图像处理专业词汇+图像处理专业英语

计算机基础知识computer n.电脑，电子计算机arithmetic logic unit算术逻辑部件manipulate vt.操纵，操作keyboard n.键盘information n.消息，知识printer n.打印机hand-hold a.使携，手拿的skitter n.磁盘calculator n.计算器statistical a统计的system n.系统，体系joystick n.游戏棒，操纵杆scientific a.科学的，系统的software n.软件electronic a.电子的category n.种类machinery a.机器，机关，simulate n.模拟，模仿equipment n.装备，设备handle vt.控制dull a.单调的，呆滞的interpret vt.解释network n.网络feedback n.反馈circuit n.电路，一圈，巡回instrument n.工具switch n.开关，电闸manufacture vt.制造level n.水平，标准CAD计算机辅助设计status n.状态engineer n.工程师binary a.二进位的draft n.草稿store vt.储存，储藏graphics n.图形process n.程序，过程video n.影像character n.字符robotic a./n机器人学sound n.声音automation n.自动化image n.影像，图像word processing字处理programme n.程序，计划text n.文衣logic inference逻辑推理communication n.通讯aid vt.帮助，援助electronic-mail电子邮件instruction n.指令teleconferencing电话会议convert vt.转变telccommunicating远程通讯originality n.创造力database n.数据库operate vt.操作，运转CAI计算机辅助教学ENIAC电子数值积分计算机transistor n.晶体管vacuum真空DOS磁盘操作系统resistor n.电阻器RAM随机存取存储器capacitor n.电容器mouse n.鼠标interference n.干预intense妙n.强烈，紧张technology n.技术floppy a.松软的internal a.内部的fix a.牢固的symbolic n.代号write-protect写保护language n.语言drive n.驱动器span vt.跨越mechanics n.机械学reliable a.可靠的access vt.访问efficient a一有效率的byte n.比特magnetic a.一有磁性的、mega n.兆Auxiliary a./n.附加的，辅助物decimal n.十进制media n.媒体octal n.八进制storage n.存储器headecimal n.十六进制punched card tape n.磁带weight n.权memory n.记忆，存储code n.代码silicon n.硅，硅元素ASCII美国信息交换标准代chip n.芯片extended a.扩充的，长期的terminal n.终端机，终点，总站voltage n.伏特，device n.设备integer n.整数innovation n.改革，创新negative a.负的external a.外部的absence a.缺席feature n.特征convenience n.便利component n.元件，组件waveform n.波形combination n.联合，合并zone n.区microprocessor n.微处理器vendor n.厂商，自动售货机packed a.包装的implement n.工具，器具package n.包裹，套装软件quantity n.数量digital a.数字的rigid n.硬的analog a.模拟的fragile a.易脆的hybrid a.混合的susceptible a.易受影响的discrete a.离散的medium n.媒体Vital a.重要的，关键的shutter n.快门monitor n.显示器general-purpose通用overwhelm v.制服theory proving定理证明application n.应用information retrieval 信息检索wire n.电线，电报persona computer个人计算机model n.模型time-consuming a.费时的Versatility n.多种变化，变通routine task日常工作lump vt.使成块logical decision逻辑判断hardware n.硬件programmable a.可编程的stream n.流rewire vt.重新接线resource n.资源generation n.代desktop n.桌面unreliable a.不可靠的cabinet n.文件柜auxiliary storge 辅助存储器supercomputer n.超级计算机minicomputer n.小型计算机I/0 device输入／输出设备system unit系统部件cell n.单元floppy disk软盘consecutively a.连续的，连贯的fix disk硬盘CPU中央处理器transmission n.传送，传输程序设计Program Design程序设计creep vi.爬，潜行writing program编写程序standardize vt.使标准化coding the program编程simplify vt.单一化，简单化programming程序revision n.校订，修正programmer n.程序员occupy vt.占领，住进logic n.逻辑，逻辑学BASIC初学者通用符号指令代码machine code机器代码teaching language教学语言debug n.DOS命令，调试simplicity n.单纯，简朴compactness a.紧凑的，紧密的timesharing system分时系统description n.描述，说明interactive language交互式语言break n.中断manufacturer n.制造业者structure chart结构图dialect n.方言，语调the program flow程序流expense n.费用，代价manager module管理模块uniformity n.同样，划一worder module工作模块archaic a.己废的，古老的mainmodule主模块sufficient a.充分的，足够的submodule子模块data processing数据处理modify v.修正，修改business application商业应用outline n.轮廓，概要scientific application科学应用compose分解lexical a.字典的，词汇的code 代码non-programmer n.非编程人员node vt改为密码notation n.记号法，表示法，注释pseudocode n.伪代码verbosity n.唠叨，冗长commas n.逗点逗号record n.记录documentation文档subrecord n.子记录flowchart/flow程表／流程data division数据部visual a.视觉的procedure division过程部represent vt.表现，表示，代表comprise vt.包含构成structured techniques结构化技术operator n.运算符，算子straightforward a.笔直的，率直的commercial package商业软件包subroutine n.子程序generator n.产生器，生产者driver module驱动模块mathematician n.专家line by line逐行operator n.作符translate vt.翻译，解释forerunner n.先驱modular摸块化ancestor n.祖宗cumbersome a.讨厌的，麻烦的teaching programming编程教学lengthy a.冗长的，漫长的alter vi./vt.改变flaw n.缺点裂纹devclop vt.发达separate a.各别的recompile v.编译assist n.帮助cycle n.循环technician n.技师remove vt.移动，除去straight line直线category n.种类，类项rectangle n.长方形,矩形P-code p代码virtrally ad.事实上symology n.象征学象征的使用register n.寄存器to summaries总之，总而言之by convention按照惯例cyptic n.含义模糊的，隐藏的diamond-shaped a,菱形的bracket n.括号decision n判断obviate除去，排除terminal n. a终端机，终端的keyword n.关键字card reader阅读器underline vt.下划线translator program译程序monadic a. monad(单位)的Programming程序设计dec/binary n.二进制source language源语shift变化，转移，移位machine language机器overflow n.溢出machine instruction机器指令arithmetic n.算术，算法computer language计算机语composite symbol复合型符号．assembly language汇编语assignment n.赋值floating point number浮点数proliferation n.增服high-level language高级语pointer n.指针natural language自然语言array n.数组矩阵，source text源文本subscript n.下标intermediate language中间语言type conversion类型转换software development软件开发address arithmetic地址运算map vt.映射，计划denote vt.指示，表示maintenance cost维护费用subprogram n.子程序legibility n.易读性，易识别separate compilation分离式编泽amend vt.修正，改善alphabetic a.照字母次序的consumer n.消费者digit n.数字位数enormous a.巨大的，庞大的numeric expression数值表达式reliability n.可信赖性，可信度tap n.轻打，轻敲，选择safety n.安全，安全设备print zone打印区property n.财产，所有权column n.列correctness n.正确，functionality n.机能semicolon n.分号portable a.叮携带的，可搬运的survey n.概观．altoggle n.肘节开关task n.作，任务declaration n.宣告说明source program源程序mufti-dimension array多维数组object program目标程序数据库transaction n.交易，办理，执行query n.查询license n.执照，许可证，特许subschemas n.子模式criminal a.犯了罪的，有罪的individual n.个体，个人conviction n.定罪，信服，坚信employee n.职员，受雇人员bureaus n.局，办公处integrity n.完整，正直insurance n.保险，保险业，保险费duplicate a.复制的，二重的retrieval n.取回，恢复，修补interactive n.交谈式security n.安全，安全性audit n.查帐，稽核integrity n.完整，正直，廉正trail n.痕迹，踪迹consume Vt.消耗multiuse n.多用户manually ad.用手full-fledged a.喂养tedious a.沉闷的，冗长乏味的compound document复合文件DBMS数据库管理系统recognizant a.认识的，意识的consensus n一致，交感user manual用户手册semantics n.语义学bug n.缺陷，错误impediment n.妨碍，阻碍，阻止encrypt v.加密，译成密码intuitively a直觉的malicious a.环恶意的，恶毒的module n.模块，组件bottleneck n,瓶颈schema n.轮廓，概要，图解mainstream n主流proposal n建议spatial a.空间的，空间性的tailor Vi.定制，制作，缝制relevant a.有关联的，中肯的plausible a.似真实的，似合理的urgency n.紧急，催促virtually ad.事实上optimization n.最佳化impracticably ad.不能实validation n.确认flaw n.缺点，裂纹，瑕疵typically a.典型的，象征性的assumption n.假定，视为当然之事index n.索引Yi.做索引duration n.持续时间，为期component n.组件，成分intolerably ad.难耐的程度temporal n.当时的，现世的abort vi.流产，失败semantics n.语义学rigorous a.严厉的，严酷的，苛刻的interval n．时间间隔criterion n.标准，准据，轨范catalogue n.目录V.编入目录consistency n.一致性，坚固性，浓度cabinet n.橱柜，内阁adopt Vt.采用，收养illustration n.例证，插图serialization n.连载长篇efficient a有效率的，能干的log n.日志，记录clerical a.事务上的，抄写员的focus n.焦点，焦距access n.进入．进入twin n.双胞胎中人warehouse n.大商店．仓库protocol n.协议wholesale n.批发conflict n神突，矛盾chore n.零工，家务negotiate vi.商议，谈判，谈妥mode n.模式，模态drag vi.拖拉，拖累long-duration长期architects n.建筑师short-duration短期partition n.分割，隔离物ascend V.上升，追溯，登高．inherent a.固有的，与生俱来的descend vi.下降，传下necessitate Vt.迫使，使成为必需dimensional a.空间的versa a.反physical organization物理组织operator n.操作员硬件基础microelectronics n.微电子学adaptively a.适合的，适应的actuator n.主动器compensate偿还，补偿integrated a.集成的parasitic a.寄生的arithmetic n.算术,算法wobble n.摆动，不稳定crossroads n.交又路focal a.焦点的，在焦点上的ROM n.只读存储器eliminate Vt.排除，除去RAM n.随机存取存储器cornstalk n.串音permanently ad.永久的，不变的affinity n.密切关系，强烈的吸引Volatile a.可变的，不稳定的stem n．柄，堵塞物notepad n.记事本introspection n.内省，反省microprocessor n.微处理器mechanism n.机械，机理gateway n.门，通路portability n.一携带，轻便coprocessor n.协处理器configuration n.配置floating-point浮点flexibility n.适应性，弹性upgrade V.使升级algorithms n.运算法则optional a.选择的，随意的channel n．通道，频道bi-directional a.双向性keystroke n.键击simultaneous a.同时发生的typematic a.重复击键的cache n.高速缓冲存储器comprise Vi.包含，构成percentage n.百分比,部分precommendation n.预补偿controller n.控制器track n.磁轨intercept n.截取，妨碍boot v.启动significantly ad.重要地，有效地benchmark n.基准，评效migration n.移往，移动merit n.优点，价值compact a.紧凑的，紧密的restriction n.限制，限定，约束digitally n.数位intrinsic a.本质的，原有的dip n.双排直插封装Boolean n.布尔逻辑，布尔值distortion n.扭曲，变形imperative a.命令式的playback n.重现，录音再生nontrivial a.不平常的robustness a.健康的，强健的circumvent v.绕行，陷害reliability n.可靠性，可信赖性decentralize vt.使分散，排除集中resolvability n.可移动性intelligent a.智能的，聪明的counterpart n.副本，配对物automatically a.自动地，机械地archival a.关于档案的innovation n.改革，创新magneto n.磁发电机synonym n.同义字cylinder n.柱面prototype n.原型photodetector n.光感测器paradigm n.范例，模范predefined n.预先确定microchip n.微处理器split a.分散的core n.争论的核心tradeoff n.交换，协定extended memory扩充内存bootdevice引导设备picture processing图像处理reside vi.住，居留，属于sensor n.传感器optical disk光盘WS1晶片规模集成laser n.激光VLSI超大规模集成storage densities存储密度hiss n.嘶嘶声modulate vi.调整，调制unveil vt.揭开,揭幕multiassociative processing多关联处理技术workload n.工作负荷操作系统与DOS指令storage space存储空间Timer n.计时器subdirectory n.子目录Available a.可用的structure n.结构characteristic n.特征,特性hierarchical a.分层的Sophistication n.复杂性issue vt.发行，放出Standard n.标准backslash n.反斜杠Online n.联机the root directory根目录Job Management 作业管理perform vt.执行Sequence n.次序conjunction n.联合Assess vt.评估procedure n.过程Resource Management资源管理tree n.目录树Oversee vt.监督term n.术语Control of I/0 Operation I/0 操作控制startup vi.启动Allocation n. 分配TSRs内存驻留程序Undergo vt.经历，经受locate vt.定位Error Recovery错误恢复sector n.扇区Memory Management存储器管理partition n.分区interface n.界面booting n.自举streamlined a.流线型的cluster n.簇unleash vt.释放CMOS互补金属氧化物体unhamperer vt.解脱emergency disk应急磁盘spreadsheet n.电子表格partition table分区表Accessory n.附件FAT文件分配表Notepad n.记事薄GUI图形用户接口Macro Recorder n.宏记录器command line命令行Write n.书写器icon n.图标Paint-brush n.画笔manual n.手册modem n.调制解调器dialog boxes对话框Solitaire n.接龙mechanism n.机构，机械，结丰Reverse n.挖地雷clipboard n.剪贴板module n.模块DDE动态数据交换acronym n.缩写字clumsy a.笨拙的version n.版本hot linked映射的update vt.洲一级，更新real-mode n.实模式internal command 内部命令standard mode标准模式external command外部命令directory n.目录Pentium n.俗称586，奔腾芯片sign-on a.提示framework n.框架，结构extension name扩展名precedence n.优先document n.文档uppercase letter大写字母workspace n.工作lowercase letter小写字母File Manager文件管理volume label卷标menu n.菜单prompt n.提示符Program Manager程序管理器default n.缺省值，默认值folder n.卷宗symbol n.符号divider n.分配者cursor n.光标subdivide n.子分配者built-in a.内置的tutorial n.教程。

FFT 滤波器FFT filtersVGA 调色板和许多其他参数VGA palette and many others 按名称排序sort by name包括角度和刻度including angle and scale保持目标keep targets保存save保存和装载save and load饱和度saturation饱和加法和减法add and subtract with saturate背景淡化background flatten背景发现find background边缘和条纹测量Edge and Stripe/Measurement边缘和条纹的提取find edge and stripe编辑Edit编辑edit编辑或删除相关区域edit or delete relative region编码Code编码条Coda Bar变换forward or reverse fast Fourier transformation变量和自定义的行为variables and custom actions变量检测examine variables变形warping变形系数warping coefficients标题tile标注和影响区域label and zone of influence标准normal标准偏差standard deviation表面弯曲convex并入图像merge to image采集栏digitizer bar采集类型grab type菜单形式menu item参数Preferences参数轴和角度reference axis and angle测量measurement测量方法提取extract measurements from测量结果显示和统计display measurement results and statistics测量转换transfer to measurement插入Insert插入条件检查Insert condition checks查找最大值find extreme maximum长度length超过50 个不同特征的计算calculate over 50 different features area 撤销次数number of undo levels乘multiply尺寸size处理Processing处理/采集图像到一个新的窗口processed/grabbed image into new window 窗口window窗口监视watch window窗位window leveling创建create垂直边沿vertical edge从表格新建new from grid从工具条按钮from toolbar button从用户窗口融合merge from user form粗糙roughness错误纠正error correction错误匹配fit error打开open打开近期的文件或脚本open recent file or script打印print打印设置print setup打印预览print preview大小和日期size and date带通band pass带有调色板的8- bit带有动态预览的直方图和x, y 线曲线椭圆轮廓histogram and x, y line curve ellipse profiles with dynamic preview带阻band reject代码类型code type单步single step单一simple单帧采集snap shot导入VB等等etc.低通low pass第一帧first点point调色板预览palette viewer调试方式debug mode调用外部的DLL调整大小resize调整轮廓滤波器的平滑度和轮廓的最小域值adjust smoothness of contour filter and minimum threshold for contours定点除fixed point divide定位精度positional accuracy定义一个包含有不相关的不一致的或无特征区域的模板define model including mask for irrelevant inconsistent or featureless areas定制制定-配置菜单Customize - configure menus动态预览with dynamic preview读出或产生一个条形或矩阵码read or generate bar and matrix codes读取和查验特征字符串erify character strings断点break points对比度contrast对比度拉伸contrast stretch对称symmetry对模板应用“不关心的”像素标注apply don't care pixel mask to model 多边形polygon二进制binary二进制分离separate binary二值和灰度binary and grayscale翻转reverse返回return放大或缩小7 个级别zoom in or out 7 levels分类结果sort results分水岭Watershed分析Analysis分组视图view components浮点float腐蚀erode复合视图view composite复合输入combined with input复制duplicate复制duplicateselect all傅立叶变换Fourier transform改变热点值change hotspot values感兴趣区域ROI高级几何学Advanced geometry高通high pass格式栏formatbar更改默认的搜索参数modify default search parameters 工具Utilities工具栏toolbar工具属性tool properties工具条toolbar工作区workspace bar共享轮廓shared contours构件build构造表格construct grid关闭close和/或and/or和逆FFT画图工具drawing tools缓存buffer换算convert灰度grayscale恢复目标restore targets回放playback绘图连结connect map获得/装载标注make/load mask获取选定粒子draw selected blobs或从一个相关区域创建一个ROI or create an ROI from a relative region基线score基于校准映射的畸变校正distortion correction based on calibration mapping 极性polarity极坐标转换polar coordinate transformation几何学Geometry记录record加粗thick加法add间隔spacing间距distance兼容compatible简洁compactness剪切cut减法subtract减小缩进outdent交互式的定义字体参数包括搜索限制ine font parameters including search constraints 脚本栏script bar角度angle角度和缩放范围angle and scale range接收和确定域值acceptance and certainty thresholds结果栏result bar解开目标unlock targets精确度和时间间隔accuracy and timeout interval矩形rectangle矩形rectangular绝对差分absolute difference绝对值absolute value均匀uniform均值average拷贝copy拷贝序列copy sequence可接收的域值acceptance threshold克隆clone控制control控制controls快捷健shortcut key宽度breadth宽度width拉普拉斯Laplacians拉伸elongation蓝blue类型type粒子blob粒子标注label blobs粒子分离segment blobs粒子内的孔数目number of holes in a blob 亮度brightness亮度luminance另存为save as滤波器filters绿green轮廓profile overlay轮廓极性contour polarity逻辑运算logical operations面积area模板编辑edit model模板覆盖model coverage模板和目标覆盖model and target coverage 模板索引model index模板探测器Model Finder模板位置和角度model position and angle 模板中心model center模糊mask模块import VB module模块modules模式匹配Pattern matching默认案例default cases目标Targets目标分离separate objects目标评价target score欧拉数Euler number盆basins膨胀dilate匹配率match scores匹配数目number of matches平方和sum of the squares平滑smooth平均average平均averaged平均值mean平移translation前景色foreground color清除缓冲区为一个恒量clear buffer to a constant清除特定部分delete special区域增长region-growing ROI取反negate全部删除delete all缺省填充和相连粒子分离fill holes and separate touching blobs任意指定位置的中心矩和二阶矩central and ordinary moments of any order location: X, Y 锐化sharpen三维视图view 3D色度hue删除delete删除帧delete frame设置settings设置相机类型enable digitizer camera type设置要点set main示例demos事件发现数量number of occurrences事件数目number of occurrences视图View收藏collectionDICOM手动manually手绘曲线freehand输出选项output options输出选择结果export selected results输入通道input channel属性页properties page数据矩阵DataMatrix数字化设置Digitizer settings双缓存double buffer双域值two-level水平边沿horizontal edge搜索find搜索和其他应用Windows Finder and other applications 搜索角度search angle搜索结果search results搜索区域search area搜索区域search region搜索速度search speed速度speed算法arithmetic缩放scaling缩放和偏移scale and offset锁定目标lock destination锁定实时图像处理效果预览lock live preview of processing effects on images 锁定预览Lock preview锁定源lock source特定角度at specific angle特定匹配操作hit or miss梯度rank替换replace添加噪声add noise条带直径ferret diameter停止stop停止采集halt grab同步synchronize同步通道sync channel统计Statistics图像Image图像大小image size图像拷贝copy image图像属性image properties图形graph退出exit椭圆ellipse椭圆ellipses外形shape伪彩pseudo-color位置position文本查看view as text文件File文件MIL MFO font file文件load and save as MIL MMF files文件load and save models as MIL MMO files OCR文件中的函数make calls to functions in external DLL files文件转换器file converterActiveMIL Builder ActiveMIL Builder 无符号抽取部分Extract band -细化thin下一帧next显示表现字体的灰度级ayscale representations of fonts显示代码show code线line线lines相对起点relative origin像素总数sum of all pixels向前或向后移动Move to front or back向上或向下up or down校准Calibration校准calibrate新的/感兴趣区域粘贴paste into New/ROI新建new信息/ 图形层DICOM information/overlay形态morphology行为actions修改modify修改路径modify paths修改搜索参数modify default search parameters 序列采集sequence旋转rotation旋转模板rotate model选择select选择selector循环loops移动move移动shift应用过滤器和分类器apply filters and classifiers 影响区域zone of influence映射mapping用户定义user defined用基于变化上的控制实时预览分水岭转化结果阻止过分切割live preview of resulting watershed transformations with control over variation to prevent over segmentation用某个值填充fill with value优化和编辑调色板palette optimization/editor有条件的conditional域值threshold预处理模板优化搜索速度循环全部扫描preprocess model to optimize search speed circular over-scan预览previous元件数目和开始（自动或手动）number of cells and threshold auto or manual元件最小／最大尺寸cell size min/max源source允许的匹配错误率和加权fit error and weight运行run在目标中匹配数目number of modelmatches in target暂停pause增大缩进indent整数除integer divide正FFT正常连续continuous normal支持象征学supported symbologies: BC 412直方图均衡histogram equalization执行execute执行外部程序和自动完成VBA only execute external programs and perform Automation VBA only指定specify指数exponential Rayleigh中值median重复repeat重建reconstruct重建和修改字体restore and modify fonts重新操作redo重心center of gravity周长perimeter注释annotations转换Convert转换convert装载load装载和保存模板为MIL MMO装载和另存为MIL MFO装载和另存为MIL MMF状态栏status bar资源管理器拖放图像drag-and-drop images from Windows ExplorerWindows自动或手动automatic or manual自动或手动模板创建automatic or manual model creation字符产大小string size字符串string字体font最大maximum最大化maximum最大数maxima最后一帧last frame最小minimum最小化minimum最小间隔标准minimum separation criteria最小数minima坐标盒的范围bounding box coordinates图像数据操作Image data manipulation内存分配与释放allocation release图像复制copying设定和转换setting and conversion图像/视频的输入输出Image and video I/O支持文件或摄像头的输入file and camera based input图像/视频文件的输出image/video file output矩阵/向量数据操作及线性代数运算Matrix and vector manipulation and linear algebra routines 矩阵乘积products矩阵方程求解solvers特征值eigenvalues奇异值分解SVD支持多种动态数据结构Various dynamic data structures 链表lists队列queues数据集sets树trees图graphs基本图像处理Basic image processing去噪filtering边缘检测edge detection角点检测corner detection采样与插值sampling and interpolation色彩变换color conversion形态学处理morphological operations直方图histograms图像金字塔结构image pyramids结构分析Structural analysis连通域/分支connected components轮廓处理contour processing距离转换distance transform图像矩various moments模板匹配template matching霍夫变换Hough transform多项式逼近polygonal approximation曲线拟合line fitting椭圆拟合ellipse fitting狄劳尼三角化Delaunay triangulation摄像头定标Camera calibration寻找和跟踪定标模式finding and tracking calibration patterns 参数定标calibration,基本矩阵估计fundamental matrix estimation单应矩阵估计homography estimation立体视觉匹配stereo correspondence）运动分析Motion analysis光流optical flow动作分割motion segmentation目标跟踪tracking目标识别Object recognition特征方法eigen-methodsHMM模型HMM基本的GUI Basic GUI显示图像/视频display image/video键盘/鼠标操作keyboard and mouse handling滑动条scroll-bars图像标注Image labeling直线line曲线conic多边形polygon、文本标注text drawing梯度方向gradient directions系数coefficient空间频率spatial frequencies串级过滤cascade filtering卷积运算convolution operation有限差分近似the finite difference approximation 对数刻度logarithmic scale仿射参数affine parameters斑点Blob差距disparityAlgebraic operation 代数运算；一种图像处理运算，包括两幅图像对应像素的和、差、积、商。

Chapter 1Geomatics 测绘学Surveying 测量学Geodesy 测地学Geosciences 地球科学Surveying and mapping 测绘学Surveying and mapping engineering 测绘工程Geoinformatics 地理信息学Geodetic network 大地控制网Land Surveyor 土地测量员Photogrammetriest 摄影测量员Practitioner 从业者Topographic map 地形图Geographic information system 地理信息系统Aerial photogrammetry 航空摄影测量学Remote sensing 遥感Cartography 地图制图学Computer graphics 计算机图形学Global navigation satellite system GNSS Global position system GPS Environmental visualization 环境可视化Geographic information system GIS Geographic referenced information 地理参考信息Landforms 地形Underground geological structure 地下地质构造Hydrology 水文学Mineral resources 矿产资源Topographic maps 地形图Geodynamic phenomena 地球动力学现象Polar motion 极移Crustal motion 地壳运动Earth tides 地球潮汐Sphere 球（体）Spheroid 球体Ellipse 椭圆Ellipsoid 椭圆体，椭球Surveying station 测站Geodetic control points 大地控制点With permanent monuments 永久标志Curved surface 曲面Straight line 直线Plane 平面Precise instrument 精密仪器Reference coordinat e 参考坐标Contour maps 等值线图Three dimensional model 三维模型Analog or digital forms 模拟或数字形式Specialized illustration software专业插图软件Data acquisition 数据获取Data representation 数据表达Manipulate 处理，操作Data storage 数据存储Data preprocessing 数据预处理Longitude latitude altitude 经度、纬度、高度Regional navigation system 地区导航系统Analog photogrammetry 模拟摄影测量Analytical photogrammetry 解析摄影测量Digital photogrammetry 数字摄影测量Plotter 绘图机Passive remote sensing/active remote sensing Film photography 胶片Infrared sensors 红外感应Charge coupled devices 电荷耦合器件Radiometer 辐射计Backscattered 反向散射Passive/active sensor/reflector 被动/主动传感器/反射器Henan polytechnic universityGeographic data 地理数据Reference spheroid 参考椭球体Curved surface 曲面Analogy form 模拟模式Radio signal 无线信号Laser 激光Chapter 2Analog forms 模拟形式Paper plan 平面图Report table 报告表Three dimensional mathematical model 三维数学模型Horizontal and vertical distances 水平距离和垂直距离Determining Elevations 确定高程Direction 方向Location 位置V olume 体积（量）Portray graphically生动描绘Profile/cross section 侧面/横断面Longitudinal section 纵剖面Diagram 图表/示意图Optical theodolite 光学经纬仪Digital level 数字水准仪Electronic Distance Measurement (EDM) Total station 全站仪Aerial photogrammetry 航空摄影Satellite observation 卫星观测Inertial surveying 惯性测量Laser ranging techniques 激光测距技术Large volume of data 大量数据Rigorous processing 严密加工工艺Field/office work 野外/室内工作Conventional construction engineering projects 传统建设工程项目Property surveying 权属调查Geology 地质学geophysics地球物理biology生物agriculture 农业forestry 林业hydrology 水文oceanography 海洋学Geography地理学Distance measurement 距离测量Linear 线性物non-Spherical earth 球面地Slant 倾斜Tape 卷尺Telescope view望远镜视场electro-optical distance measuring 光电测距Earth gravity field 地球重力场Plume lines 铅垂线plastic tapes 塑料尺Poly tapes 塑料尺Steel types 钢尺Marking pole 花杆marking pin 测杆spring balance 弹簧秤Collimation axis 视准轴plumb bob 铅锤Invar tapes 因瓦尺Coefficient 系数Metric units 米制单位Foot units 英制单位Metric 公制，米制Meter 米Decimeter 分米Centimeter 厘米Minimeter 毫米Kilometer 千米Tacheometry 视距测量Theodolite tacheometryoptical resolutionOrdinary taping 普通丈量Precise taping 精密丈量Thermal expansion 热膨胀fixed-angle intercept截取一个固定角stadia interval factorstadia system 视距系统level rod 水准尺Plane table 平板仪line of sight 视线horizontal stadia principle 水平视距原理stadia interval 视距间隔factor 常数stadia hairs 视距丝Principle focus 主焦点detail surveys 碎步测量topographic surveys 地形测量Leveling 水准测量electronic distance measurement 电子测距仪Geodimeter Inc光电测距仪公司terrain conditions 地形条件Radio waves 无线电波Identical velocities 相同速度Light velocity 光速Vacuum 真空operational range 测距Microwave systems 微波系统Light wave systems 光波系统Infrared systems 红外系统Wavelength band 波段Transmitted signals 传播信号airborne particles 浮尘Traversing 导线测量Precise taping 精密丈量Curvature 曲率Mean sea level MSLPermanent points/benchmarks 基准参照Trigonometric or indirect leveling 三角高程测量direct or spirit leveling 水准测量stadia leveling 视距测量different leveling 差分水准Point in question 待求点self-reducing tacheometer 自降速测仪Barometric leveling 气压高程测量Gravimetric leveling 重力高程测量mutually perpendicular axesStandard deviations 标准差earth curvature and refractionAnnexed leveling line 附和水准路线spur leveling line 支水准路线closed leveling line 闭合水准路线preclude 排除slope distance 斜距vertical angle 竖直角Zenith angle 天顶角National vertical datum 国家高程基准theodolite 经纬仪transitangles of elevation 仰角minus angles angles of depression 俯角down angles reciprocal vertical angle observation 垂直角对测degree minute second 度分秒the sexagesimal system 六十进制系统radian 弧度topographic detail points 地形碎部点points to be set out 待放样点clinometer 测角仪/倾斜仪sextant 六分仪compass 罗盘true meridian direction 真子午线方向true north direction 正北方向meridian plane 子午面gyro theodolite 陀螺经纬仪magnetic meridian direction 磁北方向azimuths 方位角coordinate north direction 坐标北方向coordinate axies directionclockwise direction 顺时针方向counterclockwise direction 逆时针方向bearing/orientation 方位、方向quadrant 象限horizontal circle 水平度盘circular protractors 圆形量角器geometric conditions 几何条件astronomic 天文学的，极大的magnetic poles 磁极gauss coordinate system 高斯坐标系coordinate azimuth 坐标方位角meridian 子午圈/线azimuthal projection 方位角投影commencing on 开始face left 盘左bisected bisect 一分为二binary 二进制的horizontal scale 水平度盘比例尺upper plate clamp 上盘制动夹subtract 减法，扣除arbitrary points 任意点primary control 一级控制triangulation 三角法trilateration 三边法intersection 交会法resection 后方交会traversing 导线测量trigonometric proposition 三角定理law of sines 正弦定理law of cosines 余弦定理forward intersection 前方交会side intersection 侧方交会steel tapes 钢尺hydrographic surveyspur/stub traverse 支导线geometric closure 几何形状闭合connection/annexed traverse 附合导线Closed traverse 闭合导线Normal calculation 坐标正算inverse calculation 坐标反算Stadia hair 视距丝Cross hair 十字丝Pulse method 脉冲法Phase different method 相差法Modulated light beam 调制光束Dividing scale tape 刻线尺Reflect 反射disperse散射radiate 辐射Refract折射diffract 衍射diffuse漫射Compensator 补偿器Ralative precision 相对精度Absolute precision 绝对精度Horizontal distance 水平距离Benchmark 水准基准点Alidade 照准部Automatic level 自动安平水准仪Nominal factor 名义因子Construction maps 施工图Air density 空气密度Horizontal braking screw 水平制动螺旋Charpter 3plane trigonometry 平面三角orthogonal projection 正射投影reference ellipsoid 参考椭球面geoid 大地水准面landmass 陆地equipotential surface 等势面theoretical surface 理论面perpendicular 垂直gravity potential 重力势planimetric position 平面位置orthometric heights 正高Geodetic height 大地高semi-major axis 长半径minor axis 短轴plumb bob line 垂线spirit bubble 水准泡horizontalized 使整平flattening 扁率ellipsoidal/geodetic distance 大地距best fitting 最佳拟合global geocentric ellipsoid 全球地心参考系geodetic reference system 1980 大地测量参考系portrary 描绘conformality 正形性at expense of 以牺牲—为代价Arbitrary projection 任意投影Equidistant projection 等距投影Easel plane 承影面Cylindrical projection 圆柱投影Conic projection 圆锥投影Azimuthal/planar projection 方位投影Normal/regular axis tangent conic projection 正轴切圆锥投影Normal/regular axis secant conic projection 正轴割圆锥投影Tangent planar projectionNormal axis tangent planar projection正轴切面投影Transverse axis tangent planar projection横轴切面投影Oblique axis tangent planar projection斜轴切面投影Graticule of normal conic projection正轴圆锥投影格网Cylinder 圆柱体Gauss kruger projection=conformal（equal angle）transverse tangent elliptic cylindrical projectionUniversal transverse mercator UTMRules of thumb 经验法则Geodetic datum 大地测量基准World geodetic system 84Standard parallels 标准纬线Meridian 子午线，子午圈，经线Mass anomaly质量异常Geodetic latitude 大地维度Geodetic longitude 大地经度Translation parameter 平移参数Rotation parameter 旋转参数Scale parameter 尺度参数Rotation axis 旋转轴Backsight 后视Leveling rod reading 水准尺读数Height difference 高差Notional leveling origin 国家水准原点Coordinate conversion 坐标转换Smooth surface 光滑表面Normal calculation 正算Normal line 法线Survey specification 测量规范Dimension of the ellipsoid 椭圆的尺寸Chapter 4Direct measurement 直接测量Geometric formulas 几何公式Three broad categories 三大范畴Blunders/mistakes=gross errors Systematic errors 系统误差Magnitude 量级Algebraic sign 代数符号Calibration 校准，标准化Random errors 随机误差Gaussian distribution 高斯分布Law of probability 概率Most probable value 最或然值Points of inflexion 拐点Square root 平方根Probability density function 概率密度函数Normal error distribution curve 正态分布曲线Normal random variable 正态随机变量Frequency histogram 频率直方图Standard deviation 标准差Arithmetic mean 算术平均值Error propagation 误差传播Partial derivative 偏导数Mean square error 中误差Least squares adjustment 最小二乘平差Superfluous measurement 多余测量Instrumental error 仪器误差Redundant measurement 冗余误差Optimal combination 最优组合Matrix/array 矩阵Functional model 函数模型Stochastic model 随机模型Statistical properties 统计特性Variance/covariance matrix 方差/协方差矩阵Weighting matrix 权阵Weihted adjustment 加权平差Conditional adjustment 条件平差Parametric adjustment 参数平差Algebraic sum 代数和Geometric check 几何检核Chapter 5Cartography 地图制图学Map compilation 地图编制Map decoration 地图整饰Contour map 等高/值线图Neat line 图表边线Coordinate gratitude/grid 坐标网格Inset 嵌图Bar scale 图解比例尺Thematic map 专题图Topographic map 地形图topological map 拓扑地图Electronic map 电子地图Analytic stereo plotter 解析立体绘图仪Data visualization 数据可视化Image processing 图像处理Spatial analysis 空间分析Specialized illustration software 专门插图软件Laser rangefinders 激光测距仪Computer aided design CAD 计算机辅助设计VectorRasterGeometrical principles 几何原理Geospatial information 地理空间信息Zoom in 放大out 缩小Graphic scale bar 图解比例尺Map page space 图面空间C++ application programming interface API Chapter 6Global navigation satellite system GNSS Global position system GPSOrbital plane 轨道平面Orbital altitude 轨道高度Medium earth orbit /MEO 中地球轨道Carrier wave 载波Absolute positioning 绝对定位Relative positioning 相对定位Static positioning 静态定位Dynamic positioning 动态定位Base station 基站Real time kinematic RTK 实时动态定位Antenna 天线Post processing 后处理Ground based transmitter 地面发射机Geostationary orbit 对地静止轨道GPS receiver GPS接收机Monitor station 监控站Mobile /Roving station 流动站Differential GPSChapter 7Remote sensing RSElectronic scanning 电子扫描Multi-spectral 多光谱Multispectral scanner 多光谱扫描仪Hyper-spectral 高光谱Ultraviolet 紫外线Near-infrared 近红外Active microwavePassive microwaveThermal infrared 热红外Aerial camera 航空摄影机Spectroradiometers 光谱辐射计Side look airborne radar 机载侧视雷达Airborne platform 机载平台Aerial platform 航空平台Space borne platform 太空平台Map revision 地图修订space shuttle 航天飞机Electromagnetic energy 电磁能Image interpretation 图像解译radiation budget equation 辐射传输方程Radiant flux 辐射通量Spectral reflectance characteristics 光谱反射特性Photogrammetry 摄影测量学Hemisphere 半球Homogeneous region 同特性区High resolution 高分辨率Image rectification 图像矫正Image restoration 图像修复Geometric registration 几何配准Resampling 重采样Atmosphere scattering 大气散射Noise elimination 噪声消除Image enhancement 图像增强Image classification 图像分类Data merging 数据归并Discriminant function 判别函数Feature extraction 特征提取Data integration 数据集成Principle components analysis 主成分分析Image processing algorithms Linear array 线阵排列Pixel size 像元尺寸Analogue signal 模拟信号Multipath efforts 多路径效应Field of view 视场Sythetic aperture radar SAR Geometric distortion 几何变形Multi temporal 多时相Chapter 8Geographic information system GIS Agricultural rehabilitation 农地复耕Land inventory 土地普查Marginal landsData manipulation 数据操作Archives 档案文件Repositories 库Data format conversion 数据格式转换Virtual reality VRHuman computer interaction technology人机交互技术Artificial intelligence 人工智能Computer simulation technology 计算机仿真技术Network parallel processing technology网络并行处理技术3D terrain model 三维地形模型OrthophotosMunicipal facilities 市政工程设施Urban architecture 城市建筑Dataset 数据集Geographic entry 地理实体Digital lineData generalization 数据概化Relief map 地势图Digital terrain model 数字地面模型Digital elevation model 数字高程模型Solid model 实体模型。

01 总类01.001 测绘学surveying and mapping, SM01.002 中华人民共和国测绘法Law of Surveying and Mapping of the People's Republic of China01.003 测绘标准standards of surveying and mapping01.004 测量规范specifications of surveys01.005 地形图图式topographic map symbols01.006 大地测量学geodesy01.007 地球形状earth shape, figure of the earth01.008 重力基准网gravity standard network01.009 重力场gravity field01.010 地心坐标系geocentric coordinate system01.011 地球椭球earth ellipsoid01.012 大地原点geodetic origin01.013 水准原点leveling origin01.014测量标志survey mark01.015 测量觇标observation target01.016 高程基准height datum01.017 1954年北京坐标系Beijing geodetic coordinate system195401.018高程系统height system01.019平均海[体]面mean sea level01.020黄海平均海[水]面Huanghai mean sea level01.021海拔height above sea level01.022海军导航卫星系统Navy Navigation Satellite System，NNSS01.023 NA VSTAR全球定位系统NA VSTAR Global Positioning System，NA VSTAR GPS 01.024惯性测量系统inertial surveying system，ISS01.025摄影测量与遥感学photogrammetry and remote sensing01.026航空摄影测量aerophotogrammetry, aerial photogrammetry01.027航天摄影测量（又称“太空摄影测量”）space photogrammetry01.028非地形摄影测量non-topographic photogrammetry01.029水下摄影测量underwater photogrammetry01.030航空航天摄影aero—space photogrammetry01.031航空遥感aerial remote sensing01.032航天遥感space remote sensing01.033图像image01.034影像image, imagery01.035图形Graphics01.036判读（又称“判释”、“解译”）interpretation01.037模拟摄影测量analog photogrammetry01.038解析摄影测量analytical photogrammetry, numerical photogrammetry01.039 数字摄影测量digital photogrammetry01.040数字地图模型（又称“数值地型”）digital terrain model, DTM01.041遥感图象处理image processing of remote sensing01.042遥感模式识别pattern recognition of remote sensing01.043地图制图学（又称“地图学”）cartography01.044地理坐标网geographic graticule01.045经纬网fictitious graticule01.046方里网kilometer grid01.047邻带方里网grid of neighboring zone01.048坐标格网coordinate grid01.049地理坐标参考系geographical reference system，GEOREF01.050地图map01.051地形图topographic map01.052平面图plan01.053普通地图general map01.054专题地图thematic map01.055地图集atlas01.056地球仪globe01.057地图规范map specifications01.058地图生产map production01.059地图投影map projection01.060地图编制（又称“编图”）map compilation01.061地图复制map reproduction01.062地图印刷map printing01.063地图利用map use01.064地图量算cartometry01.065机助地图制图computer-aided cartography，computer-assisted cartography, CAC 01.066自动化制图automatic cartography01.067自动绘图automatic plotting01.068图形显示graphic display01.069遥感制图remote sensing mapping01.070地名学toponomastics, toponymy01.071地名geographical name, place name01.072工程测量学engineering surveying01.073比例尺scale01.074基本比例尺basic scale01.075等高线contour01.076等高距contour interval01.077测量平差survey adjustment，adjustment of observations01.078精度估计precision estimation01.079精［密］度precision01.080准确度accuracy01.081偶然误差accident error01.082系统误差systematic error01.083粗差gross error01.084常差constant error01.085多余观测redundant observation01.086闭合差closing error, closure01.087限差tolerance01.088相对误差relative error01.089绝对误差absolute error01.090中误差mean square error01.091误差椭圆error ellipse01.092边长中误差mean square error of side length01.093测角中误差mean square error of angle observation01.094方位角中误差mean square error of azimuth01.095坐标中误差mean square error of coordinate01.096点位中误差mean square error of a point01.097高程中误差mean square error of height01.098国土基础信息系统land base information system01.099大地控制数据库geodetic data base01.100重力数据库gravimetric data base01.101地形数据库topographic data base01.102地理信息系统geographical information system，GIS01.103地图数据库map data base01.104地图数据库管理系统cartographic data base management system01.105地名数据库place-name data base01.106地籍信息系统cadastral information system01.107土地信息系统land information system，LIS01.108制图专家系统cartographic expert system01.109海洋测绘hydrographic surveying and charting01.110测绘仪器instrument of surveying and mapping01.111大地测量仪器geodetic instrument01.112测距仪distance measuring instrument，rangefinder01.113重力仪gravimeter01.114定位系统positioning system01.115摄影测量仪器photogrammetric instrument01.116立体测图仪stereoplotter01.117数字摄影测量工作站digital photogrammetric station01.118全数字化自测图系统full digital automatic mapping system01.119图形输入设备graphic input unit01.120图形输出设备graphic output unit01.121中国测绘学会Chinese Society of Surveying and Mapping，CSSM01.122国际测绘联合会International Union of Surveying and Mapping，IUSM01.123国际测量师联合会Federation Internationale des Geometres，FIG（法语）01.124国际大地测量学与地球物理学International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics，IUGG01.125国际大地测量学协会International Association of Geodesy IAG01.126国际摄影测量与遥感学会International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing，ISPRS01.127国际地图学协会International Cartographic Association，ICA01.128 国际海道测量组织International Hydrography Organization, IHO02 大地测量学02.001大地测量geodetic surveying02.002几何大地测量学geometric geodesy02.003椭球面大地测量学ellipsoidal geodesy02.004大地天文学geodetic astronomy02.005物理大地测量学(又称“大地重力学”) physical geodesy02.006空间大地测量学space geodesy02.007卫星大地测量学satellite geodesy02.008动力大地测量学dynamic geodesy02.009海洋大地测量学marine geodesy02.010月面测量学lunar geodesy，selenodesy02.011行星测量学planetary geodesy02.012天文大地网(又称“国家大地网”)astro--geodetic network02.013参考椭球reference ellipsoid02.014贝塞尔椭球Bessel ellipsoid02.015海福德椭球Hayford ellipsoid02.016克拉索夫斯基椭球Krasovsky ellipsoid02.017参考椭球定位orientation of reference ellipsoid02.018大地基准geodetic datum02.019大地坐标系geodetic coordinate system02.020弧度测量arc measurement02.021拉普拉斯方位角Laplace azimuth02.022拉普拉斯点Laplace point02.023三角测量triangulation02.024三角点triangulation point02.025三角锁triangulation chain02.026三角网triangulation network02.027图形权倒数weight reciprocal of figure02.028菲列罗公式Ferreros formula02.029施赖伯全组合测角法Schreiber method in all combinations 02.030方向观测法method of direction observation，method by series 02.031测回observation set02.032归心元素elements of centering02.033归心改正correction for centering02.034水平折光差(又称“旁折光差”) h orizontal refraction error02.035基线测量base measurement02.036基线baseline02.037基线网base network02.038精密导线测量precise traversing02.039三角高程测量trigonometric leveling02.040三角高程网trigonometric leveling network02.041铅垂线plumb line02.042天顶距zenith distance02.043高度角elevation angle，altitude angle02.044垂直折光差vertical refraction error02.045垂直折光系数vertical refraction coefficient02.046国家水准网national leveling network02.047精密水准测量Precise leveling02.048水准面level surface02.049高程height02.050正高orthometric height02.051正常高normal height02.052力高dynamic height02.053地球位数geopotential number02.054水准点benchmark02.055水准路线leveling line02.056跨河水准测量river－crossing leveling02.057椭球长半径major radius of ellipsoid02.058椭球扁率flattening of ellipsoid02.059椭球偏心率eccentricity of ellipsoid02.060子午面meridian plane02.061子午圈meridian02.062卯酉圈prime vertical02.063平行圈parallel circle02.064法截面normal section02.065子午圈曲率半径radius of curvature in meridian02.066卯酉圈曲率半径radius of curvature in prime vertical02.067平均曲率半径mean radius of curvature02.068大地线geodesic02.069大地线微分方程differential equation of geodesic02.070大地坐标geodetic coordinate02.071大地经度geodetic longitude02.072大地纬度geodetic latitude02.073大地高geodetic height，ellipsoidal height02.074大地方位角geodetic azimuth02.075天文大地垂线偏差astro—geodetic deflection of the vertical02.076垂线偏差改正correction for deflection of the vertical02.077标高差改正correction for skew normals02.078截面差改正correction from normal section to geodetic02.079大地主题正解direct solution of geodetic problem02.080大地主题反解inverse solution of geodetic problem02.081高斯中纬度公式Gauss mid—latitude formula02.082贝塞尔大地主题解算公式Bessel formula for solution of geodetic problem 02.083高斯一克吕格投影Gauss－Kruger projection又称“高斯投影”。

大家背一下这些单词和句型，对考试也许有帮助的！！！！！UNIT ONE Introduction to ComputersText 1 The Computer System一． Vocabulary(词汇):device：装置cable：电缆instruction：指令terminal：终端hardware：硬件software：软件input：输入output：输出central processing unit(CPU)：中央处理器processor：处理器integrated circuits(IC)：集成电路printed circuit board：印刷电路板memory：存储器application program：应用程序programming language processor：计算机程序语言处理器operating system：操作系统resource：资源utilities(utility programs)：实用程序二． Important sentences(重点句):1．A computer system includes both hardware and software.2．A basic organization of a computer hardware system consists of an input device, an output device, memory and a Central Processing Unit (CPU). 3．Software products may be divided into four basic types: application programs, programming language processors, operating systems, and system utilities.4．Application programs allow you to perform such tasks as solving statistical problems, keeping your company's account books or playing a computer game.5．Programming language processors are programs that support the use of a computer language on a computer system.6．Operating systems are control programs that manage hardware and software resources and enable you to run application programs.7．System utilities are special programs that enhance the usefulness and capabilities of a computer.三． Exercises(练习及参考答案):1．Translate the following words and expressions into English.(1)硬件：hardware(2)软件：software(3)集成电路：integrated circuits(IC)(4)中央处理器：central processing unit(CPU)(5)应用软件：application software(6)应用程序：application program2．Translate the following screen messages into Chinese.(1)、(2)、(3).3．Translate the following Windows 95 and DOS7.0 screen messages into Chinese:(1)、(2)、(3)、(4)、(5)、(6)、(7)、(8)4．Multiple Choice:(1)、C(2)、B(3)、B(4)、BUNIT ONE Introduction to ComputersText 2 System Components of Computers一、 Vocabulary(词汇):component：部件，元件image：图形printer：打印机cabinet：机箱chip：芯片silicon：硅片main memory：主存储器secondary storage：辅助存储器diskette drive：软驱display screen (or monitor)：显示器二． Important sentences(重点句):1．A computer system consists of four basic components : the Central Processing Unit(CPU), memory, input device and output device.三． Exercises(练习及参考答案):1．Translate the following words and expressions into English.(1)计算机系统：computer system(2)主存储器：main memory(3)辅助存储器：secondary storage(4)键盘：keyboard(5)显示器：display screen (or monitor)(6)数据：data2．Translate the following screen messages into Chinese.(1)、(2)3．Translate the following Windows 95 and DOS7.0 screen messages into Chinese:(2)、(3)、(4)4．True or False:(1)、F(3)、F(4)、T(5)、FUNIT ONE Introduction to ComputersText 3 The Evolution of Computers一、 Vocabulary(词汇):vacuum tube ：真空管silicon chip ：硅片large-scale ：大规模的integration ：集成chip circuitry ：芯片电路package ：封装auxiliary storage (=external storage or secondary storage) ：辅助存储器data ：数据magnetic disk ：磁盘memory capacity(=storage capacity) ：存储器容量microprocessor ：微处理器multiprogramming ：多道程序设计二、Important sentences(重点句):1． Modern electronic computers didn't appear until the 1940's. Research workers in America produced a working computer in 1946.2． The first-generation of computers were used from 1946 to 1959.They were characterized by the most prominent feature of the ENIAC-vacuum tubes, and were large, costly, expensive to power and often unreliable.3． The second-generation of computers spanned the years from 1959 through to 1964. The most notable change was that transistors replaced vacuumtubes.4． In addition, the second-generation computers were given auxiliary storage, sometimes called external or secondary storage.5． Third generation computers lasted from 1964 to 1971. Thethird-generation is marked chiefly by the development of integrated circuits, which replaced transistors.6． From 1971 to the present, we have fourth-generation computers.三、Exercises(练习及参考答案):1．Translate the following words and expressions into English.(1) 电子管：vacuum tube(2) 晶体管：transistor(3) 磁带机：magnetic tape machine(4) 磁盘机：magnetic disk machine(5) 微处理器：microprocessor(6) 大规模集成电路：Large-scale integration circuits2．Translate the following screen messages into Chinese.(1)、 (8)、(9)3．Translate the following Windows 95 and DOS7.0 screen messages into Chinese:(2)、(3)、 (5)、(8)4．Mutiple Choice:(1)、B(2)、C(3)、B、D(4)、BUNIT ONE Introduction to ComputersText 4 Microcomputer Architecture一． Vocabulary(词汇):keyboard ：键盘printer ：打印机plotter ：绘图仪diskette ：软盘execute ：执行screen ：显示屏medium (pl. media) ：媒体，介质system ：系统motherboard ：母板，主板drive ：驱动器memory board ：内存板slot ：插槽bus ：总线bit ：位interface ：接口hard disk ：硬盘二． Important sentences(重点句):1．Most systems are constructed around a motherboard, which is a metal frameword containing a series of slots that are linked through a bus to an 8- or 16-bit processor.2．CPU: It is used to carry out a variety of essential data manipulation and controlling tasks in the heart of the computer.3．Main memory : It contains the programs the CPU is currently executing and the data these programs are operating on.4．Mass storage devices: The hard disk, floppy disk and magnetic tape drives are called mass storage devices, which hold data for long-term storage.5．Input/Output devices: The keyboard, CRT display (monitor), printer and XY-plotter are referred to as input/output devices.三． Exercises(练习及参考答案):1．Translate the following words and expressions into English.(1) 微型计算机：microcomputer(2) 母板：motherboard(3) 插槽：slot(4) 接口：interface(5) 硬盘驱动器：hard disk drive(6) 软盘驱动器：floppy disk drive2．Translate the following screen messages into Chinese.(1)、(2)、(3)3．Translate the following Windows 95 and DOS7.0 screen messages into Chinese:(1)、 (3)、(4)、 (6)、 (8)4．Multiple Choice:(1)、Looking from outside, a microcomputer consists of a case, a keyboard,a monitor and a printer.(2)、To boot up a computer , you can either do a warm boot or a cold boot.(3)、The computer can use the binary number system to represent any character. By far, ASCII developed in USA, is the most widely used code.(4)、The main memory in a computer consists of RAM and ROM.(5)、A microcomputer has at least 640 kbytes of memory. 1 kbyte consists of 1024 bytes.UNIT ONE Introduction to ComputersText 5 Computer Viruses一、 Vocabulary(词汇):format ：格式化shell ：壳，外壳modify ：修改insert ：插入，嵌入extension ：扩展名version ：版本computer virus ：计算机病毒sector ：扇区intrusive virus ：入侵病毒RAM (Random Access Memory) ：随机存储器RAM-resident program ：内存驻留程序operating system virus ：操作系统病毒boot up ：引导shell virus ：外壳病毒source code virus ：源码病毒device driver ：设备驱动程序source program ：源程序host program ：主程序compile ：编译worm virus ：蠕虫病毒macro virus ：宏病毒二． Important sentences(重点句):1．Computer viruses are small programs designed to replicate (make exact copies of themselves) and spread, sometimes without giving any sign that they exist.2．Computer viruses can be classified by how they infect a system. There are four main types of viruses : shell , intrusive, operating system, and source code.3．Shell viruses wrap themselves around a host program and do not modify the original program code.4．Intrusive viruses invade an existing program and actually insert a portion of their code into the host program.5．Operating system viruses work by replacing parts of the operating system with their own logic.6．Source code viruses are intrusive programs that are inserted into a source program such as those written in Pascal prior to the program being compiled.三． Exercises(练习及参考答案):1．Translate the following words and expressions into English.(1) 病毒：virus(2) 恶性病毒：malicious virus(3) 外壳病毒：shell virus(4) 源代码：source code(5) 设备驱动程序：device driver(6) 传播：spread2．Translate the following screen messages into Chinese.(2)、(5)、(8)3．Translate the following Windows 95 and DOS7.0 screen messages into Chinese:(2)、(5)4．Multiple Choice :(1)、 A、C (注：现在的杀毒软件一般都具备病毒防火墙的功能)(2)、 C5．True or False:(1)、F(2)、F (注：如1999年4月26日爆发的CIH病毒就会烧毁主板或是硬盘) UNIT ONE Introduction to ComputersText 6 Multimedia Technology一、 Vocabulary(词汇):animation ：动画，动画片video ：视频audio ：声频compact disk ：光盘mouse ：鼠标器sound board ：声卡mixer ：混声器throughput ：吞吐率multimedia ：多媒体graphics ：图形optical storage ：光存储image processing ：图像处理CD-ROM drive ：光盘驱动器MPC (multimedia personal computer) ：多媒体个人电脑parallel ：并行serial ：串行joystick port ：游戏操纵杆控制端口VGA (Video Graphics Array) ：视频图形阵列(显示卡)resolution ：分辨率二、Important sentences(重点句):1． Multimedia, which typically refers to a synthesis of graphics,animation, optical storage, image processing, and sound, is not a single technology, product, or market.2． MPC stands for "multimedia personal computer".3． The requirements for an MPC are described in detail in Microsoft's Multimedia PC Specification Version 1.0.三、Exercises(练习及参考答案):1．Translate the following words and expressions into English.(1) 多媒体：multimedia(2) 图形：graphics(3) 视频：video(4) 图像处理：image processing(5) 动画：animation(6) 光盘：compact disk3．Translate the following Windows 95 and DOS7.0 screen messages into Chinese:(1)、(3)、(4)、(7)、(8)4．Answer the following questions briefly:(2)、OA(4)、A byte consist of 8 bits.(5)、In 1946, the first computer in the world ENIAC was developed. UNIT ONE Introduction to ComputersText 7 Compact Disk - Read Only Memory (CD-ROM)一． Vocabulary(词汇):digital ：数字的access ：存取laser ：激光reserve ：重新写入compact disk ：密集盘optical disk ：(=compact disk)光盘video player ：影像光盘机programmed search ：程序搜索memory facility ：记忆功能telephone directory ：电话簿postal address ：邮政地址二． Important sentences(重点句):1．New programs and data are 'burnt' onto the disc surface by a powerful laser.2．To read the information, a weaker laser is passed over the surface andthe reflected distortion from the dips forms the data which can be used for 'playback'.3．There are two types (standards) of optical disks :CD-I and CD-ROM.三． Exercises(练习及参考答案):1．Translate the following words and expressions into English.(1) 激光：laser(2) 英寸：inch(3) 只读存储器：ROM (Read Only Memory)(4) 搜索：search(5) 记忆：memory(6) 存取：access2．Translate the following screen messages into Chinese.(1)、(2)、(3)、(4)、(5)3．Translate the following Windows 95 and DOS7.0 screen messages into Chinese:(1)、(3)、(4)、(5)、(8)4．Answer the following questions briefly::(1)、What devices are usually used as secondary memory?Answer: hard disk, floppy disk, optical disk, magnetic tape(2)、What three categories do computer languages generally fall into? Answer: machine languages, assembly languages and high-level languages.(3)、What is the acronym for a double density diskette?Answer: DD(4)、How many bytes does a 'word' in the computer consist of ? Answer: 1,2,4 or more bytes.UNIT TWO Hardware and ConfigurationText 1 The Central Processing Unit(CPU)一、Vocabulary(词汇):manufacturer ：制造商performance ：性能megahertz(MHz) ：兆赫nanoseconds (ns) ：纳秒overclocking ：超频warranty ：保修upgrade ：升级configuration ：配置，设置microcomputer ：微型计算机arithmetic and logic unit (ALU) ：算术/逻辑部件(运算器)instruction counter ：指令计数器decoder ：译码器super-mini-computers ：超级小型机numerically coded instruction ：数字化编码的指令high-speed storage ：高速存储器primary storage ：(=main memory) 主存储器microprocessor-CPU based systems ：以微处理器为CPU的基本系统video-arcade game ：电子游戏digital TV ：数字电视二． Important sentences(重点句):1．The operations of a computer system are controlled by the CPU, which contains an arithmetic and logic unit (ALU), an instruction counter and a decoder.2．The speed at which the CPU operates is called the clock speed and is measured in megahertz(MHz).3．A clock cycle is the time that the CPU takes to perform instructions at a given clock speed.4．The CPU can operate at two different clock speeds : an internal speed for operations within the CPU, and an external speed for transferring data into and out of the CPU.5．Overclocking is a term generally used to describe how you have increased the clock frequency on your board to run your system at a higher speed. 6．Microprocessors have come a long way since 1971 when the first microprocessor, the Intel 4004, was developed.三． Exercises(练习及参考答案):1．Translate the following words and expressions into English.(1) 电子元件：electronic component(2) 算术逻辑单元：arithmetic and logic unit (ALU)(3) 硅片：silicon chip(4) 指令计数器：instruction counter(5) 时钟速度：clock speed(6) 译码器：decoder2．Translate the following screen messages into Chinese.(1)、(3) 、(4)、(8)3．Translate the following Windows 95 and DOS7.0 screen messages into Chinese:(4)、(5) 、(6)、(7)4．Answer the following questions briefly:(2) To which generation do the present-day computers belong? Answer: The fourth generation.UNIT TWO Hardware and ConfigurationText 2 Memory一、Vocabulary(词汇):account ：银行户头generate ：产生，建立subscriber ：订户word ：字overwrite ：覆盖二、Important sentences(重点句):1． The microcomputer's memory consists of main memory and secondary storage.2． The main memory of most computers is composed of random access memory (RAM) .3． Main memory on the computer is used to store instructions and data temporarily while the instructions are being executed and data are being processed.三、Exercises(练习及参考答案):1．Translate the following words and expressions into English.(1) 随机存储器：Random Access Memory (RAM)(2) 只读存储器：Read Only Memory (ROM)(3) 主存储器：main memory(4) 辅助存储器：secondary storage(5) 标签：label(6) 指令：instruction2．Translate the following screen messages into Chinese.(1)、(3)、(4)、(9)3．Translate the following Windows 95 and DOS7.0 screen messages into Chinese:(1)、(4)、(7)4．Multiple Choice:(1)、 B(2)、 B(3)、 B(4)、 AUNIT TWO Hardware and ConfigurationText 3 The System Buses一、Vocabulary(词汇):origin ：起点destination ：终点address ：寻址byte ：字节nibble ：半字节address-bus ：地址总线register ：寄存器control-bus ：控制总线ISA (Industry Standard Architecture) ：工业标准结构EISA (Extended Industry Standard Architecture) ：扩展工业标准结构MCA (Micro Channel Architecture) ：微通道结构expansion bus ：扩展总线adapter ：适配器peripheral ：外部设备faxmodem (or modem) ：调制解调器graphics adapter ：图形适配器NIC (Network Interface Card) ：网络接口卡SCSI (Small Computer System Interface) ：小型计算机系统接口data bus ：数据总线data width ：数据宽度external speed ：外部速度VESA (Video Electronic Standards Association) ：视频电子标准协会PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect) ：外围部件互连USB (Universal Serial Bus) ：通用串行总线二． Important sentences(重点句):1．The data bus transmits data between these units.2．The address bus is used to select the origin or destination of signals transmitted through one of the other buses.3．Traditionally, a standard address bus has 16 lines, that is to say, it can address 64 KB devices (1 KB =1024 in computer jargon ). 4．The control-bus is used for the synchronization of the system. 5．Memory is logically organized into words6．8 bits are called a byte, 4 bits a nibble; there is no other specific word for other sizes of words.三． Exercises(练习及参考答案):1．Translate the following words and expressions into English.(1) data bus(2) address-bus(3) control-bus(4) transmit data(5) register(6) address unit2．Translate the following screen messages into Chinese.(1)、(8)、(9)3．Translate the following Windows 95 and DOS7.0 screen messages into Chinese:(2)、(3)、(4)4．Put in the missing words:(1)、A computer has two kinds of memory, called main memory and secondary memory.(2)、The most common microcomputer secondary storage medium is floppy disk and hard disk.(3)、In the computer, a byte consists of eight bits, representing 256 unique binary numbers.UNIT TWO Hardware and ConfigurationText 5 Floppy Disks一、Vocabulary(词汇):mainframe computer ：主机double density ：倍密度high density ：高密度extended-density ：扩展密度track density ：磁道密度read/write head ：读/写头read/write slot ：读/写槽口二． Important sentences(重点句):1．In 1972, IBM introduced flexible diskettes as a medium for loading programs into mainframe computers. Because the disks were so flexible, they were nicknamed floppy disk.2．Floppy disks , also called diskettes, are available in two size : 3.5 and 5.25 inches.3．Lower-capacity disk drives cannot read from and write to high-capacity disks.4．Floppy disk drivers are commonly referred to as the A drive and the B drive.三． Exercises(练习及参考答案):1．Translate the following words and expressions into English.(1) floppy disk drive(2) medium(3) density(4) track(5) kilobyte(6) read/write head2．Translate the following screen messages into Chinese.(1)、(3) 、(4)、(9)3．Translate the following Windows 95 and DOS7.0 screen messages into Chinese:(2)、(6)、(8)UNIT TWO Hardware and ConfigurationText 6 Hard Disks一、 Vocabulary(词汇):gigabyte ：千兆字节，吉字节actuation arm ：存取臂access arm ：存取臂magnetic oxide material ：磁氧化材料cylinder ：柱面head ：磁头cylinder approach ：柱面操作方式二、Important sentences(重点句):1． Hard disks store data on rigid aluminum or ceramic platters, coated with a magnetic oxide material.2． Cylinders are concentric regions on the hard disk platter with cylinder 0 usually located at the outer edge.3． Cylinder numbers start at zero, so if your hard disk has 900 cylinders, they will be numbered from 0 - 899.4． The heads of a hard disk are used to read and write data.5． Head numbers start at zero, so if your drive has 9 heads, they will be numbered from 0 - 8.6． A sector is the smallest physically addressable unit of storage on a hard disk.7． Sector numbers start at one , so if your drive has 17 sectors on a track, they will be numbered from 1 to 17.三、Exercises(练习及参考答案):1．Translate the following words and expressions into English.(1) 柱面：cylinder(2) 存取：access(3) 扇区：sector(4) 硬盘：hard disk(5) 千兆字节：gigabyte(6) 兆字节：megabyte2．Translate the following screen messages into Chinese.(1)、(4)、(8)3．Translate the following Windows 95 and DOS7.0 screen messages into Chinese:(4)、(6) 、 (7)、(8)4．True/False?(1)、Formatting erases all data on the disk.Answer: True(2)、A 360 KB floppy disk can store approximately 360,000 binary-coded Chinese characters.Answer: False(3)、A write-protected floppy disk cannot possibly carry a virus. Answer: False(4)、A floppy disk is an essential peripheral device; without which a computer cannot operate.Answer: FalseUNIT TWO Hardware and ConfigurationText 10 The Keyboard一、Vocabulary(词汇):keypad ：(数字键盘上的)小键punctuation ：标点符号character key ：字母键function key ：功能键numeric key ：数字键upper-case character ：大写字母lower-case character ：小写字母configure ：配置code sequence ：代码序列default code ：缺省代码auxiliary port ：辅助端口(AUX端口)carriage return ：回车linefeed ：换行space character ：空格ASCII ：American Standard Code for Information Interchange 美国信息互换标准代码二． Important sentences(重点句):1．A computer keyboard is so responsive that you can type using a light touch.2．The keys on the keyboard can be divided into three functional groups, known as the Character Keys, Function Keys, and Numeric Keys (on the keypad).3．The Function Keys are used to modify the operation of the terminal. 4．The Numeric Key Pad allows numbers to be entered in the same way you would use a calculator.三． Exercises(练习及参考答案):1．Translate the following words and expressions into English.(1) 键盘：keyboard(2) 大写字母：upper-case character(3) 功能键：function key(4) 打字机：typewriter(5) 回车：carriage return(6) 速率：speed2．Translate the following screen messages into Chinese.(3)、(4)3．Translate the following Windows 95 and DOS7.0 screen messages into Chinese:(1)、(2)、(3)、(4)4．Put in the missing words:(1)、Using DOS commands, you can type English letters either in( upper-case or lower-case). They will have the same effect either way.(2)、In a 24*24 dot matrix display , ( 72 ) bytes are used to represent the image of a Chinese character.(3)、The hexadecimal equivalent of decimal 53 is ( 35 ).UNIT TWO Hardware and ConfigurationText 11 Color Monitors一、Vocabulary(词汇):convergence ：聚集cabinet ：机壳outlet ：电源插座contrast ：对比度display tube ：显像管vertical/horizontal synchronization ：场/行同步output level ：输出电平analog ：模拟量video analog ：视频模拟TTL (transistor-transistor logic) ：晶体管－晶体管逻辑（电路）AC (alternating current) ：交流电max. (maximum) ：最大值min. (minimum) ：最小值female connector ：连接插座scanning frequency ：扫描频率H(Horizontal)-Phase ：行相位vertical-size ：场幅补充词汇：CRT(Cathode-Ray Tube) display ：阴级射线管显示器LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) ：液晶显示器plasma display ：等离子显示器二． Important sentences(重点句):1．The display area can be moved left or right (horizontally) by rotating the H-phase Control knob.2．The display can be moved up or down (vertically) by rotating the V-size Control knob三． Exercises(练习及参考答案):1．Translate the following words and expressions into English.(1) 显示器：display /monitor(2) 显像管：display tube(3) 输出电平：output level(4) 扫描频率：scanning frequency(5) 场同步：vertical synchronization(6) 聚集：convergence2．Translate the following screen messages into Chinese.(2)、(3) 、(10)3．Translate the following Windows 95 and DOS7.0 screen messages into Chinese:(2)、(5)、(6)UNIT TWO Hardware and ConfigurationText 12 Printers一、 Vocabulary(词汇):humidity ：湿度parallel ：并行的compatible ：兼容机bubble jet printer ：喷墨打印机magnetic field ：磁场parallel interface ：并行接口interface cable ：接口电缆补充词汇：stylus printer ：针式打印机ink jet printer ：喷墨打印机laser printer ：激光打印机二、Important sentences(重点句):1． Most microcomputer printers print one character at a time, usually at rates ranging from approximately 30 to 180 characters per second. 2． A more reasonable approach is to use a line printer which, as the name implies, prints an entire line at one time instead of character by character.3． Even greater speed can be obtained by using a page printer to churn out complete pages at one time.三、Exercises(练习及参考答案):1．Translate the following words and expressions into English.(1) 行式打印机：line printer(2) 喷墨打印机：bubble jet printer/ ink jet printer(3) 并行接口：parallel interface(4) 工作环境：operating environment(5) 磁场：magnetic field(6) 接口电缆：interface cable2．Translate the following screen messages into Chinese.(1)、(3)、(4)3．Translate the following Windows 95 and DOS7.0 screen messages into Chinese:(1)、(3)、(4)、(5)、(8)UNIT THREE Operating SystemsText 1 The Computer Operating System一、Vocabulary(词汇):time scale ：时段abstraction ：抽象program module ：程序模块operational software (= operating system software) ：操作系统软件logical gate ：逻辑门hierarchy ：多层次等级制listener program ：收听器程序disk head (= head or read/write head ) 读/写头二． Important sentences(重点句):1．The operating system is a collection of program modules that control and manage the system's hardware as well as its software resources, thus enabling you to run application programs on it.2．Operating systems are normally unique to their manufacturers and the hardware in which they are run.3．An operating system spans the entire range of complexity found in a computer system.4．The basic idea is to create a hierarchy of levels of abstraction so that at any level, the operating system module can ignore the details of what is going on at all lower levels.补充内容：主要操作系统软件制造商及其产品：（1） Microsoft Corporation (微软公司) : MS-DOS, Windows 3.2,Windows 9X 系列(Windows 95, Windows 97, Windows98, Windows 98 SE(Second Edition), Windows 98 ME(Millennium Edition))，Windows NT, Windows 2000, Windows XP 等（2） Unix操作系统：IBM (International Business Machines Corporation 国际商用机器公司): PC DOS, z/OS, AIX, OS/400, VM/ESA等SUN ( Standford University Network ) Microsystems (SUN 微系统公司) :Solaris（3） Apple Computer, Inc.（苹果公司）：Mac OS（4） Novell, Inc (Novell公司)：Netware系列（5） Linux操作系统(自由软件)：Red Hat, Inc.（红帽子公司）：Red Hat LinuxRedflag Software Co.,Ltd.（北京中科红旗软件技术有限公司）：红旗Linux Xteam Software (China) Co. Ltd.( Xteam(中国)软件技术有限公司)：XteamLinux中文版.三． Exercises(练习及参考答案):1．Translate the following words and expressions into English.(1) 操作系统：operating system(2) 应用软件：application software(3) 程序模块：program module(4) 策略：strategy(5) 软件资源：software resource(6) 隔绝：insulate2．Translate the following screen messages into Chinese.(4)、(6)、(10)3．Translate the following Windows 95 and DOS7.0 screen messages into Chinese:(1)、 (3)、(4)、 (5)、(6)4．Answer the following questions briefly:(3)、What is the basic unit for measuring the storage capacity of a computer system?Answer: ByteUNIT THREE Operating SystemsText 2 Disk Operating System - MS-DOS一、Vocabulary(词汇):nucleus ：核心interface ：联系，接口acronym ：首字词command processor ：命令处理程序routine ：例行程序hardware-independent ：不依赖于硬件的device-dependent ：依赖于设备的programming code ：程序代码programming logic ：编程逻辑conventional memory ：常规内存transient module ：过渡模块二． Important sentences(重点句):1．The nucleus of microcomputer is its Operating System.2．The Operating System monitors and controls all input/output and processing activities within a computer system.3．DOS is an acronym for Disk Operating System.4．The best known Disk Operating System is MS-DOS, developed by Microsoft Corporation for the IBM-PC and compatible machines.三． Exercises(练习及参考答案):1．Translate the following words and expressions into English.(1) 核心：nucleus(2) 实用程序：utility program(3) 监督：monitor(4) 微软公司：Microsoft Corporation(5) 控制：control(6) 任选项：any option2．Translate the following screen messages into Chinese.(1)、(2) 、(7)3．Translate the following Windows 95 and DOS7.0 screen messages into Chinese:(1)、(3)、(6)4．Multiple Choice:(1)、__________ controls and manages the system's hardware and software resources, thus enabling a user to use his computer conveniently and efficiently.A． Application softwareB． Operating system softwareC． A text editing or word processing programD． Translator softwareAnswer: BUNIT THREE Operating SystemsText 9 Windows Modes and Basic Elements一、 Vocabulary(词汇):multitasking ：执行多任务的Graphical User Interface (GUI) ：用户图形接口icon ：图标scroll bar ：滚动棒dialog box ：对话框multimedia extension ：多媒体扩展protected mode ：保护模式real mode ：实模式enhanced mode ：增强模式program manager ：程序管理器modem ：调制解调器file manager ：文件管理器补充：resource manager ：资源管理器二、Important sentences(重点句):1． Microsoft Windows is a descendant of MS－DOS and an extension to MS-DOS developed by Microsoft.2． Windows provides a graphical user interface and standard methods for switching among applications, file and program management, windowing, icons, pull-down menus, scroll-bars and dialog boxes ( temporary windows) . 3． Windows is a multitasking operating system and has several advantages over MS-DOS.4． Microcomputers that use the Intel family of CPUS can run in two modes: protected mode and real mode.5． Windows runs in protected mode, but you can also choose to run it in two other modes: 386 enhanced mode and standard mode.6． When working in Windows, your main work area is the desktop.7． File Manager is a tool you can use to organize the files and directories in your computer.8． In File Manager, your files and directories are displayed in a directory window which is split into two parts : the left half displays the directory tree, and the right half displays the contents of the current directory.。

absolute error 绝对误差absolute orientation 绝对定向absorptance 吸收active microwave sensors主动微波遥感传感器active remote sensing 主动式遥感addition constant加常数adjusted value 平差值adjustment of correlated observation 相关平差adjustment of observations, survey adjustment测量平差adjustment of typical figures典型图形平差aerial photogrammetry航空摄影测量aerial photography 航空摄影flight altitude 航高aerial triangulation空中三角测量airborne laser mapping机载激光测图airborne laser sounding机载激光探测airborne laser terrain mapping(ALTM)机载激光地形测图airborne sensor机载遥感器analogue photogrammetry 模拟摄影测量analytical aerotriangulation 解析空中三角测量analytical photogrammetry 解析摄影测量analytical plotter 解析测图仪angle closing error of traverse导线角度闭合差annexed leveling line 附和水准路线approximate adjustment近似平差argument of latitude 升交角距artificial earth satellite人造地球卫星ascending node 升交点astronomic positioning 天文定位atomic clock 原子钟attribute data 属性数据automatic aerial triangulation 自动空中三角测量automatic level，compensator level 自动安平水准仪automatic target recognition（ATR）目标自动识别average error 平均误差backsight(BS)后尺barometric leveling 气压水准测量block adjustment 区域网平差BM（benchmark）水准基点broadcast ephemeris 广播星历CCD camera CCD摄影机CCD(charge-coupled device)电荷耦合器件celestial body 天体circular encoders编码度盘clock error 钟差closed leveling line闭合水准路线closed loop traverse 闭合环导线closed traverse 闭合导线close-range photogrammetry近景摄影测量closing error in coordinate increment 坐标增量闭合差Coarse/Acquisition Code C/A码collimation line method 视准线法combined adjustment 联合平差command tracking station (CTS) 指令跟踪站computer graphics计算机图形学condition adjustment with parameters 附参数条件平差conditional adjustment 条件平差conditional equation 条件方程connecting traverse 附和导线constant error 常差control network 控制网control point控制点control segment 控制部分control survey 控制测量covariance function 协方差函数crust deformation measurement地壳变形观测crustal deformation 地壳变形crustal motion 地壳运动data capture 数据采集data classification 数据分类data compression 数据压缩data recorder 电子手簿data transfer 数据转换data transmission 数据转换deflection observation 挠度观测deformation monitoring(observation)变形监测depression angle 仰角detail survey 碎部测量differential correction 差分改正differential GPS (DGPS) 差分GPSdifferential interferometry差分干涉测量differential leveling微差水准测量digital elevation model(DEM)数字高程模型digital image processing 数字图像处理digital image数字图像digital orthoimage数字正射影像digital orthophoto map数字正射影像图digital photogrammetry数字摄影测量digital surface model(DSM) 数字表面模型digital terrain model(DTM)数字地面模型direct adjustment 直接平差direct leveling，spirit leveling 几何水准测量direct plummet observation 正垂线观测displacement observation 位移观测distance measurement 距离测量distance measuring instrument，rangefinder测距仪distance-measuring error 测距误差dual-frequency 双频earth tide 地球潮汐earth’s flattening 地球扁率EDM（electronic distance measurement）电子测距仪electromagnetic distance measuring instrument 电磁波测距仪electromagnetic radiation电磁辐射electromagnetic spectrum电磁波谱仪electronic level 电子水准仪electronic theodolite电子经纬仪electro-optical distance measuring instrument 光电测距仪elevation angle 高度角elevation difference 高差elevation of sight视线高程error distribution误差分布error ellipse误差椭圆error of closure，closing error，closure 闭合差error of focusing调焦误差error propagation，propagation of error 误差传播error test 误差检验ESA：European Space Agency 欧空局expectation，expected value 期望值figure of the earth 地球形状fissure observation 裂缝观测fixed error 固定误差foresight(FS)前尺forward intersection 前方交会full digital photogrammetry 全数字摄影测量functional model 函数模型GALILEO Control Center(GCC)伽利略控制中心GALILEO伽利略系统Gaussian distribution 高斯分布geodesy 大地测量学geodetic astronomy 大地天文学geodetic azimuth 大地方位角geodetic instrument 大地测量仪器geodetic network 大地网geodetic surveying 大地测量geodimeter 光速测距仪geographic information communication 地理信息传输geographic information system （GIS）geoidal undulation大地水准面高geological survey 地质测量geomatics 测绘学geometric geodesy 几何大地测量学geo-robot 测量机器人geo-synchronous satellite 地球同步卫星Global Navigational Satellite System(GNSS) 全球导航卫星系统global positioning system（GPS）GLONASS(global navigation satellite system) 全球导航卫星系统(俄)GPS constellation GPS星座GPS receiver GPS接收机gravimetric deflection 重力偏差gravimetric leveling 重力水准测量gravity field 重力场gray value 灰度值grey level 灰度级grid bearing 坐标方位角gross error detection粗差检验gross error 粗差ground-based control complex (GCC) 地面控制部分gyro azimuth 陀螺方位角gyroscopic theodolite 陀螺经纬仪height of instrument(HI)仪器高height of target(HT)目标高homologous points 同名点homologous ray 同名射线horizontal angle 水平角horizontal circle 水平度盘horizontal control network 平面控制网horizontal refraction error 水平折光误差horizontal survey 水平测量Huanghai vertical datum of 1956 1956黄海高程系统hydrographic survey水道测量image analysis 图像分析image coding 图像编码image correlation 影像相关image data 图像数据image description 图像描述image digitization图像数字化image enhancement 图像增强image fusion 影像融合image horizon 像地平线，合线image matching影像匹配image mosaicing 影像镶嵌image overlaying图像重合image point 像点image processing 图像处理image quality影像质量image recognition 图像识别image rectification影像纠正image resolution 图像分辨率image restoration图像复原image segmentation 图像分割image transformation 图像变换image understanding 图像理解inclination angle 倾角index error of vertical circle 竖盘指标差index of precision 精度指标indirect adjustment 间接平差inertial reference system惯性参考系统infrared EDM instrument 红外测距仪instrument of geomatics engineering 测绘仪器instrumental error 仪器误差intensity value 强度值interferogram fringe 相干条纹interferometry SAR 干涉雷达interferometry干涉测量internal orientation 内定向inverse of weight matrix 权逆阵inverse plummet observation 倒垂线观测ionospheric delay 电离层延迟land management 土地管理land survey （survey，boundary survey ，cadastral survey）地籍测量laser distance measuring instrument，laser ranger 激光测距仪laser level 激光水准仪laser transmitter激光发射器law of probability概率论least squares collocation最小二乘配置法least squares method 最小二乘法least-squares adjustment最小二乘平差level rod 水准尺level 水准仪LIDAR(Light Detection And Ranging)激光探测和测距limit error极限误差linear intersection边交会法linear-angular intersection边角交会法local navigation satellite system 区域导航卫星系统long-range EDM instrument 远程电子测距仪lunar laser ranging(LLR)激光测月magnetic azimuth 磁方位角marine survey 海洋测量master control station 主控站mean square error of a point点位中误差mean square error of angle observation 测角中误差mean square error of azimuth 方位角中误差mean square error of coordinate 坐标中误差mean square error of height高程中误差mean square error of side length 边长中误差mean square error(MSE)中误差Medium Earth Orbit(MEO)中地球轨道method by series，method of direction observation 方向观测法method in all combinations 全组合测角法method of laser alignment 激光准直法method of tension wire alignment 引张线法microwave distance measuring instrument 微波测距仪mine survey 矿山测量mining subsidence observation 开采沉陷观测minor angle method 小角度法monitor station 监控站most probable value(MPV)最或然值multipath effect 多路径效应multiplication constant 乘常数multiresolution 多分辨率multisensor 多传感器multispectral scanner 多谱段扫描仪multitemporal多时相national vertical datum of 1985 1985国家高程基准navy navigation satellite system(NNSS)海军导航卫星系统nominal accuracy 标准精度normal distribution正态分布normal equation 法方程normal error distribution curve 正态误差分布曲线normal random variable 正态随机变量oblique observation，tilt observation 倾斜观测observation equation 观测方程observation error 观测误差observation of slope stability 边坡稳定性观测open traverse 支导线optical image 光学影像optical level光学水准仪optical plummet光学对中器optical theodolite光学经纬仪orthophoto正射像片parameter adjustment with condition附条件间接平差parametric adjustment 参数平差passive microwave sensing 被动微波遥感passive positioning system 被动式定位系统passive remote sensing 被动式遥感personal error 人为误差phase unwrapping相位解缠photo tilt 像片倾斜photogrammetry摄影测量学photographic principal distance 摄影主距photographic scale 摄影比例尺physical geodesy 物理大地测量学picture element/pixel 像素pipe survey管道测量place-name database地名数据库plane surveying 平面测量plane table photogrammetry平板摄影测量planetary geodesy行星大地测量学polar motion 极移position and orientation system(POS)定位与定向系统positive positioning system 主动式定位系统post- processed differential correction 后处理差分改正precise alignment 精密准直precise code 精码precise ephemeris 精密星历precise positioning service(PPS) 精密定位服务precise ranging 精密测距probability density function 概率密度函数probable error 或然误差proportional error 比例误差pseudorange 伪码quasi-stable adjustment 拟稳平差radar altimeter 雷达测高仪radar overlay 雷达覆盖区radar remark 雷达指向标radar responder雷达感应器radiometer辐射计random error，accident error随机(偶然误差) rank defect adjustment秩亏平差raster data 栅格数据real-time differential correction 实时差分改正real-time kinematic(RTK)实时动态定位receiver antenna 接收机天线redundant observation 多余观测reference datum 参考基准面reference receiver 基准接收机reflectance反射reflecting stereoscope 反光立体镜refraction correction折光差改正relative error相对误差relative orientation相对定向remote controller远距离遥控器remote sensing 遥感remote sensor 遥感器resection 后方交会rigorous adjustment 严密平差river-crossing leveling跨河水准测量robotic (motorized) total station 智能型全站仪rotating mirror 旋镜route survey 路线测量roving receiver 流动接收机SAR(synthetic aperture radar)合成孔径雷达satellite clock 卫星钟satellite geodesy 卫星大地测量学satellite laser ranger 卫星激光测距仪satellite laser ranging(SLR)卫星激光测距satellite positioning 卫星定位satellite-to-satellite tracking 卫星跟踪卫星技术scatterometer 散射计scatterometry 散射测量Selective Availability(SA)选择可用性sequential adjustment 序贯平差servo motors 伺服马达settlement(subsidence) observation 沉陷观测side intersection 侧方交会side-looking airborne radar(SLAR)机载侧视雷达sighting distance视距space geodesy 空间大地测量学space segment 空间部分spatial analysis 空间分析spatial data infrastructure 空间数据基础设施spatial data transfer空间数据转换spatial database management空间数据库管理系统spectroradiometer分光辐射计spur leveling line支水准路线stadia addition constant 视距加常数stadia hair 视距丝stadia interval 视距间隔stadia multiplication constant 视距乘常数standard deviation标准差standard field of length 长度标准检定场standard positioning service(SPS) 标准定位服务stereo glasses 立体镜stereocomparator立体坐标测量仪stereopair，stereo photopair 立体像对stochastic model 随机模型survey specifications，specifications of surveys测量规范surveying and mapping 测绘system control center(SCC)系统控制中心systematic error 系统误差terrestrial photogrammetry 地形摄影测量texture analysis 纹理分析theory of error误差理论thermal imager 热像仪thermal infrared detector 红外探测器tolerance 限差topographic survey 地形测量topological relationship 拓扑关系total length closing error of traverse 导线全长闭合差total station 全站仪transmittance传播traverse angle导线折角traverse leg 导线边traverse network 导线网traverse network导线网traverse point 导线点traversing 导线测量triangular irregular network(TIN)不规则三角网triangulateration network边角网triangulation network 三角网triangulation 三角测量trigonometric leveling 三角高程测量trilateration network三边网trilateration 三边测量tropospheric delay 对流层延迟true error 真误差true north 真北two-color laser ranger 双色激光测距仪unbiased estimate无偏估计up-link station 注入站user segment 用户部分variance of unit weight 单位权方差variance-covariance matrix 方差-协方差阵variance-covariance propagation law方差-协方差传播率variance方差vector data 矢量数据vertical angle 竖直角vertical circle垂直度盘vertical control network 高程控制网vertical survey 高程测量very long baseline interferometry(VLBI)甚长基线干涉测量weight coefficient 权系数weight function 权函数weight matrix 权阵weight reciprocal of figure 图形权倒数zenith distance 天顶距。

自动化专业常用英语词汇一、Automation专业概述Automation：自动化Automation engineering：自动化工程Automatic control：自动控制Control system：控制系统Intelligent control：智能控制Digital control：数字控制Analog control：模拟控制Control theory：控制理论Control engineering：控制工程Control algorithm：控制算法Programmable logic controller (PLC)：可编程逻辑控制器Distributed control system (DCS)：分布式控制系统Supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA)：监控与数据采集系统Human-Machine Interface (HMI)：人机界面二、传感器与测量技术Sensor：传感器Transducer：传感器/电传换器Measurement：测量Measurement accuracy：测量精度Measurement range：测量范围Calibration：校准Pressure sensor：压力传感器Temperature sensor：温度传感器Flow sensor：流量传感器Level sensor：液位传感器Light sensor：光线传感器Force sensor：力传感器Torque sensor：扭矩传感器Accelerometer：加速度传感器Gyroscope：陀螺仪Encoder：编码器三、执行器Actuator：执行器Pneumatic actuator：气动执行器Hydraulic actuator：液压执行器Electric actuator：电动执行器Step motor：步进电机Servo motor：伺服电机Linear motor：线性电机Solenoid valve：电磁阀Directional valve：方向控制阀Pneumatic cylinder：气动缸Hydraulic cylinder：液压缸Four、机器视觉Machine vision：机器视觉Image processing：图像处理Image analysis：图像分析Pattern recognition：模式识别Optical character recognition (OCR)：光学字符识别Optical mark recognition (OMR)：光学标志识别Bar code recognition：条形码识别Two-dimensional code recognition：二维码识别Inspection system：检测系统Five、工控机和嵌入式系统Industrial computer：工控机Embedded system：嵌入式系统Real-time system：实时系统Single board computer：单板计算机Fieldbus：现场总线PROFIBUS：工业场总线CAN bus：控制器局域网Modbus：通用ModbusEthernet：以太网Wireless sensor network (WSN)：无线传感器网络Six、软件工程Software engineering：软件工程Development process：开发过程Requirement analysis：需求分析Design：设计Implementation：实现Testing：测试Maintenance：维护Programming language：编程语言C++：C++Java：JavaPython：PythonLabVIEW：LabVIEWConfiguration management：配置管理Version control：版本控制Seven、自动化应用领域Industrial automation：工业自动化Building automation：建筑自动化Home automation：家居自动化Smart grid：智能电网Intelligent transportation system (ITS)：智能交通系统Robotic automation：机器人自动化Process automation：过程自动化Power automation：电力自动化Medical automation：医疗自动化Eight、其他专业术语Artificial intelligence (AI)：人工智能Internet of things (IoT)：物联网Big data：大数据Cloud computing：云计算Cybersecurity：网络安全Human factors engineering：人因工程Maintenance engineering：维修工程Reliability engineering：可靠性工程Safety engineering：安全工程System integration：集成系统Technological innovation：技术创新。

电子信息工程专业英语词汇(精选整理版)1. IntroductionThis document provides a curated collection of key vocabulary terms related to the field of Electronic Information Engineering. It aims to assist students and professionals in their understanding and use of English terminology in this domain.2. Key Vocabulary Terms- Digital signal processing (数字信号处理)- Semiconductor device (半导体器件)- Electromagnetic wave (电磁波)- Microelectronics (微电子学)- Integrated circuit (集成电路)- Wireless networks (无线网络)- Optoelectronics (光电子学)- Signal transmission (信号传输)- Information theory (信息论)- Digital image processing (数字图像处理)- Electronic circuit design (电子电路设计)- Microprocessor technology (微处理器技术)- Power electronics (功率电子学)- Network security (网络安全)- Control systems (控制系统)3. Conclusion(Note: Please note that the translations provided are for reference purposes and may vary in different contexts. It is always advisable to consult reliable sources for accurate translations and further clarification.)。

测绘专业英语测绘学：geomatics， surveying and mapping， SM；中华人民共和国测绘法：Surveying and Mapping Law of the People's Republic of China；测绘标准：standards of surveying and mapping；测量规范：specifications of surveys；地形图图式：topographic map symbols；大地测量学：geodesy；地球形状：earth， shape， figure of the earth；重力基准：gravity datum；重力场：gravity field；地心坐标系：geocentric coordinate system；地球椭球：earth ellipsoid；大地原点：geodetic origin；水准原点：leveling origin；。

测量标志：survey mark；测量觇标：observation target；大地基准：geodetic datum；深度基准：sounding datum；高程基准：height datum；1954北京坐标系：Beijing Geodetic Coordinate System 1954；1980西安坐标系：Xi'an Geodetic Coordinate System 1980；1985国家高程基准：National Vertical Datum 1985；高程系统：height system；平均海[水]面：mean sea level；黄海平均海[水]面：Huang Hai mean sea level；海拔：height above sea level；全球定位系统：global positioning system， GPS；惯性测量系统：inertial surveying system， ISS；摄影测量与遥感学：photogrammetry and remote sensing；矿山测量：mine survey；遥感：remote sensing；图像：picture；影像：image， imagery；图形：graphics；数字地面模型：digital terrain model， DTM；图像处理：image processing；遥感模式识别：pattern recognition of remote sensing；地图学：cartography；地理坐标：geographic graticule；经纬［线］网：fictitous graticule；坐标格网：coordinate grid；地理坐标参考系：geographical reference system；地图：map；地形图：topographic map；平面图：plane；地图投影：map projection；机助地图制图：computer-aided cartography， computer-assisted cartography， CAC；遥感制图：remote sensing mapping；地名学：toponomastics， toponymy；地名：geographical name， place name；工程测量学：engineering surveying；比例尺：scale；基本比例尺：basic scale；等高线：contour；等高距：contour interval；测量误差：observation magement error；测量平差：survey adjustment， adjustment of observations；精度估计：precision estimation；精［密］度：precision；准确度：accuracy；偶然误差：accident error， random error；系统误差：systematic error；粗差：gross error；中误差：root mean square error， RMSE；置信度：confidence；标准差：standard deviation；地理信息系统：geographic information system， GIS；国家基础地理信息系统：national fundamental geographic information system；空间数据库管理系统：spatial database management system；大地测量数据库：geodetic database；重力数据库：gravimetric database；地形数据库：topographic database；影像数据库：image database；地图数据库：cartographic database；地名数据库：place-name database；数字地籍数据库：Digital cadastral database， DCDB；土地信息系统：land information system， LIS；海洋测绘数据库：marine charting database；海洋测绘：marine charting；测绘仪器：instrument of surveying and mapping；3S集成：3S integration， integration of GPS， RS and GIS technology；空间数据基础设施：spatial data infrastructure， SDI；中国测绘学会：Chinese Society of Geodesy， Photogrammetry and Cartography， CSGPC；亚太区域地理信息系统基础设施常设委员会：Permanent Committee on GIS Infrastructure for Asia and the Pacific， PCGIAP；国际测绘联合会：International Union of Surveying and Mapping， IUSM；国际测量师联合会：Fédération Internationale des Géométres， FIG；国际大地测量协会：International Association of Geodesy， IAG；国际摄影测量与遥感学会：International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing， ISPRS；摄国际制图协会：International Cartographic Association， ICA；国际矿山测量学会：International Society of Mine Sureying；国际海道测量组织：International Hydrography Organization， IHO；几何大地测量学：geometric geodesy；椭球面大地测量学：ellipsoidal geodesy；大地天文学：geodetic astronomy；物理大地测量学：physical geodesy；空间大地测量学：space geodesy；卫星大地测量学：satellite geodesy；动力大地测量学：dynamic geodesy；海洋大地测量学：marine geodesy；行星大地测量学：planetary geodesy；大地网：geodetic network；天文大地网：astro-geodetic network；参考椭球：reference ellipsoid；贝塞尔椭球：Bessel ellipsoid；国际地球自转服务局：International Earth Rotation Service， IERS；国际天球参考架：international celestial reference frame， ICRF；国际地球参考架：international terrestrial reference frame， ITRF；海福德椭球：Hayford ellipsoid；克拉索夫斯基椭球：Krasovsky ellipsoid；参考椭球定位：orientation of reference ellipsoid；大地坐标系：geodetic coordinate system；拉普拉斯方位角：Laplace azimuth；拉普拉斯点：Laplace point；三角测量：triangulation；三角点：triangulation point；三角锁：triangulation chain；三角网：triangulation network；图形权倒数：weight reciprocal of figure；菲列罗公式：Ferrero's formula；方向观测法：method of direction observation， method by series；测回：observation set；归心元素：elements of centring；归心改正：correction for centring；水平折光差：horizontal refraction error；基线：base line；基线测量：base line measurement；基线网：base line network；精密导线测量：precise traversing；三角高程测量：trigonometric leveling；三角高程网：trigonometric leveling network；铅垂线：plumb line；天顶距：zenith distance， zenith angle；高度角：elevation angle， altitude angle；垂直折光差：vertical refraction error；垂直折光系数：vertical refraction coefficient；水准网：leveling network；精密水准测量：precise leveling；水准面：level surface；地球位数：geopotential number；高程：height；正高：orthometric height；正常高：normal height；力高：dynamic height；水准路线：leveling line；水准点：benchmark；跨河水准测量：river-crossing leveling；椭球长半轴：semimajor axis of ellipsoid；椭球短半轴：semiminor axis of ellipsoid；椭球扁率：flattening of ellipsoid；椭球偏心率：eccentricity of ellipsoid；子午面：meridian plane；子午圈：meridian；法截面：normal section；卯酉面：prime vertical plane；卯酉圈：prime vertical；平行圈：parallel circle；子午圈曲率半径：radius of curvature in meridian；卯酉圈曲率半径：radius of curvature in prime vertical；平均曲率半径：mean radius of curvature；大地线：geodesic；大地线微分方程：differential equation of geodesic；大地坐标：geodetic coordinate；大地经度：geodetic longitude；大地纬度：geodetic latitude；大地高：geodetic height，大地方位角：geodetic azimuth；天文大地垂线偏差：astro-geodetic deflection of the vertical；重力垂线偏差：gravimetric deflection of the vertical；垂线偏差改正：correction for deflection of the vertical；标高差改正：correction for skew normals；截面差改正：correction from normal section to geodesic；大地主题正解：direct solution of geodetic problem；大地主题反解：inverse solution of geodetic problem；高斯中纬度公式：Gauss midlatitude formula；贝塞尔大地主题解算公式：Bessel formula for solution of geodetic problem；高斯-克吕格投影：Gauss-Krüger projection；归化纬度：reduced latitude；等量纬度：isometric latitude；中央子午线：central meridian；分带子午线：zone dividing meridian；高斯平面子午线收敛角：Gauss grid convergence；高斯投影距离改正：distance correction in Gauss projection；高斯投影方向改正：arc-to-chord correction in Gauss projection；底点纬度：latitude of pedal；高斯平面坐标系：Gauss plane coordinate system；坐标方位角：grid bearing；天文点：astronomical point；本初子午线：prime meridian；经度起算点：origin of longitude；极移：polar motion；瞬时极：instantaneous pole；平极：mean pole；固定平极：fixed mean pole；历元平极：mean pole of the epoch；国际协议原点：Conventional International Origin， CIO；地极坐标系：coordinates of the pole；地球自转参数：earth rotation parameter， ERP；恒星时：sidereal time；世界时：universal time， UT；儒略日：Jalian Day；国际原子时：international atomic time， IAT；协调世界时：coordinated universal time， UTC；天文年历：astronomical ephemeris， astronomical almanac；FK4星表：Fourth Fundamental Catalogue， FK4；FK5星表：Fifth Fundamental Catalogue， FK5；中国大地测量星表：Chinese Geodetic Stars Catalogue， CGSC；天文经度：astronomical longitude；天文纬度：astronomical latitude；钱德勒摆动：Chandler wobble；天文方位角：astronomical azimuth；津格尔［星对］测时法：method of time determination by Zinger star-pair；中天法：transit method；恒星中天测时法：method of time determination by star transit；塔尔科特测纬度法：Talcott method of latitude determination；多星等高法：equal-altitude method of multi-star；北极星任意时角法：method by hour angle of Polaris；时号：time signal；协调世界时时号：time signal in UTC；收时：time receiving；时号改正数：correction to time signal；电磁波传播［时延］改正：correction for radio wave propagation of time signal轴颈误差：error of pivot；人仪差：personal and instrumental equation；重力位：gravity potential；重力：gravity；岁差：precession；章动：nutation；矢量重力测量：vector gravimetry；引力：gravitation；离心力：centrifugal force；引力位：gravitational potential；离心力位：potential of centrifugal force；正常引力位：normal gravitational potential；正常重力位：normal gravity potential；地球位：geopotential；扰动位：disturbing potential；正常水准椭球：normal level ellipsoid；正常重力场：normal gravity field；正常重力：normal gravity；正常重力线：normal gravity line；正常重力公式：normal gravity formula；平均地球椭球：mean earth ellipsoid；大地测量参考系：geodetic reference system；地心引力常数：geocentric gravitational constant；地球自转角速度：rotational angular velocity of the earth；地球重力场模型：earth gravity model；地球位系数：potential coefficient of the earth；带谐系数：coefficient of zonal harmonics；扇谐系数：coefficient of sectorial harmonics；田谐系数：coefficient of tesseral harmonics；克莱罗定理：Clairaut theorem；大地测量边值问题：geodetic boundary value problem；斯托克斯理论：Stokes theory；斯托克斯公式：Stokes formula；莫洛坚斯基理论：Molodensky theory；莫洛坚斯基公式：Molodensky formula；布耶哈马问题：Bjerhammar problem；布隆斯公式：Bruns formula；维宁•曼尼斯公式：Vening-Meinesz formula；大地水准面：geoid；似大地水准面：quasi-geoid；近似地形面：telluroid；大地水准面高：geoidal height， geoidal undulation；高程异常：height anomaly；天文水准：astronomical leveling；天文重力水准：astro-gravimetric leveling；重力测量：gravity measurement；微重力测量：microgravimetry；绝对重力测量：absolute gravity measurement；相对重力测量：relative gravity measurement；航空重力测量：airborne gravity measurement；重力梯度测量：gravity gradient measurement， gradiometry；重力基线：gravimetric baseline；重力点：gravimetric point；基本重力点：basic gravimetric point；全球导航卫星系统：Global Navigation Satellite System， GLONASS；地基系统：ground-based system；空基系统：space-based system；多里斯系统：Doppler Orbitograph and Radio Positioning Intergrated by Satellite， DORIS；普拉烈系统：Precise Range and Rangerate Equipment， PRARE；波茨坦重力系统：Potsdam gravimetric system；海军导航卫星系统：Navy Navigation Satellite System， NNSS；零漂改正：correction of zero drift；重力潮汐改正：correction of gravity measurement for tide；重力归算：gravity reduction；空间改正：free-air correction；地形改正：topographic correction；差分：GPS differential GPS；静态定位：static positioning；动态定位：kenamatic positioning；相对定位：relative positioning；单点定位：point positioning；单差相位观测：single difference phase observation；双差相位观测：double difference phase observation；三差相位观测：triple difference phase observation；周跳：cycle slip；相位模糊度解算：phase ambiguity resolution；法伊改正：Faye correction；地壳均衡改正：isostatic correction；层间改正：plate correction；布格改正：Bouguer correction；重力异常：gravity anomaly；布格异常：Bouguer anomaly；空间异常：free-air anomaly；纯重力异常：pure gravity anomaly；重力垂直梯度：vertical gradient of gravity；重力水平梯度：horizontal gradient of gravity；重力异常阶方差：degree variance of gravity anomaly；协方差函数：covariance function；固体潮：[solid] Earth tide；重力固体潮观测：gravity observation of Earth tide；地倾斜观测：ground tilt measurement；地壳形变观测：crust deformation measurement；监测网：monitoring network；引潮位：tide-generating potential；引潮力：tide-generating force；海潮模型：ocean tidal model；平衡潮：equilibrium tide；负荷潮：load tide；附加位：additional potential；潮汐波：tidal wave；杜德森常数：Doodson constant；勒夫数：Love's number；志田数：Shida's number；潮汐因子：tidal factor；地球动力扁率：dynamic ellipticity of the earth；地球动力因子：dynamic factor of the earth；冰后回弹：post glacial rebound；地壳均衡：isostasy；惯性坐标系：inertial coordinate system；天球坐标系：celestial coordinate system；轨道坐标系：orbital coordinate system；地固坐标系：body-fixed coordinate system， earth-fixed coordinate system；站心坐标系：topocentric coordinate system；地心经度：geocentric longitude；地心纬度：geocentric latitude；平移参数：translation parameters；旋转参数：rotation parameters；地球定向参数：earth orientation parameter， EOP；尺度参数：scale parameter；受摄轨道：disturbed orbit；平均运动：mean motion；卫星高度：satellite altitude；卫星星下点：aub-satellite point；托帕克斯卫星：TOPEX/POSEIDON， T/P；欧洲遥感卫星：Europe Remote Sensing Satellite， ERS；卫星构形：satellite configuration；卫星运动方程：equation of satellite motion；摄动力：disturbing force；卫星受摄运动：perturbed motion of satellite；地球引力摄动：terrestrial gravitational perturbation；日月引力摄动：lunisolar gravitational perturbation；海洋负荷：oceanic load；大气阻力摄动：atmospheric drag perturbation；太阳光压摄动：solar radiation pressure perturbation；潮汐摄动：tidal perturbation；运动方程分析解：analytical solution of motion equation；运动方程数值解：numerical solution of motion equation；状态向量：state vector；卫星共振分析：analysis of satellite resonance；卫星轨道改进：improvement of satellite orbit；卫星激光测距：satellite laser ranging， SLR；。

测绘工程专业英语1. Introduction测绘工程是一门综合性较强的学科，需要使用专业的英语术语来进行交流和沟通。

本文将介绍一些与测绘工程相关的常用英语词汇和表达，以帮助读者更好地理解和运用专业英语。

2. Surveying and Mapping 测绘2.1 Surveying 规划测量•Geodetic surveying大地测量•Cadastral surveying (land) 地籍测绘•Engineering surveying工程测量•Topographic surveying地形测量•Control surveying控制测量•Hydrographic surveying水文测量•Deformation monitoring变形监测2.2 Mapping 制图•Cartography制图学•Digital mapping数字制图•Geographic information system (GIS)地理信息系统•Remote sensing遥感•Image interpretation图像解译•Orthophoto正射影像•Contour lines等高线•Land cover classification土地覆盖分类3. Instruments and Equipment 仪器设备•Theodolite经纬仪•Total station全站仪•GPS receiver GPS接收机•Levels水准仪•Laser scanner激光扫描仪•Data collector数据采集器•GIS software GIS软件•Mapping software制图软件4. Measurements 测量数据•Distance measurement距离测量•Angle measurement角度测量•Coordinate measurement坐标测量•Elevation measurement高程测量•Height measurement高度测量•Area measurement面积测量•Volume measurement体积测量5. Data Analysis 数据分析•Data processing数据处理•Error analysis误差分析•Statistical analysis统计分析•Spatial analysis空间分析•Data visualization数据可视化•Interpolation插值•Extrapolation外推•Regression analysis回归分析6. Project Management 项目管理•Survey project planning测量项目规划•Budget estimation预算估算•Resource allocation资源分配•Scheduling进度安排•Quality control质量控制•Risk assessment风险评估•Project documentation项目文档7. Conclusion本文介绍了一些与测绘工程专业相关的英语词汇和表达，涵盖了测绘、制图、仪器设备、测量数据、数据分析和项目管理等领域。