’m neither proud nor ashamed. But I’ve discovered that nothing feels quitea as satisfying as a grudge well nursed.I’m not against forgiveness itself, I have forgiven people for rudeness as well as for deep misunderstandings and have done so without holding on to hard feelings. What I deplore is the propaganda about forgiveness. No longer an option, forgivensess is an official order. Forgiving so democratically cheapens the very act.A long standing grudge suggests that we hold certain standards, that we respect ourselves enough to reject bad behavior. Failure to forgive can be just as righteous, just as honorable as forgiveness itself.75. The author would probably describe the neighbors as __________.A. carelessB. dishonestC. ignorantD. immodest76. Paragraph 3 is focused on __________.A. how forgiveness is good for us spiritually and physicallyB. how forgiveness has become a fashionable conceptC. what has changed people’s understanding of forgivenessD. what is the true meaning and virtue of forgiveness77. By “I may be outnumbered”(Para. 4), the author means that most people in her situation would probably __________.A. tell people how bad the neighbors areB. refuse to speak to the neighborsC. try to practice forgiveness to the neighborsD. ask the neighbors for an explanation78. The author seems _________ what she always does with grudges.A. ashamed ofB. proud ofC. satisfied withD. disappointed with79. It can be learned that the author __________.A. has great difficulty forgiving peopleB. regrets failing to practice forgivenessC. wants to learn how to forgive peopleD. opposes “forgiveness without principle”80. The best title for the passage is __________.A. To Forgive is GodB. The Right Not to ForgiveC. Forgiveness in, Grudge outD. The Power of ForgivenessPART V 翻译(30 minutes, 20 points)Section A (15 minutes, 10 points)一、英译汉Job stress comes in different forms and affects your mind and body in different ways. Small thing can make you feel stressed, such as a copy machine that never seems to work when you need i t or phones that won’t quit ringing. Major stress comes from having too much or not enough work or doing work that doesn’t satisfy you. Conflicts with your boss, coworkers, or customers are other major causes of stress.Section B (15 minutes, 10 points)二、汉译英几年来，北京部分地区的房价翻了两番，使许多年轻人买不起理想小区中的房子。

公派留学英语培训考试真题2011年1月全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Public selection for studying abroad in English training exam 2011 JanuaryListening comprehensionSection ADirections: In this section, you will hear five short conversations. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and the question about it, read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.1. A. A car. B. A boat. C. A train. D. A plane.2. A. In a restaurant. B. In a bookstore. C. In a hotel. D. In a library.3. A. He was too busy to go. B. The show wasn't good. C. He had no interest. D. It was too expensive.4. A. A schoolmate. B. A professor. C. A lecturer. D. A friend.5. A. He eats a lot of junk food. B. He rarely gets enough sleep. C. He exercises regularly. D. He doesn't work hard.英语培训考试真题2011年1月第一部分：听力理解乐于学习的你，量身订制授课计划，助你尽快提高英语水平。

2011年1月SAT真题SECTION 3Questions 9-13 are based on the following passagesPassage 1Ecotourism has been broadly defined as recreational travel that is focused on the natural environment and thatseeks to minimize its impact on that environment.However, there is little doubt that increasing numbers5 of ecotourists also pose a threat to the quality andsustainability of natural ecosystems. Numerous accountsof tourists' "loving nature to death" have been reported,and concern is growing that ecotourism is becomingnothing more than a "green" label that dresses up10 exploitative and destructive human behavior. Despitewidespread advocacy for education as a solution tominimizing ecotourists' impacts on the naturalenvironment, few tests of the effectiveness of educationalprograms in controlling tourists' behavior have been15 conducted.Passage 2Although a substantial part of tourism is the "sun, surf, and sand" variety, the fastest-growing segment isecotourism. There is, however, substantial concern aboutthe potential negative impacts of ecotourism on the20 environment and about the necessity to plan and regulateecotourism to prevent them. There clearly have been abuses and mismanaged activities. Better planning and regulationare essential. Yet ecotourism brings many people intoenvironments in which they can learn about the locale25 and learn environmental principles that can heighten theirawareness of and commitment to environmentalprotection in general. Increased emphasis onenvironmental learning as part of ecotourism could helpprevent or reduce ecotourism's negative impacts.9. The authors of both passages would most likely agree that ecotourism(A) is most popular in sunny coastal environments(B) may harm the environment it claims to value(C) may soon be more common than other types of tourism(D)serves to educate the public about environmental issues(E) should be tightly regulated in order to minimize its impact10. Unlike Passage 2. Passage I primarily emphasizes ecotourism's(A)economic consequences(B)educational value(C)increasing popularity(D)uncertain origins(E)damaging effects11. The author of Passage 2 would most likely characterize the tourists who love "nature to death" (Passage I. line 7) as(A)evidence of the need for further environmental education(B) proof that ecotourism should be banned within fragile ecosystems(C) concerned about the impact of their actions(D) unaware of the regulations governing ecotourism(E) insincere in their interest in the environment12. In line 15. "conducted" most nearly means(A)performed(B)channeled(C)transmitted(D)escorted(E)directed13. Which statement best characterizes the relationship between thetwo passages?(A) Passage 2 provides a historical perspective on a situation that Passage 1 portrays as a recent: problem.(B) Passage 2 takes a positive stance on an Issue thatPassage 1 presents somewhat pessimistically.(C) Passage 2 provides personal experience with a phenomenon Passage I considers theoretically.(D) Passage 2 suggests an innovative solution to apuzzle outlined in Passage 1.(E) Passage 2 provides evidence that counters a criticism raised in Passage 1.Questions 14-23 are based on the following passage.The following passage is adapted from a 2002 book about modern medicine.The explanation of pain that has dominated much of medical history originated with Rene Descartes,more than three centuries ago. Descartes proposedthat pain is a purely physical phenomenon----thattissue injury5 stimulates specific nerves that transmit an impulse tothe brain, causing the mind to perceive pain. Thephenomenon, he said, is like pulling on a rope to ringa bell in the brain. It is hard to overstate howingrained this account has become. In everydaymedicine, doctors10 see pain in Descartes's terms—as a physicalprocess, a sign of tissue injury. We look for aruptured disk or a fracture and we try to fix what'swrong.The limitations of this mechanistic explanation, however, have been apparent for some time, since people 15 with obvious injuries sometimes report feeling no painat all. In the 1960s researchers proposed that Descartes's model be replaced with what they called the gate control theory of pain. They argued that before pain signalsreach the brain, they must first go through a gatingmechanism20in the spinal cord, which could ratchet them up or down.In some cases, this hypothetical gate could simply stoppain impulse from getting to the brain.Their most startling suggestion was that what controlled the gate was not just signals from sensory nerves but also 25 emotions and other "output" from the brain. They weresaying that pulling on the rope need not make the bell ring.The bell itself—the mind—could stop it. This theoryprompted a great deal of research into how such factors as mood, gender, and beliefs influence the experience of30 pain. In a British study, for example, researchersmeasured pain threshold and tolerance levels in 52 ballet dancers and 53 university students by using a commonmeasurement known as the cold pressor test. The test isingeniously simple. (I tried it at home myself.) Afterimmersing your35 hand in body-temperature water for two minutes to establish a baseline condition, you dunk your hand in a bowl of ice water and start a clock running. You mark the time when it begins to hurt; that is your pain threshold. Then you mark the time when it hurts too much to keep 40 your hand in the water: that is your pain tolerance. The test is always stopped at 120 seconds, to prevent injury.The results were striking. On average female studentsrepotted pain at 16 seconds and pulled their hands out of the ice water at 37 seconds. Female dancers went almost 45 three times as long on both counts. Men in both groups had a higher threshold and tolerance for pain, but the difference between male dancers and male nondancers was nearly as large. What explains that difference? Probably it has something to do with the psychology of 50 ballet dancers—a group distinguished by self-discipline, physical fitness, and competitiveness, as well as by a high rate of chronic injury . Their driven personalities and competitive culture evidently inure them to pain.Other studies along these lines have shown that55 extroverts have greater pain tolerance than introverts and that, with training, one can diminish one's sensitivity to pain. There is also striking evidence that very simple kinds of mental suggestion can have powerful effects on pain. In one study of 500 patients undergoing denial procedures, 60 those who were given a placebo injection and reassured that it would relieve their pain had the least discomfort— not only less than the patients who got a placebo and were told nothing but also less than the patients who got a real anesthetic without any reassuring comment that it would65 work. Today it is abundantly evident that the brain is actively involved in the experience of pain and is no mere bell on a string. Today every medical textbook teaches the gate control theory as fact. There's a problem with it, though. It explains people who have injuries but feel no70 pain, but it doesn't explain the reverse, which is far more common—the millions of people who experience chronic pain, such as back pain, with no signs of injury whatsoever.Gate control theory accepts Descartes's view thatwhat you feel as pain is a signal from tissue injurytransmitted75 by nerves to the brain, and u adds the notion that thebrain controls a gateway for such an injury signal But inthe case of something like chronic back pain, there oftenis no injury . So where does the pain come from? Therope and clapper are gone, but the bell is still ringing.14. The primary purpose of the passage is to(A) describe how modem research has updated an old explanation(B) argue for the irrelevance of a popular theory(C) support a traditional view with new data(D) promote a particular attitude toward physical experience(E) propose an innovative treatment for a medical condition15. Which statement best describes Descartes's theory of pain aspresented in lines 3-8 ("Descartes... brain")?(A) The brain can shut pain off at will.(B) The brain plays no pan in the body's experience of pain.(C) Pain can be triggered in many different ways.(D) Pain is a highly personal phenomenon.(E) Pain is an automatic response to bodily injury.16. In line 11. "sign" most nearly means(A) symbol(B) gesture(C) image(D) indication(E) omen17. The author implies that the reason the gate control theory was"startling" (line 23) was that it(A) offered an extremely novel explanation(B) ran counter to people's everyday experiences(C) undermined a respected philosopher's reputation(D) was grounded in an incomprehensible logic(E) was so sensible it should have been proposed centuries before18.The author docs which of the following in lines 25-27("They ... it")?(A)Employs a previously used comparison to explain a newly introduced idea(B)Cites an aforementioned study to disprove a recentlypublished claim(C)Signals a digression from the main line of the argument(D)Invokes figurative language to note the drawbacks of an approach(E)Uses personification to explicate the intricacies of a theory19. In line 49. "psychology" most nearly means(A) mental makeup(B) emotional trauma(C) manipulative behavior(D) clinical investigation(D) underlying meaning20. The author suggests that "extroverts" (line 55) are like balletdancers with respect to their(A) reaction to social situations(B) sense of group identity(C) response to physical stimuli(D) need for the attention of others(E) peculiar attraction to suffering21. A defender of the gate control theory would most logically arguethat the "problem" (line 68) may lie not with the theory but with (A) medical professionals’ unwillingness toit as a thoroughlyverified hypothesis(B) diagnostic tools that cannot detect the injuries causingcurrently inexplicable condition(C) doctors who misdiagnose intermittent pain a chronic pain(D) the unfortunate tendency to medicate even minor ailments(E) the willingness of people to subject themselves to stressesthat lead to unconventional injuries22. The author refers to "chronic back pain" (line 77) as an example of something that is(A) costly, because it afflicts millions of people(B) dubious, because it is often claimed fraudulently(C) puzzling, because it sometimes has no apparent cause(D) frustrating, because it does not improve with therapy(E) tantalizing, because it lies beyond the reach of medicine23. The last sentence of the passage ("The rope ... ringing") servesprimarily to express(A)the incomprehensibility of scientific judgments(B)the inadequacy of abstract metaphors(C)the futility of theoretical inquiry(D)a conundrum that faces researchers(E)an ambiguity at the heart of scienceSECTION 4Questions 6-7 are based on the following passage.A turning leaf stays green at first, then revealssplotches of yellow and red as chlorophyll graduallybreaks down. Dark green seems to stay longest in theveins, outlining and defining them. During thesummer, chlorophyll breaks5 down in the heat and light, but it is also being steadilyreplaced. In the fall, on the other hand, no newpigment is produced, and so we notice the othercolors that were always there, although chlorophyll'sshocking green hid them from view. With theircamouflage gone, we see these10 colors for the first time all year, and marvel, but theywere always there, hidden like a vivid secret beneaththe hot glowing greens of summer.6. The passage serves primarily to(A)present a debate(B)explain a phenomenon(C)recount an experiment(D)advocate an action(E)refute a theory7. According to the passage, which of the following mostdirectly causes leaves to change their color in the fall?(A) Chlorophyll in the leaves beginning to break down then(B) Heat and light causing new pigments to be produced(C) Chlorophyll changing from green to other colors(D) Existing pigments becoming more uniform(E) New chlorophyll no longer being producedQuestions 8-9 are based on the following passage.I'm watching Sesame Street with my daughter. Today Grover has transported us to Alaska, where a local lass is suiting up to face the Arctic chill, with the help of hermother, who sews fur pelts together to fashion a coat to 5 repel the subzero temperatures. The child rushes out intothe crisp fresh air to meet other children, laughing sweetly.It looks so wholesome, so simple, so uncomplicated. No fancy schools to get into, no apartments to compare. Itlooked pleasant there, out in the bleak but weirdly alluring10 slate of glistening frost punctuated only by playful tykestoting their homemade lunches to school in swingingbuckets.8. The narrator would most likely characterize thedepiction of Alaska on Sesame Street as(A) lurid(B) idyllic(C) eclectic(D) nebulous(E) trite9. In context, the references to "fancy schools" and"apartments" (line 8) serve to(A)illustrate the glamour of urban environments(B)suggest some concerns the narrator may have(C)establish a contrast between past and present lifestyles(D)indicate the narrator's distaste for rural living(E)challenge the stereotyped view of a regionQuestions 10-16 are based on the following passages. These passages discuss Leroy "Satchel" Paige (1906 ?-1982), a star professional baseball pitcher who continued to play successfully even when he was much older than any other player. Passage I is adapted from a 1994 biography; Passage 2 front Paige’s autobiography.Passage 1When was Satchel Paige born? The myriad answers to that question have become one of the greatest sportsenigmas of all time and play a huge pan in bringing a sense of myth and mystery to Paige's life. When the Cleveland 5 Indians' owner Bill Veeck signed Paige in 1948. Veeck didas much to obfuscate the age issue—an issue he stokedconstantly as a public relations gimmick—as Satchel ever did himself. For aid and comfort in this, Vecck could count on the succor—witting or unwitting or perhaps both—of 10 Lula Coleman Paige, Satchel's mother.Lula Paige confided to a sportswriter that her son was in fact three years older than he was thought to be; a few years later, she had another epiphany. He was, she said,two years older. This she knew because she had writtendown the15 year of his birth in her Bible, and it said, right there,plain as day, "1904."When Satchel Paige committed his memoirs to print in 1962, though, he wasn't ready to go with thatversion. "Seems like Mom's Bible would know," hewrote, but20 she had never shown him that Bible. "Anyway." headded, "sometimes she tended to forget things."But never let it be said that Satchel Paige didn't learn from his mama. A decade and a half later, when Lula was gone, he was ready and rehearsed in the fable, only he had25 expanded Lula's homily to include thirteen Bibles...and thirteen goats. He had, he admitted, never actuallyseen the apocryphal Bible—but that was the fault ofone of the goats, which he insisted had mistaken thebook for cabbage leaves and eaten it. He did know onething.30 though. "That goat" he said with piquant irony, "lived tobe twenty-seven."Passage 2After I hit the top, every couple of months just about I got my name in the papers when those writers played guessing games about when I was born. I never put a stop 30 to it and my family and my buddies didn't help becausethey kept giving different dates. You see, nobody paid much attention when kids by the bay were born.But the government paid attention and there's a birth certificate in Mobile, Alabama, saying I was born40 July 7. 1906. Now I know it's made out for a LeRoy Page,but my folks started out spelling their name "Page'' andlater stuck in the “i” to make themselves sound morehigh-tone.There are all kinds of other dales floating around, too.45 but I'll go by that birth certificate. Besides, it doesn't reallymake any difference how old I tell people I am. They've been carrying on so long about my age, nobody will believe what I say. Like that gent 1 ran into in 1947. He quit playing in 1910, but he swore he played against me 50 I just let him talk.10. The primary purpose of both passages is to(A) address an uncertainty(B) discuss a solution(C) analyze two sides of a debate(D) illuminate a popular theory(E) question the importance of an idea11. Compared with the tone of the first paragraph ofPassage 1, the tone of the first paragraph of Passage 2 is more(A) pensive(B) scholarly(C) ambivalent(D) incredulous(E) conversational12. The "Bible" in line 15, Passage 1, and the "birth certificate" in lines 38-39, Passage 2. are each mentioned because they provide(A) emotional memories(B) supporting evidence(C) personal testimonials(D) comic relief(E) government documentation13. The author of Passage I presents Paige as speaking"with piquant irony" (line 30) because the story of the goat(A) explains why Paige did not know his exact age(B) presents sportswriters in an undignified light(C) mocks the research methods used by the press(D) pokes fun at all the fuss about Paige's age(E) was well-known to Paige's mother14. In context. Paige's reference to the writers' "guessinggames" (line 34) suggests that he viewed the debate about his age to be(A) exceedingly complicated(B) unnecessarily competitive(C) universally appealing(D) ultimately trivial(E) highly disrespectful15. The author of Passage 1 would most likely respond tothe claim that Paige "never put a stop to it" (lines 34-35,Passage 2) by adding that Paige(A) helped create stories about his birth date(B) was unconcerned about others' opinions(C) was solely responsible for stirring up the debate(D) did not benefit from the controversy(E) was irresponsible in his actions16. Each passage concludes with(A) a sincere assertion(B) a humorous anecdote(C) a frank observation(D)an extended analogy(E)an explicit appealQuestions 17-25 are based on the following passage.In the following passage, adapted from a 2002 novel, a young woman named Harriet Cleve is thinking about a house, now inruins, that once belonged to her family.The house, amusingly, had been called Tribulation.Judge Cleve's grandfather had named it that because heclaimed the building of it had very nearly killed him.Nothing remained of it but the twin chimneys and the 5 mossy brick wall—the bricks worked in a trickyherringbone pattern—leading from the foundation down to the front steps where five cracked tiles on the riser, in faded blue, spelled the letters C'-L-E-V-E.To Harriet, these five tiles were a fascinating relic of 10a lost civilization. To her, their fine, watery blue was the blue of wealth, of memory, of Europe, of heaven; and the Tribulation she deduced from them glowed with the phosphorescence and splendor of dream itself. In her mind, her dead ancestors moved like royalty through the rooms15 of this lost palace.Apart from the tiles, few concrete artifacts ofTribulation remained. Most of the rugs and fixtures—themarble statues, the chandelier—had been carted off incrates marked Miscellaneous and sold to an antiquesdealer in20 Greenwood who'd paid only half what they were worth.How then to reconstruct this extinct colossus? Whatfossils were left, what clues had she to go on? Thefoundation was still there, out from town a bit. She wasn't sure exactly where, and somehow it didn't matter. Only25 once, on a winter afternoon long ago, had she been taken outto see it. To a small child, it gave the impression of having supported a structure far larger than a house, a city almost.She had a memory of her grandmother Edie (tomboyish in khaki trousers) jumping excitedly from room to30 room, her breath coming out in white clouds, pointing outthe parlor, the dining room, the library—though all thiswas hazy.A scattering of lesser artifacts had been salvaged fromTribulation ——linens, monogrammed dishes, a ponderous 35 rosewood sideboard, vases, china clocks, dining roomchairs—and broadcast through her own house and thehouses of her aunts: random fragments, a legbone here, avertebra there, from which Harriet set about reconstructing the burned magnificence she had never seen. And these40 rescued artifacts beamed with a serene light all their own:the silver was heavier, the embroideries richer, the crystal more delicate, and the porcelain a finer, rarer blue. Butmost eloquent of all were the stories passed down to her—highly decorated items that Harriet embellished even45 further in her resolute myth of the enchanted alcazar, thefairy chateau that never was. She possessed, to a singular and uncomfortable degree, the narrowness of vision thatenabled all the Cleves to forget what they didn't want toremember and to exaggerate or otherwise alter what they50 couldn't forget; and in restringing the skeleton of theextinct monstrosity that had been her family's fortune, she was unaware that some of the bones had been tamperedwith; that others belonged to different animals entirely; thata great many of the more massive and spectacular bones55 were not bones at all but plaster-of-Paris forgeries. (Thefamous Bohemian chandelier, for instance, had not comefrom Bohemia at all; it was not even made of crystal; thejudge's mother had ordered it from a catalog.) Least of all did she realize that constantly in the course of her labors60 she trod back and forth on certain humble, dusty fragmentsthat, had she bothered to examine them, afforded the true—and rather disappointing—key to the entire structure. The mighty, thundering, opulent Tribulation that she had solaboriously reconstructed in her mind was not a replica of 65 any house that had ever existed but a chimera, a fairy tale.*Alcazar is a Spanish palace; a château is a large French country house.17. The primary focus of the passage is on how(A)Harriet rejects her youthful illusions(B)Harriet interprets her family’s history(C)Harriet discovers heirlooms at her family's home(D)the Cleves maintained their lavish lifestyle(E)each of the Cleves responded to misfortune18. Lines 9-15 ('To ... palace) characterize Harrietprimarily as(A) enthusiastic about art and antiques(B) inclined to be analytical and detail oriented(C) troubled by her family's legacy(D) fascinated by cultural history(E) prone to romantic reverie19. Lines 22-24 ("The foundation …matter”) suggest whatabout Harriet's attitude toward visiting the house?(A) She does not believe there is anything left of the house.(B) She worries about trespassing on someone else'sproperty.(C) She feels no need to revisit the physical remains of thehouse.(D) She has no interest in rebuilding the family estate(E) She is uneasy about exploring a desertedneighborhood.20. In line 36, the word "broadcast"' suggests that theartifacts were(A) displayed openly(B) advertised publicly(C) announced loudly(D) glorified excessively(E) distributed widely21. In what way is the "myth" mentioned in line 45"resolute"?(A) It has endured over many generations of Cleves.(B) It has not been refuted by historical records.(C) It demonstrates Harriet's steadfast support of familymembers.(D) It reflects Harriet's determination to maintain a certainview.(E) It underscores the universal appeal of a type of story.22. In lines 46-50 ("She . . . forget"), the narrator impliesthat the Cleve family employed memory primarily as a means of(A) enhancing mental alertness(B) protecting cherished beliefs(C) healing family divisions(D) inspiring family achievements(E) reinforcing a fatalistic world view23. The narrator's account of the "Bohemian chandelier"(lines 55-58) serves to(A) provide an example of a recurrent phenomenon(B) indicate surprise about an unexpected discovery(C) offer an explanation for an apparent incongruity(D) illustrate the source of a profound disappointment(E) suggest the great value of an inherited artifact24. The narrator suggests that the "key" (line 62) wouldhave given Harriet(A) unlimited access to the house(B) a false solution to the mystery(C) a realistic understanding of the past(D) an opportune moment to pursue new interests(E) a strong obligation to keep the family's secret25. The final sentence of the passage (lines 62-65)indicates what about the house Harriet's grandfatherbuilt?(A) It was not as much of a tribulation as Harriet hasalways been told.(B) It had never actually been owned by Harriet's family.(C) It was not as palatial as Harriet imagines it to be.(D) It was deliberately destroyed by Harriet's family.(E) It would have been a very comfortable home forHarriet as a child.SECTION9Questions 7-19 are based on the following passage.In this passage adapted from a 1999 memoir by a published writer, the author reflects on one of her childhood experiences with her grandmother in the 1950s.My first commissioned work was to write letters for her. "You write for me, honey?" she would say, holding outa ballpoint she had been given at a grocery store promotion,clicking it like a castanet. My tee was cookies and milk,5 payable before, during, and after completion of theproject.I settled down at her kitchen table while sherooted around the drawer where she kept coupons andplaying cards and pieces of stationery. The paper was so insubstantial even ballpoint ink seeped through the10 other side. “That's OK." she would say. "We only need oneside."True. In life she was a gifted gossip, unfurling an extended riff of chatter from a bare motif of rumor. But her writing style displayed a brevity that made15 Hemingway's prose look like nattering garrulity. Shedictated her letters as if she were paying by the word."Dear Sister," she began, followed by a little time-buying cough and throat clearing. "We are all well here." Pause. "And hope you are well too." Longer pause, 20 the steamy broth of inspiration heating up on her side of thetable. Then, in a lurch. "Winter is hard so I don't get out much."This was followed instantly by an unconquerable fit of envy: "Not like you in California." Then she came25 to a complete halt, perhaps demoralized by this evidencethat you can't put much on paper before you betray your secret self, try as you will to keep things civil.She sat, she brooded, she stared out the window. She was locked in the perverse reticence of composition. She 30 gazed at me, but I understood she did not see me. She waslooking for her next thought. "Read what I wrote," shewould finally say, having lost not only what she waslooking for but what she already had pinned down. I went over the little trail of sentences that led to her dead end. 35 More silence, then a sigh. "Put "God bless you." "shesaid. She reached across to see the lean rectangle of words on the paper. "Now leave some space," she said, "and put Love.' "I handed over the paper for her yo sign.。

2011年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试英语第二部分英语知识运用（共两节，满分45分）第一节单选填空（共15 小题，每小题1分，满分15分）从A、Ｂ、Ｃ、Ｄ、四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该选项涂黑。

21.---We could invite John and Barbara to the Friday night party.---Yes, ?I’ll give them a call right now.A. why notB. What forC. whyD. what22. Try she might, Sue couldn’t get the door open.A. ifB. whenC. sinceD. as23.Planing so far ahead no sense-so many thing will have changed by next year.A.madeB.is makingC.makesD.has made24.I wasn’t sure if he was really interested or if he polite.A.was just beingB.will just beC.had just beenD.would just be25.-Someone wants you on the phone. - nobody knows I am here.A.AlthoughB.AndC.ButD.So26．I can the house being untidy, but Ihate it if it’s not clean.A. come up withB.put up withC. turn toD.stick to27．The next thing he saw was smoke from behind the house.A.roseB.risingC. to riseD.risen28．Only when he reached the tea-house it was the same place he’d been in last year.A. he realizedB.he did realizeC.realized heD.did he realize29．When Alice came to, she did not know how long she there.A.had been lyingB.has been lyingC.was lyingD.has lain30．The form cannot be signed by anyone yourself.A.rather thanB.other thanC.more thanD.better than31．The prize will go to the writer story shows the most imagination.A.thatB.whichC.whoseD.what32．They have arrived at lunchtime but their flight was delayed.A.willB.canC.mustD.should33．It is generally accepted that boy must learn to stand up and fight like man.A.a;aB.a;theC.the;theD.a;不填34．William found it increasingly difficult to read, for his eyesight was beginning to .A.disappearB.fallC.failD.damage35．—Artistic people can be very difficult sometimes.—Well, you married one. .A.You name itB.I’ve got itC.I can’t agree moreD.You should know第二节完形填空（共20小题：每小题1.5分，满分30分）阅读下面的短文，从短文后各题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。

2011年英语一考研真题D__6__, instead of straining muscles to build them, as exercise does, laughter apparently accomplishes the __7__, studies dating back to the 1930’s indicate that laughter__8___ muscles, decreasing muscle tone for up to 45 minutes after the laugh dies down.Such bodily reaction might conceivably help _9__the effects of psychological stress. Anyway, the act of laughing probably does produce other types of ___10___ feedback, that improve an individual’s emotional state. __11____one classical theory of emotion, our feelings are partially rooted____12___ physical reactions. It was argued at the end of the 19th century that humans do not cry___13___they are sad but theybecome sad when the tears begin to flow.Although sadness also ____14___ tears, evidence suggests that emotions can flow __15___ muscular responses. In an experiment published in 1988,social psychologist Fritz Strack of the University ofwürzburg in Germany asked volunteers to __16___ a pen either with their teeth-thereby creating an artificial smile – or with their lips, which would produce a(n) __17___ expression. Those forced to exercise their smiling muscles ___18___ more exuberantly to funny cartons than did those whose mouths were contracted in a frown, ____19___ that expressions may influence emotions rather than just the other way around __20__ , the physical act of laughter could improve mood.1．[A]among [B]except [C] despite [D]like2．[A]reflect [B]demand [C] indicate [D]produce3．[A]stabilizing [B]boosting [ C]impairing [D]determining4．[A]transmit [B]sustain [C ]evaluate [D]observe5．[A]measurable [B]manageable [C]affordable [D]renewable6．[A]In turn [B]Infact [C]In addition [D]In brief7．[A]opposite [B]impossible [ C]average [D]expected8．[A]hardens [B]weakens [ C]tightens [D]relaxes9．[A]aggravate [B]generate [C]moderate [D]enhance10．[A]physical [B]mental [C ]subconscious [D]internal11．[A]Except for [B]Accordingto [C]Due to [D]As for12．[A]with [B]on [C]in[D]at13．[A]unless [B]until [C]if[D]because14．[A]exhausts [B]follows [ C]precedes [D]suppresses15．[A]into [B]from [C]to wards [D]beyond16．[A]fetch [B]bite [C]pi ck [D]hold17．[A]disappointed [B]excited [C]joyful [D]indifferent18．[A]adapted [B]catered [ C]turned [D]reacted19．[A]suggesting [B]requiring [C]mentioning [D]supposing20．[A]Eventually [B]Consequently [C]Simi larly [D]ConverselySection II Reading Comprehension Part ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1The decision of the New York Philharmonic to hire Alan Gilbert as its next music director has been the talk of the classical-music world ever since the sudden announcement of his appointment in 2009. For themost part, the response has been favorable, to say the least. “Hooray! At last!” wrote Anthony Tommasini, a sober-sided classical-music critic.One of the reasons why the appointment came as such a surprise, however, is that Gilbert is comparatively little known. Even Tommasini, who had advocated Gilbert’s appointment in the Times, calls him “an unpretentious musician with no air of the formidable conductor about him.” As a description of the next music director of an orchestra that has hitherto been led by musicians like Gustav Mahler and Pierre Boulez, that seems likely to have struck at least some Times readers as faint praise.For my part, I have no idea whether Gilbert is a great conductor or even agood one. To be sure, he performs an impressive variety of interesting compositions, but it is not necessary for me to visit Avery Fisher Hall, or anywhere else, to hear interesting orchestral music. All I have to do is to go to my CD shelf, or boot up my computer and download still more recorded music from iTunes.Devoted concertgoers who reply that recordings are no substitute for live performance are missing the point. For the time, attention, and money of the art-loving public, classical instrumentalists must compete not only with opera houses, dance troupes, theater companies, and museums, but also with the recorded performances of the great classical musicians of the 20th century. There recordings are cheap, available everywhere, and very often muchhigher in artis tic quality than today’s live performances; moreover, they can be “consumed” at a time and place of the listener’s choosing. The widespread availability of such recordings has thus brought about a crisis in the institution of the traditional classical concert.One possible response is for classical performers to program attractive new music that is not yet available on record. Gilbert’s own interest in new music has been widely noted: Alex Ross, a classical-music critic, has described him as a man who is capable of turning the Philharmonic into “a markedly different, more vibrant organization.” But what will be the nature of that difference? Merely expanding the orchestra’s repertoire will not be enough. If Gilbert and the Philharmonic are tosucceed, they must first change the relationship between America’s oldest orchestra and the new audience it hops to attract.21. We learn from Para.1 that Gilbert’s appointment has[A]incurred criticism.[B]raised suspicion.[C]received acclaim.[D]aroused curiosity.22. Tommasini regards Gilbert as an artist who is[A]influential.[B]modest.[C]respectable.[D]talented.23. The author believes that the devoted concertgoers[A]ignore the expenses of live performances.[B]reject most kinds of recorded performances.[C]exaggerate the variety of live performances.[D]overestimate the value of live performances.24. According to the text, which of the following is true of recordings?[A]They are often inferior to live concerts in quality.[B]They are easily accessible to the general public.[C]They help improve the quality of music.[D]They have only covered masterpieces.25. Regarding Gilbert’s role in revitalizing the Philharmonic, the author feels[A]doubtful.[B]enthusiastic.[C]confident.[D]puzzled.Text 2When Liam McGee departed as president of Bank of America in August, his explanation was surprisingly straight up. Rather than cloaking his exit in the usual vague excuses, he came right out and said he was leaving “to pursue my goal of running a company.” Broadcastinghi s ambition was “very much my decision,” McGee says. Within two weeks, he was talking for the first time with the board of HartfordFinancial Services Group, which named him CEO and chairman on September 29.McGee says leaving without a position lined up gave him time to reflect on what kind of company he wanted to run. It also sent a clear message to the outside world about his aspirations. And McGee isn’t alone. In recent weeks the No.2 executives at Avon and American Express quit with the explanation that they were looking for a CEO post. As boards scrutinize succession plans in response to shareholder pressure, executives who don’t get the nod also may wish to move on. A turbulent business environment also has senior managers cautious of letting vague pronouncements cloud their reputations.As the first signs of recovery begin to take hold, deputy chiefs may be more willing to make the jump without a net. In the third quarter, CEO turnover was down 23% from a year ago as nervous boards stuck with the leaders they had, according to Liberum Research. As the economy picks up, opportunities will abound for aspiring leaders.The decision to quit a senior position to look for a better one is unconventional. For years executives and headhunters have adhered to the rule that the most attractive CEO candidates are the ones who must be poached. Says Korn/Ferry senior partner Dennis Carey:”I can’t think of a single search I’ve done where a board has not instructed me to look at sitting CEOs first.”Those who jumped without a job haven’t always landed in top positions quickly. Ellen Marram quit as chief of Tropicana a decade age, saying she wanted to be a CEO. It was a year before she became head of a tiny Internet-based commodities exchange. Robert Willumstad left Citigroup in 2005 with ambitions to be a CEO. He finally took that post at a major financial institution three years later.Many recruiters say the old disgrace is fading for top performers. The financial crisis has made it more acceptable to be between jobs or to leave a bad one. “The traditional rule was it’s safer to stay where you are, but that’s been fundamentally inverted,” says one headhunter. “The people who’ve been hurt the worst are those who’ve stayed too long.”26.When McGee announced his departure, his manner can best be described as being[A]arrogant.[B]frank.[C]self-centered.[D]impulsive.27. According to Paragraph 2, senior executives’ quitting may be spurred by[A]their expectation of better financial status.[B]their need to reflect on their private life.[C]their strained relations with the boards.[D]their pursuit of new career goals.28.The word “poached” (Line 3, Paragraph 4) most probably means[A]approved of.[B]attended to.[C]hunted for.[D]guarded against.29.It can be inferred from the last paragraph that[A]top performers used to cling to their posts.[B]loyalty of top performers is getting out-dated.[C]top performers care more about reputations.[D]it’s safer to stick to the traditional rules.30. Which of the following is the best title for the text?[A]CEOs: Where to Go?[B]CEOs: All the Way Up?[C]Top Managers Jump without a Net[D]The Only Way Out for Top PerformersText 3The rough guide to marketing success used to be that you got what you paid for. No longer. Whiletradit ional “paid” media – such as television commercials and print advertisements – still play a major role, companies today can exploit many alternative forms of media. Consumers passionate about a product may create “owned” media by sending e-mail alerts about products and sales to customers registered with its Web site. The way consumers now approach the broadrange of factors beyond conventional paid media.Paid and owned media are controlled by marketers promoting their own products. For earned media , such marketers act as the initiator for users’ responses. But in some cases, one marketer’s owned media become another marketer’s paid media – for instance, when an e-commerce retailer sells ad space on its Web site. We define such sold media as owned media whose traffic is so strong that other organizations place their content or e-commerce engines within that environment. Thistrend ,which we believe is still in its infancy, effectively began with retailers and travel providers such as airlines and hotels and will no doubt go further. Johnson & Johnson, for example, has created BabyCenter, astand-alone media property that promotes complementary and even competitive products. Besides generating income, the presence of other marketers makes the site seem objective, gives companies opportunities to learn valuable information about the appeal of other companies’ marketing, and may help expand user traffic for all companies concerned.The same dramatic technological changes that have provided marketers with more (and more diverse) communications choices have also increased the risk that passionate consumers will voice their opinions in quicker, more visible, and much more damaging ways. Such hijacked media are the opposite of earned media: an asset or campaign becomes hostage toconsumers, other stakeholders, or activists who make negative allegations about a brand or product. Members of social networks, for instance, are learning that they can hijack media to apply pressure on the businesses that originally created them.If that happens, passionate consumers would try to persuade others to boycott products, putting the reputation of the target company at risk. In such a case, the company’s response may not be sufficiently quick or thoughtful, and the learning curve has been steep. Toyota Motor, for example, alleviated some of the damage from its recall crisis earlier this year with a relatively quick and well-orchestrated social-media response campaign, which included efforts to engage with consumersdirectly on sites such as Twitter and the social-news site Digg.31.Consumers may create “earned” media when they are[A] obscssed with online shopping at certain Web sites.[B] inspired by product-promotinge-mails sent to them.[C] eager to help their friends promote quality products.[D] enthusiastic about recommending their favorite products.32. According to Paragraph 2,sold media feature[A] a safe business environment.[B] random competition.[C] strong user traffic.[D] flexibility in organization.33. The author indicates in Paragraph 3 that earned media[A] invite constant conflicts with passionate consumers.[B] can be used to produce negative effects in marketing.[C] may be responsible for fiercer competition.[D] deserve all the negative comments about them.34. Toyota Motor’s experience is cited as an example of[A] responding effectively to hijacked media.[B] persuading customers into boycotting products.[C] cooperating with supportive consumers.[D] taking advantage of hijacked media.35. Which of the following is the text mainly about ?[A] Alternatives to conventional paid media.[B] Conflict between hijacked and earned media.[C] Dominance of hijacked media.[D] Popularity of owned media.Text 4It’s no surprise that Jennifer Senior’s insightful, provocative magazine cover story, “I love My Children, I Hate My Life,” is arousing much chatter – nothing gets people talking like the suggestion that child rearing is anything less than a completely fulfilling, life-enriching experience.Rather than concluding that children make parents either happy or miserable, Senior suggests we need to redefine happiness: instead of thinking of it as something that can be measured by moment-to-moment joy, we should consider being happy as a past-tense condition. Even though the day-to-day experience of raising kids can be soul-crushingly hard, Senior writes that “the very things that in the moment dampen our moods can later be sources of intense gratification and delight.”The magazine cover showing an attractive mother holding a cute baby is hardly the onlyMadonna-and-child image on newsstands this week. There are also stories about newly adoptive – and newly single – mom Sandra Bullock, as well as the usual “Jennifer Anistonis pregnant” news. Practically every week features at least one celebrity mom, or mom-to-be, smiling on the newsstands.In a society that so persistently celebrates procreation, is it any wonder that admitting you regret having children is equivalent to admitting you support kitten-killing ? It doesn’t se em quite fair, then, to compare the regrets of parents to the regrets of the children. Unhappy parents rarely are provoked to wonder if they shouldn’t have had kids, but unhappy childless folks are bothered with the message that children are the single most important thing in the world: obviously their misery must be a direct result of the gaping baby-size holes in their lives.Of course, the image of parenthood that celebrity magazines like Us Weekly and People present is hugely unrealistic, especially when the parents are single mothers like Bullock. According to several studies concluding that parents are less happy than childless couples, single parents are the least happy of all. No shock there, considering how much work it is to raise a kid without a partner to lean on; yet to hear Sandra and Britney tell it, raising a kid on their “own” (read: withround-the-clock help) is a piece of cake.It’s hard to imagine that many people are dumb enough to want children just because Reese and Angelina make it look so glamorous: most adults understand that a baby is not a haircut. But it’s interesting towonder if the images we see every week of stress-free,happiness-enhancing parenthood aren’t in some small, subconscious way contributing to our own dissatisfactions with the actual experience, in the same way that a small part of us hoped getting “ the Rachel” might make us look just a little bit like Jennifer Aniston.36.Jennifer Senior suggests in her article that raising a child can bring[A]temporary delight[B]enjoyment in progress[C]happiness in retrospect[D]lasting reward37.We learn from Paragraph 2 that[A]celebrity moms are a permanent source for gossip.[B]single mothers with babies deserve greater attention.[C]news about pregnant celebrities is entertaining.[D]having children is highly valued by the public.38.It is suggested in Paragraph 3 that childless folks[A]are constantly exposed to criticism.[B]are largely ignored by the media.[C]fail to fulfill their social responsibilities.[D]are less likely to be satisfied with their life.39.According to Paragraph 4, the message conveyed by celebrity magazines is[A]soothing.[B]ambiguous.[C]compensatory.[D]misleading.40.Which of the following can be inferred from the last paragraph?[A]Having children contributes little to the glamour of celebrity moms.[B]Celebrity moms have influenced our attitude towards child rearing.[C]Having children intensifies our dissatisfaction with life.[D]We sometimes neglect the happiness from child rearing.Part BDirections:The following paragraph are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize theseparagraphs into a coherent text by choosing from the list A-G to filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs E and G have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)[A] No disciplines have seized on professionalism with as much enthusiasm as the humanities. You can, Mr Menand points out, became a lawyer in three years and a medical doctor in four. But the regular time it takes to get a doctoral degree in the humanities is nine years. Not surprisingly, up to half of all doctoral students in English drop out before getting their degrees.[B] His concern is mainly with the humanities: Literature, languages, philosophy and so on. These are disciplines that are going out of style:22% of American college graduates now major in business compared with only 2% in history and 4% in English. However, many leading American universities want their undergraduates to have a grounding in the basic canon of ideas that every educated person should posses. But most find it difficult to agree on what a “general education” should look like. At Harvard, Mr Menand notes, “the great books are read because they have been read”-they form a sort of social glue.[C] Equally unsurprisingly, only about half end up with professorships for which they entered graduate school. There are simply too few posts. This is partly because universities continue to produce ever more PhDs. But fewer students want to study humanitiessubjects: English departments awarded more bachelor’s degrees in 1970-71 than they did 20 years later. Fewer students requires fewer teachers. So, at the end of a decade of theses-writing, many humanities students leave the profession to do something for which they have not been trained.[D] One reason why it is hard to design and teach such courses is that they can cut across the insistence by top American universities thatliberal-arts educations and professional education should be kept separate, taught in different schools. Many students experience both varieties. Although more than half of Harvard undergraduates end up in law, medicine or business, future doctors and lawyers must study a non-specialist liberal-artsdegree before embarking on a professional qualification.[E] Besides professionalizing the professions by this separation, top American universities have professionalised the professor. The growth in public money for academic research has speeded the process: federal research grants rose fourfold between 1960and 1990, but faculty teaching hours fell by half as research took its toll. Professionalism has turned the acquisition of a doctoral degree into a prerequisite for a successful academic career: as late as 1969a third of American professors did not possess one. But the key idea behind professionalisation, argues Mr Menand, is that “the knowledge and skills needed for a particular specialization are transmissible butnot transferable.”So disciplines acquire a monopoly not just over the production of knowledge, but also over the production of the producers of knowledge.[F] The key to reforming higher education, concludes Mr Menand, is to alter the way in which “the producers of knowledge are produced.”Otherwise, a cademics will continue to think dangerously alike, increasingly detached from the societies which they study, investigate and criticize.”Academic inquiry, at least in some fields, may need to become less exclusionary and more holistic.”Yet quite how that happens, Mr Menand dose not say.[G] The subtle and intelligent little book T he Marketplace of Ideas: Reform and Resistance in theAmerican University should be read by every student thinking of applying to take a doctoral degree. They may then decide to go elsewhere. For something curious has been happening in American Universities, and Louis Menand, a professor of English at Harvard University, captured it skillfully.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)With its theme that “Mind is the master weaver,” creating our innercharacter and outer circumstances, the book As a Man Thinking by James Allen is an in-depth exploration of the central idea of self-help writing.(46) Allen’s contribution was to take an assumption we all share-that because we are not robots we therefore control our thoughts-and reveal its erroneous nature.Because most of us believe that mind is separate from matter, we think that thoughts can be hidden and made powerless; this allows us to think one way and act another. However, Allen believed that the unconscious mind generates as much action as the conscious mind, and (47) while we may be able to sustain the illusion of control through the conscious mind alone, in reality we are continually faced with a question: “Why cannot Imake myself do this or achieve that? ”Since desire and will are damaged by the presence of thoughts that do not accord with desire, Allen concluded : “ We do not attract what we want, but what we are.” Achievement happens because you as a person embody the external achievement; you don’t “ get” success but become it. There is no gap between mind and matter.\Part of the fame of Allen’s book is its contention that “Circumstances do not make a person, they reveal him.”(48) This seems a justification for neglect of those in need, and a rationalization of exploitation, of the superiority of those at the top and the inferiority of those at the bottom.This ,however, would be a knee-jerk reaction to a subtle argument. Each set of circumstances, however bad, offers a unique opportunity for growth. If circumstances always determined the life and prospects of people, then humanity would never have progressed. In fat,(49)circumstances seem to be designed to bring out the best in us and if we feel that we have been “wronged” then we are unlikely to begin a conscious effort to escape from our situation .Nevertheless, as any biographer knows, a person’s early life and its conditions are often the greatest gift to an individual.The sobering aspect of Allen’s book is that we have no one else to blame for our present condition except ourselves. (50) The upside is the possibilities contained in knowingthat everything is up to us; where before we were experts in the array of limitations, now we become authorities of what is possible.Section ⅢWritingPart A51.Directions:Write a letter to a friend of yours to1) recommend one of your favorite movies and 2) give reasons for your recommendationYour should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2Do not sign your own name at the end of the leter. User“LI MING” instead.Do not writer the address.(10 points) Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160---200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should1)describe the drawing briefly,2)explain it’s intended meaning, and3)give your comments.Your should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)旅程之“余”。

2011年考研英语(一)真题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle viewed laughter as “a bodily exer cise precious to health.” But _____some claims to the contrary, laughing probably h as little influence on physical filness Laughter does _____short-term changes in the function of the heart and its blood vessels, ____ heart rate and oxygen c onsumption But because hard laughter is difficult to ____, a good laugh is unl ikely to have _____ benefits the way, say, walking or jogging does.____, instead of straining muscles to build them, as exercise does, laughte r apparently accomplishes the ____, studies dat ing back to the 1930’s indicate that laughter. muscles,Such bodily reaction might conceivably help____the effects of psychologic al stress.Anyway,the act of laughing probably does produce other types of ___ ___feedback,that improve an individual’s emotional state. ______one classical th eory of emotion,our feelings are partially rooted _______ physical reactions. It was argued at the end of the 19th century that humans do not cry ______they are sad but they become sad when te tears begin to flow.Although sadness also _______ tears,evidence suggests that emotions can f low _____ muscular responses.In an experiment published in 1988,social psych ologist Fritz.1．[A]among [B]except [C]despite [D]like2．[A]reflect [B]demand [C]indicate [D]produce3．[A]stabilizing [B]boosting [C]impairing [D]determining4．[A]transmit [B]sustain [C]evaluate [D]observe5．[A]measurable [B]manageable [C]affordable [D]renewable6．[A]In turn [B]In fact [C]In addition [D]In brief7．[A]opposite [B]impossible [C]average [D]expected8．[A]hardens [B]weakens [C]tightens [D]relaxes9．[A]aggravate [B]generate [C]moderate [D]enhance10．[A]physical [B]mental [C]subconscious [D]internal11．[A]Except for [B]According to [C]Due to [D]As for12．[A]with [B]on [C]in [D]at13．[A]unless [B]until [C]if [D]because14．[A]exhausts [B]follows [C]precedes [D]suppresses15．[A]into [B]from [C]towards [D]beyond16．[A]fetch [B]bite [C]pick [D]hold17．[A]disappointed [B]excited [C]joyful [D]indifferent18．[A]adapted [B]catered [C]turned [D]reacted19．[A]suggesting [B]requiring [C]mentioning [D]supposing20．[A]Eventually [B]Consequently [C]Similarly [D]ConverselySection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by c hoosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1The decision of the New York Philharmonic to hire Alan Gilbert as its ne xt music director has been the talk of the classical-music world ever since the sudden announcement of his appointment in 2009. For the most part, the resp onse has been favorable, to say the least. “Hooray! At last!” wrote Anthony T ommasini, a sober-sided classical-music critic.One of the reasons why the appointment came as such a surprise, howeve r, is that Gilbert is comparatively little known. Even Tommasini, who had adv ocated Gilbert’s appointment in the Times, calls him “an unpretentious musicia n with no air of the formidable conductor about him.” As a description of the next music director of an orchestra that has hitherto been led by musicians li ke Gustav Mahler and Pierre Boulez, that seems likely to have struck at least some Times readers as faint praise.For my part, I have no idea whether Gilbert is a great conductor or even a good one. To be sure, he performs an impressive variety of interesting com positions, but it is not necessary for me to visit Avery Fisher Hall, or anywhe re else, to hear interesting orchestral music. All I have to do is to go to my CD shelf, or boot up my computer and download still more recorded music fr om iTunes.Devoted concertgoers who reply that recordings are no substitute for live performance are missing the point. For the time, attention, and money of the a rt-loving public, classical instrumentalists must compete not only with opera ho uses, dance troupes, theater companies, and museums, but also with the recorde d performances of the great classical musicians of the 20th century. There recor dings are cheap, available everywhere, and very often much higher in artistic quality than today’s live performances; moreover, they can be “consumed” at a time and place of the listener’s choosing. The widespread availability of such r ecordings has thus brought about a crisis in the institution of the traditional cl assical concert.One possible response is for classical performers to program attractive new music that is not yet available on record. Gilbert’s own interest in new music has been widely noted: Alex Ross, a classical-music critic, has described him as a man who is capable of turning the Philharmonic into “a markedly differ ent, more vibrant organization.” But what will be the nature of that difference? Merely expanding the orchestra’s repertoire will not be enough. If Gilbert and the Philharmonic are to succeed, they must first change the relationship betwee n America’s oldest orchestra and the new audience it hops to attract.21. We learn from Para.1 that Gilbert’s appointment has[A]incurred criticism.[B]raised suspicion.[C]received acclaim.[D]aroused curiosity.22. Tommasini regards Gilbert as an artist who is[A]influential.[B]modest.[C]respectable.[D]talented.23. The author believes that the devoted concertgoers[A]ignore the expenses of live performances.[B]reject most kinds of recorded performances.[C]exaggerate the variety of live performances.[D]overestimate the value of live performances.24. According to the text, which of the following is true of recordings?[A]They are often inferior to live concerts in quality.[B]They are easily accessible to the general public.[C]They help improve the quality of music.[D]They have only covered masterpieces.25. Regarding Gilbert’s role in revitalizing the Philharmonic, the author fe els[A]doubtful.[B]enthusiastic.[C]confident.[D]puzzled.Text 2When Liam McGee departed as president of Bank of America in August, his explanation was surprisingly straight up. Rather than cloaking his exit in th e usual vague excuses, he came right out and said he was leaving “to pursue my goal of running a company.” Broadcasting his ambition was “very much m y decision,”McGee says. Within two weeks, he was talking for the first time with the board of Hartford Financial Services Group, which named him CEO a nd chairman on September 29.McGee says leaving without a position lined up gave him time to reflect on what kind of company he wanted to run. It also sent a clear message to th e outside world about his aspirations. And McGee isn’t alone. In recent weeks the No.2 executives at Avon and American Express quit with the explanation that they were looking for a CEO post. As boards scrutinize succession plans in response to shareholder pressure, executives who don’t get the nod also m ay wish to move on. A turbulent business environment also has senior manage rs cautious of letting vague pronouncements cloud their reputations.As the first signs of recovery begin to take hold, deputy chiefs may be m ore willing to make the jump without a net. In the third quarter, CEO turnove r was down 23% from a year ago as nervous boards stuck with the leaders th ey had, according to Liberum Research. As the economy picks up, opportunitie s will abound for aspiring leaders.The decision to quit a senior position to look for a better one is unconve ntional. For years executives and headhunters have adhered to the rule that the most attractive CEO candidates are the ones who must be poached. Says Kor n/Ferry senior partner Dennis Carey:”I can’t think of a single search I’ve done where a board has not instructed me to look at sitting CEOs first.”Those who jumped without a job haven’t always landed in to p positions q uickly. Ellen Marram quit as chief of Tropicana a decade age, saying she want ed to be a CEO. It was a year before she became head of a tiny Internet-base d commodities exchange. Robert Willumstad left Citigroup in 2005 with ambiti ons to be a CEO. He finally took that post at a major financial institution thr ee years later.Many recruiters say the old disgrace is fading for top performers. The fin ancial crisis has made it more acceptable to be between jobs or to leave a ba d one. “The traditional rule was it’s safer to stay where you are, but that’s be en fundamentally inverted,” says one headhunter. “The people who’ve been hur t the worst are those who’ve stayed too long.”26. When McGee announced his departure, his manner can best be describ ed as being[A]arrogant.[B]frank.[C]self-centered.[D]impulsive.27. According to Paragraph 2, senior executives’ quitting may be spurred by[A]their expectation of better financial status.[B]their need to reflect on their private life.[C]their strained relations with the boards.[D]their pursuit of new career goals.28. The word “poached” (Line 3, Paragraph 4) most probably means[A]approved of.[B]attended to.[C]hunted for.[D]guarded against.29. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that[A]top performers used to cling to their posts.[B]loyalty of top performers is getting out-dated.[C]top performers care more about reputations.[D]it’s safer to stick to the traditional rules.30. Which of the following is the best title for the text?[A]CEOs: Where to Go?[B]CEOs: All the Way Up?[C]Top Managers Jump without a Net[D]The Only Way Out for Top PerformersText 3The rough guide to marketing success used to be that you got what you paid for. No longer. While traditional “paid” media –such as television comm ercials and print advertisements –still play a major role, companies today can exploit many alternative forms of media. Consumers passionate about a produ ct may create “owned” media by sending e-mail alerts about products and sale s to customers registered with its Web site. The way consumers now approach the broad range of factors beyond conventional paid media.Paid and owned media are controlled by marketers promoting their own pr oducts. For earned media , such marketers act as the initiator for use rs’ respon ses. But in some cases, one marketer’s owned media become another marketer’s paid media –for instance, when an e-commerce retailer sells ad space on its Web site. We define such sold media as owned media whose traffic is so str ong that other organizations place their content or e-commerce engines within t hat environment. This trend ,which we believe is still in its infancy, effectively began with retailers and travel providers such as airlines and hotels and will no doubt go further. Johnson & Johnson, for example, has created BabyCenter, a stand-alone media property that promotes complementary and even competiti ve products. Besides generating income, the presence of other marketers makes the site seem objective, gives companies opportunities to learn valuable infor mation about the appeal of other companies’ marketing, and may help expand user traffic for all companies concerned.The same dramatic technological changes that have provided marketers wit h more (and more diverse) communications choices have also increased the ris k that passionate consumers will voice their opinions in quicker, more visible, and much more damaging ways. Such hijacked media are the opposite of earn ed media: an asset or campaign becomes hostage to consumers, other stakehold ers, or activists who make negative allegations about a brand or product. Mem bers of social networks, for instance, are learning that they can hijack media t o apply pressure on the businesses that originally created them.If that happens, passionate consumers would try to persuade others to boy cott products, putting the reputation of the target company at risk. In such a c ase, the company’s response may not be sufficiently quick or thoughtful, and t he learning curve has been steep. Toyota Motor, for example, alleviated some of the damage from its recall crisis earlier this year with a relatively quick an d well-orchestrated social-media response campaign, which included efforts to e ngage with consumers directly on sites such as Twitter and the social-news site Digg.31.Consumers may create “earned” media when they are[A] obscssed with online shopping at certain Web sites.[B] inspired by product-promoting e-mails sent to them.[C] eager to help their friends promote quality products.[D] enthusiastic about recommending their favorite products.32. According to Paragraph 2,sold media feature[A] a safe business environment.[B] random competition.[C] strong user traffic.[D] flexibility in organization.33. The author indicates in Paragraph 3 that earned media[A] invite constant conflicts with passionate consumers.[B] can be used to produce negative effects in marketing.[C] may be responsible for fiercer competition.[D] deserve all the negative comments about them.34. Toyota Motor’s experience i s cited as an example of[A] responding effectively to hijacked media.[B] persuading customers into boycotting products.[C] cooperating with supportive consumers.[D] taking advantage of hijacked media.35. Which of the following is the text mainly about ?[A] Alternatives to conventional paid media.[B] Conflict between hijacked and earned media.[C] Dominance of hijacked media.[D] Popularity of owned media.Text 4It’s no surprise that Jennifer Senior’s insightful, provocative magazine cove r story, “I love My Children, I Hate My Life,” is arousing much chatter –not hing gets people talking like the suggestion that child rearing is anything less t han a completely fulfilling, life-enriching experience. Rather than concluding th at children make parents either happy or miserable, Senior suggests we need to redefine happiness: instead of thinking of it as something that can be measure d by moment-to-moment joy, we should consider being happy as a past-tense condition. Even though the day-to-day experience of raising kids can be soul-cr ushingly hard, Senior writes that “the very things that in the moment dampen our moods can later be sources of intense gratification and delight.”The magazine cover showing an attractive mother holding a cute baby is hardly the only Madonna-and-child image on newsstands this week. There are also stories about newly adoptive –and newly single –mom Sandra Bullock, as well as the usual “Jennifer Aniston is pregnant” news. Practically every wee k features at least one celebrity mom, or mom-to-be, smiling on the newsstand s.In a society that so persistently celebrates procreation, is it any wonder th at admitting you regret having children is equivalent to admitting you support kitten-killing ? It doesn’t seem quite fair, then, to comp are the regrets of paren ts to the regrets of the children. Unhappy parents rarely are provoked to wond er if they shouldn’t have had kids, but unhappy childless folks are bothered wi th the message that children are the single most important thing in the world:obviously their misery must be a direct result of the gaping baby-size holes in their lives.Of course, the image of parenthood that celebrity magazines like Us Week ly and People present is hugely unrealistic, especially when the parents are sin gle mothers like Bullock. According to several studies concluding that parents are less happy than childless couples, single parents are the least happy of all. No shock there, considering how much work it is to raise a kid without a pa rtner to lean on; yet to hear Sandra and Britney tell it, raising a kid on their “own” (read: with round-the-clock help) is a piece of cake.It’s hard to imagine that many people are dumb enough to want children just because Reese and Angelina make it look so glamorous: most adults under stand that a baby is not a haircut. But it’s interesting to wonder if the images we see every week of stress-free, happiness-enhancing parenthood aren’t in so me small, subconscious way contributing to our own dissatisfactions with the a ctual experienc e, in the same way that a small part of us hoped getting “ the Rachel” might make us look just a little bit like Jennifer Aniston.36.Jennifer Senior suggests in her article that raising a child can bring[A]temporary delight[B]enjoyment in progress[C]happiness in retrospect[D]lasting reward37.We learn from Paragraph 2 that[A]celebrity moms are a permanent source for gossip.[B]single mothers with babies deserve greater attention.[C]news about pregnant celebrities is entertaining.[D]having children is highly valued by the public.38.It is suggested in Paragraph 3 that childless folks[A]are constantly exposed to criticism.[B]are largely ignored by the media.[C]fail to fulfill their social responsibilities.[D]are less likely to be satisfied with their life.39.According to Paragraph 4, the message conveyed by celebrity magazine s is[A]soothing.[B]ambiguous.[C]compensatory.[D]misleading.40.Which of the following can be inferred from the last paragraph?[A]Having children contributes little to the glamour of celebrity moms.[B]Celebrity moms have influenced our attitude towards child rearing.[C]Having children intensifies our dissatisfaction with life.[D]We sometimes neglect the happiness from child rearing.Part BDirections:The following paragraph are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent text by choosi ng from the list A-G to filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs E and G have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1. (10 points)[A] No disciplines have seized on professionalism with as much enthusias m as the humanities. You can, Mr Menand points out, became a lawyer in thr ee years and a medical doctor in four. But the regular time it takes to get a doctoral degree in the humanities is nine years. Not surprisingly, up to half of all doctoral students in English drop out before getting their degrees.[B] His concern is mainly with the humanities: Literature, languages, philo sophy and so on. These are disciplines that are going out of style: 22% of A merican college graduates now major in business compared with only 2% in hi story and 4% in English. However, many leading American universities want t heir undergraduates to have a grounding in the basic canon of ideas that every educated person should posses. But most find it difficult to agree on what a “general education” should look like. At Harvard, Mr Menand notes, “the great books are read because they have been read”-they form a sort of social glue.[C] Equally unsurprisingly, only about half end up with professorships for which they entered graduate school. There are simply too few posts. This is partly because universities continue to produce ever more PhDs. But fewer stu dents want to study humanities subjects: English departments awarded more ba chelor’s degrees in 1970-71 than they did 20 years later. Fewer students requir es fewer teachers. So, at the end of a decade of theses-writing, many humaniti es students leave the profession to do something for which they have not been trained.[D] One reason why it is hard to design and teach such courses is that th ey can cut across the insistence by top American universities that liberal-arts e ducations and professional education should be kept separate, taught in differen t schools. Many students experience both varieties. Although more than half of Harvard undergraduates end up in law, medicine or business, future doctors and lawyers must study a non-specialist liberal-arts degree before embarking on a professional qualification.[E] Besides professionalizing the professions by this separation, top Ameri can universities have professionalised the professor. The growth in public mone y for academic research has speeded the process: federal research grants rose f ourfold between 1960and 1990, but faculty teaching hours fell by half as resea rch took its toll. Professionalism has turned the acquisition of a doctoral degree into a prerequisite for a successful academic career: as late as 1969a third of American professors did not possess one. But the key idea behind profession alisation, argues Mr Menand, is that “the knowledge and skills needed for a p articular specialization are transmissible but not transferable.”So disciplines acqu ire a monopoly not just over the production of knowledge, but also over the p roduction of the producers of knowledge.[F] The key to reforming higher education, concludes Mr Menand, is to al ter the way in which “the producers of knowledge are produced.”Otherwise, ac ademics will continue to think dangerously alike, increasingly detached from th e societies which they study, investigate and criticize.”Academic inquiry, at lea st in some fields, may need to become less exclusionary and more holistic.”Ye t quite how that happens, Mr Menand dose not say.[G] The subtle and intelligent little book T he Marketplace of Ideas: Refor m and Resistance in the American University should be read by every student thinking of applying to take a doctoral degree. They may then decide to go el sewhere. For something curious has been happening in American Universities, and Louis Menand, a professor of English at Harvard University, captured it s killfully.G → 41. →42. → E →43. →44. →45.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segment s into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHE ET 2. (10 points)With its theme that “Mind is the master weaver,” creating our inner chara cter and outer circumstances, the book As a Man Thinking by James Allen is an in-depth exploration of the central idea of self-help writing.(46) Allen’s contribution was to take an assumption we all share-that beca use we are not robots we therefore control our thoughts-and reveal its erroneou s nature. Because most of us believe that mind is separate from matter, we thi nk that thoughts can be hidden and made powerless; this allows us to think one way and act another. However, Allen believed that the unconscious mind g enerates as much action as the conscious mind, and (47) while we may be abl e to sustain the illusion of control through the conscious mind alone, in reality we are continually faced with a question: “Why cannot I make myself do thi s or achieve that? ”Since desire and will are damaged by the presence of thoughts that do no t accord with desire, Allen concluded : “ We do not attract what we want, bu t what we are.” Achievement happens because you as a person embody the ex ternal achievement; you don’t “ get” success but become it. There is no gap b etween mind and matter.\Part of the fame of Allen’s book is its contention that “Circumstances do not make a person, they reveal him.” (48) This seems a justification for n egl ect of those in need, and a rationalization of exploitation, of the superiority of those at the top and the inferiority of those at the bottom.This ,however, would be a knee-jerk reaction to a subtle argument. Each set of circumstances, however bad, offers a unique opportunity for growth. If c ircumstances always determined the life and prospects of people, then humanity would never have progressed. In fat, (49)circumstances seem to be designed t o bring out the best in us and if we feel that we have been “wronged” then we are unlikely to begin a conscious effort to escape from our situation .Neve rtheless, as any biographer knows, a person’s early life and its conditions are often the greatest gift to an individual.The sobering aspect of Allen’s book is t hat we have no one else to blam e for our present condition except ourselves. (50) The upside is the possibilitie s contained in knowing that everything is up to us; where before we were exp erts in the array of limitations, now we become authorities of what is possible.Section ⅢWritingPart A51.Directions:Write a letter to a friend of yours to1) recommend one of your favorite movies and2) give reasons for your recommendationYour should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2Do not sign your own name at the end of the leter. User“LI MING” in stead.Do not writer the address.(10 points)Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160---200 words based on the following drawing. In yo ur essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain it’s intended meaning, and3) give your comments.Your should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)2011年考研英语(一)真题参考答案1-5，ACDBA 6-10 CADCB 11-15 BCACA 16-20 BCADB21-25 DBCAA 26-30 CCBDB 31-35 CCBDB 36-40 CBCCC41-45 BDCAE翻译：46、艾伦的贡献在于提供了我们能分担和揭示错误性质的假设--因为我们不是机器人，因此我们能够控制我们的理想。

2011年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle viewed laughter as“a bodily exercise precious to health.”But 1 some claims to the contrary,laughing probably has little influence on physical filness Laughter does 2 short-term changes in the function of the heart and its blood vessels, 3 heart rate and oxygen consumption But because hard laughter is difficult to 4 ,a good laugh is unlikely to have 5 benefits the way,say,walking or jogging does.6 ,instead of straining muscles to build them,as exercise does,laughter apparently accomplishes the7 ,studies dating back to the 1930's indicate that laughter__8___ muscles, decreasing muscle tone for up to 45 minutes after the laugh dies down.Such bodily reaction might conceivably help 9 the effects of psychological stress.Anyway,the act of laughing probably does produce other types of 10 feedback,that improve an individual’s emotional state. 11 one classical theory of emotion,our feelings are partially rooted 12 physical reactions.It was argued at the end of the 19th century that humans do not cry 13 they are sad but they become sad when te tears begin to flow.Although sadness also 14 tears,evidence suggests that emotions can flow 15 muscular responses.In an experiment published in 1988,social psychologist Fritz Strack of the University of würzburg in Germany asked volunteers to 16 a pen either with their teeth-thereby creating an artificial smile–or with their lips，which would produce a（n）17 expression.Those forced to exercise their smiling muscles 18 more enthusiastically to funny cartoons than did those whose months were contracted in a frown,19 that expressions may influence emotions rather than just the other way around 20,the physical act of laughter could improve mood.Section II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text bychoosing[A],[B],[C]or[D].Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40 points)Text 1The decision of the New York Philharmonic to hire Alan Gilbert as its next music director has been the talk of the classical-music world ever since the sudden announcement of his appointment in 2009.For the most part,the response has been favorable,to say the least.“Hooray!At last!”wrote Anthony Tommasini,a sober-sided classical-music critic.One of the reasons why the appointment came as such a surprise,however,is that Gilbert is comparatively little known.Even Tommasini,who had advocated Gilbert’s appointment in the Times,calls him“an unpretentious musician with no air of the formidable conductor about him.”As a description of the next music director of an orchestra that has hitherto been led by musicians like Gustav Mahler and Pierre Boulez,that seems likely to have struck at least some Times readers as faint praise.For my part,I have no idea whether Gilbert is a great conductor or even a good one.To be sure,he performs an impressive variety of interesting compositions,but it is not necessary for me to visit Avery Fisher Hall,or anywhere else,to hear interesting orchestral music.All I have to do is to go to my CD shelf,or boot up my computer and download still more recorded music from iTunes.Devoted concertgoers who reply that recordings are no substitute for live performance are missing the point.For the time,attention,and money of the art-loving public,classical instrumentalists must compete not only with opera houses,dance troupes,theater companies,and museums,but also with the recorded performances of the great classical musicians of the 20th century.There recordings are cheap,available everywhere,and very often much higher in artistic quality than today’s live performances;moreover,they can be“consumed”at a time and place of the listener’s choosing.The widespread availability of such recordings has thus brought about a crisis in the institution of the traditional classical concert.One possible response is for classical performers to program attractive new music that is not yet available on record.Gilbert’s own interest in new music has been widely noted:Alex Ross,a classical-music critic,has described him as a man who iscapable of turning the Philharmonic into“a markedly different,more vibrant organization.”But what will be the nature of that difference?Merely expanding the orchestra’s repertoire will not be enough.If Gilbert and the Philharmonic are to succeed,they must first change the relationship between America’s oldest orchestra and the new audience it hops to attract.21.We learn from Para.1 that Gilbert’s appointment has[A]incurred criticism.[B]raised suspicion.[C]received acclaim.[D]aroused curiosity.22.Tommasini regards Gilbert as an artist who is[A]influential.[B]modest.[C]respectable.[D]talented.23.The author believes that the devoted concertgoers[A]ignore the expenses of live performances.[B]reject most kinds of recorded performances.[C]exaggerate the variety of live performances.[D]overestimate the value of live performances.24.According to the text,which of the following is true of recordings?[A]They are often inferior to live concerts in quality.[B]They are easily accessible to the general public.[C]They help improve the quality of music.[D]They have only covered masterpieces.25.Regarding Gilbert’s role in revitalizing the Philharmonic,the author feels[A]doubtful.[B]enthusiastic.[C]confident.[D]puzzled.Text 2When Liam McGee departed as president of Bank of America in August,his explanation was surprisingly straight up.Rather than cloaking his exit in the usual vague excuses,he came right out and said he was leaving“to pursue my goal of running a company.”Broadcasting his ambition was“very much my decision,”McGee says.Within two weeks,he was talking for the first time with the board of Hartford Financial Services Group,which named him CEO and chairman on September 29.McGee says leaving without a position lined up gave him time to reflect on whatkind of company he wanted to run.It also sent a clear message to the outside world about his aspirations.And McGee isn’t alone.In recent weeks the No.2 executives at Avon and American Express quit with the explanation that they were looking for a CEO post.As boards scrutinize succession plans in response to shareholder pressure,executives who don’t get the nod also may wish to move on.A turbulent business environment also has senior managers cautious of letting vague pronouncements cloud their reputations.As the first signs of recovery begin to take hold,deputy chiefs may be more willing to make the jump without a net.In the third quarter,CEO turnover was down 23%from a year ago as nervous boards stuck with the leaders they had,according to Liberum Research.As the economy picks up,opportunities will abound for aspiring leaders.The decision to quit a senior position to look for a better one is unconventional.For years executives and headhunters have adhered to the rule that the most attractive CEO candidates are the ones who must be poached.Says Korn/Ferry senior partner Dennis Carey:”I can’t think of a single search I’ve done where a board has not instructed me to look at sitting CEOs first.”Those who jumped without a job haven’t always landed in top positions quickly.Ellen Marram quit as chief of Tropicana a decade age,saying she wanted to be a CEO.It was a year before she became head of a tiny Internet-based commodities exchange.Robert Willumstad left Citigroup in 2005 with ambitions to be a CEO.He finally took that post at a major financial institution three years later.Many recruiters say the old disgrace is fading for top performers.The financial crisis has made it more acceptable to be between jobs or to leave a bad one.“The traditional rule was it’s safer to stay where you are,but that’s been fundamentally inverted,”says one headhunter.“The people who’ve been hurt the worst are those who’ve stayed too long.”26.When McGee announced his departure,his manner can best be described as being[A]arrogant.[B]frank.[C]self-centered.[D]impulsive.27.According to Paragraph 2,senior executives’ quitting may be spurred by[A]their expectation of better financial status.[B]their need to reflect on their private life.[C]their strained relations with the boards.[D]their pursuit of new career goals.28.The word“poached”(Line 3,Paragraph 4)most probably means[A]approved of.[B]attended to.[C]hunted for.[D]guarded against.29.It can be inferred from the last paragraph that[A]top performers used to cling to their posts.[B]loyalty of top performers is getting out-dated.[C]top performers care more about reputations.[D]it’s safer to stick to the traditional rules.30.Which of the following is the best title for the text?[A]CEOs:Where to Go? [B]CEOs:All the Way Up?[C]Top Managers Jump without a Net [D]The Only Way Out for Top PerformersText 3The rough guide to marketing success used to be that you got what you paid for.No longer.While traditional“paid”media–such as television commercials and print advertisements–still play a major role,companies today can exploit many alternative forms of media.Consumers passionate about a product may create“owned”media by sending e-mail alerts about products and sales to customers registered with its Web site.The way consumers now approach the broad range of factors beyond conventional paid media.Paid and owned media are controlled by marketers promoting their own products.For earned media,such marketers act as the initiator for users’ responses.But in some cases,one marketer’s owned media become another marketer’s paid media–for instance,when an e-commerce retailer sells ad space on its Web site.We define such sold media as owned media whose traffic is so strong that other organizations place their content or e-commerce engines within that environment.This trend,which we believe is still in its infancy,effectively began with retailers and travel providers such as airlines and hotels and will no doubt go further.Johnson&Johnson,forexample,has created Baby Center,a stand-alone media property that promotes complementary and even competitive products.Besides generating income,the presence of other marketers makes the site seem objective,gives companies opportunities to learn valuable information about the appeal of other companies’ marketing,and may help expand user traffic for all companies concerned.The same dramatic technological changes that have provided marketers with more(and more diverse)communications choices have also increased the risk that passionate consumers will voice their opinions in quicker,more visible,and much more damaging ways.Such hijacked media are the opposite of earned media:an asset or campaign becomes hostage to consumers,other stakeholders,or activists who make negative allegations about a brand or product.Members of social networks,for instance,are learning that they can hijack media to apply pressure on the businesses that originally created them.If that happens,passionate consumers would try to persuade others to boycott products,putting the reputation of the target company at risk.In such a case,the company’s response may not be sufficiently quick or thoughtful,and the learning curve has been steep.Toyota Motor,for example,alleviated some of the damage from its recall crisis earlier this year with a relatively quick and well-orchestratedsocial-media response campaign,which included efforts to engage with consumers directly on sites such as Twitter and the social-news site Digg.31.Consumers may create“earned”media when they are[A]obsessed with online shopping at certain Web sites.[B]inspired by product-promoting e-mails sent to them.[C]eager to help their friends promote quality products.[D]enthusiastic about recommending their favorite products.32.According to Paragraph 2,sold media feature[A]a safe business environment.[B]random competition.[C]strong user traffic.[D]flexibility in organization.33.The author indicates in Paragraph 3 that earned media[A]invite constant conflicts with passionate consumers.[B]can be used to produce negative effects in marketing.[C]may be responsible for fiercer competition.[D]deserve all the negative comments about them.34.Toyota Motor’s experience is cited as an example of[A]responding effectively to hijacked media.[B]persuading customers into boycotting products.[C]cooperating with supportive consumers.[D]taking advantage of hijacked media.35.Which of the following is the text mainly about?[A]Alternatives to conventional paid media.[B]Conflict between hijacked and earned media.[C]Dominance of hijacked media.[D]Popularity of owned media.Text 4It’s no surprise that Jennifer Senior’s insightful,provocative magazine cover story,“I love My Children,I Hate My Life,”is arousing much chatter–nothing gets people talking like the suggestion that child rearing is anything less than a completely fulfilling,life-enriching experience.Rather than concluding that children make parents either happy or miserable,Senior suggests we need to redefine happiness:instead of thinking of it as something that can be measured by moment-to-moment joy,we should consider being happy as a past-tense condition.Even though the day-to-day experience of raising kids can be soul-crushingly hard,Senior writes that“the very things that in the moment dampen our moods can later be sources of intense gratification and delight.”The magazine cover showing an attractive mother holding a cute baby is hardly the only Madonna-and-child image on newsstands this week.There are also stories about newly adoptive–and newly single–mom Sandra Bullock,as well as theusual“Jennifer Aniston is pregnant”news.Practically every week features at least one celebrity mom,or mom-to-be,smiling on the newsstands.In a society that so persistently celebrates procreation,is it any wonder that admitting you regret having children is equivalent to admitting you supportkitten-killing?It doesn’t seem quite fair,then,to compare the regrets of parents to the regrets of the children.Unhappy parents rarely are provoked to wonder if they shouldn’t have had kids,but unhappy childless folks are bothered with the message that children are the single most important thing in the world:obviously their misery must be a direct result of the gaping baby-size holes in their lives.Of course,the image of parenthood that celebrity magazines like Us Weekly and People present is hugely unrealistic,especially when the parents are single mothers like Bullock.According to several studies concluding that parents are less happy than childless couples,single parents are the least happy of all.No shock there,considering how much work it is to raise a kid without a partner to lean on;yet to hear Sandra and Britney tell it,raising a kid on their“own”(read:with round-the-clock help)is a piece of cake.It’s hard to imagine that many people are dumb enough to want children just because Reese and Angelina make it look so glamorous:most adults understand that a baby is not a haircut.But it’s interesting to wonder if the images we see every week of stress-free,happiness-enhancing parenthood aren’t in some small,subconscious way contributing to our own dissatisfactions with the actual experience,in the same way that a small part of us hoped getting“the Rachel”might make us look just a little bit like Jennifer Aniston.36.Jennifer Senior suggests in her article that raising a child can bring[A]temporary delight[B]enjoyment in progress[C]happiness in retrospect[D]lasting reward37.We learn from Paragraph 2 that[A]celebrity moms are a permanent source for gossip.[B]single mothers with babies deserve greater attention.[C]news about pregnant celebrities is entertaining.[D]having children is highly valued by the public.38.It is suggested in Paragraph 3 that childless folks[A]are constantly exposed to criticism.[B]are largely ignored by the media.[C]fail to fulfill their social responsibilities.[D]are less likely to be satisfied withtheir life.39.According to Paragraph 4,the message conveyed by celebrity magazines is[A]soothing.[B]ambiguous.[C]compensatory.[D]misleading.40.Which of the following can be inferred from the last paragraph?[A]Having children contributes little to the glamour of celebrity moms.[B]Celebrity moms have influenced our attitude towards child rearing.[C]Having children intensifies our dissatisfaction with life.[D]We sometimes neglect the happiness from child rearing.Part BDirections:The following paragraph are given in a wrong order.For Questions 41-45,you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent text by choosing from the list A-G to filling them into the numbered boxes.Paragraphs E and G have been correctly placed.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)[A]No disciplines have seized on professionalism with as much enthusiasm as the humanities.You can,Mr Menand points out,became a lawyer in three years and a medical doctor in four.But the regular time it takes to get a doctoral degree in the humanities is nine years.Not surprisingly,up to half of all doctoral students in English drop out before getting their degrees.[B]His concern is mainly with the humanities:Literature,languages,philosophy and so on.These are disciplines that are going out of style:22%of American college graduates now major in business compared with only 2%in history and 4%in English.However,many leading American universities want their undergraduates to have a grounding in the basic canon of ideas that every educated person should posses.But most find it difficult to agree on what a“general education”should look like.At Harvard,Mr Menand notes,“the great books are read because they have been read”-they form a sort of social glue.[C]Equally unsurprisingly,only about half end up with professorships for which they entered graduate school.There are simply too few posts.This is partly because universities continue to produce ever more PhDs.But fewer students want to studyhumanities subjects:English departments awarded more bachelor’s degrees in 1970-71 than they did 20 years later.Fewer students requires fewer teachers.So,at the end of a decade of theses-writing,many humanities students leave the profession to do something for which they have not been trained.[D]One reason why it is hard to design and teach such courses is that they can cut across the insistence by top American universities that liberal-arts educations and professional education should be kept separate,taught in different schools.Many students experience both varieties.Although more than half of Harvard undergraduates end up in law,medicine or business,future doctors and lawyers must study anon-specialist liberal-arts degree before embarking on a professional qualification.[E]Besides professionalizing the professions by this separation,top American universities have professionalised the professor.The growth in public money for academic research has speeded the process:federal research grants rose fourfold between 1960and 1990,but faculty teaching hours fell by half as research took its toll.Professionalism has turned the acquisition of a doctoral degree into a prerequisite for a successful academic career:as late as 1969a third of American professors did not possess one.But the key idea behind professionalisation,argues Mr Menand,is that“the knowledge and skills needed for a particular specialization are transmissible but not transferable.”So disciplines acquire a monopoly not just over the production of knowledge,but also over the production of the producers of knowledge.[F]The key to reforming higher education,concludes Mr Menand,is to alter the way in which“the producers of knowledge are produced.”Otherwise,academics will continue to think dangerously alike,increasingly detached from the societies which they study,investigate and criticize.”Academic inquiry,at least in some fields,may need to become less exclusionary and more holistic.”Yet quite how that happens,Mr Menand dose not say.[G]The subtle and intelligent little book The Marketplace of Ideas:Reform and Resistance in the American University should be read by every student thinking of applying to take a doctoral degree.They may then decide to go elsewhere.For something curious has been happening in American Universities,and Louis Menand,aprofessor of English at Harvard University,captured it skillfully.G→41.→42.→E→43.→44.→45.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2.(10 points)With its theme that“Mind is the master weaver,”creating our inner character and outer circumstances,the book As a Man Thinking by James Allen is an in-depth exploration of the central idea of self-help writing.(46)Allen’s contribution was to take an assumption we all share-that because we are not robots we therefore control our thoughts-and reveal its erroneousnature.Because most of us believe that mind is separate from matter,we think that thoughts can be hidden and made powerless;this allows us to think one way and act another.However,Allen believed that the unconscious mind generates as much action as the conscious mind,and(47)while we may be able to sustain the illusion of control through the conscious mind alone,in reality we are continually faced with a question:“Why cannot I make myself do this or achieve that?”Since desire and will are damaged by the presence of thoughts that do not accord with desire,Allen concluded:“We do not attract what we want,but what weare.”Achievement happens because you as a person embody the external achievement;you don’t“get”success but become it.There is no gap between mind and matter.Part of the fame of Allen’s book is its contention that“Circumstances do not make a person,they reveal him.”(48)This seems a justification for neglect of those in need,and a rationalization of exploitation,of the superiority of those at the top and the inferiority of those at the bottom.This,however,would be a knee-jerk reaction to a subtle argument.Each set of circumstances,however bad,offers a unique opportunity for growth.If circumstances always determined the life and prospects of people,then humanity would never haveprogressed.In fat,(49)circumstances seem to be designed to bring out the best in us and if we fel that we have been“wronged”then we are unlikely to begin a conscious effort to escape from oure situation.Nevertheless,as any biographer knows,a person’s early life and its conditions are often the greatest gift to an individual.The sobering aspect of Allen’s book is that we have no one else to blame for our present condition except ourselves.(50)The upside is the possibilities contained in knowing that everything is up to us;where before we were experts in the array of limitations,now we become authorities of what is possible.SectionⅢWritingPart A51.Directions:Write a letter to a friend of yours to1)recommend one of your favorite movies and2)give reasons for your recommendationYour should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2Do not sign your own name at the end of the er“LI MING”instead.Do not writer the address.(10 points)Part B52.Directions:Write an essay of 160---200 words based on the following drawing.In your essay,you should1)describe the drawing briefly,2)explain it’s intended meaning,and3)give your comments.Your should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.(20 points)答案解析Section I Use of English1.【答案】[C]【解析】语义逻辑题。

2011年1月英语二真题与答案超详解第一部分，V ocabulary and Structure1.We had a happy weekend at the seaside。

And______ the transport，we had no difficulty。

A. owing toB.in case C、once more D、as for解析：此类题目请您就直接把选项填入空格处，看哪个选项能够使句子语义通顺，那么答案也就出来了，基本没有多少技术含量。

请您利用一些无聊的时间去记忆单词。

owing to 由于，因为；in case 万一，假使；once more 再一次；as for 关于，至于。

题干句子说在海边过得好，and 表达递进关系，transport也没有出问题，答案是D。

2、whether you stay or leave is a matter of total _______to me.A. indifference B、enthusiasm C、passion D、harmony解析：whether you stay or leave是一个主语从句，你的去留，对我来说完完全全是____。

所以根据说话者的语气，空格处填入的是一贬义词。

选项中只有A选项符合题意。

Indifference漠不关心。

同时其余三个选项填入后语义不通顺，且B与C选项表达的意思几乎一模一样的，当然不可能是答案选项。

enthusiasm 热情；passion 热情；harmony和谐3、It is said that a black hole can ______ everything around it，such as stars。

A、work outB、settle downC、swallow upD、break into解析：a black hole黑洞，应该听闻过的（一种天体现象），它能够吸纳任何东西。

2011年1月高等教育自学考试全国统一命题考试英语（二）I.Vocabulary and Structure （10 points,l point each）从下列各句四个选项中选出一个最佳答案，并在答题卡上将相应的字母涂黑。

1.We had a happy weekend at the seaside. And the transport, we had no difficulty.（D）A.owing toB.in caseC.once moreD.as for2.Whether you stay or leave is a matter of total to me.（A）A.indifferenceB.enthusiasmC.passionD.harmony3.It is said that a black hole can everything around it, such as stars.（C）A.work outB.settle downC.swallow upD.break into4.It is well-known that the moon goes round the earth____.（B）A.in a wayB.in a circleC.in due courseD.in turn5.He the book and found it worth buying.（C）A.foldedB.extendedC.skimmedD.skipped6.The world make is changing.We must anticipate the changes and make timely adjustments.（B）A.stablyB.constantlyC.scarcelyD.occasionally7.The main____for discussion will be the proposed new supermarket.（A）A.topicB.ideaC.titleD.object8.We went to bed that night ____ of the storm to come.（D）A.invisibleB.unclearC.senselessD.ignorant9.It's going to be hard to ____his wife that they can’t afford a new house.（A）A.convinceB.containC.conductD.confess10.The task we'1l carry out ____great courage and wisdom.（D）A.calls upB.calls onC.calls aboutD.calls forII.Cloze Test（10 points,l point each）How does woman go about buying clothes? In 11 every aspect she does so in the way opposite to a man. Her shopping is not often 12 need.She has never fully made up her mind 13 she wants,and she is only “having a look round.”She is always 14 to persuasion；indeed she sets great store by what the saleswoman tells her, 15 by what companions tell her,She will 16 any number of things.Uppermost in her mind is the thought of finding something that everyone thinks suits her.Contrary to a lot of jokes, most women have an excellent 17 of value when they buy clothes, They are always on the lookout for the unexpected bargain. 18 a roomful of dresses,a 19 may easily spend an hour going from one rail to 20 ，to and from,often retracing her steps before selecting.It is a laborious process,but apparently an enjoyable one.11.A.most B.uppermost C.foremost D.almost12.A.based on B.held on C.kept on D.made for13.A.that B.those C.what D.which14.A.open B.dull C.close D.keen15.A.ever B.even C.better D.aside16.A.try on B.carry on C.figure out D.fall out17.A.heart B.mind C.sense D.thought18.A.Run into B.Let out C.Brought about D.Faced with19.A.salesman panion C.woman D.saleswoman20.A.the other B.another C.others D.other11.D 12.A 13.C 14.A 15.B 16.A 17.C 18.D 19.C 20.BIII. Reading Comprehension （30 points,2 points each）Passage OneQuestions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage.About forty years ago, only five percent of American children who were three or four years old attended early education programs. Today, about two-thirds of the children of that age go to preschools, nursery schools or daycare centers with educational programs. Many education experts say this is a good situation. They say young children who have some kind of preschool education do much better when they attend school.Young children in preschool programs learn colors and numbers. They identify common objects and letters of the alphabet to prepare them for reading. They sing and play games that use numbers and maps. They learn to cooperate with teachers and other children. Many preschool programs include activities to help young children learn about the world around them. For example, children visit places like zoos, museums and fire and police stations.After preschool, most American children attend kindergarten in public schools. Most children start kindergarten at about age five. Many American kindergartens now require skills taught in early education programs. So children who have not attended a preschool program may not be ready for kindergarten.Many families, however, lack enough money to send their children to private nursery schools or preschools. Such schools may cost several thousand dollars a year, as much as a public university.To help poor families, the government operates an education program for young children called Head Start. Studies have shown that many children from poor families do not do well in school. Studies also have shown that children in Head Start programs perform equally well or better than other children when they start school. But the government currently is providing Head Start with enough money to serve only about sixty percent of the children who need this program.Educators have expressed concern that some early childhood education programs are not good enough. The United States has about eighty-thousand preschools, nursery schools and daycare centers. The National Association for the Education of Young Children studies these schools. The association says it has approved only about ten percent of the preschools in the country. Experts say American children need more and better preschool education.21.In preschools. young children can learn about the world around them by A.A.visiting various placesB.singing songs and playing gamesC.identifying common objects and lettersD.cooperating with teachers and partners22.The annual fee for preschool education is that of a public university.DA.higher thanB.unequal toC.lower thanD.equal to23.Head Start aims to B.A.study the benefits of preschool education in AmericaB.help children from poor families get ready for schoolC.provide funds to help poor families through hard timeD.monitor how the movement spends money on education24.Money provided by the government for Head Start programs is B.A.more than enoughB.quite inadequateC.just sufficientD.almost enough25.According to the association. most American preschools C.A.have got official approvalB.enjoy good reputationC.are not well qualifiedD.have financial difficultiesPassage TwoQuestions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage.One of the chief causes of fatigue （疲倦） is boredom. To illustrate this point, let's take the case of Alice, a corporate employee who lives on your street. Alice came home one night completely exhausted. She acted fatigued. She was fatigued. She had a headache. She had a backache. She was so exhausted that she wanted to go to bed without waiting for dinner. Persuaded by hermother. she sat down at the table. The telephone rang. The boyfriend! An invitation to a dance! Her eyes sparkled. Her spirits soared. She rushed upstairs, put on her Alice-blue gown，dashed out and danced until three o'clock in the morning; and when she finally did get home, she was not the slightest bit exhausted. She was，in fact，so excited that she couldn't fall asleep.Was Alice really and honestly tired eight hours earlier. when she looked and acted exhausted? Sure，she was. She was exhausted because she was bored with her work, perhaps bored with life. There are millions of Alices. You may be one of them.It is a well-known fact that your emotional attitude usually has far more to do with producing fatigue than has physical exertion. A few years ago, Joseph E.Barmack, Ph.D., published in the Archives of Psychology a report of some of his experiments, showing how boredom produces fatigue. Dr. Barmack put a group of students through a series of tests in which, he knew, they could have little interest.The result? The students felt tired and sleepy，complained of headaches and eyestrain, felt irritable. In some cases，even their stomachs were upset. Was it all “imagination”? No. Metabolism（新陈代谢） tests were taken of these students. These tests showed that the blood pressure of the body and the consumption of oxygen actually decrease when people are bored，and that the whole metabolism picks up immediately as soon as they begin to feel interest and pleasure in their work!26.When she came back from dancing, Alice felt D.A.very hungryB.a bit sleepyC.much tiredD.sleepless27.The word “them” in Line 4, Para. 2 refers to .AA.people exhausted from boredomB.women with the same name as AliceC.corporate employees enjoying dancingD.people crazy about interesting night life28.The major reason for Alice's exhaustion is that B .A.she lost her appetite for dinnerB.she was tired of her work or her lifeC.she danced too long time with friendsD.she had a bad headache and a backache29.When person begins to enjoy his work __B__,A.his blood pressure goes downB.his metabolism improves rapidlyC.his oxygen consumption decreasesD.his stomach sometimes gets upset30.Dr. Barmack explained the result of the tests on the basis of___A_.A.medical examinationsB.personal observationC.logical reasoningmon knowledgePassage ThreeQuestions 3lto 35 are based on the following passage.There will be a major shift in the age distribution in the American workforce. As the baby boomers（born between 1946 and 1963）begin to hit retirement age, they will be replaced by the so-called“generation Y”or“Millennial Generation.”who number almost 80 million. And the qualified workers of this generation are soon going to be desperately needed, leaving businesses no choice but to figure out how to attract and keep them.People often say that members of the “Millennial Generation”can’t take care of themselves and are going to bring the world down with them.Some people might think Millennials are spoiled internet addicts（上瘾者）who feel a strong sense of entitlement and aren’t willing to work hard for the great rewards they expect.In reality Millennials are the first generation of “digital natives,”that is,they have never known a world without digital technology.As a result Millennials experience the world through technology,as older generations experience the world through their organic senses.This intimacy（亲密接触）with the digital world is one of the Millennials’greatest strengths.It also presents the greatest challenge to those companies that need highly qualified applicants.Managers need to determine ways to use their strengths and work with their weaknesses with business goals in mind.The key to attracting and managing Millennials is to create an experience of the company that matches their technological experience of the world. It’s about finding a balance between youthful enthusinasm,cooperative spirit, and the realities of the business world.The business world is experiencing a continued breakdown of the authoritarian management style that in some ways still remains as legacy（遗留做法） from the early 20th century. Managers are going to have to be patient and flexible to a large extent because one thing is for sure, nothing makes Millennials unhappier than doing tasks with traditional methods that can be done better and more efficiently with the right technology or more sophisticated methods.They need to be given the opportunity to use the technologies they are familiar with to cooperate with each other and do business. The best candidates are going to be attracted to companies that are willing to give employees what they need and want.31.American businesses will be in great need of qualifie d workers of the“Millennial Generation” because A .A.the baby boomers in the workforce are close to retirementB.this generation accounts for the biggest part of the workforceC.businesses want to change the age distribution in the workforceD.businesses prefer young workforce to speed up their development32.People have formed a D impression of the Millennial Generation.A.trueB.vagueC.favorableD.negativepared with previous generations, Millennials C .e more of their organic sensesB.show a poor sense of entitlementC.rely more on information technologyD.challenge the goals of the businesses34.To attract and manage Millennials, a business manager should C .A.require them to do their tasks with traditional methodsB.force them to work with modem scientific technologiesC.balance their passion, teamwork spirit and business realitiesbine sophisticated methods with flexible working approaches35.The main idea of the passage could be best summarized as A .A.business managers should take up the challenges from MillennialsB.business managers should be flexible about their management styleC.managers maintain a relatively objective attitude toward Millennialslennials can use their technological advantage to attract companiesPart Two（50 points）IV. Word Spelling（10 points，1 point for two words）36事件；事故n. a 37.分界线，边界n. b________38捕获：占领v. c 39.美味的；使人愉悦的a. d________40.必要的；本质的a. e 41.公式；程式n. f________42.致意，欢迎v. g 43.阻止；妨碍v. h________44.增加，增长v. i 45.同盟，协会n. l________46.较小的；少数的a, m 47.自然的；天然的a. n________48.反抗；对立n. o 49.察觉；认识到v. p________50.懊悔，遗憾v. r 51.表面，外表n. s________52.温度计n. t 53.向上，往上ad. u________54受害者，牺牲品n. v 55.侍者，服务员n.w________36.accident 37.boundary 38.capture 39.delicious 40.essential 41.formula42. greet 43.hinder 44.increase 45.league 46.minor 47.natural48.opposition 49.perceive 50.regret 51.surface 52.thermometer53.upwards 54.victim 55.waiterV.Word Form（10 points,l point each）56.The study of black holes is just beginning. Speculations about them are （end）答案：endless57.Christmas is （tradition）a holiday for a family to get together.答案：traditionally58.The client must （sure） that accurate records are kept.答案：ensure59.Since no better plan had been put forward，we had to adopt a basically （work）one. 答案：workable60.There are millions of solar systems in space, and ours is （probable）one of the smallest. 答案：probably61.The accused admitted that he had sold the （steal）goods.答案：stolen62.The store will be moved to somewhere in my （neighbor）next month.答案：neighborhood63.Upon their （arrive）,they immediately set about drawing up a plan.答案：arrival64.The good news is that our host is said to be kind and （help）.答案：helpful65.The young girl moved to Paris last spring, but she missed her parents too much to enjoy the （excite）life there.答案：excitingVI.Translation from Chinese into English（15 points，3 points each）66.很明显你需要更多的英语口语练习。

2011年全国普通高等学校招生统一考试上海英语试卷第I卷(105分)I. Listening ComprehensionSection ADirections: In Section A;you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversatio n and the question about it, read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.1. A. At a train station. B. At an airport.C. At a travel agency.D. At a bus station.2. A. $5. B. $10.C. $15.D. $50.3. A. Receptionist and guest. B. Salesperson and customer.C. Doctor and patient.D. Waiter and diner.4. A. Excited. B. Dissatisfied.C. Bo red.D. Exhausted.5. A. Her hair has changed. B. She isn’t satisfied with her hair style.C. She prefers to wear long hair.D. The man has changed his hair style.6. A. It is too early to watch the Talent Show. B. He will go to bed in five minutes.C. He would rather watch TV than go to bed.D. He is old enough to stay up.7. A. She has got everything ready. B. She never hesitates over what to take.C. She hates packing by herself.D. She needs more time for packing.8. A. They should wait for John for a while. B. They should stay here for the night.C. They should start the meeting right away.D. They should call John at once.9. A. She is unwilling to move into a new flat. B. Her neighbors get along well with her.C. She can’t tell the man why she is moving.D. Her neighbors usually play their TV loud.10.A. Ask for directions. B. Try a different route.C. Go back for the map.D. Cancel their trip.Section BDirections: In Section B, you will hear two short passages, and you will be asked to questions on each of the passages. The passages will be read twice, but the questions will be spoken only once. When you hear a question, read the four possible answers on your paper and decide which one would be the blest answer to the question you have heard.Questions 11 through 13 are based on the following passage.11.A. A political system. B. Religion.C. Working language.D. Race.12.A. Discuss current issues. B. Join in a writing competition.C. Attend an arts and crafts competition.D. Celebrate their friendship.13.A. The Commonwealth Games. B. An important holiday.C. The Commonwealth members.D. An international association.Questions 14 through 16 are based on the following news.14.A. Equipping students with knowledge. B. Qualifying students for certain jobs.C. Developing students’ habits of mind.D. Helping students to go to graduate school.15.A. The ability to have critical analysis. B. Creative use of leisure time.C. Logical use of information.D. Willingness to accept uncertainty.16.A. Goals to reach in a college education. B. Roles of knowledge in students’ growth.C. Qualifications needed for a job.D. Importance of after-class activities.Section CDirections: In Section C, you will hear two longer conversations. The conversations will be read twice. After you hear each conversation, you are required to fill in the numbered blanks with the information you have heard. Write your answers on your answer sheet.Blanks 17 through 20 are based on the following conversation.Complete the form. Write ONE WORD for each answer.Complaint FormCaller: Mary WhitePhone No.: 17 .Location of Problem: A 18 restaurant , 449 Shanghai StreetDetails: It dumps its 19 on the street.It doesn’t put bottles and cans in 20 bins.Blanks 21 through 24 are based on the following conversation.Complete the form. Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.How long does short memory last? It lasts only 21 .What is an example of medium term memory? Buying bread, a sort of 22 of thingsto do.What is long term memory concerned with? 23 that happen in your life such asyour wedding.It 24 .How is long term memory different from theothers?II. Grammar and VocabularySection ADirections: Beneath each of the following sentences there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one answer that best completes the sentence.25.Graduation is a good time to thank those who have helped you ______ the tough years.A. throughB. upC. withD. from26.To stay awake, he finished a cup of coffee and ordered ______.A. the otherB. otherC. the othersD. another27.It’s no use ______ without taking action.A. complainB. complainingC. being complainedD. to be complained28.I ______ worry about my weekend—I always have my plans ready before it comes.A. ca n’tB. mustn’tC. daren’tD. needn’t29.When Mom looked back on the early days of their marriage, she wondered how they had managed with______ money.A. so fewB. such fewC. so littleD. such little30.It doesn’t matter if they want to come t o your party, ______?A. doesn’t itB. does itC. don’t theyD. do they31.After getting lost in a storm, a member of the navy team ______ four days later.A. rescuedB. was rescuedC. has rescuedD. had been rescued32.The rare fish, ______ from the cooking pot, has been returned to the sea.A. savedB. savingC. to be savedD. having saved33.At one point I made up my mind to talk to Uncle Sam. Then I changed my mind, ______ that he could donothing to help.A. to realizeB. realizedC. realizingD. being realized34.Did you predict that many students ______ up for the dance competition?A. would signB. signedC. have signedD. had signed35.There is clear evidence ______ the most difficult feeling of all to interpret is bodily pain.A. whatB. ifC. howD. that36.If a lot of people say a film is not good, I won’t bother to see it, or I’ll wait ______ it comes out on DVD.A. whetherB. afterC. thoughD. until37.The police officers in our city work hard ______ the rest of us can live a safe life.A. in caseB. as ifC. in order thatD. only if38.The message you intend to convey through words may be the exact opposite of ______ others actuallyunderstand.A. whyB. thatC. whichD. what39.You’ll fin d taxis waiting at the bus station ______ you can hire to reach your host family.A. whichB. whereC. whenD. as40.Today we have chat rooms, text messaging, emailing… but we seem ______ the art of communicatingface-to-face.A. losingB. to be losingC. to be lostD. having lostSection BDirections: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Notedeveloping intelligent materials, this may not be as 41 as it sounds. Self-cleaning clothes have now been created, and these new materials provide 42 resistance to dirt as well as water. As a result, they require much less cleaning than traditional materials.The creation of self-cleaning clothes provides an example of how nature helps scientists develop better products. This self-cleaning nature is known as the “lotus effect”. The name comes, of course, from the lotus leaves, which are famous for growing in muddy lakes and rivers while remaining almost 43clean. By observing nature, scientists are 44 the qualities of the lotus leaves to the materials they have engineered. Because of this, some remarkable new products have been 45 . Among them are special windows that are resistant to dirt and water. A special 46 on these windows not only prevents dirt from sticking to their surfaces, but also allows dust to be easily washed off by the rain. In fact, these new windows have already been 47 to some cars. Even when traveling at high speed through rain, these cars never have to use their windshield wipers (雨刮器).Although we have already seen some practical applications, even more dramatic 48 will be made in the future, and they will, perhaps, change our world completely. Undoubtedly, technology is an important development,and it will have an even bigger 49 on our lives.III. Reading ComprehensionSection ADirections: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank w ith the word or phrase that best fits the context.Everyone in business has been told that success is all about attracting and retaining(留住) customers. It sounds simple and achievable. But, 50 , words of wisdom are soon forgotten. Once companies have attracted customers they often 51 the second half of the story. In the excitement of beating off the competition, negotiating prices, securing orders, and delivering the product, managers tend to become carried away. They forget what they regard as the boring side of business—52 that the customer remains a customer.53 to concentrate on retaining as well as attracting customers costs business huge amounts of money annually. It has been estimated that the average company loses between 10 and 30 per cent of its customers every years. In constantly changing 54 , this is not surprising. What is surprising is the fact that few companies have any idea how many customers they have lost.Only now are organizations beginning to wake up to those lost opportunities and calculate the 55 implications. Cutting down the number of customers a company loses can make a big 56 in its performance. Research in the US found that a five per cent decrease in the number of defecting (流失的) customers led to 57 increases of between 25 and 85 per cent.In the US, Domino’s Pizza estimates that a regular customer is worth more than $5,000 over ten years. A customer who receives a poor quality product or service on their first visit and 58 never returns, is losing the company thousands of dollars in 59 profits (more if you consider how many people they are likely to tell about their bad experience).The logic behind cultivating customer 60 is impossible to deny. “In practice most companies’ marketing effort is focused on getting customers, with little attention paid to 61 them”, says Adrian Payne of Cornfield University’ School of Management. “Research suggests that there is a close relationship between retaining customers and making profits. 62 customers tend to buy more, are predictable and usually cost less to service than new customers. Furthermore, they tend to be less price 63 , and may provide free word-of-mouth advertising. Retaining customers also makes it 64 for competitors to enter a market or increase their share ofa market.50.A. in particular B. in reality C. at least D. first of all51.A. emphasize B. doubt C. overlook D. believe52.A. denying B. ensuring C. arguing D. proving53.A. Moving B. Hoping C. Starting D. Failing54.A. markets B. tastes C. prices D. expenses55.A. culture B. social C. financial D. economical56.A. promise B. plan C. mistake D. differe nce57.A. cost B. opportunity C. profit D. budget58.A. as a result B. on the whole C. in conclusion D. on the contrary59.A. huge B. potential C. extra D. reasonable60.A. beliefs B. loyalty C. habits D. interest61.A. altering B. understanding C. keeping D. attracting62.A. Assumed B. Respected C. Established D. Unexpected63.A. agreeable B. flexible C. friendly D. sensitive64.A. unfair B. difficult C. essential D. convenientSection BDirections:Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.AThe teacher who did the most to encourage me was, as it happened, my aunt. She was Myrtle C. Manigault, the wife of my mother’s brother Bill. She taught in second grade at all-black Summer School in Camden, New Jersey.During my childhood and youth, Aunt Myrtle encouraged me to develop every aspect of my potential, without regard for what was considered practical or possible for black females. I liked to sing; she listened to my voice and pronounced it good. I couldn’t dance; she taught me the basic dancing steps. She took me to the theatre not just children’s theatre but adult comedies and dramas—and her faith that I could appreciate adult plays was not disappointed.My aunt also took down books from her extensive library and shared them with me. I had books at home, but they were all serious classics. Even as a child I had a strong liking for humor, and I’ll never forget the joy of discovering Don Marquis’s Archy & Mehitabel through her.Most important, perhaps, Aunt Myrtle provided my first opportunity to write for publication. A writer herself for one of the black newspapers, she suggested my name to the editor as a “youth columnist”. My column, begun when I was fourteen, was supposed to cover teenage social activities—and it did—but it also gave me the freedom to write on many other subjects as well as the habit of gathering material, the discipline of meeting deadlines, and, after graduation from college six years later, a solid collection of published material that carried my name and was my passport to a series of writing jobs.Today Aunt Myrtle is still an enthusiastic supporter of her “favourite niece”. Like a diamond, she has reflecteda bright, multifaceted (多面的) image of possibilities to every pupil w ho has crossed her path.65.Which of the following did Aunt Myrtle do to the author during her childhood and youth?A. She lent her some serious classics.B. She cultivated her taste for music.C. She discovered her talent for dancing.D. She introduced her to adult plays.66.What does Archy and Mehitabel in Paragraph 3 probably refer to?A. A book of great fun.B. A writer of high fame.C. A serious masterpiece.D. A heartbreaking play.67.Aunt Myrtle recommended the author to a newspaper editor mainly to ______.A. develop her capabilities for writingB. give her a chance to collect materialC. involve her in teenage social activitiesD. offer her a series of writing jobs68.We can conclude from the passage that Aunt Myrtle was a teacher who ______.A. trained pupils to be diligent and well-disciplinedB. gave pupils confidence in exploiting their potentialC. emphasized what was practical or possible for pupils.D. helped pupils overcome difficulties in learningBHumpback whalesHumpback whales are sometimes called performers of the ocean. This is because they can make impressive movements when they dive. The name “humpback”, which is the common name for this whale, refers to the typical curve shape the whale’s back forms as it dives.Sometimes the humpback will dive with a fantastic movement, known as a breach. During breaching the whale uses its powerful tail flukes to lift nearly two-thirds of its body out of the water in a giant leap. A breach might also include a sideways twist with fins stretched out like wings, as the whale reaches the height of the breach.A humpback whale breathes air at the surface of the water through two blowholes which are located near the top of the head. It blows a double stream of water that can rise up to 4 meters above the water.The humpback has a small dorsal fin located towards the tail flukes about two-thirds of the way down its back. Other distinguishing features include large pectoral fins, which may be up to a third of the body length, and unique black and white spots on the underside of the tail flukes. These markings are like fingerprints: no two are the same.Humpback whales live in large groups. They communicate with each other through complex “songs”.Quick FactsSize: 14m~18m in length30~50 tons in weightLiving Open ocean and shallowcoastline waters Environment: From warm tropical(热带的) waters, where theybreed, to cold polar waters,where they eat.Diet: Shellfish, plants and fish ofsmall sizeHunting: Sometimes in groups, inwhich several whales form acircle under the water,blowing bubbles that form a“net” around a school of fish.The fish are then forced upto the surface in aconcentrated mass.Current state: endangered; it is estimatedthat there are about5000~7000 humpbackwhales worldwide.69.According to Quick Facts, a humpback whale ______.A. cannot survive in waters near the shoreB. doesn’t l ive in the same waters all the timeC. lives mainly on underwater plantsD. prefers to work alone when hunting food70.To make a breach, a humpback whale must ______.A. use its tail flukes to leap out of the waterB. twist its body sideways to jump high.C. blow two streams of waterD. communicate with a group of humpbacks.71.From the passage we can learn that a humpback whale ______.A. has its unique markings on it tail flukesB. has black and white fingerprintsC. gets its name from the way it huntsD. is a great performer due to its songsCHuman remains of ancient settlements will be reburied and lost to science under a law that threatens research into the history of humans in Britain, a group of leading archeologists (考古学家) says. In a letter addressed to the justice secretary, Ken Clarke, 40 archaeologists write of their “deep and widespread concern” about the issue. Itcenters on the law introduced by the Ministry of Justice in 2008 which requires all human remains unearthed in England and Wales to be reburied within two years, regardless of their age. The decision means scientists have too little time to study bones and other human remains of national and cultural significance.“Your current requirement that all archaeologically unearthed human remains should be reburied, whether after a standard period of two years or a further special extension, is contrary to basic principles of archaeological and scientific research and of museum practice,” they write.The law applies to any pieces of bone uncovered at around 400 dig sites, including the remains of 60 or so bodies found at Stonehenge in 2008 that date back to 3,000 BC. Archaeologists have been granted a temporary extension to give them more time, but eventuallly the bones will have to be returned to the ground.The arrangements may result in the waste of future discoveries at sites such as Happisburgh in Norfolk, where digging is continuing after the discovery of stone tools made by early humans 950,000 years ago. If human remains were found at Happisburgh, they would be the oldest in northern Europe and the first indication of what this species was. Under the current practice of the law those remains would have to be reburied and effectively destroyed.Before 2008, guidelines allowed for the proper preservation and study of bones of sufficient age and historical interest, while the Burial Act 1857 applied to more recent remains. The Ministry of Justice assured archaeologists two ye ars ago that the law was temporary, but has so far failed to revise it.Mike Parker Pearson, an archaeologist at Sheffield University, said: “Archaeologists have been extremely patient because we were led to believe the ministry was sorting out this problem, but we feel that we cannot wait any longer.”The ministry has no guidelines on where or how remains should be reburied, or on what records should be kept.72.According to the passage, scientists are unhappy with the law mainly because ______.A. it is only a temporary measure on the human remainsB. it is unreasonable and thus destructive to scientific researchC. it was introduced by the government without their knowledgeD. it is vague about where and how to rebury human remains73.Which of the following statements is true according to the passage?A. Temporary extension of two years will guarantee scientists enough time.B. Human remains of the oldest species were dug out at Happisburgh.C. Human remains will have to be reburied despite the extension of time.D. Scientists have been warned that the law can hardly be changed.74.What can be inferred about the British law governing human remains?A. The Ministry of Justice did not intend it to protect human remains.B. The Burial Act 1857 only applied to remains uncovered before 1857.C. The law on human remains hasn’t changed in recent decades.D. The Ministry of Justice has not done enough about the law.75.Which of the following might be the best title of the passage?A. New discoveries should be reburied, the government demands.B. Research time should be extended, scientists require.C. Law on human remains needs thorough discussion, authorities say.D. Law could bury ancient secrets for ever, archeologists warn.Se ction CDirections: Read the following text and choose the most suitable heading from A-F for each paragraph. There is one extra heading which you do not need.A. Manufacturing industry in information economyB. News in the age of informationC. Argument about individual accounts and their reliabilityD. Be your own investigative journalistE. Don’t believe everything you read in the newspapers.F. Information is presented in an entertaining way.76.______With the arrival of the age of “information economy”, intellectual work is becoming a more important source of wealth than manufacturing. Organizations in all walks of life are doing more to spread their inf ormation. So people of the Public Relations are hired to speak for them. A lot of our news is actually collected from press releases and reports of events intentionally staged for journalists. In the information age, journalists spend their time, not investigating, but passing on the words of a spokesperson.77.______There is a joke in the novel Scoop about the newspaper’s owner, Lord Copper. The editors ca n never disagree with him. When he’s right about something they answer “definitely”, and when he’s wrong they say “to some extent, Lord Copper.” It seems reasonable to suppose that, in the real world, the opinions of such powerful people still influence the journalists and editors who work for them.78.______In countries where the news is not officially controlled, it may be provided by commercial organizations who depend on advertising. The news has to attract viewers and maintain its audience ratings. I suspect that some stories get air-time just because there happen to be exciting pictures to show. In Britain, we have the tabloid newspapers which millions of people read simply for entertainment. There is progressively less room for historical background, or statistics, which are harder to present as a sensational story.79.______There is an argument that with spreading access to the internet and cheap technology for recording sound and images we will all be able to find exactly the information we want. People around the world will be able to publish their own eye-witness accounts and compete with the widely-accepted news-gatherers on equal terms. But what it will mean also is that we’ll be subjected to a still greater amount of nonsense and lies. Any web log may contain the latest information of the year, or equally, a made-up story that you will never be able to check.80.______Maybe the time has come to do something about it, and I don’t just mean changing your choice of TV channel or newspaper. In a world where everyone wants you to listen to their version, you only have two choices: switch off altogether or start looking for sources you can trust. The investigative journalist of the future is everyone who wants to know the truth.Section DDirections: Read the passage carefully. Then answer the questions or complete the statements in the fewest possible words.Sociologists have long recognised that organisations of less than 200 individuals can operate through the free flow of information among the members. Once their size goes beyond this figure, the organizations are getting less flexible. So it seems necessary to prevent total disorder resulting from failures of communication.One solution to this problem would, of course, be to structure large organisations into smaller units of a size that can act as a group. By allowing these groups to build reliance on each other, larger organizations can be built up. However, merely having groups of, say, 150 will never of itself be a complete solution to the problems of theorganization. Something else is needed: the people involved must be able to build direct personal relationships. To allow free flow of information, they have to be able to communicate with each other in a casual way. Maintaining too formal a structure of relationships inevitably prevents the way a system works.The importance of this was drawn to my attention two years ago by the case of a TV station. Whether by chance or by design, it so happened that there were almost exactly 150 people in the station. The whole process worked very smoothly as an organization for many years until they were moved into purpose-built accommodation. Then, for no apparent reason, the work seemed to be more difficult to do, not to say less satisfying.It was some time before they work out what the problem was. It turn out that, when the architects were designing the new building, they decided that the coffee room where everyone ate their sandwiches at lunch times was an unnecessary luxury and so did away with it. And with that, they accidentally destroyed the close social networks that strengthened the whole organization. What had apparently been happening was that, as people gathered informally over their sandwiches in the coffee room, useful information was casually being exchanged. (Note: Answer the questions or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN EIGHT WORDS.)81.What size of an organization may lead to communication failures?82.What are the two solutions to the communication problem within a large organization?83.After the TV station moved into new accommodation, its operation ___________________________.84.From the case of the TV station, we can conclude it is ____________________________________ that make(s)an organization more successful.第Ⅱ卷(共45分)I. TranslationDirections: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.1.你为什么不在网上订票? (Why)2.我常把王海误认为他的双胞胎弟弟，因为他们长得太像了。