TPO13综合写作文本与解析

新托福TPO综合写作详细解析汇总
在新托福综合写作中，有的同学语言使用的能力还有一定局限，还要刻意追求句式的复杂化，但这样的后果就是写出来的句子个个都有错，个个都有表达不清。

其实用最好的词表达最多的内容才是最厉害的写作方式，本文小编为大家整理了一篇新托福综合写作范文，来源于TPO 1—15。

新托福综合写作范文TPO2详细解析:团队的作用
新托福综合写作范文TPO3详细解析:伦勃朗
新托福综合写作范文TPO4详细解析:恒温动物
新托福综合写作范文TPO5详细解析:查科峡谷的巨屋
新托福综合写作范文TPO6详细解析:在线百科的利弊
新托福综合写作范文TPO7详细解析:环保认证在美国无用
新托福综合写作范文TPO8详细解析:塞恩加尔骑士
新托福综合写作范文TPO9详细解析:氢燃料
新托福综合写作范文TPO10详细解析:海獭数量减少的原因
新托福综合写作范文TPO11详细解析:人们不爱读书了
新托福综合写作范文TPO12详细解析:简·奥斯汀
新托福综合写作范文TPO13详细解析:私人化石买卖的坏处
新托福综合写作范文TPO14详细解析:回收性砍伐
新托福综合写作范文TPO15详细解析:控制蔗蜍数量的方法
新托福综合写作对语言的要求是清晰表达，准确转述即可(其实独立写作的要求也类似)。

没有必要一味地追求语言的华丽，把话说清楚最重要。

瑞德托福模考系统是专业的托福模拟考试软件、托福在线模拟考试软件，提供在线托福全真模考，系统可创建真实托福模考(TOEFL iBT)环境，按照阅读、听力、口语、写作四部分进行考试。

详情了解请登陆托福模考软件
托福模拟考试
在线学习平台：。

tpo13综合写作文本解释听力记笔记以下这两点最为重要：1、关键词（定位词后的内容）2、逻辑结构（即为文章的逻辑顺序，篇章结构也就是搞对表格题的必需品）关键词大家都比较容易理解，逻辑结构是个抽象的概念，打个比方，画人画皮难画骨，逻辑结构是让我们画骨，我们详细的了解一下怎么才能画好这个骨。

1、必须听到明文章的非政府信息的结构；就是按照分类举例，还是表述一个过程，或者就是将事物展开对照分析，然后搞听力笔记；2、可以适当记一下展现文章结构的逻辑词和过渡词如first,second,third,what'smore,andthen,another，…l如果文章结构为分类举例，那么必须记录的重点信息为分类的依据、每个类别的名称以及每个类别中列出的例子；l如果文章在解释一个过程，那么要着重去听一些表示阶段的信号词，并记录每个阶段的事件进展以及主要特征；l如果文章在跟事物展开比较或对照，那么必须记录他们的相同点、不同点。

1，注意reading/listeningmaterial是不能说话的.最好吧listeningmaterial改成的lecturer,professor,speaker.2,body段开头很不错，很清晰.段落中的表对比转折的词最好不要用第二遍.（however,yet,incontraryto,but.）3，论述和对比在充分点.阅读文章现成的摆在那里就是要你用的，要paraphrase!ex.(second,theauthorbelievesthatthegirlinthepictureisaustenbecauset hesimilaritybetweenthesetwogirls)注意whatsimilarity?4，语法，偏口语化.ex.第二段（how,thespeakerthinksthatthegirlmaybeoneofaust.）总体不错，思路清晰，做到以上几点就能保perfect了.加油.level:good(4.0-5.0)yourperformance:yourespondedwelltothetask,relatingthelecturetothereading.w eaknesses,ifyouhaveany,mighthavetodowithslightimprecisioninyoursummaryofsomeof themainpointsand/oruseofenglishthatisoccasionallyungrammaticalorunclear.。

托福2021年11月13日作文考试真题及答案托福作文考试需要考生认真进行确认，那么你知道怎样才能在考试中拿高分吗？下面和小编来一起看看托福2021年11月13日作文考试真题及答案，欢迎阅读。

独立写作Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? The best way for parents to teach their children about responsibility is to have the children care for an animal.综合写作火星上的条痕是不是液态水形成的?阅读：不是液态水形成的1. 可能是陨石撞击形成;2. 火星温度太低不可能有液态水;3. 火星环绕的探测器没检测到过液态水证据、听力：反驳1.结构按题材划分，独立任务属于议论文，而论点、理由、论据、结论和论证是议论文的五个要素。

具体来说，“论点”是文章的核心，“理由”是论点成立的依据，两者构成因果关系;“论据”是对理由的具体解释，多为事例;“结论”是对观点的重申，两者一脉相承、头尾呼应;而整个写作过程就是一个“论证”的过程。

要想作文得高分，这五要素就必须面面俱到，如此才能写出结构严谨、条理清晰的高分作文。

议论文除了五要素，在给出论点之前多会有简单的背景介绍，不需要长，三两句话即可，为论点的提出造势。

2.内容这篇范文通过通讯、交通和饮食三个方面，共同论证现在的孩子相较其祖父辈生活的更轻松、舒适，每个理由下面都有具体的事例作为细节支撑，让论证更有说服力。

以饮食为例，作者举例说，以前食品由政府分配，数量有限制，人们不能随心所欲买到需要的食品;而现在则大不一样，在超市里人们可以买到任何所需物品。

这种新旧对比，更鲜明的表现出现代社会物资丰富、人们的选择权增加，由此可推断人们的生活变得更便捷、舒适，从而证明论点。

3.语言一篇高分作文在语言上，首先要保证语法正确，用词恰当，这样才能准确达意。

托福TPO13综合写作阅读+听力原文+满分范文【雷哥托福整理】在备考托福写作的过程中，总是将托福的独立作文放在了第一位，但是实际上，综合作文也是占到了作文总分30分里面的50%的分值，不要等到分数出来了，才发现其实是综合作文的limited或者fair极大的影响了自己的分数。

考过的同学会发现托福综合作文分数不高，很大程度上是受我们听力实力的影响，我们很多托福考生的听力分数只有16分上下的时候，对于托福综合作文的听力妥妥的是束手无策，而且很多托福考生还感觉自己都听懂了，那也只能说明你听懂了大意，但是听力里面要的是每一个细节！请注意，是每一个细节！雷哥托福小托君给大家分享TPO1-33综合作文部分的阅读和听力文本全集与综合作文的满分作文，以及满分作文的解析。

如果自己的托福综合作文分数如果可以很给力的话，就已经搞定了15分的分数，可极大地缓解托福独立作文的压力。

文末教你如何使用这个材料。

TPO13 综合写作听力+阅读原文ReadingPrivate collectors have been selling and buying fossils, the petrified remains of ancient organisms, ever since the eighteenth century. In recent years, however, the sale of fossils, particularly of dinosaurs and other large vertebrates, has grown into a big business. Rare and important fossils are now being sold to private ownership for millions of dollars. This is an unfortunate development for both scientists and the general public.The public suffers because fossils that would otherwise be donated to museums where everyone can see them are sold to private collectors who do not allow the public to view their collections. Making it harder for the public to see fossils can lead to a decline in public interest in fossils, which would be a pity.More importantly, scientists are likely to lose access to some of the most important fossils and thereby miss out on potentially crucial discoveries about extinct life forms. Wealthy fossil buyers with a desire to own the rarest and most important fossils can spend virtually limitless amounts of money to acquire them. Scientists and the museums and universities they work for often cannot compete successfully for fossils against millionaire fossil buyers.Moreover, commercial fossil collectors often destroy valuable scientific evidence associated with the fossils they unearth. Most commercial fossil collectors are untrained or uninterested in carrying out the careful field work and documentation that reveal the most about animal life in the past. For example, scientists have learned about the biology of nest-building dinosaurs called oviraptors by carefully observing the exact position of oviraptor fossils in the ground and the presence of other fossils in the immediate surroundings. Commercial fossil collectors typically pay no attention to how fossils lie in the ground or to the smaller fossils that may surround bigger ones.ListeningProfessor: Of course there are some negative consequences of selling fossils in the commercial market, but they have been greatly exaggerated. The benefits of commercial fossil trade greatly outweigh the disadvantages.First of all, the public is likely to have greater exposure to fossils as a result of commercial fossil trade, not less exposure. Commercial fossil hunting makes a lot of fossils available for purchase, and as a result, even low-level public institutions like public schools and libraries can now routinely buy interesting fossils and display them for the public.As for the idea that scientists will lose access to really important fossils, that's not realistic either.Before anyone can put a value on a fossil, it needs to be scientifically identified, right? Well, the only people who can identify fossils, who can really tell what a given fossil is or isn't, are scientists, by performing detailed examinations and tests on the fossils themselves. So even if a fossil is destined to go to a private collector, it has to pass through the hands of scientific experts first. This way, the scientific community is not going to miss out on anything important that's out there.Finally, whatever damage commercial fossil collectors sometimes do, if it weren't for them, many fossils would simply go undiscovered because there aren't that many fossil collecting operations that are run by universities and other scientific institutions. Isn't it better for science to at least have more fossils being found even if we don't have all the scientific data we'd like to have about their location and surroundings than it is to have many fossils go completely undiscovered?首先，就是在自己做托福TPO模考之后，可以根据这里面的听力的文本，来检验自己的听力内容是否抓的足够好，尤其是要看写的够不够全！很多时候，我们的综合作文之所以分低，就是因为听力写的不全！第二点，也可以用于在托福考试前来做跟读，有不少托福考生跟小托君说，自己的口语实力不够，那么做跟读，仔细地来模仿ETS官方素材，是一个很好的提高自己口语的方式。

The professor indicates that the benefit of sales of fossil is more important than the potential negative influence of it, which is opponent to what is mentioned in the lecture.The first point that the professor uses to fade out the doubt of the reading material is that the private sales of fossil stimulates the exposure of fossil. More people will do this job. So even in the small library we may have chance to get a real fossil to see. We cannot reach a conclusion that the public cannot see the collector s’ fossil.Another point that the professor uses to refute the reading is that the finder will let the export identify the significance of fossil, so scientists will not miss any visual breakthrough of the extinct animal. Although the reading illustrates that the sale may reduce the access of fossil to scientists, it seems that the professors’ statement is more realistic and believable.Last but not least, the professor states another study, which reveals that the quantity of fossils is more important to th e scientific evidence in fossil that is mentioned in reading. If you don’t unearth the fossil, you also cannot know the evidence in it. So the private sales means more fossil that will be discovered. It is helpful to the research.To sum up, the sale is helpful and it will motivate the research of archaeology.It is important to know about events happening around the world, even if it is unlikely affect our daily life. Agree or disagreeEvery day and in every second, there are countless events happening on the globe. Some are close to us; some are miles away from us; some deserve our attention; some seem unnecessary to have a look. Yet even though many of them may rarely have an impact on our daily life, I do think that it is quite vital for us to know these outwardly unnecessary things for some reasons.First and foremost, it is a respectable and noble quality for us to keep learning the world throughout our life. As a saying goes, live and learn. In fact, from the moment we open our eyes, we have been on the journey of learning ourselves, our society and the world, little by little and step by step, not only from our direct experience and everyday life, but also from what has been told by others, read in books and watched on television. Nevertheless, there is still much knowledge we do not know and many new things springing up within every minute. So the journey of our continuous learning is endless and we need to have a broad view to make us a wise and reasonable man.More importantly, having an awareness of what is going on in the world can make people feel they are deeply involved in the world. Philosophers often tell us, the world is based on the Strangers Society, where people are indifferent and even cold to the unacquainted person and seldom concern about the matters which are none of their business. It goes without saying that many things, indeed, may seldom or even never occur in our whole life, not to mention that they may render a ripple in our daily life, but when we see the pictures of those refugees suffering the grave pains of losing their home and families in thewars, when we watch the sports game and shout support for our favorite team, and when we learn about scientists have made a breakthrough to the final conquering of a fatal disease, we feel that we are, and have always been, an inseparable part of the world. We feel that we are closely connected with these ongoing events even if they are thousands of miles away from us. And in that way, a strong sense of place and belonging can be truly established. Admittedly, our time and efforts are limited, and some more urging and significant things deserve our better attention. But why don’t we enhance our efficiency to tackle the problems as quickly as possible and leave a minute for the world to burden our vision. By doing that, I am sure that we can have a better understanding not only about our life, but also about ourselves.。

为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO13综合写作阅读原文+听力原文+满分范文，希望对大家备考有所帮助。

托福TPO13综合写作阅读原文文本： Private collectors have been selling and buying fossils, the petrified remains of ancient organisms, ever since the eighteenth century. In recent years, however, the sale of fossils, particularly of dinosaurs and other large vertebrates, has grown into a big business. Rare and important fossils are now being sold to private ownership for millions of dollars. This is an unfortunate development for both scientists and the general public. The public suffers because fossils that would otherwise be donated to museums where everyone can see them are sold to private collectors who do not allow the public to view their collections. Making it harder for the public to see fossils can lead to a decline in public interest in fossils, which would be a pity. More importantly, scientists are likely to lose access to some of the most important fossils and thereby miss out on potentially crucial discoveries about extinct life forms. Wealthy fossil buyers with a desire to own the rarest and most important fossils can spend virtually limitless amounts of money to acquire them. Scientists and the museums and universities they work for often cannot compete successfully for fossils against millionaire fossil buyers. Moreover, commercial fossil collectors often destroy valuable scientific evidence associated with the fossils they unearth. Most commercial fossil collectors are untrained or uninterestedin carrying out the careful field work and documentation that reveal the most about animal life in the past. For example, scientists have learned about the biology of nest-building dinosaurs called oviraptors by carefully observing the exact position of oviraptor fossils in the ground and the presence of other fossils in the immediate surroundings. Commercial fossil collectors typically pay no attention to how fossils lie in the ground or to the smaller fossils that may surround bigger ones. 托福TPO13综合写作听力原文文本： Professor：Of course there are some negative consequences of selling fossils in the commercial market, but they have been greatly exaggerated. The benefits of commercial fossil trade greatly outweigh the disadvantages.First of all, the public is likely to have greater exposure to fossils as a result of commercial fossil trade, not less exposure. Commercial fossil hunting makes a lot of fossils available for purchase, and as a result, even low level public institutions like public schools and libraries can now routinely buy interesting fossils and display them for the public.As for the idea that scientists will lose access to really important fossils, that's not realistic either. Before anyone can put a value on a fossil, it needs to be scientifically identified, right? Well, the only people who can identify fossils, who can really tell what a given fossil is or isn't, are scientists, by performing detailed examinations and tests on the fossils themselves. So even if a fossil is destined to go to a private collector, it has to pass through the hands of scientificexperts first. This way, the scientific community is not going to miss out on anything important that's out there.Finally, whatever damage commercial fossil collectors sometimes do, if it weren't for them, many fossils would simply go undiscovered because there aren't that many fossil collecting operations that are run by universities and other scientific institutions. Isn't it better for science to at least have more fossils being found even if we don't have all the scientific data we'd like to have about their location and surroundings than it is to have many fossils go completely undiscovered? 托福TPO13综合写作满分范文： The lecturer rejects the ideas presented in the reading passage about the problems involved with the booming business of commercial fossil trading. In her opinion, the benefits of this new development outweigh its negative consequences. The lecturer does not agree with the first point made in the reading that private collectors will keep their fossil collection away from the public, leading the public to lose interests in fossils. She contends that the commercial trading of fossils actually makes them available to a wider public, because everyone with a budget, such as private schools and libraries, can purchase them for study and exhibition. The lecturer goes on to refute the claim in the reading that fossil trading business prevents scientists and public museums from benefiting from fossil finds, as these parties cannot compete with wealthy private buyers to acquire important fossils for research purpose. On the contrary, she argues, scientists themselves are the first to evaluate any important fossil before it can be sold in the commercial market at a price, so the academic community does not miss any opportunity to study privately traded fossils. Additionally, the lecturer challenges the final downside of fossil trading mentioned in the reading.The lecturer reminds us that the damages, if any, caused by private collectors in their field operations are more than offset by the effort they have made to increase the number of fossils available to the public that would otherwise remain undiscovered. 以上是给大家整理的托福TPO13综合写作阅读原文+听力原文+满分范文，希望对你有所帮助!。

雅思13test3写作范文Task 1.The bar chart illustrates the number of people who visited fourdifferent types of tourist attractions in a particular city in 1980, 1990 and 2000.Overall, it is clear that the most popular type of attraction changed over the years.Let's start with the theme parks. In 1980, around 12 million people visited theme parks. This number increased steadily over the decades, reaching approximately 20 million in 1990 and a whopping 30 million in 2000. It was like a rocket taking off in terms of popularity!The art galleries had a rather different story. In 1980, about 8million people went there. However, the number dropped to around 6 millionin 1990 and then slightly recovered to 7 million in 2000. It was as if art galleries lost their charm for a while and then tried to win some visitors back, but not with a huge success.Now, zoos. In 1980, zoos attracted around 10 million visitors. This figure decreased to about 8 million in 1990 and then remained more or less the same at 8 million in 2000. Zoos seemed to be stuck in a bit of a rut, not really growing or shrinking much.Finally, the museums. They had 15 million visitors in 1980. But, shockingly, the number dropped to just 10 million in 1990. It was like a sudden cold spell hit them. Thankfully, they managed to pick up a bit and had 12 million visitors in 2000.In conclusion, theme parks were the big winners in terms of growing popularity over the three decades, while art galleries, zoos, and museums had a more mixed bag of experiences with some drops and only slight recoveries in visitor numbers.Task 2.Some people believe that nowadays we have too many choices. To what extent do you agree or disagree?Well, in this modern world, it's like we're standing in a supermarket aisle with a bazillion options in front of us. And I kind of agree that we have too many choices these days.On one hand, having a large number of choices can be really overwhelming. Take shopping for clothes, for example. There are so many different styles, colors, and brands out there. You walk into a shopping mall, and it's like being in a fashion jungle. You might end up spending hours just trying to decide what to buy, and in the end, you might not even be happy with your choice because there were just too many things to consider. It's like your brain goes into overdrive and then crashes.Another thing is career choices. Back in the day, there were fewer options you could be a doctor, a teacher, a factory worker, etc. Now, there are all these newfangled jobs like social media influencer, app developer, and data analyst. It sounds great on the surface, but for young people, it can be super confusing. They don't know where to start or what would be the best fit for them. It's like being at a buffet with every type of food imaginable you might not know what to put on your plate.However, some might argue that having many choices is a good thing. It gives us more freedom and the opportunity to find something that reallysuits us. For example, in the world of food, we can choose from different cuisines every day. If we want Italian one day and Thai the next, we can do that. But I think this can also lead to a problem. With so many choices, we might not appreciate things as much. We might just jump from one thing to another without really savoring any of them.In conclusion, while having choices is generally seen as a positive thing, I think in today's world, we've gone a bit overboard. There are just so many options in every aspect of our lives that it can cause more stress and confusion than joy. So, yes, I do believe we have too many choices nowadays.。

Q1正确答案：A解析：consequently“因此，所以”，所以therefore正确。

因为是两句之间的连接词，所以看两句话的关系可以得出答案。

前面说动物的成功繁衍要求它们必须能使自身活动适应周围可预见的事件；后一句说生物的节律必须适合很多周期事件，比如说潮汐，月运周期等等。

两者只能是因果关系。

Q2正确答案：B解析：根据Neurospora定位原文段落的“For instance, apparently normal…”所以这个for instance是对前一句话论点的例证，前一句说到“By isolating organisms completely … have internal clocks.”通过把生物同外部周期性诱因完全隔绝之后生物学家就可以发现生物的内部节律，所以答案是B。

Q3正确答案：D解析：EXCEPT题，排除法。

A的activities和coordinate做关键词定位至第一句，正确，不选；B的Eukaryotes做关键词定位至倒数第四句，明确指出有internal，所以正确，不选；C的intense research做关键词定位至第三句，正确，不选；D 的比较原文未提及，错误，可选。

Q4正确答案：C解析：persistent“持续的”，所以C的“enduring”正确。

本句说养在黑暗中一年的Horseshoe crabs会有什么样的节律能够去适应光线较弱的环境，一年当然是比较久的，所以“持续的”正确，而且前文都一直在说continuous怎么样，所以答案是C。

Q5正确答案：B解析：将原句进行简化，stability of the biological clock's period is one of its major features, even when the organism's environment is subjected to considerable changes in factors，such as 后面是举例，全句引导一个让步逻辑关系，所以只有B选项符合高亮句表述，意思是生物钟的一个重要特征是无论外界环境发生什么样重大的变化，它的周期是不会发生变化的。

Q1正确答案：B解析：complex复杂的，所以B的elaborate正确。

原句提到生活把我们放在什么样的与其他人的关系网中。

A的delicate“脆弱的，纤细的，美味的”；C的“私人的”和D的“普通的”都不合文意。

Q2正确答案：D解析：段落最后一句说，当an association能够持续得足够久，久到可以让两个人通过一套相对稳定的彼此预期紧密联系起来，才可以叫做relationship，A选项不符合这个说明，说的是with many people；B选项看段落第二句，不符合，说到的是humanness；C选项的demands在原文中没有提及；D选项符合relationship 这个概念的足够久的属性，所以it develops gradually overtime的表达正确。

Q3正确答案：C解析：endow“赋予，捐助”，所以provide“提供，供给”正确。

原句说有时候我们与其他人合作只是做完某事，没有怎么样有更多重要意义的关系。

其余三项的意思放入句子之后均不符合。

Q4正确答案：A解析：关键词是instrumental ties，定位到原文段落的第四句，这句说instrumental ties是为了达到一定目标而要和其他人合作而建立的links，所以有时候这意味着是和竞争者合作而不是竞争。

所以A选项完全符合这个意思的表达，正确。

Q5正确答案：C解析：以primary group和secondary group做关键词定位至第二句和第四句；primary group的关键信息点是：two or more people & enjoy a direct, intimate, cohesive relationship；secondary group的关键信息点是：two or more people & have come together for a specific, practical purpose. 所以二者的区别是后半部分提到的目的，一个是亲密的，私人的；另一个是具体的，务实的；C选项完全符合。

TPO13-1-1 原文：Types of Social GroupsLife places us in a complex web of relationships with other people. Our humanness arises out of these relationships in the course of social interaction. Moreover, our humanness must be sustained through social interaction—and fairly constantly so. When an association continues long enough for two people to become linked together by a relatively stable set of expectations, it is called a relationship.People are bound within relationships by two types of bonds: expressive ties and instrumental ties. Expressive ties are social links formed when we emotionally invest ourselves in and commit ourselves to other people. Through association with people who are meaningful to us, we achieve a sense of security, love, acceptance, companionship, and personal worth. Instrumental ties are social links formed when we cooperate with other people to achieve some goal. Occasionally, this may mean working with instead of against competitors. More often, we simply cooperate with others to reach some end without endowing the relationship with any larger significance.Sociologists have built on the distinction between expressive and instrumental ties to distinguish between two types of groups: primary and secondary. A primary group involves two or more people who enjoy a direct, intimate, cohesive relationship with one another. Expressive ties predominate in primary groups; we view the people as ends in themselves and valuable in their own right. A secondary group entails two or more people who are involved in an impersonal relationship and have come together for a specific, practical purpose. Instrumental ties predominate in secondary groups; we perceive people as means to ends rather than as ends in their own right. Sometimes primary group relationships evolve out of secondary group relationships. This happens in many work settings. People on the job often develop close relationships with coworkers as they come to share gripes, jokes, gossip, and satisfactions.A number of conditions enhance the likelihood that primary groups will arise. First, group size is important. We find it difficult to get to know people personally when they are milling about and dispersed in large groups. In small groups we have a better chance to initiate contact and establish rapport with them. Second, face-to-face contact allows us to size up others. Seeing and talking with one another in close physical proximity makes possible a subtle exchange of ideas and feelings. And third, the probability that we will develop primary group bonds increases as we have frequent and continuous contact. Our ties with people often deepen as we interact with them across time and gradually evolve interlocking habits and interests.Primary groups are fundamental to us and to society. First, primary groups are critical to the socialization process. Within them, infants and children are introduced to the ways of their society. Such groups are the breeding grounds in which we acquire the norms and values that equip us for social life. Sociologists view primary groups as bridges between individuals and the larger society because they transmit, mediate, and interpret a society's cultural patternsand provide the sense of oneness so critical for social solidarity.Second, primary groups are fundamental because they provide the settings in which we meet most of our personal needs. Within them, we experience companionship, love, security, and an overall sense of well-being. Not surprisingly, sociologists find that the strength of a group's primary ties has implications for the group's functioning. For example, the stronger the primary group ties of a sports team playing together, the better their record is.Third, primary groups are fundamental because they serve as powerful instruments for social control. Their members command and dispense many of the rewards that are so vital to us and that make our lives seem worthwhile. Should the use of rewards fail, members can frequently win by rejecting or threatening to ostracize those who deviate from the primary group's norms. For instance, some social groups employ shunning (a person can remain in the community, but others are forbidden to interact with the person) as a device to bring into line individuals whose behavior goes beyond that allowed by the particular group. Even more important, primary groups define social reality for us by structuring our experiences. By providing us with definitions of situations, they elicit from our behavior that conforms to group-devised meanings. Primary groups, then, serve both as carriers of social norms and as enforcers of them.----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Paragraph 1: Life places us in a complex web of relationships with other people. Our humanness arises out of these relationships in the course of social interaction. Moreover, our humanness must be sustained through social interaction—and fairly constantly so. When an association continues long enough for two people to become linked together by a relatively stable set of expectations, it is called a relationship.1. The word “complex” in the passage is closest in meaning to○ delicate○ elaborate○ private○ common2. According to paragraph 1, which of the following is true of a relationship?○ It is a structure of associations with many people.○ It should be studied in the course of a social interaction.○ It places great demands on people.○ It develops gr adually overtime.Paragraph 2: People are bound within relationships by two types of bonds: expressive ties and instrumental ties. Expressive ties are social links formed when we emotionally invest ourselves in and commit ourselves to other people. Through association with people who are meaningful to us, we achieve a sense of security, love, acceptance, companionship, andpersonal worth. Instrumental ties are social links formed when we cooperate with other people to achieve some goal. Occasionally, this may mean working with instead of against competitors. More often, we simply cooperate with others to reach some end without endowing the relationship with any larger significance.3. The word endowing in the passage is closest in meaning to○ leaving○ ex posing○ providing○ understanding4. Which of the following can be inferred about instrumental ties from the author's mention of working with competitors in paragraph 2?○ Instrumental ties can develop even in situations in which people would normally not cooperate.○ Instrumental ties require as much emotional investment as expressive ties.○ Instrumental ties involve security, love, and acceptance.○ Instrumental ties should be expected to be significant.Paragraph 3: Sociologists have built on the distinction between expressive and instrumental ties to distinguish between two types of groups: primary and secondary. A primary group involves two or more people who enjoy a direct, intimate, cohesive relationship with one another. Expressive ties predominate in primary groups; we view the people as ends in themselves and valuable in their own right. A secondary group entails two or more people who are involved in an impersonal relationship and have come together for a specific, practical purpose. Instrumental ties predominate in secondary groups; we perceive people as means to ends rather than as ends in their own right. Sometimes primary group relationships evolve out of secondary group relationships. This happens in many work settings. People on the job often develop close relationships with coworkers as they come to share gripes, jokes, gossip, and satisfactions.5. According to paragraph 3, what do sociologists see as the main difference between primary and secondary groups?○ Primary groups consist of people working together, while secondary groups exist outside of work settings.○ In primary groups people are seen as means, while in secondary groups people are seen as ends.○ Primary groups involve personal relationships, while secondary groups are ma inly practical in purpose.○ Primary groups are generally small, while secondary groups often contain more than two people.6. Which of the following can be inferred from the author's claim in paragraph 3 that primary group relationships sometimes evolve out of secondary group relationships?○ Secondary group relationships begin by being primary group relationships.○ A secondary group relationship that is highly visible quickly becomes a primary group relationship.○ Sociologists believe that only primary group relationships are important to society.○ Even in secondary groups, frequent communication serves to bring people into close relationships.Paragraph 4: A number of conditions enhance the likelihood that primary groups will arise. First, group size is important. We find it difficult to get to know people personally when they are milling about and dispersed in large groups. In small groups we have a better chance to initiate contact and establish rapport with them. Second, face-to-face contact allows us to size up others. Seeing and talking with one another in close physical proximity makes possible a subtle exchange of ideas and feelings. And third, the probability that we will develop primary group bonds increases as we have frequent and continuous contact. Our ties with people often deepen as we interact with them across time and gradually evolve interlocking habits and interests.7. The phrase “size up” in the passage is closest in meaning to○ enlarge○ evaluate○ impress○ acceptParagraph 5: Primary groups are fundamental to us and to society. First, primary groups are critical to the socialization process. Within them, infants and children are introduced to the ways of their society. Such groups are the breeding grounds in which we acquire the norms and values that equip us for social life. Sociologists view primary groups as bridges between individuals and the larger society because they transmit, mediate, and interpret a society's cultural patterns and provide the sense of oneness so critical for social solidarity.8. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.○ Sociologists think th at cultural patterns establish connections between the individual and the larger society.○ Sociologists believe that individuals with a sense of oneness bridge the gap between society and primary groups.○ Sociologists think primary groups contribute to s ocial solidarity because they help maintain a society's cultural patterns.○ Sociologists believe that the cultural patterns that provide social solidarity arise as bridges from primary groups.9. This passage is developed primarily by○drawing comparisons between theory and practice○presenting two opposing theories○defining important concepts and providing examples of them○discussing causes and their effectsParagraph 7: Third, primary groups are fundamental because they serve as powerful instruments for social control. Their members command and dispense many of the rewards that are so vital to us and that make our lives seem worthwhile. Should the use of rewards fail, members can frequently win by rejecting or threatening to ostracize those who deviate from the primary group's norms. For instance, some social groups employ shunning (a person can remain in the community, but others are forbidden to interact with the person) as a device to bring into line individuals whose behavior goes beyond that allowed by the particular group. Even more important, primary groups define social reality for us by structuring our experiences. By providing us with definitions of situations, they elicit from our behavior that conforms to group-devised meanings. Primary groups, then, serve both as carriers of social norms and as enforcers of them.10. The word “deviate” in the passage is closest in meaning to○ detract○ advance○ select○ depart11. According to paragraph 7, why would a social group use shunning?○ To enforce practice of the kinds of behavior acceptable to the group○ To discourage offending individuals from remaining in the group○ To commend and reward the behavior of the other members of the group○ To decide which behavioral norms should be pa ssed on to the next generationParagraph 6: Second, primary groups are fundamental because they provide the settings in which we meet most of our personal needs. ■Within them, we experience companionship, love, security, and an overall sense of well-being. ■Not surprisingly, sociologists find that the strength of a group's primary ties has implications for the group's functioning. ■For example, the stronger the primary group ties of a sports team playing together, the better their record is. ■12. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.People who do not live alone, for example, tend to make healthier life choices and develop fewer pathologies than people who live by themselves.Where would the sentence best fit?13. Directions: Complete the table below by selecting three answer choices that arecharacteristics of primary groups and two answer choices that are characteristics of secondary groups. This question is worth 3 points.Primary Groups●Developing socially acceptable behavior●Providing meaning for life situations●Involving close relationshipsSecondary Groups●people as a means to an end●Existing for practical purposesAnswer Choices○ Developing socially acceptable behavior○ Workin g together against competitors○ Experiencing pressure from outside forces○ Viewing people as a means to an end○ Existing for practical purposes○ Providing meaning for life situations○ Involving close relationships---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 参考答案：1. ○22. ○43. ○34. ○15. ○36. ○47. ○28.○39. ○310. ○411. ○112. ○213.○Primary Groups: Developing socially acceptable behavior; Providing meaning for lifesituations; Involving close relationships○Secondary Groups: Viewing people as a means to an end; Existing for practical purposes---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 答案解析：第一题，B，词汇题。

2020年12月13日托福写作答案解析12月13日托福综合写作题目：Topic 议题：the special functions of the hammer-shaped head of a kind of a shark12月13日托福综合写作范文：Sample answer：The reading and listening discuss about the special functions of the hammer-shaped head of a kind of a shark. The passage mentions three functions. Whereas, the professor totally refutes the three points presented in the passage.Firstly, the professor rebuts the reading’s first point that sharks with such shaped head turn around quickly. The professor claims that this kind of shark does turn around quickly, but it is not because of the special head, but because of other factors such as skeleton. Besides young sharks were used in the previous experiment, thus the young also affected the result. Maybe the old ones with such special heads cannot turn around that quickly.Secondly, the professor contradicts reading’s second point that such head helps impr ove the shark’s sensitivity to electricity field. The professor mentions that an experiment proved that all sharks with and without this special head have similar sensitivity to artificial electric field.At last, the passage states the third view that the head can be used as a weapon to hunt prey. However, the professorexplains that Sharks’ eyes are located at both sides of the hammerhead, which is risky for them to use hammerheads as weapons. Besides, there’s no evidence to prove that sharks ever used heads as weapons.12月13日托福独立写作题目：作文题目：Some people believe older children should help parents to take care of younger siblings, while others believe this is parents' responsibility. Which do you prefer and why?12月13日托福独立写作解析：题型类别：价值判断类写作思路：本次的独立写作并不难，话题是我们日常生活中很常见的，(不由想起了前段时间的“二胎政策” two-child policy)。

雅思13test3大作文英文回答：In our rapidly evolving technological landscape, the role of artificial intelligence (AI) in education has become increasingly prominent. While AI offers the potential to enhance learning experiences and provide personalized support, concerns have also arisen regarding its impact on human interaction and critical thinking skills. This essay will explore the potential benefits and drawbacks of AI in education, considering both its transformative potential and the ethical dilemmas it presents.One of the primary benefits of AI in education is its ability to enhance learning experiences. AI-powered learning platforms can provide students with personalized content and interactive simulations that cater to their individual learning styles and needs. By tailoring lessons to each student's pace and ability level, AI can help themlearn more effectively and efficiently. Additionally, AI can provide students with instant feedback on their work, allowing them to identify areas for improvement and make necessary adjustments.Another advantage of AI in education is its potential to provide personalized support. AI-powered chatbots and virtual assistants can offer students 24/7 support, answering questions, providing guidance, and offering encouragement. This can be particularly beneficial for students who may feel uncomfortable asking questions in a traditional classroom setting or who need extra support outside of school hours. By providing students with access to personalized support, AI can help them overcome challenges and succeed in their studies.However, there are also concerns regarding the impact of AI on human interaction and critical thinking skills. Some argue that over-reliance on AI in education could lead to a decrease in face-to-face interactions between students and teachers. This could have a negative impact onstudents' social and emotional development, as well astheir ability to collaborate and communicate effectively with others. Additionally, excessive use of AI may hinder students' ability to develop critical thinking skills, as they may become accustomed to relying on AI for answers and problem-solving.Ethical considerations also arise when using AI in education. The collection and use of student data by AI-powered systems raises concerns about privacy and data security. It is essential to ensure that student data is collected and used responsibly, with clear guidelines and consent from both students and parents. Additionally, it is important to address biases that may be present in AI algorithms, as these could lead to unfair or discriminatory practices in education.In conclusion, AI has the potential to revolutionize education by enhancing learning experiences, providing personalized support, and automating administrative tasks. However, it is crucial to carefully consider the potential drawbacks and ethical implications of AI in education. By balancing the benefits and risks, we can harness the powerof AI to improve educational outcomes while preserving the human element of teaching and learning.中文回答：随着科技的飞速发展，人工智能（AI）在教育中的作用日益突出。

剑桥雅思写作13test1真题解析及范文为了帮助大家能够多多参考一些有价值的雅思写作备考资料，下面小编给大家带来剑桥雅思写作13test1真题解析及范文，希望你们喜欢。

剑桥雅思写作13test1task1真题解析【题目+解题思路+范文】题目：WRITING TASK 1You should spend abo20 minutes on this task.The two maps below show road access to a city hospital in 2007 and in 2010.Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.Write at least 150 words.解题思路：1. 图表类型：地图题2. 主体段时态：一般过去时3. 题目要求：两幅地图分别展示了2007年和2010年去城市医院的通行道路。

选择一些主要的特点来描述并作出一些相关的对比。

4. 描述重点：1)2007年地图中的city hospital的东南风是staff and public car park，而在2010年这个地方变为了staff car park。

2)2007年Hospital Rd 两边的六个bus stops 没有了，在道路西边建造了较大的bus station，并有道路通往北边和南边两个环岛，分别与围绕医院的ring road 和city road相连。

范文：SAMPLE ANSWERThis is an answer written by a candidate who achieved a Band5.5 score. Here is the examiner’s comment:The candidate has identified all the key features (hospital, ring road, new public car park, staff car park and bus station in 2010) but the descriptions are not always accurate e.g. [two features that still remained. This two features are City Hospital and staff carpark] whereas the staff car park was formerly a car park for both staff and public, while the mention of the bus station is not developed. Organisation is clear, however, with some good use of cohesive devices [According to | Apart from | The further additional features], although there is an error in the use of reference pronouns [This/These two features]. The range of vocabulary is sufficient for the task [two different years | features | remained | additional], though [features] is over-used.A spelling error is noted in the second line [sourrounded] but this does not cause any difficulty for the reader; similarly, the use of [around-turn] can be easily understood as ‘roundabout’. There is a mix of simple and complex sentences, mainly used accurately.Two maps illustrate, the way to get to a city hospital of two different years (2007 and 2010).According to both maps, the main features which is city hospital is sourrounded by Ring Road. In these two maps, there have been two features that still remained. This two features are City Hospital and staff car park. Apart from these two features there are some features that shows on 2010 map but haven’t shown on 2007 map. The additional features that appear on the map of 2010 are public car parte which located on the east-side of the city hospital. The further additional features are two around-turn on the hospital Rd. which can lead to the bus station.Overall, there are two major features that never change on both 2007 and 2010 map. These features are city hospital andstaff car park. However, there are some additional features that appear on the map of 2010 but not on 2007. These features are public car park, bus station and two around-turns.剑桥雅思写作13test1task2真题解析【题目+解题思路+范文】题目：WRITING TASK 2You should spend about 40 minutes on this task.Write about the following topic:Living in a country where you have to speak a foreign language can cause serious social problems, as well as practical problems.To what extent do you agree or disagree with this statement?Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or experience.Write at least 250 words.解题思路：1. 话题和题型分类社会文化类单边讨论题型2. 题目分析居住在一个你不得不说外语的国家可能会导致严重的社交问题以及实际问题。

托福TPO13独立写作题目文本+满分范文为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO13独立写作题目文本+满分范文，希望对大家备考有所帮助。

托福TPO13独立写作题目原文：Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?The extended family (grandparents, cousins, aunts, and uncles) is less important now than it was in the past.Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.托福TPO13独立写作满分范文：The extended family was of great importance in the good old days, but is it still of great importance in our modern society? In my point of view, though the extended family is still important, it is really less important that it was before because of the development of the new society.One of the important uses of the extended family is to help with family affairs and housework. Meanwhile, nowadays people tend to turn to the community service to help with housework. Under this circumstance, we can hire someone else, who doesn’t belong to our whole family, to help us with family work. For instance, my mom was brought up with the help of her grandparents. But I was taken care of by the baby-sitter, whom may parents hired from thecommunity service center. The community service center provides good service with a reasonable price.Another important thing that extended family can to is to provide information to and educate family members. However, in the modern society, we have schools to get our education. We have several methods, such as Television and Internet, to get information. These are resources which can be easily had accessto. We do not depend on our family members to get knowledge of the world we live in any longer.In addition, nowadays people tend to live alone with their small care family rather than live with many family members within a big family. Therefore, we have our own circle of communication and we have less in common between different families. Taking my own family as an example, my family and my uncle’s are living in the different cities. We usually get together only on spring festival. We have different friends and interest, so sometimes we just find it hard to have something in common. Thus, if we really have something in trouble, we can hardly turn to them for help.All in all, though extended family is still essential to us to some extent, itis less useful with the development of the modern society. The importance of extended family is now fading.以上是给大家整理的托福TPO13独立写作题目文本+满分范文，希望对你有所帮助!。

在托福写作练习过程中，相信TPO材料中的作文题目都会是大家的首选练习材料。

小编给考生们带来了托福综合写作TP13，希望可以帮助广大托福考生轻松备考托福。

TPO13ReadingPrivate collectors have been selling and buying fossils, the petrifiedremains of ancient organisms, ever since the eighteenth century. In recentyears, however, the sale of fossils, particularly of dinosaurs and other largevertebrates, has grown into a big business. Rare and important fossils are nowbeing sold to private ownership for millions of dollars. This is an unfortunatedevelopment for both scientists and the general public.The public suffers because fossils that would otherwise be donated tomuseums where everyone can see them are sold to private collectors who do notallow the public to view their collections. Making it harder for the public tosee fossils can lead to a decline in public interest in fossils, which would bea pity.More importantly, scientists are likely to lose access to some of the mostimportant fossils and thereby miss out on potentially crucial discoveries aboutextinct life forms. Wealthy fossil buyers with a desire to own the rarest andmost important fossils can spend virtually limitless amounts of money to acquirethem. Scientists and the museums and universities they work for often cannotcompete successfully for fossils against millionaire fossil buyers.Moreover, commercial fossil collectors often destroy valuable scientificevidence associated with the fossils they unearth. Most commercial fossilcollectors are untrained or uninterested in carrying out the careful field workand documentation that reveal the most about animal life in the past. For example, scientists have learned about the biology of nest-building dinosaurs called oviraptors by carefully observing the exact position of oviraptor fossils in the ground and the presence of other fossils in the immediate surroundings. Commercial fossil collectors typically pay no attention to how fossils lie in the ground or to the smaller fossils that may surround bigger ones.ListeningProfessor:Of course there are some negative consequences of selling fossils in the commercial market, but they have been greatly exaggerated. The benefits of commercial fossil trade greatly outweigh the disadvantages.First of all, the public is likely to have greater exposure to fossils as a result of commercial fossil trade, not less exposure. Commercial fossil hunting makes a lot of fossils available for purchase, and as a result, even low-level public institutions like public schools and libraries can now routinely buy interesting fossils and display them for the public.As for the idea that scientists will lose access to really importantfossils, that's not realistic either. Before anyone can put a value on a fossil, it needs to be scientifically identified, right? Well, the only people who can identify fossils, who can really tell what a given fossil is or isn't, are scientists, by performing detailed examinations and tests on the fossils themselves. So even if a fossil is destined to go to a private collector, it has to pass through the hands of scientific experts first. This way, the scientific community is not going to miss out on anything important that's out there.。

托福写作该如何提分？综合写作和独立写作该怎么提高？想要提高托福写作提分，重点是要看考试的评分要求，并且对照自己的情况，做针对性的训练。

可以按照以下步骤进行：一、熟读 OG 上关于写作的评分要求，认真研读官方的满分范文。

二、做一套 TPO 写作题目（包括独立写作和综合写作），找到自己的作文和满分作文的差距。

三、根据内容、结构、语言三个方面的能力强弱，制定一个有针对性的训练计划。

比如，内容方面需要观察生活、积累作文素材；结构方面得研究议论文的写作框架；语言方面要多学习别人地道的表达。

如果是听力或者阅读问题，导致综合写作不好，则要强化听力和阅读。

四、做阶段性的能力测试（比如每周做一套 TPO），实时掌握自己的能力提高情况，并对计划作出调整。

托福tpo45综合写作文本翻译有没有1.严谨的布局：正所谓万事开头难，不过只要开了个好头，这篇作文就会很好写了。

凤头：是文章的首段，是阅卷老师首先入眼的地方，一定要做好整篇文章的中心把握，要做到下文与首段上下连贯，紧密结合，要通过开头使下文有可写之处，开头要达到让阅卷老师耳目一新的效果。

例如，巧用排比，比喻，拟人等修辞手法，并且通过这些修辞手法，而统领全文主旨。

猪肚：在一篇上好的文章中，分段都会恰到好处，而当文章中只有一大段或两三段时，这篇文章即使文采再出众，也不会有太高的分数，因为阅卷老师在判卷时，每三分钟就要判出一份作文，工作量相当大，如果不善于分段，阅卷老师可能失去耐心，从而看不完，就会草草的给出分数。

所以，在我看来，一篇文章至少要分 6-8个段，但不是一行或几行一段，而是要看起来像豆腐块，一块块整齐的排列在一起，使文章紧中有松，松弛有度。

要看上去整篇文章是一个整体，而不是零散的。

豹尾：在文章的最后处，应当让主题更突出鲜明，升华主题思想，使豹尾抽起来！或让人感到峰回路转，柳暗花明或更进一步的特殊效果。

在文章末尾，应当再次点题，紧扣中心思想，让贯穿始终的中心思想继续延伸，引人深思。

2021托福tpo13写作文本社会群组的类型我们和其他人一起生活在一个复杂的关系网中。

我们的人性就产生于这种社会性的互动关系中，与此同时，我们的人性也必须通过经常性的社会互动才能得以保存。

当两个人在比较稳定的期望值下的交流时间足够长并且形成一种联系时，这种联系就可以称为关系人与人之间的关系可以分为两种：情感纽带和工具纽带。

情感纽带在当我们感性的与他人交流时形成的一种社会联系。

通过和对我们来说十分重要的人交流从而得到的安全感，爱情，认可，友谊和个人价值等一系列情感。

工具纽带是但我们为了达到一些目标而与他人进行合作时产生的社会联系方式。

有些时候，这也许意味着变相与竞争者一起共事。

更多的时候我们没有发展出任何更有意义的关系而只是简单的与其他人合作并走向终点。

社会学家基于感情纽带与工具纽带的特征对两者进行了区分定义并划分出两种类型的群组：主要群组和次要群组。

一个主要社群包含两个或更多人，他们都喜欢直接，亲密的，有粘性的与他人的关系。

感情纽带在主要社群中起主导作用。

我们审视人的时候是在他们生命的走到尽头的时候，还有他们的个人价值。

次要群组也需要两个以上的不过是因为非个人关系而且聚到一起都是为了一个具体的，特定的目标。

而工具纽带就在其中起了重要的作用。

我们关注人们在最后的价值要比他们自己的权利要多。

有时主要群组的关系也会在次要群组中演化出来。

这种现象一般发生在一些工作安排当中。

人们在共同合作中会相互发牢骚，开玩笑，传八卦以及满足感，由此依旧发展出了亲近的关系。

在一些情况下主要群组的扩大会导致生活习惯的增加。

首先，群组的规模非常重要。

当一个人身处并消失在一个巨大的群体里时，我们很难了解到他。

但是在小型的群组里我们就能获得更多的机会开展联系并建立关系。

第二点，面对面的久留能让我们更好的审视他们。

与另一个人近距离的观察和交谈可以有更多的机会交流细微的感情与观念。

第三点，我们发展主要群组的可能性和我们经常性的持续的交流息息相关。

¡¡¡¡ÎªÁË°ïÖú´ó¼Ò¸ßЧ±¸¿¼Íи££¬Îª´ó¼Ò´øÀ´Íи£TPO13ÔĶÁPassage2Ô-ÎÄÎı¾+ÌâÄ¿+´ð°¸½âÎö£¬Ï£Íû¶Ô´ó¼Ò±¸¿¼ÓÐËù°ïÖú¡£¡¡¡¡¨ Íи£TPO13ÔĶÁPassage2Ô-ÎÄÎı¾£º¡¡¡¡Biological Clocks¡¡¡¡Survival and successful reproduction usually require the activities of animals to be coordinated with predictable events around them. Consequently, the timing and rhythms of biological functions must closely match periodic events like the solar day, the tides, the lunar cycle, and the seasons. The relations between animal activity and these periods, particularly for the daily rhythms, have been of such interest and importance that a huge amount of work has been done on them and the special research field of chronobiology has emerged. Normally, the constantly changing levels of an animal's activity¡ªsleeping, feeding, moving, reproducing, metabolizing, and producing enzymes and hormones, for example¡ªare well coordinated with environmental rhythms, but the key question is whether the animal's schedule is driven by external cues, such as sunrise or sunset, or is instead dependent somehow on internal timers that themselves generate the observed biological rhythms. Almost universally, biologists accept the idea that all eukaryotes (a category that includes most organisms except bacteria and certain algae) have internal clocks. By isolating organisms completely from external periodic cues, biologists learned that organisms have internal clocks. For instance, apparently normal daily periods of biological activity were maintained for about a week by the fungus Neurospora when it was intentionally isolated from all geophysical timing cues while orbiting in a space shuttle. The continuation of biological rhythms in an organism without external cues attests to its having an internal clock.¡¡¡¡When crayfish are kept continuously in the dark, even for four to five months, their compound eyes continue to adjust on a daily schedule for daytime and nighttime vision. Horseshoe crabs kept in the dark continuously for a year were found to maintain a persistent rhythm of brain activity that similarly adapts their eyes on a daily schedule for bright or for weak light. Like almost all daily cycles of animals deprived of environmental cues, those measured for the horseshoe crabs in these conditions were not exactly 24 hours. Such a rhythm whose period is approximately¡ªbut not exactly¡ªa day is called circadian. For different individual horseshoe crabs, the circadian period ranged from 22.2 to 25.5 hours. A particular animal typically maintains its own characteristic cycle duration with great precision for many days. Indeed, stability of the biological clock's period is one of its major features, even when the organism's environment is subjected to considerable changes in factors, such as temperature, that would be expected to affect biological activity strongly. Further evidence for persistent internal rhythms appears when the usual external cycles are shifted¡ªeither experimentally or by rapid east-west travel over great distances. Typically, the animal's daily internally generated cycle of activity continues withoutchange. As a result, its activities are shifted relative to the external cycle of the new environment. The disorienting effects of this mismatch between external time cues and internal schedules may persist, like our jet lag, for several days or weeks until certain cues such as the daylight/darkness cycle reset the organism's clock to synchronize with the daily rhythm of the new environment.¡¡¡¡Animals need natural periodic signals like sunrise to maintain a cycle whose period is precisely 24 hours. Such an external cue not only coordinates an animal's daily rhythms with particular features of the local solar day but also¡ªbecause it normally does so day after day-seems to keep the internal clock's period close to that of Earth's rotation. Yet despite this synchronization of the period of the internal cycle, the animal's timer itself continues to have its own genetically built-in period close to, but different from, 24 hours. Without the external cue, the difference accumulates and so the internally regulated activities of the biological day drift continuously, like the tides, in relation to the solar day. This drift has been studied extensively in many animals and in biological activities ranging from the hatching of fruit fly eggs to wheel running by squirrels. Light has a predominating influence in setting the clock. Even a fifteen-minute burst of light in otherwise sustained darkness can reset an animal's circadian rhythm. Normally, internal rhythms are kept in step by regular environmental cycles. For instance, if a homing pigeon is to navigate with its Sun compass, its clock must be properly set by cues provided by the daylight/darkness cycle.¡¡¡¡Paragraph 1: Survival and successful reproduction usually require the activities of animals to be coordinated with predictable events around them. Consequently, the timing and rhythms of biological functions must closely match periodic events like the solar day, the tides, the lunar cycle, and the seasons. The relations between animal activity and these periods, particularly for the daily rhythms, have been of such interest and importance that a huge amount of work has been done on them and the special research field of chronobiology has emerged. Normally, the constantly changing levels of an animal's activity¡ªsleeping, feeding, moving, reproducing, metabolizing, and producing enzymes and hormones, for example¡ªare well coordinated with environmental rhythms, but the key question is whether the animal's schedule is driven by external cues, such as sunrise or sunset, or is instead dependent somehow on internal timers that themselves generate the observed biological rhythms. Almost universally, biologists accept the idea that all eukaryotes (a category that includes most organisms except bacteria and certain algae) have internal clocks. By isolating organisms completely from external periodic cues, biologists learned that organisms have internal clocks. For instance, apparently normal daily periods of biological activity were maintained for about a week by the fungus Neurospora when it was intentionally isolated from all geophysical timing cues while orbiting in a space shuttle. The continuation of biological rhythms in an organism without external cues attests to its having an internal clock.。

TPO13 综合写作与详析以下是阅读材料：Private collectors have been selling and buying fossils, the petrified remains of ancient organisms, ever since the eighteen century. In recent years, however, the sale of fossils, particularly of dinosaurs and other large vertebrates has grown into a big business. Rare and important fossils are now being sold to private ownership for millions of dollars. This is an unfortunate development for both scientists and the general public.中文：私人化石收藏家们从十八世纪就开始涉足化石买卖。

所谓化石是指那些古代有机体的石化物。

然而最近几年，化石买卖，尤其是恐龙和其他大型脊椎动物的化石的买卖变得繁荣起来了。

稀有而重要的化石现在以百万计的价格在私人搜藏家之间流通。

这种现象无论对于科学家还是对于公众来说，都不是一件好事情。

The public suffers because fossils that would otherwise be donated to museums where everyone can see them are sold to private collectors who do not allow the public to view their collections. Making it harder for the public to see fossils can lead to a decline in public interest in fossils, which would be a pity.中文：化石不在捐赠给博物馆而是由私人收藏家持有，而不是像过去那样捐赠给博物馆。

剑桥雅思13写作范文摘要：1.问题背景和分析2.解决方案和建议3.总结和展望正文：随着全球化的发展和英语在国际交流中的重要性，越来越多的人选择参加雅思考试以提高自己的英语水平。

剑桥雅思13写作范文为广大雅思考生提供了优秀的写作参考，下面将从问题背景、解决方案和建议、总结和展望三个方面对这篇范文进行解析，以帮助大家更好地理解和应用这篇文章。

一、问题背景和分析剑桥雅思13写作范文的主题是关于城市化对生态环境的影响。

文章指出，随着城市化的推进，自然环境遭受了严重的破坏，如空气污染、水资源短缺等。

这些问题不仅影响了人们的生活质量，还对人类的生存和发展带来了极大的威胁。

因此，解决城市化带来的生态环境问题成为了当务之急。

二、解决方案和建议1.加强立法和政策支持：政府应制定更加严格的环保法规，确保企业和个人在城市化进程中遵循环保原则。

同时，加大对违法行为的处罚力度，以儆效尤。

2.提高民众环保意识：通过各种渠道宣传环保知识，提高民众的环保意识，使大家充分认识到城市化进程中生态环境的重要性。

此外，学校应将环保教育纳入教育教学体系，培养学生的环保观念。

3.科技创新：鼓励企业研发环保技术，减少生产过程中的污染排放。

同时，推广绿色建筑、绿色出行等环保生活方式，减轻城市化对环境的影响。

4.规划城市发展：合理规划城市空间布局，保持城市与自然的和谐共生。

强调生态文明建设，注重城市绿色空间和蓝色空间的保护，提高城市的生态环境质量。

5.跨部门合作：各部门加强协作，形成合力，共同推进生态环境保护工作。

例如，环保部门与交通部门合作，优化城市交通规划，减少汽车尾气排放；与农业部门合作，治理城市周边农田土壤污染等。

三、总结和展望总之，城市化带来的生态环境问题已成为全球性的关注焦点。

只有通过加强立法、提高民众环保意识、推动科技创新、合理规划城市发展和加强跨部门合作等措施，才能有效解决这些问题。