【托福写作备考】TPO10综合写作文本与解析

新托福TPO综合写作详细解析汇总
在新托福综合写作中，有的同学语言使用的能力还有一定局限，还要刻意追求句式的复杂化，但这样的后果就是写出来的句子个个都有错，个个都有表达不清。

其实用最好的词表达最多的内容才是最厉害的写作方式，本文小编为大家整理了一篇新托福综合写作范文，来源于TPO 1—15。

新托福综合写作范文TPO2详细解析:团队的作用
新托福综合写作范文TPO3详细解析:伦勃朗
新托福综合写作范文TPO4详细解析:恒温动物
新托福综合写作范文TPO5详细解析:查科峡谷的巨屋
新托福综合写作范文TPO6详细解析:在线百科的利弊
新托福综合写作范文TPO7详细解析:环保认证在美国无用
新托福综合写作范文TPO8详细解析:塞恩加尔骑士
新托福综合写作范文TPO9详细解析:氢燃料
新托福综合写作范文TPO10详细解析:海獭数量减少的原因
新托福综合写作范文TPO11详细解析:人们不爱读书了
新托福综合写作范文TPO12详细解析:简·奥斯汀
新托福综合写作范文TPO13详细解析:私人化石买卖的坏处
新托福综合写作范文TPO14详细解析:回收性砍伐
新托福综合写作范文TPO15详细解析:控制蔗蜍数量的方法
新托福综合写作对语言的要求是清晰表达，准确转述即可(其实独立写作的要求也类似)。

没有必要一味地追求语言的华丽，把话说清楚最重要。

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详情了解请登陆托福模考软件
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TPO1-10独立写作思路分析（共5篇）第一篇：TPO1-10独立写作思路分析TPO1: A or D: At universities and colleges, sports and social activities are just as important as classes and libraries and should receive equal financial support.1p: 先强调大学的功能(miniature of the society)肩负大学生平衡发展的重任，需要保证足够的投资 2p: 学生喜欢运动，运动有利于学生身心健康。

3p: 学生喜欢参加社会活动，参加社会活动能拓展学生的人际网络。

4p: 政府和财政部门应该重视对体育设施和公共设施的建设，为学生创建良好物质条件。

TPO 2: A or D: Always telling the truth is the most important consideration in any relationship between people.（参见Steve同学的高分模板范文）1p: 【屈原式《天问》】神啊，我一直在思考一个问题-不扯100+不罢休。

2p: white lie这个词组的存在说明了“转弯抹角”的必要性，因为在某些情况下，说实话会造成A。

麻烦，B。

尴尬，C。

损失。

因此人们为了避免麻烦、尴尬和损失是正常的，在某些情况下，撒谎是人的本能反应。

撒谎之外的一个选择是：保持沉默。

3p: 但人际交往的基本原则是坦诚和诚信。

White lie必须有限度而且有原则。

否则会破坏人际关系。

4p: 结论：Tricky question或open debate取决于：seriousness.【立场决定2p-3p的比重，你们懂的】TPO 3: A or D: It is more important to keep your old friends than it is to make new friends.1p: As the wheels of globalization roll on...每天都在加新朋友，也有老朋友失去联系。

托福TPO10阅读原文及答案解析Part1托福TPO作为托福的模考工具，它的题目对于我们备考托福很有参考价值，为了帮助大家备考，下面小编给大家整理了托福TPO10阅读原文及答案解析Part1，望喜欢！托福TPO10阅读原文Part1Chinese PotteryChina has one of the worlds oldest continuous civilizations-despite invasions and occasional foreign rule. A country as vast as China with so long-lasting a civilization has a complex social and visual history, within which pottery and porcelain play a major role.The function and status of ceramics in China varied from dynasty to dynasty, so they may be utilitarian, burial, trade-collectors, or even ritual objects, according to their quality and the era in which they were made. The ceramics fall into three broad types-earthenware, stoneware, and porcelain-for vessels, architectural items such as roof tiles, and modeled objects and figures. In addition, there was an important group of sculptures made for religious use, the majority of which were produced in earthenware.The earliest ceramics were fired to earthenware temperatures,but as early as the fifteenth century B.C., high-temperature stonewares were being made with glazed surfaces. During the Six Dynasties period (AD 265-589), kilns in north China were producing high-fired ceramics of good quality. Whitewares produced in Hebei and Henan provinces from the seventh to the tenth centuries evolved into the highly prized porcelains of the Song dynasty (AD. 960-1279), long regarded as one of the high points in the history of Chinas ceramic industry. The tradition of religious sculpture extends over most historical periods but is less clearly delineated than that of stonewares or porcelains, for it embraces the old custom of earthenware burial ceramics with later religious images and architectural ornament. Ceramic products also include lead-glazed tomb models of the Han dynasty, three-color lead-glazed vessels and figures of the Tang dynasty, and Ming three-color temple ornaments, in which the motifs were outlined in a raised trail of slip-as well as the many burial ceramics produced in imitation of vessels made in materials of higher intrinsic value. Trade between the West and the settled and prosperous Chinese dynasties introduced new forms and different technologies. One of the most far-reaching examples is the impact of the fine ninth-century AD. Chinese porcelain waresimported into the Arab world. So admired were these pieces that they encouraged the development of earthenware made in imitation of porcelain and instigated research into the method of their manufacture. From the Middle East the Chinese acquired a blue pigment-a purified form of cobalt oxide unobtainable at that time in China-that contained only a low level of manganese. Cobalt ores found in China have a high manganese content, which produces a more muted blue-gray color. In the seventeenth century, the trading activities of the Dutch East India Company resulted in vast quantities of decorated Chinese porcelain being brought to Europe, which stimulated and influenced the work of a wide variety of wares, notably Delft. The Chinese themselves adapted many specific vessel forms from the West, such as bottles with long spouts, and designed a range of decorative patterns especially for the European market.Just as painted designs on Greek pots may seem today to be purely decorative, whereas in fact they were carefully and precisely worked out so that at the time, their meaning was clear, so it is with Chinese pots. T o twentieth-century eyes, Chinese pottery may appear merely decorative, yet to the Chinese the form of each object and its adornment hadmeaning and significance. The dragon represented the emperor, and the phoenix, the empress; the pomegranate indicated fertility, and a pair of fish, happiness; mandarin ducks stood for wedded bliss; the pine tree, peach, and crane are emblems of long life; and fish leaping from waves indicated success in the civil service examinations. Only when European decorative themes were introduced did these meanings become obscured or even lost.From early times pots were used in both religious and secular contexts. The imperial court commissioned work and in the Yuan dynasty (A.D. 1279-1368) an imperial ceramic factory was established at Jingdezhen. Pots played an important part in some religious ceremonies. Long and often lyrical descriptions of the different types of ware exist that assist in classifying pots, although these sometimes confuse an already large and complicated picture.Paragraph 2: The function and status of ceramics in China varied from dynasty to dynasty, so they may be utilitarian, burial, trade-collectors, or even ritual objects, according to their quality and the era in which they were made. The ceramics fall into three broad types-earthenware, stoneware, and porcelain-for vessels, architectural items such as roof tiles,and modeled objects and figures. In addition, there was an important group of sculptures made for religious use, the majority of which were produced in earthenware.托福TPO10阅读题目Part11.The word status in the passage is closest in meaning to○origin○importance○quality○design2. According to paragraph 2, which of the following is true of Chinese ceramics?○The function of ceramics remained the same from dynasty to dynasty.○The use of ceramics as trade objects is better documented than the use of ceramics as ritual objects.○There was little variation in quality for any type of ceramics over time.○Some religious sculptures were made using the earthenware type of ceramics.Paragraph 3: The earliest ceramics were fired to earthenware temperatures, but as early as the fifteenth century B.C., high-temperature stonewares were being made with glazedsurfaces. During the Six Dynasties period (AD 265-589), kilns in north China were producing high-fired ceramics of good quality. Whitewares produced in Hebei and Henan provinces from the seventh to the tenth centuries evolved into the highly prized porcelains of the Song dynasty (AD. 960-1279), long regarded as one of the high points in the history of Chinas ceramic industry. The tradition of religious sculpture extends over most historical periods but is less clearly delineated than that of stonewares or porcelains, for it embraces the old custom of earthenware burial ceramics with later religious images and architectural ornament. Ceramic products also include lead-glazed tomb models of the Han dynasty, three-color lead-glazed vessels and figures of the Tang dynasty, and Ming three-color temple ornaments, in which the motifs were outlined in a raised trail of slip-as well as the many burial ceramics produced in imitation of vessels made in materials of higher intrinsic value.3. The word evolve in the passage is closest in meaning to○divided○extended○developed○vanished4. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.○While stonewares and porcelains are found throughout most historical periods, religious sculpture is limited to the ancient period.○Religious sculpture was created in most periods, but its history is less clear than that of stonewares or porcelains because some old forms continued to be used even when new ones were developed.○While stonewares and porcelains changed throughout history, religious sculpture remained uniform in form and use. ○The historical development of religious sculpture is relatively unclear because religious sculptures sometimes resemble earthenware architectural ornaments.5. Paragraph 3 supports all of the following concerning the history of the ceramic industry in China EXCEPT:○The earliest high-fired ceramics were of poor quality.○Ceramics produced during the Tang and Ming dynasties sometimes incorporated multiple colors.○Earthenware ceramics were produced in China beforestonewares were.○The Song dynasty period was notable for the production of high quality porcelain ceramics.Paragraph 4: Trade between the West and the settled and prosperous Chinese dynasties introduced new forms and different technologies. One of the most far-reaching examples is the impact of the fine ninth-century AD. Chinese porcelain wares imported into the Arab world. So admired were these pieces that they encouraged the development of earthenware made in imitation of porcelain and instigated research into the method of their manufacture. From the Middle East the Chinese acquired a blue pigment-a purified form of cobalt oxide unobtainable at that time in China-that contained only a low level of manganese. Cobalt ores found in China have a high manganese content, which produces a more muted blue-gray color. In the seventeenth century, the trading activities of the Dutch East India Company resulted in vast quantities of decorated Chinese porcelain being brought to Europe, which stimulated and influenced the work of a wide variety of wares, notably Delft. The Chinese themselves adapted many specific vessel forms from the West, such as bottles with long spouts, and designed a range of decorativepatterns especially for the European market.6. The word instigate in the passage is closest in meaning to ○improved○investigated○narrowed○caused7. According to paragraph 4, one consequence of the trade of Chinese ceramics was○the transfer of a distinctive blue pigment from China to the Middle East○an immediate change from earthenware production to porcelain production in European countries○Chinese production of wares made for the European market ○a decreased number of porcelain vessels available on the European marketParagraph 5: Just as painted designs on Greek pots may seem today to be purely decorative,whereas in fact they were carefully and precisely worked out so that at the time, their meaning was clear, so it is with Chinese pots. To twentieth-century eyes, Chinese pottery may appear merely decorative, yet to the Chinese the form of each object and its adornment had meaning and significance. The dragonrepresented the emperor, and the phoenix, the empress; the pomegranate indicated fertility, and a pair of fish, happiness; mandarin ducks stood for wedded bliss; the pine tree, peach, and crane are emblems of long life; and fish leaping from waves indicated success in the civil service examinations. Only when European decorative themes were introduced did these meanings become obscured or even lost.8. The word whereas in the passage is closest in meaning to ○while○previously○surprisingly○because9. In paragraph 5, the author compares the designs on Chinese pots to those on Greek pots in order to○emphasize that while Chinese pots were decorative, Greek pots were functional○argue that the designs on Chinese pots had specific meanings and were not just decorative○argue that twentieth-century scholars are better able to understand these designs than were ancient scholars○explain how scholars have identified the meaning of specific images on Chinese pots10. Which of the following is mentioned in paragraph 5 as being symbolically represented on Chinese ceramics?○Chinese rulers○love of homeland○loyally to friends○success in trade11. Paragraph 5 suggests which of the following about the decorations on Chinese pottery?○They had more importance for aristocrats than for ordinary citizens.○Their significance may have remained clear had the Chinese not come under foreign influence.○They contain some of the same images that appear on Greek pots○Their significance is now as clear to twentieth century observers as it was to the early Chinese.Paragraph 6: From early times pots were used in both religious and secular contexts. The imperial court commissioned work and in the Yuan dynasty (A.D. 1279-1368) an imperial ceramic factory was established at Jingdezhen. Pots played an important part in some religious ceremonies. Long and often lyrical descriptions of the different types of ware exist thatassist in classifying pots, although these sometimes confuse an already large and complicated picture.12. The word these in the passage refers to○religious ceremonies○descriptions○types of ware○potsParagraph 4: Trade between the West and the settled and prosperous Chinese dynasties introduced new forms and different technologies. One of the most far-reaching examples is the impact of the fine ninth-century AD. Chinese porcelain wares imported into the Arab world. ■So admired were these pieces that they encouraged the development of earthenware made in imitation of porcelain and instigated research into the method of their manufacture. ■From the Middle East the Chinese acquired a blue pigment-a purified form of cobalt oxide unobtainable at that time in China-that contained only a low level of manganese. Cobalt ores found in China have a high manganese content, which produces a more muted blue-gray color. ■In the seventeenth century, the trading activities of the Dutch East India Company resulted in vast quantities of decorated Chinese porcelain being brought toEurope, which stimulated and influenced the work of a wide variety of wares, notably Delft. ■The Chinese themselves adapted many specific vessel forms from the West, such as bottles with long spouts, and designed a range of decorative patterns especially for the European market.13. Look at the four squares [■]that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.Foreign trade was also responsible for certain innovations in coloring.Where could the sentence best fit?14.Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.Ceramics have been produced in China for a very long time. ●●●Answer choices○The Chinese produced earthenware, stoneware, and porcelain pottery and they used their ceramics for a variety of utilitarian, architectural, and ceremonial purposes.○The shape and decoration of ceramics produced for religious use in China were influenced by Chinese ceramics produced for export.○As a result of trade relations, Chinese ceramic production changed and Chinese influenced the ceramics production of other countries.○Chinese burial ceramics have the longest and most varied history of production and were frequently decorated with written texts that help scholars date them.○Before China had contact with the West, the meaning of various designs used to decorate Chinese ceramics was well understood.○Ceramics made in imperial factories were used in both religious and non-religious contexts.托福TPO10阅读答案Part1参考答案：1. ○22. ○43. ○34. ○25. ○16. ○47. ○38.○19. ○210. ○111. ○212. ○213. ○214. The Chinese producedAs a result of tradeBefore China had contact托福TPO10阅读翻译Part1参考翻译：中国的陶瓷尽管中国曾饱受入侵，偶尔丧失主权受制于外国，她仍然拥有世界上最源远流长的文明。

Q1正确答案：B解析：以human activities做关键词定位至第一句，提到在判断人类对气候的影响之前必须断定自然的影响，所以B正确。

Q2正确答案：C解析：以proxy records做关键词定位至最后一句，a better picture of fluctuations further back in time，指的是时间更久远，所以答案是C，这个比较简单，跟文章说的完全一样。

Q3正确答案：D解析：去掉定语从句后，原文变成substance can be deposited to record…，A和C 的因果关系是硬造出来的，原文没有，错误；而且A说unchanging，原文是变化，A与原文相反；B原文是record，不是infer，B错误；而且C说difficult to observe，原文未提及，错误；D正确。

Q4正确答案：B解析：以proxy temperature records做关键词定位至第四句，本句说了重建温度的很多方法，无论是冰川，沉积物还是碳酸盐，都属于substance，所以B正确，其他都未提及。

Q5正确答案：A解析：striking“显著的，吸引人的”，所以noticeable“引人注意的”正确。

句子一开始就提到同样striking的是，说明之前一定有一个很striking的东西。

前一句说有significant natural changes，所以significant的同义词就是striking。

Q6正确答案：C解析：第四段很短，快速读完。

A和D在第一句，说气候在一段时间内会变化；第二句里的stability对应B中的changed little，所以这三项都正确，不选；只有C未提及，所以C是答案。

Q7正确答案：C解析：erratic“古怪的，飘忽不定的”，所以C的unpredictable正确。

原句说equally erratic，所以之前一定得有一个跟erratic意思差不多的词，之前有chaotic fluctuation，所以erratic和chaotic是同义词，chaotic“混乱的”，备选项中只有unpredictable跟这个意思接近，A“剧烈”B“重要”D“常见”都不正确。

TPO10-C1Narrator:Listen to a conversation between a student and her Photography Professor. 独白:听下面一段学生和摄影学教授的对话Student:Professor Jason, there is something that's been on my mind.学生:杰森教授，我一直在思考一件事情。

Professor:Ok.教授:是什么呢？Student:Remember last week, you told us that it's really important to get our photography into a show, basically as soon as we can?学生:记得上周您说把自己的作品尽快的展览出来非常重要吗？Professor:Yes up, it's a big step, no question.教授:是的。

这是很重要的一步，毫无疑问。

Student:Thing is, I am sitting here and I am just not sure how I get there.学生:问题是，我就坐在这里想，真的不知道接下来该怎么办。

I mean I've got some work I like, but is it the really what the gallery is looking for?我倒是有些自己喜欢的作品，但是美术馆也会喜欢吗？How would I know, how do I make the right context to get it into show, I just reallydon't...我怎样知道如何将自己的作品展览出来呢，我真的没有头绪。

Professor:Ok, hold on, slow down.教授:好，别急，别急。

智课网TOEFL备考资料托福TPO独立写作TPO10Playing computer games is a waste of time. Children should not be allowed to play them.题目翻译玩电脑游戏是浪费时间，应当禁止儿童玩电脑游戏。

审题关键词Computer games, Children, Waste of time论证分析补: We have to admit that playing computer games is a waste of children’s time in some cases, such as when they play games instead of studying for an essential examination.正：Playing computer games can relax a child’s mind.正：Moreover, playing computer games can inspire children’s imagination and creation.范文With the development of modern technology, there has been a growing popularity in the playing of computer games, especially among children. As a result, there is an ongoing debate as to whether children should be allowed to play them.Some people do approve of children playing these games, while others strongly object to the idea, stating that they are just a waste of time and that children should not be allowed to have access to them. From my point of view, ignoring the merits of playing computer games and overstating the disadvantages of doing so, is subject to criticism. The reasons given below will illustrate and strengthen my viewpoint.First and foremost, playing computer games can help children relax their anxieties and relieve them from daily pressure. Children in today's society are subject to far more pressure and anxieties than before and hence they should have the right to some free time for relief from the burden of the high expectation of their parents, from the demanding requirements from teachers and from theoverwhelming pressures of society.Second, well-designed computer games can also assist in the mental development of children. Quickly moving scenes can cultivate children's quick responses, complicated plots enable children to quickly evaluate any situation, and emergencies in the game develops children's ability to make quick and decisive decisions.Third, computer games can also play a role in the education of moral values. Most computer games have a general plot of the good finally beating off the bad, fostering in children's minds the importance and necessity of fighting against the bad in society.Taking into account all of those aspects, as long as computer games are well-designed for children, and that children are under appropriate guidance when playing them, playing computer games is not necessarily a waste of time, for it can have a positive influence on children's development mentally and psychologically.满分要素剖析语言表达本文的语言非常中规中矩。

TPO 10 综合写作范文The professor challenges the pollution hypothesis in the reading, stating that ongoing investigations reveal that predation is the most likely cause of sea otter decline.First, the passage says that pollution hypothesis is supported by concrete evidence such as oil rigs and other industrial chemical pollution along the coast. However, the professor points out that no dead bodies of sea otters were found washed on shore, suggesting that this is more consistent with the predator hypothesis because the sea otters could have been eaten immediately by their predators.Second, the passage says that only environmental factors could have an overall effect on the entire ecosystem, thus causing the widespread decline of other sea mammals. However, the professor points out that whales have essentially disappeared due to human activities so the orcas (larger predator whales that used to prey on other whales) began to change their diet and feed on other sea mammals for survival, thus causing the overall decline of sea otters, seals and sea lions. Finally, the passage says that the pollution hypothesis can explain the uneven pattern of otter decline. However, the professor points out that the predation theory offers a better explanation to this phenomenon. This is because the survival changes of sea otters depends on whether the place they live is accessible to orcas or not. The number of sea otters remains pretty stable in shallow and rocky locations because these locations are typically inaccessible to orcas.A or D? Playing computer games is a waste of time. Children should not be allowed to play them.Thesis Statement: Introducing a restriction to keep children away from computer games is neither sensible nor possible.1). Playing computer games is not entirely harmful: it serves to develop intelligence.2). Restriction is never a good idea: mutual respect and understanding is to key to deal with kids. Conclusion: Enlightened parents should be encouraging, tolerant and supportive. (E.T.S: 你懂的)It might be tempting to suggest that playing computers will bring negative effects on children’s study, physical health and social abilities and therefore, they should be prohibited from playing them. As a college student capable of critical thinking, however, I believe that what they claim is not well-grounded, as they fail to take all aspects into consideration. In fact, introducing a restriction to keep children away from computer games is neither sensible nor possible.As the wheels of globalization roll on, people’s ideas change constantly each single day. In the past, people are regarded as illiterates when they cannot read or write. In the information age, however, people who cannot use computers are also regarded as illiterates. Parents often assume that playing computer games will deprive the children of their time to communicate. But the world has changed. Computer games and online games have become so widespread and prevalent that children who do not play them will have much difficulty communicating with their peers. Parents who do not wish their children to be regarded as nerds should think twice when considering introducing a restriction. In addition, playing computer games is not entirely harmful either. Now there are a lot of computer games aiming at developing intelligence. Playing these games will foster the problem-solving skills and strategic thinking of the children.It is also important to remember that parents should renew their way of thinking and parenting ideology to keep up with the tide of our time when dealing with their children. Democracy has become a prominent theme in our time and children have been exposed to various ideas so they have gradually become aware of the importance of being respected. Parents should not totally ban their children from playing games even if the advantages are far outweighed by the disadvantages. Restriction is never a good idea because it inevitably invites rebellion. The most desirable approach, at least it seems to me, is that parents should address the problems on the principle of mutual respect and understanding when it comes to the education to the young. In order to solve the problem, parents should learn to understand how the kids think and what they want, instead of imposing a lot of groundless restrictions.My father Simple is an enlightened parent who sets a perfect example in terms of educating the next generation. As a legendary World of Warcraft player, he is always encouraging, tolerant and supportive when it comes to my educational issues and in fact, we often discuss how to speed up our upgrading process. He never mentions the repulsive words like "restriction" or "condition" because he knows that teens react to them with adverse reactions. His supportive attitude helps to establish family rapport and I have repaid his trust and encouragement with impressive academic performance and a myriad of passionately coveted awards in a wide range of extracurricular activities, such as robot-design world champion and rock-climbing winner. My father has, through his personal action, taught me a profound lesson that it is important to play frantically when playing and study devotedly when studying.。

托福TPO10阅读原文及答案解析Part1托福TPO作为托福的模考工具，它的题目对于我们备考托福很有参考价值，为了帮助大家备考，下面小编给大家整理了托福TPO10阅读原文及答案解析Part1，望喜欢！托福TPO10阅读原文Part1Chinese PotteryChina has one of the world's oldest continuous civilizations-despite invasions and occasional foreign rule. A country as vast as China with so long-lasting a civilization has a complex social and visual history, within which pottery and porcelain play a major role.The function and status of ceramics in China varied from dynasty to dynasty, so they may be utilitarian, burial, trade-collectors', or even ritual objects, according to their quality and the era in which they were made. The ceramics fall into three broad types-earthenware, stoneware, and porcelain-for vessels, architectural items such as roof tiles, and modeled objects and figures. In addition, there was an important group of sculptures made for religious use, the majority of which were produced in earthenware.The earliest ceramics were fired to earthenware temperatures, but as early as the fifteenth century B.C., high-temperature stonewares were being made with glazed surfaces. During the Six Dynasties period (AD 265-589), kilns in north China were producing high-fired ceramics of good quality. Whitewares produced in Hebei and Henan provinces from the seventh to the tenth centuries evolved into the highly prized porcelains of the Song dynasty (AD. 960-1279), long regarded as one of the high points in the history of China's ceramic industry.The tradition of religious sculpture extends over most historical periods but is less clearly delineated than that of stonewares or porcelains, for it embraces the old custom of earthenware burial ceramics with later religious images and architectural ornament. Ceramic products also include lead-glazed tomb models of the Han dynasty, three-color lead-glazed vessels and figures of the Tang dynasty, and Ming three-color temple ornaments, in which the motifs were outlined in a raised trail of slip-as well as the many burial ceramics produced in imitation of vessels made in materials of higher intrinsic value.Trade between the West and the settled and prosperous Chinese dynasties introduced new forms and different technologies. One of the most far-reaching examples is the impact of the fine ninth-century AD. Chinese porcelain wares imported into the Arab world. So admired were these pieces that they encouraged the development of earthenware made in imitation of porcelain and instigated research into the method of their manufacture. From the Middle East the Chinese acquired a blue pigment-a purified form of cobalt oxide unobtainable at that time in China-that contained only a low level of manganese. Cobalt ores found in China have a high manganese content, which produces a more muted blue-gray color. In the seventeenth century, the trading activities of the Dutch East India Company resulted in vast quantities of decorated Chinese porcelain being brought to Europe, which stimulated and influenced the work of a wide variety of wares, notably Delft. The Chinese themselves adapted many specific vessel forms from the West, such as bottles with long spouts, and designed a range of decorative patterns especially for the European market.Just as painted designs on Greek pots may seem today to bepurely decorative, whereas in fact they were carefully and precisely worked out so that at the time, their meaning was clear, so it is with Chinese pots. To twentieth-century eyes, Chinese pottery may appear merely decorative, yet to the Chinese the form of each object and its adornment had meaning and significance. The dragon represented the emperor, and the phoenix, the empress; the pomegranate indicated fertility, and a pair of fish, happiness; mandarin ducks stood for wedded bliss; the pine tree, peach, and crane are emblems of long life; and fish leaping from waves indicated success in the civil service examinations. Only when European decorative themes were introduced did these meanings become obscured or even lost.From early times pots were used in both religious and secular contexts. The imperial court commissioned work and in the Yuan dynasty (A.D. 1279-1368) an imperial ceramic factory was established at Jingdezhen. Pots played an important part in some religious ceremonies. Long and often lyrical descriptions of the different types of ware exist that assist in classifying pots, although these sometimes confuse an already large and complicated picture.Paragraph 2: The function and status of ceramics in China varied from dynasty to dynasty, so they may be utilitarian, burial, trade-collectors', or even ritual objects, according to their quality and the era in which they were made. The ceramics fall into three broad types-earthenware, stoneware, and porcelain-for vessels, architectural items such as roof tiles, and modeled objects and figures. In addition, there was an important group of sculptures made for religious use, the majority of which were produced in earthenware.托福TPO10阅读题目Part11.The word "status" in the passage is closest in meaning to○ origin○ importance○ quality○ design2. According to paragraph 2, which of the following is true of Chinese ceramics?○ The function of ceramics remained the same from dynasty to dynasty.○ The use of ceramics as trade objects is better documented than the use of ceramics as ritual objects.○ There was little variation in quality for any type of ceramics over time.○ Some religious sculptures were made using the earthenware type of ceramics.Paragraph 3: The earliest ceramics were fired to earthenware temperatures, but as early as the fifteenth century B.C., high-temperature stonewares were being made with glazed surfaces. During the Six Dynasties period (AD 265-589), kilns in north China were producing high-fired ceramics of good quality. Whitewares produced in Hebei and Henan provinces from the seventh to the tenth centuries evolved into the highly prized porcelains of the Song dynasty (AD. 960-1279), long regarded as one of the high points in the history of China's ceramic industry. The tradition of religious sculpture extends over most historical periods but is less clearly delineated than that of stonewares or porcelains, for it embraces the old custom of earthenware burial ceramics with later religious images and architectural ornament. Ceramic products also include lead-glazed tomb models of the Han dynasty, three-color lead-glazed vessels and figures of theTang dynasty, and Ming three-color temple ornaments, in which the motifs were outlined in a raised trail of slip-as well as the many burial ceramics produced in imitation of vessels made in materials of higher intrinsic value.3. The word "evolve" in the passage is closest in meaning to○ divided○ extended○ developed○ vanished4. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.○ While stonewares and porcelains are found through out most historical periods, religious sculpture is limited to the ancient period.○ Religious sculpture was created in most periods, but its history is less clear than that of stonewares or porcelains because some old forms continued to be used even when new ones were developed.○ While stonewares and porcelains changed throughout history, religious sculpture remained uniform in form and use.○ The historical development of religious sculpture is relatively unclear because religious sculptures sometimes resemble earthenware architectural ornaments.5. Paragraph 3 supports all of the following concerning the history of the ceramic industry in China EXCEPT:○ The earliest high-fired ceramics were of poor quality.○ Ceramics produced during the Tang and Ming d ynasties sometimes incorporated multiple colors.○ Earthenware ceramics were produced in China before stonewares were.○ The Song dynasty period was notable for the production of high quality porcelain ceramics.Paragraph 4: Trade between the West and the settled and prosperous Chinese dynasties introduced new forms and different technologies. One of the most far-reaching examples is the impact of the fine ninth-century AD. Chinese porcelain wares imported into the Arab world. So admired were these pieces that they encouraged the development of earthenware made in imitation of porcelain and instigated research into the method of their manufacture. From the Middle East the Chinese acquired a blue pigment-a purified form of cobalt oxide unobtainable at that time in China-that contained only a low level of manganese. Cobalt ores found in China have a high manganese content, which produces a more muted blue-gray color. In the seventeenth century, the trading activities of the Dutch East India Company resulted in vast quantities of decorated Chinese porcelain being brought to Europe, which stimulated and influenced the work of a wide variety of wares, notably Delft. The Chinese themselves adapted many specific vessel forms from the West, such as bottles with long spouts, and designed a range of decorative patterns especially for the European market.6. The word "instigate" in the passage is closest in meaning to○ improved○ investigated○ narrowed○ caused7. According to paragraph 4, one consequence of the tradeof Chinese ceramics was○ the transfer of a distinctive blue pigment from China to the Middle East○ an immediate change from earthenware production to porcelain production in European countries○ Chinese production of wares made for the European market○ a decreased number of porcelain vessels available on the European marketParagraph 5: Just as painted designs on Greek pots may seem today to be purely decorative,whereas in fact they were carefully and precisely worked out so that at the time, their meaning was clear, so it is with Chinese pots. To twentieth-century eyes, Chinese pottery may appear merely decorative, yet to the Chinese the form of each object and its adornment had meaning and significance. The dragon represented the emperor, and the phoenix, the empress; the pomegranate indicated fertility, and a pair of fish, happiness; mandarin ducks stood for wedded bliss; the pine tree, peach, and crane are emblems of long life; and fish leaping from waves indicated success in the civil service examinations. Only when European decorative themes were introduced did these meanings become obscured or even lost.8. The word "whereas" in the passage is closest in meaning to○ while○ previously○ surprisingly○ because9. In paragraph 5, the author compares the designs onChinese pots to those on Greek pots in order to○ emphasize that while Chinese pots were decorative, Greek pots were functional○ argue that the designs on Chinese pots had specific meanings and were not just decorative○ argue that twentieth-century scholars are better able to understand these designs than were ancient scholars ○ explain how scholars have identified the meaning of specific images on Chinese pots10. Which of the following is mentioned in paragraph 5 as being symbolically represented on Chinese ceramics?○ Chinese rulers○ love of homeland○ loyally to friends○ success in trade11. Paragraph 5 suggests which of the following about the decorations on Chinese pottery?○ They had more importance for aristocrats than for ordinary citizens.○ Their significance may have remained clear had the Chinese not come under foreign influence.○ They contain some of the same images that appear on Greek pots○ Their significance is now as clear to twentieth century observers as it was to the early Chinese.Paragraph 6: From early times pots were used in both religious and secular contexts. The imperial court commissioned work and in the Yuan dynasty (A.D. 1279-1368) an imperial ceramic factory was established at Jingdezhen. Pots played an important part in some religious ceremonies. Long and oftenlyrical descriptions of the different types of ware exist that assist in classifying pots, although these sometimes confuse an already large and complicated picture.12. The word "these" in the passage refers to○ religious ceremonies○ descriptions○ types of ware○ potsParagraph 4: Trade between the West and the settled and prosperous Chinese dynasties introduced new forms and different technologies. One of the most far-reaching examples is the impact of the fine ninth-century AD. Chinese porcelain wares imported into the Arab world. ■So admired were these pieces that they encouraged the development of earthenware made in imitation of porcelain and instigated research into the method of their manufact ure. ■From the Middle East the Chinese acquired a blue pigment-a purified form of cobalt oxide unobtainable at that time in China-that contained only a low level of manganese. Cobalt ores found in China have a high manganese content, which produces a more muted blue-gray color. ■In the seventeenth century, the trading activities of the Dutch East India Company resulted in vast quantities of decorated Chinese porcelain being brought to Europe, which stimulated and influenced the work of a wide variety of wares, notably Delft. ■The Chinese themselves adapted many specific vessel forms from the West, such as bottles with long spouts, and designed a range of decorative patterns especially for the European market.13. Look at the four squares [■]that indicate whe re the following sentence could be added to the passage.Foreign trade was also responsible for certain innovations incoloring.Where could the sentence best fit?14.Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.Ceramics have been produced in China for a very long time.●●●Answer choices○ The Chinese produced earthenware, stoneware, and porcelain pottery and they used their ceramics for a variety of utilitarian, architectural, and ceremonial purposes.○ The shape and decoration of ceramics produced for religious use in China were influenced by Chinese ceramics produced for export.○ As a result of trade relations, Chinese ceramic production changed and Chinese influenced the ceramics production of other countries.○ Chinese burial ceramics have the longest and most varied history of production and were frequently decorated with written texts that help scholars date them.○ Before China had contact with the West, the meaning of various designs used to decorate Chinese ceramics was well understood.○ Ceramics made in imperial factories were used in bothreligious and non-religious contexts.托福TPO10阅读答案Part1参考答案：1. ○22. ○43. ○34. ○25. ○16. ○47. ○38.○19. ○210. ○111. ○212. ○213. ○214. The Chinese producedAs a result of tradeBefore China had contact托福TPO10阅读翻译Part1参考翻译：中国的陶瓷尽管中国曾饱受入侵，偶尔丧失主权受制于外国，她仍然拥有世界上最源远流长的文明。

托福TPO10(试题+答案+译文)第3篇:Seventeenth-CenturyEuropeanEconomicGrow托福TPO是托福备考小伙伴们最重要的参考资料，并且这个是在备考时候一定要认真多多练习，托福TPO是非常重要的希望大家一定要重视起来，小编为广大的托福考生整理了TPO10(试题+答案+译文)第3篇:Seventeenth-Century European Economic Growth，下面就来跟小编一起来看下面精彩内容吧!托福阅读原文In the late sixteenth century andinto the seventeenth, Europe continued the growth that had lifted it out of therelatively less prosperous medieval period (from the mid 400s to the late1400s). Among thekeyfactors behind this growth were increasedagricultural productivity and an expansion of trade.Populations cannot grow unlessthe rural economy can produce enough additional food to feed more people.During the sixteenth century, farmers brought more land into cultivation at theexpense of forests and fens (low-lying wetlands). Dutch land reclamation in theNetherlands in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries provides the mostspectacular example of the expansion of farmland: the Dutch reclaimed more than36.000 acres from 1590 to 1615 alone.Much of the potential forEuropean economic development lay in what at first glance would seem to havebeen only sleepy villages. Such villages, however, generally lay in regions ofrelatively advanced agricultural production, permitting not only the survivalof peasants but also the accumulation of an agricultural surplus forinvestment. They had access to urban merchants, markets, and trade routes.Increased agricultural productionin turn facilitated rural industry, an intrinsic part of the expansion ofindustry. Woolens and textilemanufacturers, in particular, utilized ruralcottage (in-home) production, which took advantage of cheap and plentiful rurallabor. In the German states, the ravages of the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648)further moved textile production into the countryside. Members of poor peasantfamilies spun or wove cloth and linens at home for scant remuneration in anattempt to supplementmeagerfamily income.More extended trading networksalso helped develop Europe's economy in this period.English and Dutch shipscarrying rye from the Baltic states reached Spain and Portugal. Populationgrowth generated an expansion of small-scale manufacturing, particularly ofhandicrafts, textiles, and metal production in England, Flanders, parts ofnorthern Italy, the southwestern German states, and parts of Spain. Only ironsmelting and mining required marshaling a significant amount of capital (wealthinvested to create more wealth).The development of banking andother financial services contributed to the expansion of trade. By the middleof the sixteenth century, financiers and traders commonly accepted bills ofexchange in place of gold or silver for other goods. Bills of exchange, whichhad their origins in medieval Italy, were promissory notes (written promises topay a specified amount of money by a certain date) that could be sold to thirdparties. In this way, they provided credit. At mid-century, an Antwerpfinancier only slightly exaggerated when he claimed, “0ne can no more tradewithout bill s of exchange than sail without water." Merchants no longerhad to carry gold and silver over long, dangerous journeys. An Amsterdammerchant purchasing soap from a merchant in Marseille could go to an exchangerand pay the exchanger the equivalent sum in guilders, the Dutch currency. Theexchanger would then send a bill ofexchange to a colleague in Marseille,authorizing the colleague to pay the Marseille merchant in the merchant's owncurrency after the actual exchange of goods had taken place.Bills of exchange contributed tothe development of banks, as exchangers began to provide loans. Not untilthe eighteenth century, however, did such banks as the Bank ofAmsterdam and the Bank of England begin to provide capital for businessinvestment. Their principal function was to provide funds for the state.The rapid expansion in internationaltrade also benefitted from an infusion of capital, stemming largely from goldand silver brought by Spanish vessels from the Americas. This capital financedthe production of goods, storage, trade, and even credit across Europe andoverseas. Moreover an increased credit supply was generated by investments andloans by bankers and wealthy merchants to states and by joint-stockpartnerships—an English innovation(the first major company began in1600). Unlike short-term financial cooperation between investors for a singlecommercial undertaking, joint-stock companies provided permanent funding ofcapital by drawing on the investments of merchants and other investors whopurchased shares in the company.托福阅读试题1.According to paragraph 1, what was trueof Europe during the medieval period?A. Agricultural productivity declined.B.There was relatively little economicgrowth.C.The general level of prosperity declined.D.Foreign trade began to play an importantrole in the economy.2.The word key in the passage(Paragraph1)is closest in meaning toA.historicalB. manyC. importantD.hidden3.According to paragraph 2, one effect ofthe desire to increase food production was thatA. land was cultivated in a different wayB.more farmers were neededC.the ruraleconomy was weakenedD. forests and wetlands were used forfarming4.According to paragraph 3, what was onereason villages had such great economic potential?A.Villages were located in regions whereagricultural production was relatively advanced.B.Villages were relatively small inpopulation and size compared with urban areas.C.Some village inhabitants made investmentsin industrial development.D.Village inhabitants established markets withintheir villages.5.Paragraph 4 supports the idea thatincreased agricultural production was important for the expansion of industryprimarily because itA.increased the number of available workersin rural areasB.provided new types of raw materials foruse by industryC. resulted in an improvement in the healthof the rural cottage workers used by manufacturersD. helped repair some of the ravages of theThirty Years’ War6.The word “meager” in thepassage(Paragraph 4)is closest in meaning toA.very necessaryB. very lowC.traditionalD.primary7.Why does the author mention that “Englishand Dutch ships carrying rye from the Baltic states reached Spain andPortugal”(Paragraph 5)?A.T o suggest that England and theNetherlands were the two most important trading nations in seventeenth-centuryEuropeB.T o suggest how extensive tradingrelations wereC.To contrast the importance ofagricultural products with manufactured productsD.To argue that shipping introduced a rangeof new products8.By including the quotation in paragraph 6by the financier from Antwerp, the author is emphasizing thatA.sailing was an important aspect of theeconomyB. increasing the number of water routesmade trade possibleC.bills of exchange were necessary forsuccessful tradingD.financiers often exaggerated the need forbills of exchange9.According to paragraph 6, merchants wereable toavoid the risk of carrying large amounts of gold and silver ing third parties in Marseille to buygoods for themB. doing all their business by using DutchcurrencyC. paying for their purchases through billsof exchangeD. waiting to pay for goods until the goodshad been delivered10.According to paragraph 7, until theeighteenth century, it was the principal function of which of the following toprovide funds for the state?A.Bills of exchangeB.Exchangers who took loansC. BanksD. Business investment11.The phrase “an English innovation” inthe passage(Paragraph 8)is closest in meaning toA.a new development introduced by theEnglishB.an arrangement found only in EnglandC. a type of agreement negotiated inEnglishD.a type of partnership based on Englishlaw12.According to paragraph 8, each of thefollowing was a source of funds used to finance economic expansion EXCEPTA.groups of investors engaged in short-termfinancial cooperationB. the stateC.wealthy merchantsD.joint-stock companies13. Look at the four squares [■] thatindicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Wherewould the sentence best fit? They could also avoid having to identify andassess the value of a wide variety of coins issued in many different places.The development of banking and otherfinancial services contributed to the expansion of trade. By the middle of thesixteenth century, financiers and traders commonly accepted bills of exchangein place of gold or silver for other goods. Bills of exchange, which had theirorigins in medieval Italy, were promissory notes (written promises to pay aspecified amount of money by a certain date) that could be sold to thirdparties. In this way, they provided credit. ■【A】Atmid-century, an Antwerp financier only slightly exaggerated when he claimed, “0ne can nomore trade without bills of exchange thansail without water." ■【B】Merchants nolonger had to carry gold and silver over long, dangerous journeys. ■【C】An Amsterdammerchant purchasing soap from a merchant in Marseille could go to an exchangerand pay the exchanger the equivalent sum in guilders, the Dutch currency. ■【D】Theexchanger would then send a bill of exchange to a colleague in Marseille,authorizing the colleague to pay the Marseille merchant in the merchant's owncurrency after the actual exchange of goods had taken place.14. Directions: An introductory sentencefor a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary byselecting the THREE answer that express the most important ideas in thepassage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideasthat not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. Thisquestion is worth 2 points.In late sixteenth-and earlyseventeenth-century Europe, increased agricultural production and the expansionof trade were important in economic growth.A.Bringing more land under cultivationproduced enough food to create surpluses for trade and investment as well asfor supporting the larger populations that led to the growth of rural industry.B.Most rural villages established an arrangementwith a nearby urban center that enabled villagers to take advantage of urbanmarkets to sell any handicrafts they produced.C. Increases in population and theexpansion of trade led to increased manufacturing, much of it small-scale incharacter but some requiring significant capital investment.D.Increased capital was required for theproduction of goods, for storage, for trade, and for the provision of creditthroughout of Europe as well as distant markets overseas.E.Bills of exchange were invented inmedieval Italy butbecame less important as banks began to provide loans formerchants.F.The expansion of trade was facilitated bydevelopments in banking and financial services and benefitted from the hugeinflux of capital in the form of gold silver from the Americas.托福阅读答案1.以medieval period做关键词定位至第一句，说medievalperiod不那么prosperous繁荣，但如果只看这句的话很容易错选答案C，C的decline叫做减少，也就是说C说medieval时期prosperity下降了，但原文说不prosperous，是一种低的状态，不是下降的趋势，所以C错;而B的经济几乎没有增长是less prosperous 的同义替换，正确;A与C错的原因类似;D没说2.key众所周知的意思是钥匙，当然还有关键的意思，所以important正确。

托福TPO10口语Task4阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO10口语T ask4阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文，希望对大家备考有所帮助。

托福TPO10口语Task4阅读文本：Entertainment MerchandisingAn effective, widely used marketing practice in the entertainment industry is entertainment merchandising. Entertainment merchandising is a form of marketing in which the brand or image from one product is also used to sell another. The practice of entertainment merchandising often occurs in connection with movies and television shows, especially those associated with children. For example, the success of a popular children’s television show may result in the marketing of toys that are designed to look like characters in the show. Or the sati ation may be reversed when a children’s television show is written to include characters that are based on already-popular toys.托福TPO10口语Task4听力文本：Now listen to a lecture from a marketing class.(male professor): Ok, so I’ve actually got a few different examples of this. You know, uh, when I was a kid, a character named Action Hero was really popular with my friends and me. We would always watch the Action Hero program on television every week and played games pretending we were strong and powerful as he was. Then pretty soon we began seeing these small Action Hero figures in all the stores. And, well, we all just had to have them. I mean, we’ve been watching the television show for so long that it seemed only natural to want to own toys, too.Well, I finally grew up and left Action Hero television program and toys behind. But, now, I have a 7-year-old daughter who watches television a lot and also like to play with her toys. And lately her favorite toy is a cute little baby doll with a big round face and l ots of curly hair named Rosa. All my daughter’s friends have Rosa dolls, too. And they enjoy going to each other’s houses to play with them. Then a few weeks ago, my daughter came running up to me all excited because she just heard that there is going to be a new television program on every week with the doll, Rosa, as the main character. So naturally she and all her friends have begun watching the show. And it’s already very popular, as popular as the toy doll.托福TPO10口语Task4题目：Using the examples from the lecture, explain the concept of Entertainment Merchandising.托福TPO10口语Task4满分范文：Entertainment merchandising is a marketing practice using the brand or image from one product to sell another. The professor uses two examples to illustrate this practice. The first example is that when he was a kid, his friends and he liked a character named Action Hero and they always watched the Action Hero program on Television and played games pretending to be the powerful hero. After a time, they started to see small hero figures in all the stores. They all watched the TV show so long that it was natural they wanted to buy the toys. The second example is that his 7-year-old daughter and her friends like a cute little baby doll named Rosa. One day his daughter told him that a new TV program with Rosa as the main character would show every week. Naturally, she and her friends all started to watch the television show which was already popular, as popular as the toydoll.以上是给大家整理的托福TPO10口语T ask4阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文，希望对你有所帮助!。

2019年TPO10托福口语Task3原文及参考答案TPO10口语Task3题目：PassageStudent Art DisplayThe universities currently considering possible locations on campus for displaying paintings and other art work by students. I think the lobby at the entrance to the student center would be a great location. Since many students pass through the student center every day, art work displayed in the lobby would be viewed by hundreds of people. Also, because the whole front of the building is made of glass windows,the lobby is filled with natural light. This makes it perfect for displaying art work, which should have plenty of light to be seen and appreciated.Sincerely,Paul SandsConversationNow listen to two students discussing the letter.Man：Mary, you’re an art student. What do you think of this letter?Woman：I don’t like the idea.Man： Why not?Woman： Well, first of all, his first point about a lot of people passing through the student center, that’s true, but…Man： But?Woman：But it’s always crowded with people coming and going. It’s not good for showing artwork. Imagine you’re standing there, trying to look at the painting, it’s gonna be like a million people walking through. People walking in front of you, blocking your view, distracting you.Man：Hmmm. Yeah, I haven’t thought of it.Woman：You won’t be able to appreciate the artwor k or get a good look at anything with so much going on, with so many people moving around.Man： Yeah, I see what you mean.Woman：Plus, he’s wrong about the windows.Man：But isn’t it true that it’s good for art to have lots of light?Woman： In a sense, yeah, but that kind of light, allthat natural light from windows, that’s actually not good, because if it’s really sunny out it will be way too bright, if it’s cloudy, it will be way too dark.Man： Oh!Woman： What you want is controlled light, consistent light, the kind you get from electrical light bulb. Think about in an art museum. In an art museum, you've got electric lighting and the light is always carefully controlled, always at the same level.QuestionBriefly summarize the proposal i n the student’s letter. Then state the woman’s opinion about the proposal and explain the reasons she gives for holding that opinion.Key Points1. many students2. natural light外教范例录音，请模仿TPO10口语Task3参考答案(范文模板)：The woman doesn’t agree with Paul’s proposal to display the students’ artwork in the lobby at the entrance to the student center. According to Paul, if they show the artworkin the lobby, more people would view them since a lot of students pass through the lobby everyday, but the woman says the lobby is too crowded to show the art. As many people are walking by, the audience is distracted and their views could beblocked. Paul also notes since the front of the building is made of glass windows, there’ll be plenty of natural light, which is perfect for an exhibition, but the woman points out the so called natural light is actually not consistent cos it depends way too much on the weather.Instead, the show needs controlled light, like the electric lighting in an art museum cos only controlled light could guarantee the best presentation.。

为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO10阅读Passage2原文文本+题目+答案解析，希望对大家备考有所帮助。

▉托福TPO10阅读Passage2原文文本： Variations in the Climate One of the most difficult aspects of deciding whether current climatic events reveal evidence of the impact of human activities is that it is hard to get a measure of what constitutes the natural variability of the climate. We know that over the past millennia the climate has undergone major changes without any significant human intervention. We also know that the global climate system is immensely complicated and that everything is in some way connected, and so the system is capable of fluctuating in unexpected ways. We need therefore to know how much the climate can vary of its own accord in order to interpret with confidence the extent to which recent changes are natural as opposed to being the result of human activities. Instrumental records do not go back far enough to provide us with reliable measurements of global climatic variability on timescales longer than a century. What we do know is that as we include longer time intervals, the record shows increasing evidence of slow swings in climate between different regimes. To build up a better picture of fluctuations appreciably further back in time requires us to use proxy records. Over long periods of time, substances whose physical and chemical properties change with the ambient climate at the time can be deposited in a systematic way to provide a continuous record of changes in those properties overtime, sometimes for hundreds or thousands of years. Generally, the layering occurs on an annual basis, hence the observed changes in the records can be dated. Information on temperature, rainfall, and other aspects of the climate that can be inferred from the systematic changes in properties is usually referred to as proxy data. Proxy temperature records have been reconstructed from ice core drilled out of the central Greenland ice cap, calcite shells embedded in layered lake sediments in Western Europe, ocean floor sediment cores from the tropical Atlantic Ocean, ice cores from Peruvian glaciers, and ice cores from eastern Antarctica. While these records provide broadly consistent indications that temperature variations can occur on a global scale, there are nonetheless some intriguing differences, which suggest that the pattern of temperature variations in regional climates can also differ significantly from each other. What the proxy records make abundantly clear is that there have been significant natural changes in the climate over timescales longer than a few thousand years. Equally striking, however, is the relative stability of the climate in the past 10.000 years (the Holocene period). To the extent that the coverage of the global climate from these records can provide a measure of its true variability, it should at least indicate how all the natural causes of climate change have combined. These include the chaotic fluctuations of the atmosphere, the slower but equally erratic behavior of the oceans, changes in the land surfaces, and the extent of ice and snow. Also included will be any variations that have arisen from volcanic activity, solar activity, and, possibly, human activities. One way to estimate how all the various processes leading to climate variability will combine is by using computer models of the global climate. They can do only so much to represent the full complexity of the global climate and hence may give only limited information about natural variability. Studies suggest that to date the variability in computer simulations is considerably smaller than in data obtained from the proxy records. In addition to the internal variability of the global climate system itself, there is the added factor of external influences, such as volcanoes and solar activity. There is a growing body of opinion that both these physical variations have a measurable impact on the climate. Thus we need to be able to include these in our deliberations. Some current analyses conclude that volcanoes and solar activity explain quite a considerable amount of the observed variability in the period from the seventeenth to the early twentieth centuries, but that they cannot be invoked to explain the rapid warming in recent decades. ▉托福TPO10阅读Passage2题目： Question 1 of 14 According to paragraph 1, which of the following must we find out in order to determine the impact of human activities upon climate? A. The major changes in climate over the past millennia B. The degree to which the climate varies naturally C. The best method for measuring climatic change D. The millennium when humans began to interfere with the climate Question 2 of 14 According to paragraph 2, an advantage of proxy records over instrumental records is that。

T P O10综合写作范文-CAL-FENGHAI.-(YICAI)-Company One1-CAL-本页仅作为文档封面，使用请直接删除T P O10综合写作范文(总1页)-CAL-FENGHAI.-(YICAI)-Company One1-CAL-本页仅作为文档封面，使用请直接删除TPO 10The lecture and reading passage both talked about two of the possible hypotheses for the extinction of sea otters. While the article was in favor of the pollution theory, the lecturer doubted its validity for the following reasons.To begin with, the first piece of evidence that sea otters diminished due to environmental pollution was its known sources along the Alaska coast. If that was the case then dead sea otters ought to be found along the coast. However, as the lecturere pointed out, investigations discovered no sea otter corpses along the shore. This fact could perfectly be explained by the predation theory because if sea otters were hunted by predators and eaten immediately it would not be suprising when no corpses were found.Moreover, the reading mentioned that since the number of other sea mammals like sea liones were decreasing as well, the cause could not be predation as the only candidate, orcas, usually feed on large mammals. Nevertheless, the lecture stated that given the absence of larger pray it was likely for orcas to change their diet from whales to small sea mammals including sea otters.Lastly, regarding the inconsistent pattern of sea otter decline, where in some areas the number of sea otters remained constant whlie in others that was not the case, the author of the passage argued that pollution hypothesis could explain this phenomenon whereas it could be better explained by the predation hypothesis according to the lecture. Statistics showed that in locations with prevalent orcas activites sea otters suffered great loss in population. In contrast, in shallow areas where orcas could not acess the sea otter population did not decline.2。

正确答案：B解析：status“状态，地位”，所以B的importance“重要性，地位”正确。

原句说瓷器的功用和status因朝代不同而不同，而且之后有解释可能是日常实用的，用于陪葬的，贸易收藏或者其他，所以importance相符。

Q2正确答案：D解析：关键词不明显定位，需要全段看。

A的dynasty to dynasty做关键词定位至第一句，与原文相反，错误；B的trade objects和ritual objects做关键词定位至第一句的trade-collectors 和ritual objects，原文没有比较，错误；C的quality做关键词定位至第一句后半句，提到根据它们质量和制作年代决定用途，所以质量是有变化的，C错误；D的religious和earthenware做关键词定位至最后一句，正确。

Q3正确答案：C解析：evolve“进化，演化”，所以C的develop正确。

原文说七到十世纪的白瓷evolved成了宋代的颇受赞誉的瓷，无论从时间上还是后面说的highly prized都证明后面的比前面的好，所以应该是变好的意思。

Q4正确答案：B解析：原文的主要关系是因果，因果的结果部分包含了一个转折，所以从结构上说只有B和D可能正确。

句子精简之后，就是：宗教雕塑的传统沿袭了几个重要的历史时期，但是没有陶器或者陶瓷的传统记录的那么清楚，那是因为陶器或者陶瓷包含了墓葬陶器陶瓷的老习俗，这些陪葬瓷器有着最新宗教形象和建筑装饰的风格。

B正确，D错在原文说stoneware和porcelain比religious sculpture清楚，但没说religious sculpture不清楚，错误。

Q5正确答案：A解析：EXCEPT题，排除法。

以A的high-fired ceramics做关键词定位至第二句，原文说good quality, 备选项说poor，正好相反，错误，选；以B的Tang and Ming Dynasty做关键词定位至最后一句，正确，不选；C的earthenware和stoneware 做关键词定位至第一句，原文说最早的是earthenware，所以比stoneware早，所以C正确，不选；D的Song dynasty做关键词定位至第三句，正确，不选。

在托福写作练习过程中，相信TPO材料中的作文题目都会是大家的首选练习材料。

小编给考生们带来了托福综合写作TPO10，希望可以帮助广大托福考生轻松备考托福。

TPO10ReadingThe sea otter is a small mammal that lives in waters along the westerncoast of North America from California to Alaska. When some sea otterpopulations off the Alaskan coast started rapidly declining a few years ago, itcaused much concern because sea otters play an important ecologicalrole in thecoastal ecosystem. Experts started investigating the cause of the decline andquickly realized that there were two possible explanations: environmentalpollution or attacks by predators.Initially, the pollution hypothesis seemed themore likely of the two.The first reason why pollution seemed the more likely cause was that therewere known sources of it along the Alaskan coast, such as oil rigs and othersources of industrial chemical pollution.Water samples from the area revealedincreased levels of chemicals that could decrease the otters'resistance tolife-threatening infections and thus could indirectly cause their deaths.Second, other sea mammals such as seals and sea lions along the Alaskancoast were also declining, indicating that whatever had endangered the otterswas affecting other sea mammals as well. This fact again pointed toenvironmental pollution, since it usually affects the entire ecosystem ratherthan a single species. Only widely occurring predators, such as the orca (alarge predatory whale), could have the same effect, but orcas prefer to huntmuch larger prey, such as other whales.Third, scientists believed that the pollution hypothesis could also explain the uneven pattern of otter decline: at some Alaskan locations the otter populations declined greatly, while at others they remained stable. Some experts explained these observations by suggesting that ocean currents or other environmental factors may have created uneven concentrations of pollutants along the coast.ListeningProfessor:Well, ongoing investigations have revealed that predation is the mostlikely cause of sea otter decline after all. Well, ongoing investigations have revealed that predation is the most likely cause of sea otter decline after all.First, the pollution theory is weakened by the fact that no one can reallyfind any dead sea others washing off on Alaskan beaches. That's not what you would expect if infections caused by pollution started killing a lot of otters. On the other hand, the fact that it's so hard to find dead otters is consistent with the predator hypothesis. If an otter is killed by a predator, it's eaten immediately so it can't wash up on shore.Second, although orcas may prefer to hunt whales, whales have essentially disappeared from the area because of human hunters. That means that orcas have had to change their diet to survive and since only smaller sea mammals are now available, orcas have probably started hunting those. So it probably is the orcas that are causing the decline of all the smaller sea mammals mentioned in the passage - the seals, the sea lions and the sea otters.。

1.The main idea of the listening is that predation is the cause of the decline of sea otters, while the reading holds a different idea that pollution actually leads to the decrease of sea otters.The first point of the lecturer is that the decline of s os along the beaches is explained by predation theory, which is opposite to the reading.No one can find any dead sea otter washing upon a beaches. That's against your expectation,if infection caused by pollution has killed sea otters. The fact is consistent with the predation theory. If a sea otter is killed by a predator, it's eaten immediately. It can't be washed upon shoe.The second point of the lecturer is that the decline of other smaller sea mammals is explained by predation theory, which is opposite to the reading. Although c prefer to hunt whales. Whales disappeared from... human hunters. C change their diet to survive. Only sea mammals are available. C caused the decline of smaller sea mammals. Seals, sea lions and sea otters.The third point of the lecturer is that the uneven patterof the decline of s os is explained by predation theory, which is opposite to the reading. Depend on whether the locations where sea otters live are accessible to c or not. In locations c can easily access to, no. Greatly declined. C so large, not shallow or rocky locations, no not change.。