托福TPO20【综合写作文本】

托福写作资料之——综合写作模板The reading and listening passages debate (have a conflict of opinion about the practice (plan, proposal, policy of_________. The reading material points out three major benefits (negative effects, which are contradicted (refuted, undermined, weakened by the following lecture.PS: 黄色阴影部分可以被替换成下面这句，灵活运用。

The theory/hypothesis that _____. To (disprove it, the reading material provides three facts.以上为第一段，接下来的蓝色字体要重复写三遍，因为阅读中有三个观点，听力一般分别都有三个观点与之对应，可能同意，可能反驳。

每个观点分别重复以下模板Logical word (例如：firstly, secondly, thirdly…. + the reading material claims (argues, believes, holds that Topic Sentence（ps:这个主题句必须写，但需要改写，最好不要照抄原阅读中的句子）. It is because (the reason is that/ The reasons are twofold. For one thing … For another thing …. However, the listening mater ial (speaker, lecturer believe that … (This is not the case/ holds the opposite opinion. It is because (tow opposing arguments are raised. First … Second ….By this way, the speaker contradicts (undermines the opinion (argument, evidence, fact of the reading.PS: 蓝色阴影部分，只在最后一次重复蓝色字体部分才加上。

新托福TPO综合写作详细解析汇总
在新托福综合写作中，有的同学语言使用的能力还有一定局限，还要刻意追求句式的复杂化，但这样的后果就是写出来的句子个个都有错，个个都有表达不清。

其实用最好的词表达最多的内容才是最厉害的写作方式，本文小编为大家整理了一篇新托福综合写作范文，来源于TPO 1—15。

新托福综合写作范文TPO2详细解析:团队的作用
新托福综合写作范文TPO3详细解析:伦勃朗
新托福综合写作范文TPO4详细解析:恒温动物
新托福综合写作范文TPO5详细解析:查科峡谷的巨屋
新托福综合写作范文TPO6详细解析:在线百科的利弊
新托福综合写作范文TPO7详细解析:环保认证在美国无用
新托福综合写作范文TPO8详细解析:塞恩加尔骑士
新托福综合写作范文TPO9详细解析:氢燃料
新托福综合写作范文TPO10详细解析:海獭数量减少的原因
新托福综合写作范文TPO11详细解析:人们不爱读书了
新托福综合写作范文TPO12详细解析:简·奥斯汀
新托福综合写作范文TPO13详细解析:私人化石买卖的坏处
新托福综合写作范文TPO14详细解析:回收性砍伐
新托福综合写作范文TPO15详细解析:控制蔗蜍数量的方法
新托福综合写作对语言的要求是清晰表达，准确转述即可(其实独立写作的要求也类似)。

没有必要一味地追求语言的华丽，把话说清楚最重要。

瑞德托福模考系统是专业的托福模拟考试软件、托福在线模拟考试软件，提供在线托福全真模考，系统可创建真实托福模考(TOEFL iBT)环境，按照阅读、听力、口语、写作四部分进行考试。

详情了解请登陆托福模考软件
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tpo20口语① Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? It's better to learn to play a musical instrument when you are a child than when you are an adult. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.I agree with the statement that it's better to learn to play a musical instrument when you are a child than when you are an adult. There are several reasons why I believe this to be true.Firstly, children have more time and flexibility in their schedule to commit to practicing and improving their skills on a musical instrument. As a child, one's daily routine is usually centered around school and extracurricular activities, leaving ample time for dedicated practice. On the other hand, as an adult, one often has multiple responsibilities such as work, household chores, and family commitments, which can makes it difficult to find time for regular practice. Furthermore, children's minds are more absorbent and adaptable, making it easier for them to learn new skills, including playing a musical instrument.Secondly, learning to play a musical instrument at a young age can have a positive impact on a child's cognitive development. Research has shown that playing a musical instrument can enhance brain functions such as memory, attention, and problem-solving abilities. Since children's brains are still developing, they are in a prime position to benefit from these cognitive enhancements. Moreover, learning to play a musical instrument can also improve a child's hand-eye coordination and motor skills.Lastly, learning to play a musical instrument as a child provides the opportunity for long-term mastery. It takes time and practice to become proficient in any musical instrument, and starting at a young age allows for a longer period of continuous improvement. Additionally, children who start learning a musical instrument at a young age are more likely to develop a passion for it, which can lead to a lifelong enjoyment of playing and possibly even a career in music.In conclusion, I believe that it is indeed better to learn to play a musical instrument when you are a child rather than when you are an adult. The availability of time, the cognitive benefits, and the potential for long-term mastery make childhood an ideal time to embark on this musical journey.。

TPO 24Animal fossils usually provide very little opportunity to study the actual animal tissues because in fossils the animals' living tissues have been largely replaced by minerals. Thus, scientists were very excited recently when it appeared that a 70-million-year-old fossil of Tyrannosaurus rex (T. rex), a dinosaur, might still contain remains of the actual tissues of the animal. The discovery was made when researchers deliberately broke open the T. rex's leg bone, thereby exposing its insides to reveal materials that seem to be remains of blood vessels, red blood cells, and collagen matrix.First, the breaking of the fossilized leg bone revealed many small branching channels inside, which probably correspond to hollows in the bones where blood vessels were once located. The exciting finding was the presence of a soft, flexible organic substance inside the channels. This soft substance may very well represent the remains of the actual blood vessels of T. Rex.Second, microscopic examination of the various parts of the inner bone revealed the presence of spheres that could be the remains of red blood cells. Tests showed that the spheres contained iron - a material vital to the role of red blood cells in transporting oxygen to tissues. Moreover, the spheres had dark red centers (substances with iron tend to be reddish in color) and were also about the size of red blood cells.Third, scientists performed a test on the dinosaur leg bone that showed that it contained collagen. Collagen is a fibrous protein that is a main component of living bone tissue, in which it forms a so-called collagen matrix. Collagen (or its chemical derivatives) is exactly the kind of biochemical material that one would expect to find in association with bone tissue.As much as we would like to have the remains of actual dinosaur tissue, there are sound reasons for being skeptical of the identifications made in the reading.First, the soft, flexible substance inside the bone channels isn't necessarily the remains of blood vessels. It is much more likely to be something else. Like what? You might say. Well, long after an organism is died, bacteria sometimes colonize hollows, empty areas in bones, like the channels that once held blood vessels. When bacteria lived inside bones, they often leave behind traces of organic material. What the researchers in the reading are identifying as blood vessels might just be traces of soft and moist residue left by bacteria colonies.All right. What about the iron-filled spheres? Well, the problem is that scientists found identical reddish spheres in fossils of other animals found in the same place. That includes fossils of primitive animals that did not have any red blood cells when they were alive. Clearly, if these spheres appear in organisms that did not have any red blood cells, then the spheres cannot be the remains of red blood cells. The spheres probably have a very different origin. They are probably just pieces of reddish mineral.Third, the collagen. The problem is that we have never found collagen in animal remains that are older than one hundred thousand years. Collagen probably cannot last longer than that. Finding collagen from an animal that lived seventy million years ago would really contradict our ideas about how long collagen can last. It is just too improbable. The most likely explanation for the presence of collagen is that it doesn't come from the T.rex, but from another much more recent source. For example, human skin contains collagen, so the collagen may have come from the skin of the researchers who are handling the bone.In the reading passage, it talks about the fossils related to animal tissues, however, the professor holds different ideas.To begin with, in the reading material, we learn that the lots of tiny branching channels are found inside of the leg bone fossil. The reading material argues that soft tissue is expected to be found in the channels. However, the professor thinks that the channels are more likely to be left by bacteria. In addition, in the reading passage, it talks about that spheres are found in inner bone and red blood cells can be remained. And in the reading passage, it gives evidence that the sphere have red centers. However the professor indicates that there is no evidence show that creature at that time had red cells and the red centers should be something else.As a final point, in the reading passage, it talks about that collagen is found on the leg bone. Collagen is actually a biochemical material, which is expected to be an association with bone tissue.However, the professor says that collagen is not likely to live as long as 7 million year. It may be some recent material. For instant, it may be from the hand skin of the researchers.In conclusion the professor does not agree with the reading passage.TPO 25In 1938 an archaeologist in Iraq acquired a set of clay jars that had been excavated two years earlier by villagers constructing a railroad line. The vessel was about 2,200 years old. Each clay jay contained a copper cylinder surrounding an iron rod. The archaeologist proposed that vessel were ancient electric batteries and even demonstrated that they can produce a small electric current when filled with some liquids. However, it is not likely that the vessels were actually used as electric batteries in ancient times.First of all, if the vessels were used as batteries, they would probably have been attached to some electricity conductors such as metal wires. But there is no evidence that any metal wires were located near the vessels. All that has been excavated are the vessels themselves.Second, the copper cylinders inside the jars look exactly like copper cylinders discovered in the ruins of Seleucia, an ancient city located nearby. We know that the copper cylinders from Seleucia were used for holding scrolls of sacred texts, not for generating electricity. Since the cylinders found with the jars have the same shape, it is very likely they were used for holding scrolls as well. That no scrolls were found inside the jars can be explained by the fact that the scrolls simply disintegrated over the centuries.Finally, what could ancient people have done with the electricity that the vessels were supposed to have generated? They had no devices that replied on electricity. As batteries, the vessels would have been completely useless to them.Your reading says that these vessels were not used as batteries in ancient times, but the arguments used in the reading are not convincing. The battery explanation could very well be correct.First, about the absence of wires or other conductors, Remember, vessels were discovered by local people, not archaeologists. These people might have found other material located near the jars. But since they were not trained archaeologists, they may not have recognized the importance of that material. So materials serving as wires or conductors might have been overlooked as uninteresting or even thrown away. We’ll never know.Second, it is true that the copper cylinders in the vessels are similar to cylinders used to hold scrolls, but that does not really prove anything. It’s possible that the copper cylinders were originally designed to preserve scrolls. And that some ancient inventor later discovered that if you use them together with iron rods and some liquid in a clay vessel, they will produce electricity. That’s how the first ancient battery could have been born. In other words, the copper cylinders could have been originally used for one purpose, but then adapted for another purpose.Finally, there’s the question of the possible uses of the battery in the ancient world. Well, the battery could produce a mild shock or tingling sensation when someone touched it. This could very well have been interpreted as evidence of some invisible power. You can easily see how people could convince others that they had magical powers through the use of the battery. Also, the battery could have been used for healing. Modern medicine uses mild electric current to stimulate muscles and relieve aches and pains. Ancient doctors may have used the batteries for the same purpose.In the reading material, the author states that the vessels found in Iraq in 1938 were not actually used as electric batteries in ancient times. However in the listening material, the professor refutes that the argument is unconvincing as it was used as batteries.First, according to the reading passage, the author suggests that if they were used as batteries, they would have been attached to some electricity conductors. However in the listening, the professor claims that we should remember that the discovery was made by local people along with some other materials. As they were not trained as archaeologist, they could not recognize the importance of some certain excavations.Perhaps they were overlook as something uninterested and then thrown away. Second, the author in the reading material mentions that the vessels were likely used for holding scrolls. Unfortunately the professor argues that it could not prove anything. It is possible that the vessels may be originally designed to scrolls. However ancient inventor then discovered that if the vessels were used with iron rod and some liquid, it could generate the electricity. So the copper cylinders may be originally used for one purpose but adapted for another purpose.Finally, the author of the reading passage asserts that the vessels would have been completely useless to ancient people as they had no devices that replied on electricity. In the contrary in obviously contradicts with the listening passage in which the professor contends that the battery could generate some mild shock and this also interprets evidence of some invisible power that how people convince others they had the magic power. Also it could be used for healing. In modern society doctors would use batteries to stimulate muscles and release pains. In ancient times people could also do that.In conclusion, according to the listening material, the argument that the vessels could not be used as batteries is unwarranted.TPO 26The zebra mussel, a freshwater shellfish native to Eastern Europe, has long been spreading out from its original habitats and has now reached parts of North America. There are reasons to believe that this invasion cannot be stopped and that it poses a serious threat to freshwater fish populations in all of North America.First, the history of the zebra mussel's spread suggests that the invasion might be unstoppable. It is a prime example of an invasion made possible by human transportation. From the zebra mussel’s original habitats in Eastern Europe, ships helped spread it out along new canals built to connect Europe’s waterways. The mussel can attach itself to a ship’ s bottom or can survive in the water—called "ballast water"—that the ship needs to take on to properly balance its cargo. By the early nineteenth century, the mussel had spread to the whole of Europe. It was later carried to the east coast of North America in the ballast water of ships traveling from Europe. The way ships have spread the zebra mussel in the past strongly suggests that the species will soon colonize all of North America.Moreover, once zebra mussels are carried to a new habitat, they can dominate it. They are a hardy species that does well under a variety of conditions, and they have a high rate of reproduction. Most important, however, zebra mussels often have no predators in their new habitats, and species without natural predators are likely to dominate their habitats.Finally, zebra mussels are likely to cause a decline in the overall fish population in habitats where they become dominant. The mussels are plankton eaters, which means that they compete for food with many freshwater fish species.Contrary to what you just read, there are ways to control the zebra mussel's spread. What's more, it is not so clear that the mussel is a serious threat to fish populations.True, the spread of zebra mussels couldn't be controlled in the past, but that's because people didn't have enough knowledge. In fact, there are effective ways to stop ships from carrying the mussels to new locations. Here's an example. The way zebra mussels usually travel across the ocean is that a ship takes on some fresh "ballast water" in Europe and then empties that water into American waterways when it arrives. Full of zebra mussels, but the ship can be required to empty out the freshwater and refill with ocean water while still out in the ocean. Salt water will kill the mussels.Second, it's true that zebra mussels often don't have predators in their new habitats, but that's only in the beginning. What's been happening in Europe is that local aquatic birds sooner or later notice there's a new food source around and change their habits to exploit it. They switch from whatever they were eating before to eating zebra mussels. And birds can eat a lot of mussels. So zebra mussels aren't so likely to dominate their new habitats after all.Finally, even in habitats where zebra mussels become dominant, is the overall fish population likely to decrease. It's true that zebra mussels may have a negative impact on fish that eat plankton. But on other fish, they can have a positive impact. For example, the mussels generate nutrients that are eaten by fish that feed near the bottom of the lake or river. So bottom-feeding fish populations may increase, even if plankton-eating fish population decrease.Contrary to what is argued in the passage, the lecture illustrates how zebra mussels are not likely to become a serious threat to freshwater fish populations in North America.First and foremost, new knowledge of the zebra mussel has shed light on new ways to prevent their invasion, even though people in the past have not been able to stop the spread of zebra mussels effectively. For instance, although a large amount of zebra mussels spread to North America by staying in the ballast water of a ship, people can now get rid of them before the ship gets to the shore – if the ballast water is emptied halfway of the journey and refreshed with sea water, the zebra mussels can be exterminated as soon as they get exposed to salt water.Furthermore, zebra mussels are not likely to dominate a new habitat for a long period of time. The lecture agrees that zebra mussels may have no predators and reproduce rapidly in the beginning, but it would not be long before predators notice this new source of food and therefore prevent its domination.Finally, zebra mussels would not cause the decline of overall fish population. While zebra mussels would most likely cause the decline of plankton eaters, as the passage suggests, they would also provide nutrients for bottom-feeding fish and eventually cause the population of those fish to increase.TPO 33Carved stone balls are a curious type of artifact found at a number of |locations in Scotland. They date from the late Neolithic period, around 4,000 years ago. They are round in shape; they were carved from several types of stone; most are about 70 mm in diameter; and many are ornamented to some degree. Archaeologists do not agree about their purpose and meaning, but there are several theories.One theory is that the carved stone balls were weapons used in hunting or fighting. Some of the stone balls have been found with holes in them, and many have grooves on the surface. It is possible that a cord was strung through the holes or laid in the grooves around the ball. Holding the stone balls at the end of the cord would have allowed a person to swing it around or throw it.A second theory is that the carved stone balls were used as part of a primitive system of weights and measures. The fact that they are so nearly uniform in size -at 70 mm in diameter-suggests that the balls were interchangeable and represented some standard unit of measure. They could have been used as standard weights to measure quantities of grain or other food, or anything that needed to be measured by weight on a balance or scale for the purpose of trade.A third theory is that the carved stone balls served a social purpose as opposed to a practical or utilitarian one. This view is supported by the fact that many stone balls have elaborate designs. The elaborate carving suggests that the stones may have marked the important social status of their owners.None of the three theories presented in the reading passage are very convincing.First, the stone balls as hunting weapons, common Neolithic weapons such as arrowheads and hand axes generally show signs of wear, so we should expect that if the stone balls had been used as weapons for hunting of fighting, they too would show signs of that use. Many of the stone balls would be cracked or have pieces broken off. However, the surfaces of the balls are generally well preserved, showing little or no wear or damage.Second, the carved stone balls maybe remarkably uniform in size, but their masses vary too considerably to have been used as uniform weights. This is because the stone balls were made of different types of stone including sandstone, green stone and quartzite. Each type of stone has a different density. Some types of stone are heavier than others just as a handful of feathers weighs less than a handful of rocks. Two balls of the same size are different weights depending on the type of stone they are made of. Therefore, the balls could not have been used as a primitive weighing system.Third, it's unlikely that the main purpose of the balls was as some kind of social marker.A couple of facts are inconsistent with this theory. For one thing, while some of the balls are carved with intricate patterns, many others have markings that are extremely simple, too simple to make the balls look like status symbols. Furthermore, we know that in Neolithic Britain, when someone died, particularly a high-ranking person, they were usually buried with their possessions. However, none of the carved stone balls have been actually found in tombs or graves. That makes it unlikely that the balls were personal possessions that marked a person's status within the community.The author in the reading passage explores three major functions of the carved stone balls. However, in the lecture, the professor respectively contradicts all his assertions by using three specific points as supports.First, even though the reading passage suggests that the stone balls were weapons because of the holes and grooves on their surface, the professor argues that the stone balls didn’t show signs of use, which means they are neither cracked nor broken and thus cannot be used as weapons.Second, despite the statement in the reading passage that the stone balls were used as primitive weighing system due to their uniform size, the professor contends that their masses vary too considerably from each other. Therefore, the balls could not function as weighing system.Third, the author asserts that the stone balls served a social purpose owing to their elaborate designs while the professor proves that this claim is indefensible by pointing out that the balls were carved with not only intricate patterns but also simple ones, besides, none of the balls were found in the ancient tombs or graves. Consequently, it’s impossible that the balls were social markers.TPO 34A huge marine mammal known as Steller’s sea cow once lived in the waters around Bering Island off the coast of Siberia. It was described in 1741 by Georg W. Steller, a naturalist who was among the first European to see one. In 1768 the animal became extinct. The reasons for the extinction are not clear. Here are three theories about the main cause of the extinction.First, the sea cows may have been overhunted by groups of native Siberian people. If this theory is correct, then the sea cow population would have originally been quite large, but hundreds of years off too much hunting by the native people diminished the number of sea cows. Sea cows were a good source of food in a harsh environment, so overhunting by native people could have been the main cause of extinction.Second, the sea cow population may have become extinct because of ecosystems disturbances that caused a decline in their main source of food, kelp (a type of sea plant). Kelp populations respond negatively to a number of ecological changes. It is possible that ecological changes near Bering island some time before 1768 caused a decrease of the kelp that the sea cows depend on.Third, the main cause of extinction of the sea cows could have been European fur traders who came to the island after 1741. It is recorded that the fur traders caught the last sea cow in 1768. It thus seems reasonable to believe that hunting by European fur traders, who possessed weapons that allowed them to quickly kill a large number of the animals, was the main cause of the sea cow’s extinction.Now I want to tell you about what one company found when it decided that it would turn over some of its new projects to teams of people, and make the team responsible for planning the projects and getting the work done. After about six months, the company took a look at how well the teams performed.On virtually every team, some members got almost a “free ride”… they didn’t contribute much at all, but if their team did a good job, they nevertheless benefited from the recognition the team got. And what about group members who worked especially well and who provided a lot of insight on problems and issues? Well … the recognition for a job well done went to the group as a whole, no names were named. So it wont surprise you to learn that when the real contributors were asked how they felt about the group process, their attitude was just the opposite of what the reading predicts.Another finding was that some projects just didn’t move very quickly. Why? Because it took so long to reach consensus; it took many, many meetings to build the agreement among group members about how they would move the project along. On the other hand, there were other instances where one or two people managed to become very influential over what their group did. Sometimes when those influencers said “that will never work” about an idea the group was developing, the idea was quickly dropped instead of being further discussed. And then there was another occasion when a couple influencers convinced the group that a plan of theirs was “highly creative.” And even though some members tried to warn the rest of the group that the project was moving in directions that might not work, they were basically ignored by other group members. Can you guess the ending to this story? When the project failed, the blame was placed on all the members of the group.The writer and the professor all talk about the possible reasons for the extinction of sea cows. While the passage raises three theories about the main cause of the extinction, the lecture has differing views.According to the author, sea cows may have been over hunted by groups of native Siberian people, which could have been the main cause of the extinction. Not as the author puts it, the professor argues that over hunting for food could not be the main cause. He mentions that the sea cow was such a massive creature that could feed a small village for a month, and the population of native Siberian people was not very large. So, it was unlikely the native people hunted too much sea cow, the population of which would have originally been quite large.In the passage, it is said that a decline in their main source of food,caused by ecosystems' disturbance, may be the second explanation. On the contrary, the lecture suggests that no real evidence indicated the sea cows had little kelp to eat. The ecosystems' disturbances really happened before 1768, but it caused other part of marine creatures decreased, not sea cows' main source of food, kelp.At the points out the main cause could have been European fur traders, who were recorded catching sea cows. Quite the opposite, the speaker claims that it was not the real reason. Since the population was already small before Eropeanfur traders came to the island, there could have been something else decline a large number of the sea cows. And that is what the professor thinks the real reason of the extinction.。

托福写作tpo21综合写作范文同学们，今天咱们来聊聊托福写作tpo21综合写作的范文呀。

这个写作是关于基因改造树木的呢。

在范文里呀，有好多有趣的观点。

比如说，基因改造树木有好的地方。

就像有一种树，经过基因改造后，它长得特别快。

这就像咱们班的小明同学跑步一样，本来跑得很慢，经过锻炼后，跑得像风一样快。

这种基因改造后的树，能很快就长得高高大大的。

它可以给我们提供很多木材，就像我们盖房子的时候，需要很多很多的木头，如果是普通的树可能要等很久很久，但是这种基因改造的树很快就能满足需求啦。

可是呢，范文里也提到了基因改造树木的不好之处。

这些改造后的树可能会对周围的环境造成不好的影响。

想象一下呀，有一片美丽的森林，里面住着好多小动物，像小兔子、小松鼠之类的。

如果突然种上很多基因改造的树，这些树可能会把周围的水啊、养分啊都抢走。

就像在学校里，如果有一个小朋友总是抢别人的文具，那别的小朋友就没有办法好好写字画画啦。

那些小动物可能就没有足够的食物和水，因为这些基因改造树太“霸道”啦。

而且呀，基因改造树木可能会让一些害虫变得更厉害。

就好比我们玩游戏的时候，本来有一个小怪兽，我们可以很轻松地打败它。

可是突然这个小怪兽吃了一种神奇的东西，变得超级强大，我们就很难打败它了。

基因改造树木可能会让害虫吃了它之后，也变得超级难对付。

这样的话，农民伯伯的庄稼就会受到影响，就像我们种的小花小草，如果有很多很厉害的虫子来吃，它们就长不好啦。

在范文里还提到了一个很重要的点，就是基因改造树木的成本问题。

种这些树要花好多钱呢。

这就像我们想要买一个超级大的玩具城堡，但是这个城堡太贵了，我们可能要存很久很久的零花钱才能买得起。

对于种树来说，如果成本太高，很多地方可能就不会选择种这种基因改造的树啦。

所以呀，从这个托福写作tpo21综合写作的范文里我们可以学到好多东西。

我们看到一个东西有好的一面，就像基因改造树木能快速长大提供木材。

但也有不好的一面，像影响环境、让害虫变强大、成本高。

TPO 3The authenticity of the portrait of an elderly woman in a white bonnet attributed to Rembrandt was doubted in the reading. However, the lecture believes that this painting was indeed a masterpiece by Rembrandt.The reading argues that Rembrandt, as one of the most prominent painters in the world, is known for his attention to details, is unlikely make a mistake of inconsistence between the lavish fur and the servile white linen cap. However, the lecturer points out that the fur was later added on by other people for commercial purposes. When the fur is removed, the actual painting underneath matches with the rest of this portrait.Another controversy is the discordance of light and shadow in this painting. According to the reading, the dark color of the fur collar should leave a shadow rather than lighting up servants face. However, the lecturer mentioned that a whitish cloth revealed upon the removal of the dark fur collar. Therefore, in the original painting, the collar would have reflected the light and then illuminated her face.Finally, the author suspects the genuineness of this painting due to glued wood panel, a style that has never been observed in Rembrand t’s other paintings. Nevertheless, the lecture explained that it was also added by the others. In addition, when all the wood pieces near the margin are removed, the remaining central part is made from the wood coming from the same tree as that of his self-portrait, providing a strong evidence for the authenticity of this painting.TPO 15Cane toads, firstly introduced from America, proliferated in Australia and thus posed a threat to some local animals. The reading listed three measures to control the spread of cane toads, but the lecturer points out limitations to these solutions.First, the reading suggests that building national fence would prevent cane toads’ spread, which has been proved successful for the case of rabbits in early twentieth century. On the contrary, the lecturer thinks this method would be unsuccessful in that young toads and toads’ eggs will be carried by the water stream through the gaps between the fence to the other side. And It takes only a few young toads or toad eggs for this species to thrive in a new area.As for the second way mentioned in the reading-capturing and destroying toads near water by volunteers-the lecturer believes that it comes with a severe side effect. Without/Lacking in training, most volunteer will fail to distinguish between cane toads and native frogs especially when they are young, and thus they might accidentally kill the endangered native frogs.Finally, according to the reading, a special virus can be designed to specifically hurt cane toads will effectively curb their population increase without harming other creatures. The professor admits that this virus can reduce cane toad’s population in Australia. However, chances are that this virus will be transported to Central and South America through researchers or pet collectors. As a result, it will damage the whole ecosystem because cane toads are native species there.TPO 16The reading passage addresses the concern that the archaeology industry in the United Kingdom encountered many limitations and problems. However, in the lecture, the professor says that new rules and guidelines introduced in 1990s actually solved these problems.To start with, the reading claims that many artifacts were lost or destroyed due to the increasing construction work. On the contrary, the professor says that the new rules required examinations before the construction, which were conducted by professional archaeologists of the site, to see if the site was of archaeological interest. The company would either excavate the artifacts or build around the site once it is considered to be archaeologically valuable.Secondly, the reading states that previous funds provided by the government to support the archaeological research are insufficient. The new rules demanded that the construction company, rather than the government, should pay all the cost incurred during the whole process, including the initial examination as well as the extra work carried out throughout the preservation plan. This new source of funding allowed archaeologists to study a greater range of projects than they could in the past.Finally, according to the reading, there are only few positions in archaeology before andmany archaeology-related talents have to find other jobs instead. However, according to the new rules, all stages of the preservation plan were hiring archaeologists to do all kinds of work, ranging from examining the site, processing data to writing reports. As a result, the rules have created many job opportunities in the archaeological field.TPO 20The “let it burn”policy was questioned after the fire in Yellowstone. However, the professor stood by the policy by mentioning positive changes happening in Yellowstone after the fire.According to the reading, a variety of trees were heavily scorched from the fire, let alone many small plants in the forest. However, the listening points out that the fire has actually diversified the vegetation in Yellowstone afterwards. This is because some plants now have an open unshaded space to thrive and heat from the fire also caused some seeds to successfully germinate.Second, while the reading believes that the fire has either killed or permanently driven away animals, the listening mentioned a stronger food chain, and a more vibrant ecosystem formed later. Accompanying diversification of vegetation, seared area became an ideal living place for small animals like rabbits. In turn, their predators also arrived in this land.Lastly, the reading says that the 1988 fire shortened the tourist season of Yellowstone park, and had subsequently inflicted huge damage on local economy. The listening points out that low rainfall, strong wind and other extreme weather conditions caused the fire to be massive. Such combination of bad weather has never happened afterwards; Yellowstone has not witness a fire of such magnitude after 1988. It is now still one of the most popular places to visit in America.TPO 23The reading mainly raised three hypotheses that explain the decline in numbers of yellow cedars. However, the listening points out the weaknesses of these hypotheses respectively.First, the reading believes that insect parasites, specifically cedar bark beetles, are responsible for the population decline since record shows that beetles attacks have killed yellow cedars. However, the listening points out that those trees that died from beetles’ attack was already sick and was going to die anyway. In fact, yellow cedars are much more resistant to bug infection as their bark and leaves contain chemical substances that is poisonous to insects.Second, the reading says brown bears usually claw at yellow cedars for bark as their food resource. As a result, trees weaken and then drop in numbers. However, according to the listening, yellow cedars grown on both mainland and islands across northwestern coast. Islands are not habit for brown bears, yet yellow cedars there are also disappearing. Thus, the aggressive feeding habit of brown bears is not an adequate explanation.The third hypothesis mentioned by reading concerns with climate change. The alteration of temperature patterns has rendered the roots of yellow cedar so sensitive that they are easily damaged by freeze of winter, which in turn undermines their health and causes their death. The listening, however, accuses the reading of neglecting the fact that more trees are dying at lower elevation, which is warmer, than at higher elevation. This is completely opposite to what the reading has suggested. Even though yellow cedar roots did become sensitive, it is not the reason for population decline.TPO 26The reading claims that Zebra Mussel’s invasion into North America is unstoppable and will subsequently become a menace to native fish populations there. The lecturer, however, believes that there are indeed ways to curb the spread of Zebra Mussels, and even if they manage to invade North America, they will not necessarily harm all the fish population.First, according to the reading, these mussels, originating from Eastern Europe, get a free ride to North America in the fresh water named ballast water at the bottom of the ships. However, the listening points out that mussels cannot live in salt water. Therefore, if all the ships are required to empty its ballast water and then fill in with salt water during thetrip, all Zebra mussels cannot possibly survive their journey to North America, let alone settling down there.Second, the reading says that once the mussels arrive in North America, their hardy nature and lack of predators will help them dominate the whole area, but the lecturer finds this unconvincing. He said that in Europe, there were no predators for Zebra mussels at first, either. However, they did not thrive because local aquatic birds gradually recognized them as a new source of food, and started to consume majority of them. The lecturer is confident that the same situation will occur in North America again.Lastly, the reading expresses its concerns over the detriment mussels will bring to overall fish population by explaining that they will fight many fish for plankton, a major food resource for both sides. While the lecturer admits this disadvantage of mussel colonization, he also suggests that the advent of mussels will be a blessing for some fish living at the bottom of the lake as these fish feed on nutrients generated by Zebra mussels.TPO 30The author in the passage suspects the burning mirror theory in Greek’s defense against Roman navy. However, the lecturer thinks that the points made in the reading are unconvincing.First, the reading believes Greeks did not possess the technology to produce a mirror large enough to ignite ships. The listening points out that the burning mirror did not have to be a single piece of glass. It can be accomplished by arranging dozens of polished copper into a parabolic curve, whose properties were known to Greek at that time. Second, according to the reading, experiments showed that burning mirror would have taken ten minutes to set unmoving wood on fire, and Roman ships would not stay static for that long. However, the listening mentions that Greeks did not have to aim at wood on the ship. A sticky substance called pitch used to seal gaps between woods can catch fire within seconds with burning mirror, and the fire will quickly spread to the wood, and then finally the whole ship.Third, the reading states that there was no reason for ancient Greeks to develop anotherweapon since they had already possessed the flaming arrow, which was more efficient to set fire than the burning mirror. However, the listening argues that Roman soldiers were every familiar with those flaming arrow, so they would be prepared to tackle fires caused by them. In contrast, burning mirror could set fire anywhere possible on the ship and thus baffle the soldiers.TPO 43The reading proposes three hypotheses on the living style of the agnostids, and the speaker has pointed out the weaknesses of them respectively.First, the reading states that agnostids, like many other arthropods, may be free-swimming predators that feed on small animals. The speaker challenges this statement by saying that free-swimming predators usually have large developed eyes enabling them to find food. However, agnostids are nearly blind and also do not have special sensory organs to locate their food. Therefore, it is impossible for them to prey on small organisms in ancient oceans.Second, according to the reading, agnostids may have dwelled on the seafloor where dead organisms and bacteria can serve as their food resources. The listening mentions that the fact that agnostids inhabited multiple geographic areas that scatter across large distances indicated their ability to move fast. This is uncharacteristic for seafloor dwellers who usually move slowly and stay localized. Thus, agnostids might not be seafloor dwellers. Last, the speaker says that a great quantity of parasites would have easily kills the hosts they live on. Thus, in order for the hosts to survive, the number of agnostids must be within certain limits, contradictory to the discovery that many species contain great amount of fossilized agnostids. In other words, agnostids could not have existed as parasites as they would have easily killed their hosts.TPO 44Quite opposite to what is said in the reading, the listening holds the opinion that many archaeologists believe the silver coin was originated in European and brought to North America by the Norse, a European explorer, by providing three pieces of evidenceFirst, the reading material states that the distance between the discovery site of the coin and Norse settlement was more than a thousand kilometers, indicating a small chance that the coin belonged to them. However, the lecture opposes it by saying that native Americans were interested in collecting things from other places, so it is possible that they reached Norse settlements during long distance travels and brought the coin back to Maine.Second, the reading claims that the absence of other coins denied the ownership of the found silver coin to the Norse. However, the Norse only stayed in America temporarily, and the listening suggests a possibility that they might have packed all their valuable possessions when returning to Europe. Thus, it makes perfect sense that only one coin was left behind and discovered later.Third, the lecturer agrees with the reading in that native Americans may fail to recognize silver coins as currency, but it also points out that the Norse surmised native Americans liked beautiful things. Silver coins might be appealing to native Americans as they could have been used in necklaces or other type of jewelry. In other words, in contrast to the reading, the Norse could have traded with native Americans with these coins.。

TPO21The lecturer points out three different shortcomings of genetically modified trees. In the aspects of adaptation, economic lucrativeness, and environmental value, they never have overwhelming advantage over natural trees. That means the points made in the reading are partial and biased.First, genetic modification doesn’t necessarily make a natural tree more resistant to environmental adversities. Although genetic reconstructing may make a species stronger in a specific condition as the reading indicates, the new strain lakes the genetic diversity of a natural species. Thanks to the marginal differences between individuals, there can always be some survivors among natural species following a large interruption like climate change or pest invasion. But similar changes may cause the distinction of a genetically modified species for their unification in characteristics.Second, tree farmers don’t get guaranteed economic benefits if they plant genetically new strains. Companies that develop the new plants always charge farmers higher prices for artificially improved seeds, and receive money from farmers each time they grow the same plant. Such company policies andlaw will deprive farmers of the gaining mentioned in the reading.Third, genetically modified t rees don’t promise to protect wild trees. Actually, since they can grow faster with fewer resources, they are more ecologically invasive. Normally they outcompete natural trees by grasping natural resources like sunshine, water and soil. It’s far from the idealistic situation described in the reading.TPO22The lecturer refutes all the seemingly existing shortages of ethanol listed in the reading and holds that ethanol is quite likely a good replacement of gasoline as the future fuel. First, the application of ethanol will not create as much heat as that of gasoline does. Although the burning of ethanol will also generate carbon dioxide, it will not add to the severity of global warming. Since the production of ethanol requires the planting of corns, whose growth in turn requires carbon dioxide as nutrition, the raised amount of the unwanted gas will be offset therewith. This is the situation the reading doesn’t account for.Second, the production of ethanol doesn’t surely reduce the food supply for farm animals. Because ethanol can be made out of any part of the plant whose cell walls contain cellulose, the cost of the pants’ useful parts can be avoided. This advantage renders the worry of the reading totally unnecessary. Finally, the price of ethanol will be largely reduced if the scale of manufacture increases. According to statistics, if the manufacture scale, following heavier demand of consumers, can be enlarged by three times, its cost will be reduced by forty percents. Under such circumstance, the government subsidies mentioned in the reading shall no longer be needed.TPO23The lecturer holds that the main reason causing the overall decline in yellow cedar population is not yet decided. The proposed reasons in the reading, though responsible for the poor health of some individual plants, may not account for the decline of the whole species throughout the North American Continent.First, healthy yellow cedar trees can secret a chemical that is poisonous to insects feeding on its barks. Hence, it isunlikely that the cedar bark beetle can ever attack a plant before it gets ill or dead. The reading thus finds a misleading causal relationship between the insect and the tree. Second, bears cannot be blamed for large-scaled dying of yellow cedars across North America, although they might be responsible for the accidental dying for some individual plants. Another condition that can set bears free from this accusation is that yellow cedars growing on bear-free islands are also dying in large numbers. Hereby the reading material fails to spot the primary reason again.Third, cold climate can neither be blamed for the general failure of cedar population. The proof can be found in the trees’ wider recession in areas of lower elevation, where it’s warmer than on higher elevations. Though cold weather may have made cedars more sensitive, it cannot be the primary killer as the reading indicates.TPO24The lecturer extends possible explanations besides the conclusions made on the newly discovered T. Rex fossil andsuggests that the existing evidences can lead to something other than remaining animal tissues as suggested in the reading.First, the branching channels in that leg bone can quite likely be the colonies of bacteria, since bacteria always take the hollows in a bone structure and develop themselves following the organic material. And the soft substance inside the channels can also be the residues of these bacteria colonies, rather than once blood vessels suggested by the reading material.Second, the reading assumes the reddish spheres found in the bone to be red blood cells, finding credence from their color and size. But fossils of primitive organisms in the same area also contain similar reddish spheres. With the knowledge that such primitive organisms could not yet have evolved red blood cells, there is a good reason to doubt that these spots are only reddish minerals instead of blood cells. The reading again makes an imprudent conclusion here.Third, not a single sample of collagen found to this date is older than ten thousand years in age. The collagen found in the passage, however, is located in a seventy million-year-olddinosaur fossil. Since this tissue can hardly sustain such a long history, its source may not be in that prehistory animal, but in the skin of researchers working on it. So the final conclusion of the reading should also be seen with doubt. TPO25The reading material claimed that the vessels involving a copper cylinder surrounding an iron rod was not likely used as electric batteries in ancient times. By contrast, the lecturer argued that the conclusion was not convincing at all.First of all, the absence of wires could blame on the excavators, those local people.Since they had no recognition of the importance of the other materials,thus ever exsited electricity conductors could have been regarded as uninteresting and thrown away.In addition, the similarity between the copper cyclinders inside the jars and those discovered in ruins of selucia was not the neccessary reason to defend that the former should hold scrolls as well. One explanation was that the function of copper cyclinders was gradully changed from original use of holding scrolls to generate electricity later.Plus, electricity batteries were also of use in ancient time. Ancient people could have done electricity to complete magic results and healing purpose.Actually, the lecturer stated that the tingling people felt when they touched the vessles could be thought as invisible power even magic power. On the other hand,modern results had shown that elctricity was able to sitmulate muscle activities and reduce pains.。

TPO1-24综合写作：阅读+听力文本【YeeaooBox推荐】特别推荐，感谢原作者目录TPO1 (2)TPO2 (3)TPO3 (4)TPO4 (5)TPO5 (7)TPO6 (8)TPO7 (9)TPO8 (11)TPO9 (12)TPO10 (13)TPO11 (15)TPO12 (16)TPO13 (17)TPO14 (18)TPO15 (20)TPO16 (21)TPO17 (22)TPO18 (23)TPO19 (25)TPO20 (26)TPO21 (27)TPO22 (28)TPO23 (29)TPO24 (30)是免费的托福真题备考网站 (31)随心的YeeaooBox iPhone客户端 (33)是免费的托福真题备考网站我们致力于提供最全的托福纯真题备考资料http:TPO1ReadingIn the United States,employees typically work five days a week for eight hours each day. However,many employees want to work a four-day week and are willing to accept less pay in order to do so.A mandatory policy requiring companies to offer their employees the option of working a four-day workweek for four-fifths(80percent)of their normal pay would benefit the economy as a whole as well as the individual companies and the employees who decided to take the option.The shortened workweek would increase company profits because employees would feel more rested and alert,and as a result,they would make fewer costly errors in their work. Hiring more staff to ensure that the same amount of work would be accomplished would not result in additional payroll costs because four-day employees would only be paid80percent of the normal rate.In the end,companies would have fewer overworked and error-prone employees for the same money,which would increase company profits.For the country as a whole,one of the primary benefits of offering this option to employees is that it would reduce unemployment rates. If many full-time employees started working fewer hours,some of their workload would have to be shifted to others.Thus,for every four employees who went on an80percent week,a new employee could be hired at the80percent rate.Finally,the option of a four-day workweek would be better for individual employees.Employees who could afford a lower salary in exchange for more free time could improve the quality of their lives by spending the extra time with their families,pursuing private interests,or enjoying leisure activities.ListeningProfessorOffering employees the option of a four-day workweek won't affect the company profits, economic conditions or the lives of employees in the ways the reading suggests.First,offering a four-day workweek will probably force companies to spend more,possibly a lot more.Adding new workers means putting much more money into providing training and medical benefits.Remember the costs of things like health benefits can be the same whether an employee works four days or five.And having more employees also requires more office space and more computers.These additional costs would quickly cut into company profits.Second,with respect to overall employment,it doesn't follow that once some employees choose a four-day workweek,many more jobs will become available.Hiring new workers is costly,as I argued a moment ago.And companies have other options.They might just choose to ask their employees to work overtime to make up the difference.Worse,companies might raise expectations.They might start to expect that their four-day employees can do the same amount of work they used to do in five days.If this happens,then no additional jobs will be created and current jobs will become more unpleasant.Finally,while a four-day workweek offers employees more free time to invest in their personal lives,it also presents some risks that could end up reducing their quality of life.Working a shorter week can decrease employees'job stability and harm their chances for advancing their careers. Four-day employees are likely to be the first to lose their jobs during an economic downturn.They may also be passed over for promotions because companies might prefer to have five-day employees in management positions to ensure continuous coverage and consistent supervision for the entire workweek.TPO2ReadingIn many organizations,perhaps the best way to approach certain new projects is to assemble a group of people into a team.Having a team of people attack a project offers several advantages. First of all,a group of people has a wider range of knowledge，expertise,and skills than any single individual is likely to possess.Also,because of the numbers of people involved and the greater resources they possess,a group can work more quickly in response to the task assigned to it and can come up with highly creative solutions to problems and issues.Sometimes these creative solutions come about because a group is more likely to make risky decisions that an individual might not undertake.This is because the group spreads responsibility for a decision to all the members and thus no single individual can be held accountable if the decision turns out to be wrong.Taking part in a group process can be very rewarding for members of the team.Team members who have a voice in making a decision will no doubt feel better about carrying out the work that is entailed by the decision than they might doing work that is imposed on them by others.Also,the individual team member has a much better chance to“shine”,to get his or her contributions and ideas not only recognized but recognized as highly significant,because a team’s overall results can be more far-reaching and have greater impact than what might have otherwise been possible for the person to accomplish or contribute working alone.ListeningProfessorNow I want to tell you about what one company found when it decided that it would turn over some of its new projects to teams of people,and make the team responsible for planning the projects and getting the work done.After about six months,the company took a look at how well the teams performed.On virtually every team,some members got almost a"free ride"...they didn't contribute much at all,but if their team did a good job,they nevertheless benefited from the recognition the team got. And what about group members who worked especially well and who provided a lot of insight on problems and issues?Well...the recognition for a job well done went to the group as a whole,nonames were named.So it won't surprise you to learn that when the real contributors were asked how they felt about the group process,their attitude was just the opposite of what the reading predicts.Another finding was that some projects just didn't move very quickly.Why?Because it took so long to reach consensus;it took many,many meetings to build the agreement among group members about how they would move the project along.On the other hand,there were other instances where one or two people managed to become very influential over what their group did. Sometimes when those influencers said"That will never work"about an idea the group was developing,the idea was quickly dropped instead of being further discussed.And then there was another occasion when a couple influencers convinced the group that a plan of theirs was"highly creative."And even though some members tried to warn the rest of the group that the project was moving in directions that might not work,they were basically ignored by other group members. Can you guess the ending to this story?When the project failed,the blame was placed on all the members of the group.TPO3ReadingRembrandt is the most famous of the seventeenth-century Dutch painters.However,there are doubts whether some paintings attributed to Rembrandt were actually painted by him.One such painting is known as attributed to Rembrandt because of its style,and indeed the representation of the woman’s face is very much like that of portraits known to be by Rembrandt.But there are problems with the painting that suggest it could not be a work by Rembrandt.First,there is something inconsistent about the way the woman in the portrait is dressed.She is wearing a white linen cap of a kind that only servants would wear-yet the coat she is wearing has a luxurious fur collar that no servant could afford.Rembrandt,who was known for his attention to the details of his subjects’clothing,would not have been guilty of such an inconsistency.Second,Rembrandt was a master of painting light and shadow,but in this painting these elements do not fit together.The face appears to be illuminated by light reflected onto it from below.But below the face is the dark fur collar,which would absorb light rather than reflect it.So the face should appear partially in shadow-which is not how it appears.Rembrandt would never have made such an error.Finally,examination of the back of the painting reveals that it was painted on a panel made of several pieces of wood glued together.Although Rembrandt often painted on wood panels,no painting known to be by Rembrandt uses a panel glued together in this way from several pieces of wood.For these reasons the painting was removed from the official catalog of Rembrandt’s paintings in the1930s.ListeningProfessor:Everything you just read about"Portrait of an Elderly Woman in a White Bonnet"is true,and yet after a thorough re-examination of the painting,a panel of experts has recently concluded that it's indeed a work by Rembrandt.Here is why.First,the fur collar.X-rays and analysis of the pigments in the paint have shown that the fur collar wasn't part of the original painting.The fur collar was painted over the top of the original painting about a hundred years after the painting was made.Why?Someone probably wanted to increase the value of the painting by making it look like a formal portrait of an aristocratic lady.Second,the supposed error with light and shadow.Once the paint of the added fur color was removed,the original could be seen,in the original painting,the woman is wearing a simple collar of light-colored cloth.The light-colored cloth of this collar reflects light that illuminates part of the woman's face.That's why the face is not in partial shadow.So in the original painting,light and shadow are very realistic and just what we would expect from Rembrandt.Finally,the wood panel.It turns out that when the fur collar was added,the wood panel was also enlarged with extra wood pieces glued to the sides and the top to make the painting more grand and more valuable.So the original painting is actually painted on a single piece of wood,as would be expected from a Rembrandt painting.And in fact,researchers have found that the piece of wood in the original form of"Portrait of an Elderly Woman in a White Bonnet"is from the very same tree as the wood panel used for another painting by Rembrandt,his"Self-portrait with a Hat".TPO4ReadingEndotherms are animals such as modern birds and mammals that keep their body temperatures constant.For instance,humans are endotherms and maintain an internal temperature of37°C,no matter whether the environment is warm or cold.Because dinosaurs were reptiles,and modern reptiles are not endotherms,it was long assumed that dinosaurs were not endotherms.However, dinosaurs differ in many ways from modem reptiles,and there is now considerable evidence that dinosaurs were,in fact,endotherms.Polar dinosaursOne reason for believing that dinosaurs were endotherms is that dinosaur fossils have been discovered in polar regions.Only animals that can maintain a temperature well above that of thesurrounding environment could be active in such cold climates.Leg position and movementThere is a connection between endothermy and the position and movement of the legs.The physiology of endothermy allows sustained physical activity,such as running.But running is efficient only if an animal's legs are positioned underneath its body,not at the body's side,as they are for crocodiles and many lizards.The legs of all modern endotherms are underneath the body, and so were the legs of dinosaurs.This strongly suggests that dinosaurs were endotherms.Haversian canalsThere is also a connection between endothermy and bone structure.The bones of endotherms usually include structures called Haversian canals.These canals house nerves and blood vessels that allow the living animal to grow quickly,and rapid body growth is in fact a characteristic of endothermy.The presence of Haversian canals in bone is a strong indicator that the animal is an endotherm,and fossilized bones of dinosaurs are usually dense with Haversian canals.ListeningProfessor:Many scientists have problems with the arguments you read in the passage.They don't think those arguments prove that dinosaurs were endotherms.Take the polar dinosaur argument.When dinosaurs lived,even the polar regions,where dinosaur fossils have been found,were much warmer than today,warm enough during part of the year for animals that were not endotherms to live.And during the months when the polar regions were cold, the so-called polar dinosaurs could have migrated to warmer areas or hibernated like many modern reptiles do.So the presence of dinosaur fossils in polar regions doesn't prove the dinosaurs were endotherms.Well,what about the fact that dinosaurs have their legs placed under their bodies,not out to the side like crocodiles.That doesn't necessarily mean dinosaurs were high-energy endotherms built for running.There is another explanation for having legs under the body.This body structure supports more weight,so with the legs under their bodies,dinosaurs can grow to a very large size. Being large had advantages for dinosaurs,so we don't need the idea of endothermy and running to explain why dinosaurs evolved to have their legs under their bodies.Ok,so how about bone structure?Many dinosaur bones do have Haversian canals,that's true.The dinosaur bones also have growth rings.Growth rings are thickening of the bone that indicates periods of time when the dinosaurs weren't rapidly growing.These growth rings are evidence that dinosaurs stopped growing or grew more slowly during cooler periods.This pattern of periodic growth,you know,rapid growth followed by no growth or slow growth,and then rapid growth again,is characteristic of animals that are not endotherms.Animals that maintain a constant body temperature year-round as true endotherms do grow rapidly even when the environment becomes cool.TPO5ReadingAs early as the twelfth century A.D.,the settlements of Chaco Canyon in New Mexico in the American Southwest were notable for their"great houses,"massive stone buildings that contain hundreds of rooms and often stand three or four stories high.Archaeologists have been trying to determine how the buildings were used.While there is still no universally agreed upon explanation,there are three competing theories.One theory holds that the Chaco structures were purely residential,with each housing hundreds of people.Supporters of this theory have interpreted Chaco great houses as earlier versions of the architecture seen in more recent Southwest societies.In particular,the Chaco houses appear strikingly similar to the large,well-known"apartment buildings"at Taos,New Mexico,in which many people have been living for centuries.A second theory contends that the Chaco structures were used to store food supplies.One of the main crops of the Chaco people was grain maize,which could be stored for long periods of time without spoiling and could serve as a long-lasting supply of food.The supplies of maize had to be stored somewhere,and the size of the great houses would make them very suitable for the purpose.A third theory proposes that houses were used as ceremonial centers.Close to one house,called Pueblo Alto,archaeologists identified an enormous mound formed by a pile of old material. Excavations of the mound revealed deposits containing a surprisingly large number of broken pots. This finding has been interpreted as evidence that people gathered at Pueblo Alto for special ceremonies.At the ceremonies,they ate festive meals and then discarded the pots in which the meals had been prepared or served.Such ceremonies have been documented for other Native American cultures.ListeningProfessor:Unfortunately none of the arguments about what the Chaco great houses were used for is convincing.First,sure,from the outside,the great houses look like later and native American apartment building,but the inside of the great houses casts serious doubt on the idea that many people lived there.I'll explain.If hundreds of people were living in the great houses,then there would have to be many fireplaces,where each family did its daily cooking,but there are very few fireplaces.In one of the largest great houses,there were fireplaces for only around ten families.Yet there wereenough rooms in the great house for more than a hundred families,so the primary function of the houses couldn't have been residential.Second,the idea that the great houses were used to store grain maize is unsupported by evidence. It may sound plausible that large empty rooms were used for storage,but excavations of the great houses have not uncovered many traces of maize or maize containers.If the great houses were used for storage,why isn't there more spilled maize on the floor?Why aren't there more remains of big containers?Third,the idea that the great houses were ceremonial centers isn't well supported either.You know that mound at Pueblo Alto?It contains lots of other materials besides broken pots,stuff you wouldn't expect from ceremonies.For example,there are large quantities of building materials, sands,stones,even construction tools.This suggests that the mound is just a trash heap of construction material,stuff that was thrown away or not used up when a house was being built. The pots in the pile could be regular trash too,leftover from the meals of the construction workers. So the Pueblo Alto mound is not good evidence that the great houses were used for special ceremonies.TPO6ReadingCommunal online encyclopedias represent one of the latest resources to be found on the Internet. They are in many respects like traditional printed encyclopedias collections of articles on various subjects.What is specific to these online encyclopedias,however,is that any Internet user can contribute a new article or make an editorial change in an existing one.As a result,the encyclopedia is authored by the whole community of Internet users.The idea might sound attractive,but the communal online encyclopedias have several important problems that make them much less valuable than traditional,printed encyclopedias.First,contributors to a communal online encyclopedia often lack academic credentials,thereby making their contributions partially informed at best and downright inaccurate in many cases. Traditional encyclopedias are written by trained experts who adhere to standards of academic rigor that nonspecialists cannot really achieve.Second,even if the original entry in the online encyclopedia is correct,the communal nature of these online encyclopedias gives unscrupulous users and vandals or hackers the opportunity to fabricate,delete,and corrupt information in the encyclopedia.Once changes have been made to the original text,an unsuspecting user cannot tell the entry has been tampered with.None of this is possible with a traditional encyclopedia.Third,the communal encyclopedias focus too frequently,and in too great a depth,on trivial andpopular topics,which creates a false impression of what is important and what is not.A child doing research for a school project may discover that a major historical event receives as much attention in an online encyclopedia as,say,a single long-running television program.The traditional encyclopedia provides a considered view of what topics to include or exclude and contains a sense of proportion that online"democratic"communal encyclopedias do not.ListeningProfessor:The communal online encyclopedia will probably never be perfect,but that's a small price to pay for what it does offer.The criticisms in the reading are largely the result of prejudice against and ignorance about how far online encyclopedias have come.First,errors.It's hardly a fair criticism that encyclopedias online have errors.Traditional encyclopedias have never been close to perfectly accurate,if you are looking for a realty comprehensive reference work without any mistakes,you are not going to find it,on or off line. The real point is that it's easy for errors in factual material to be corrected in an online encyclopedia.But with the printed and bound encyclopedia,the errors remain for decades.Second,hacking.Online encyclopedias have recognized the importance of protecting their articles from malicious hackers.One strategy they started using is to put the crucial facts in the articles that nobody disputes in a read-only format,which is a format that no one can make changes to. That way you are making sure that the crucial facts in the articles are reliable.Another strategy that's being used is to have special editors whose job is to monitor all changes made to the articles and eliminate those changes that are clearly malicious.Third,what's worth knowing about?The problem for traditional encyclopedias is that they have limited space,so they have to decide what's important and what's not.And in practice,the judgments of the group of academics that make these decisions don't reflect the great range of interests that people really have.But space is definitely not an issue for online encyclopedias.The academic articles are still represented in online encyclopedias,but there can be a great variety of articles and topics that accurately reflect the great diversity of users'interests.The diversity of use in topics that online encyclopedias offer is one of their strongest advantagesTPO7ReadingIn an effort to encourage ecologically sustainable forestry practices,an international organization started issuing certifications to wood companies that meet high ecological standards by conserving resources and recycling panies that receive this certification can attract customers by advertising their products as eco-certified.Around the world,many wood companies haveadopted new,ecologically friendly practices in order to receive eco-certification.However,it is unlikely that wood companies in the United States will do the same,for several reasons.First,American consumers are exposed to so much advertising that they would not value or even pay attention to the eco-certification label.Because so many mediocre products are labeled'new" or improved,''American consumers do not place much trust in advertising claims in general.Second,eco-certified wood will be more expensive than uncertified wood because in order to earn eco-certification,a wood company must pay to have its business examined by a certification agency.This additional cost gets passed on to consumers-American consumers tend to be strongly motivated by price,and therefore they are likely to choose cheaper uncertified wood products. Accordingly,American wood companies will prefer to keep their prices low rather than obtain eco-certificationThird,although some people claim that it always makes good business sense for American companies to keep up with the developments in the rest of the world,this argument is not convincing.Pursuing certification would make sense for American wood companies only if they marketed most of their products abroad.But that is not the case—American wood businesses sell most of their products in the United States,catering to a very large customer base that is satisfied with the merchandise.ListeningWell,despite what many people say,there is a good reason to think that many American wood companies will eventually seek eco-certification for the wood products.First off,companies in the United States don't treat all advertising the same.They distinguish between advertising claims that companies make about their own products and claims made by independent certification agencies.Americans have a lot of confidence in independent agencies. Thus ecological-minded Americans are likely to react very favorably to wood products ecologically certified by independent organization with an international reputation for trustworthiness.Second point,of course it is true that American consumers care a lot about price,who doesn't?But studies of how consumers make decisions show that price alone determines consumers'decisions only when the price of one competing products is much higher or lower than the other.When the difference between two products is small,say,less than5percent,as is the case with certified wood,American often do choose on factories other than price.And Americans are becoming increasingly convinced of the value of preserving and protecting the environment.And third,US Wood companies should definitely pay attention what is going on in the wood business internationally.Not because of foreign consumers but because of foreign competitors.AsI just told you,there is a good chance that many American consumers will be interested ineco-certified products,and guess why?If American companies are slow capturing those consumers,you can be sure that foreign companies will soon start crowding into the American markets,offering eco-certified wood that domestic companies don't.TPO8ReadingToward the end of his life,the Chevalier de Seingalt(1725-1798)wrote a long memoir recounting his life and adventures.The Chevalier was a somewhat controversial figure,but since he met many famous people,including kings and writers,his memoir has become a valuable historical source about European society in the eighteenth century.However,some critics have raised doubts about the accuracy of the memoir.They claim that the Chevalier distorted or invented many events in the memoir to make his life seem more exciting and glamorous than it really was.For example,in his memoir the Chevalier claims that while living in Switzerland,he was very wealthy,and it is known that he spent a great deal of money there on parties and gambling. However,evidence has recently surfaced that the Chevalier borrowed considerable sums of money from a Swiss merchant.Critics thus argue that if the Chevalier had really been very rich,he would not have needed to borrow money.Critics are also skeptical about the accuracy of the conversations that the Chevalier records in the memoir between himself and the famous writer Voltaire.No one doubts that the Chevalier and Voltaire met and conversed.However,critics complain that the memoir cannot possibly capture these conversations accurately,because it was written many years after the conversations occurred. Critics point out that it is impossible to remember exact phrases from extended conversations held many years earlier.Critics have also questioned the memoir's account of the Chevalier's escape from a notorious prison in Venice,Italy.He claims to have escaped the Venetian prison by using a piece of metal to make a hole in the ceiling and climbing through the roof.Critics claim that while such a daring escape makes for enjoyable reading,it is more likely that the Chevaliers jailers were bribed to free him.They point out that the Chevalier had a number of politically well-connected friends in Venice who could have offered a bribe.ListeningProfessor:No memoir can possibly be correct in every detail,but still,the Chevalier's memoir is pretty accurate overall,and is,by and large,a reliable historical source Let's look at the accuracy of the three episodes mentioned in the reading.。

tpo综合作文范文导语：ETS推出的TPO系列是各位考生在备战新托福考试时非常重要的资料之一，下面是新托福名师推荐的TPO综合写作中的满分范文，希望能帮助许多刚刚接触新托福的朋友们了解和熟悉综合写作的方式和套路，拿到新托福综合写作的高分。

tpo综合作文范文一The lecturer claims that the new policy, which allows people to work four days a week instead of five, will have negative effects for companies as well as society. This claim is not in agreement with that of the reading passage, which suggests that such a policy will be beneficial.According to the lecture, a company that allows employees to have fewer working hours is likely to hire more people to ensure that it meets normal levels of productivity. If this occurs, expenses for training and medical insurance will inevitably rise. The reading passage, by contrast, suggests that employees who enjoy more leisure time make fewer mistakes and work more efficiently, leading to increased profits for the enterprise.The second point of difference between the lecture and the reading passage concerns the impact of the policy on the unemployment rate. The lecturer asserts that for the sake of saving————来源网络搜集整理，仅供个人学习查参考money, employers might raise their expectations of 4-day employees rather than recruit more people.Consequently, employees who work 4 days will be forced to finish what they did in 5 days previously, and no additional jobs will be created.Finally, the lecturer argues that under the new policy, employees will experience not only decreased quality of life (as shorter working hours will translate into less pay), but also fewer chances to be promoted to supervisory positions. However, the reading passage contends that more leisure hours can create opportunities to strengthen family ties and allow employees to develop private interests, making them feel more satisfied with their lives.tpo综合作文范文二Does modern technology help students learn more information and learn it more quickly?Marvelous as it looks at first sight, modern technology does not help students learn information at a greater speed and with higher efficiency in most cases; or it could work towards the opposite direction which led students to lose their initiative to learn and explore.First of all, one property of modern technology is latentlyharmful to any learning mind –it distracts. One thing we feel about when we are searching for information online is that the internet, as an outstanding example of modern technology and even regarded as the innovator of education, provides us with not only relevant results to make use of, but also external links to click. More than once I turned on my computer to check school library for resources, but ended up watching YB videos. In this case, computer as a representative of modern technology plays a negative role in learning information. We do acquire more information with the convenient tool, yet most of them are irrelevant and in the end procrastinating would lower our learning.Also, students would easily become disoriented in the huge sea of information. Although modern technology could equip us with easy access to information, the huge amount of resources would actually leave us discombobulated. Therefore, it is only we possess information more quickly rather than we learn it more quickly. An illustrating example is my experience with a HK digital library which stores almost all the books I desire. At first I enjoyed downloading them from the database, however, one month later I ended up with hundreds of books stored in my hardware yet none of them finished or ever clicked.Furthermore, modern technology gives students an illusionthat information and real knowledge is easy to learn –just by clicking mouse or watching videos. But in fact this forms only the first step towards useful information and effective learning, as learning of any kind requires full concentration and interactive thinking, which are almost absent in the pocess of popular e-learning experience.To summarize, modern technology does not help students learn more information and learn it more quickly, though it does make access to information and resources much more easily. The popular e-learning still lacks the concentration, depth, and interaction that are the hallmark of traditional ways of educating and learning.。

/【TPO小站】托福雅思1对1在线指导【保100分】【TPO小站】专业的托福雅思1对1保分培训金牌老师授课性价比高TPO1ReadingIn the United States, employees typically work five days a week for eight hours each day. However, many employees want to work a four-day week and are willing to accept less pay in order to do so. A mandatory policy requiring companies to offer their employees the option of working a four-day workweek for four-fifths (80 percent) of their normal pay would benefit the economy as a whole as well as the individual companies and the employees who decided to take the option. The shortened workweek would increase company profits because employees would feel more rested and alert, and as a result, they would make fewer costly errors in their work. Hiring more staff to ensure that the same amount of work would be accomplished would not result in additional payroll costs because four-day employees would only be paid 80 percent of the normal rate. In the end, companies would have fewer overworked and error-prone employees for the same money, which would increase company profits. For the country as a whole, one of the primary benefits of offering this option to employees is that it would reduce unemployment rates. If many full-time employees started working fewer hours, some of their workload would have to be shifted to others. Thus, for every four employees who went on an 80 percent week, a new employee could be hired at the 80 percent rate. Finally, the option of a four-day workweek would be better for individual employees. Employees who could afford a lower salary in exchange for more free time could improve the quality of their lives by spending the extra time with their families, pursuing private interests, or enjoying leisure activities.ListeningProfessorOffering employees the option of a four-day workweek won't affect the company profits, economic conditions or the lives of employees in the ways the reading suggests.First, offering a four-day workweek will probably force companies to spend more, possibly a lot more. Adding new workers means putting much more money into providing training and medical benefits. Remember the costs of things like health benefits can be the same whether an employee works four days or five. And having more employees also requires more office space and more computers. These additional costs would quickly cut into company profits.Second, with respect to overall employment, it doesn't follow that once some employees choose a four-day workweek, many more jobs will become available. Hiring new workers is costly, as I argued a moment ago. And companies have other options. They might just choose to ask their employees to work overtime to make up the difference. Worse, companies might raise expectations. They might start to expect that their four-day employees can do the same amount of work they used to do in five days. If this happens, then no additional jobs will be created and current jobs will become more unpleasant.Finally, while a four-day workweek offers employees more free time to invest in their personal lives, it also presents some risks that could end up reducing their quality of life. Working a shorter week can decrease employees' job stability and harm their chances for advancing their careers. Four-day employees are likely to be the first to lose their jobs during an economic downturn. They may also be passed over for promotions because companies might prefer to have five-day employees in management positions to ensure continuous coverage and consistent supervision【TPO 小站】2013托福超级QQ 群 75489660【劲爆消息！！T友们务必看过来！！！！】现TPO小站隆重推出微信公共平台，拿出手机扫一扫，王牌老师坐镇为大家免费语音点评口语，写作题目！打开微信，在公共账号中直接搜索“TPO小站”即可添加，前1000位T友更将免费获得小站为大家精心准备的内部复习资料一份。