Word :a minimum free form of a language. With a unity of
sound and meaning(both
lexical meaning and grammatical
meaning),performing syntactic meaning
Criteria of words: by origin(native—old English )( and loan
language—borrowed English),by level of usage(common words,
literary ,colloquial, slang and technical
words);by
notions(function and content words)
Morpheme: smallest meaningful linguistic unit of language,
not divisible or analyzable into smaller form. A morpheme is
also two-facet language unit which possesses sound and
meaning.
Classification of morphemes: free morpheme-utter alone with
meaning (a free morpheme is a word in traditional sense);
bound morpheme—must appear with one other morpheme,
free or bound)
Root: the basic unchangeable part of the word, convey the
main lexical meaning of the word. Either free or bound.(free
roots and bound roots)
Affixes: ----inflectional affixes(have only particular
grammatical meaning)and derivational affixes.(added
morpheme to create new words.）---prefixes and suffixes
Word-formation
Three major processes : compounding(joining
tow or more bases to form a new unit of compound words)
Derivation(forming a new word
by addition of a word element)
Conversion(a word of certain
word-class is shifted into another word-class without any
affixes)
Eight minor processes :Acronymy (Initialisms –using the
first letter from proper name ,phrase, technical
words)A
initialism is pronounced letter by letter) and acronyms—from
the initial letters of the name of an organization or scientific
term)==are pronounced as words.
Clipping(deletion of one or more syllables from a
word—usually a noun, which is also available in its
full
form)Classification—back clipping, front clipping ,front
and
back clipping and phrase clipping.)
Blending---formed by combining the meanings and sound of
tow words.one of which is not full form or both of which are
not full form. ）不完整拼缀 Back-formation（coined by the deletion of a supposed
affix from a longer form already present in the language.）
Words from proper names(including names of
scientists, names of politicians and statesman, names of places,
trademark, literature)
Reduplication(a compound word is created by
the
repetition(1)of one word like go-go(2)almost identical words
with a change in the vowel’s such as ping-pong.(3)of two almost
identical words with a change in the initial consonants ,as in
teenyweeny.
Neoclassical(new words are formed from elements derived
from Latin and Greek)The majority of neoclassical
formations
are scientific and technical.
Miscellaneous
Word meaning and sense relations
1,conventionality—no way to explain why this or that
sound-symbol and its sense.
2,motivation—phonetic ,morphological, sematic
3,main types of word meaning(interrelated and
interdependent)----grammatical (word class and
inflectional
paradigm)and lexical.(denotative meaning—conceptual meaning; connotative meaning—emotional association;
social
or stylistic meaning and affective meaning)
Binary opposites.二相对立
Polysemy—a term used in sematic analysis to refer to lexical
item which has a range of meanings.)Two
approaches—diachronic and synchronic.---primary meaning
and derived meaning, central meaning and
secondary
meaning(in some cases, the primary meaning and the
central
meaning coincide.)Two processes leading
to
polysemy---radiation(each of the secondary meanings
may
become a center of further radiation),concatenation(linking
together, like the links of a chain.
Homonymy(---pronounced alike, spell alike,
or
both.)---types of homonyms(perfect homonyms—word
identical in sound and spelling but different
in
meaning)(Homophones---identical in sound but different
in
spelling and meaning.)(Homographs—identical in spelling but
different in sound and meaning.)
Polysemic and homonymous words are stylistically useful to
achieve humour or irony, or to heighten dramatic effect.
Synonymy(—identical in meaning but different in sound and
spelling.)--- Complete synonyms(absolute),Relative synonyms. Antonymy (--opppsiteness of meaning)---contrary,
complementary and conversives ….Antonyms classified on
the
basis of morphological structure: root antonyms
and
derivational antonyms.
Marked and unmarked words---subsume.(Marked
members cannot be used to include unmarked member.)
Hyponymy—(relationship which obtains specific
and
general lexical items)Superordinate term(an
upper
term),Subordinate terms(a lower term)===hierarchical system
Sematic field---is not simply a listing of independent items,
organized into areas or field.
Charateristic of the same sematic field.1),word
frequency in the same semantic varies 2)these words are
semantically interdepent.3) words in the same semantic field
are likely to have a number of collocation on common.
Changes in word meaning---1,causes:historical,social,foreign
influence, linguistic and psychological .2, Four tendencies in
sematic change---restriction, extension, degeneration, elevation
(of meaning)具体化，普遍化，语义转贬，语义改良。
Metaphor隐喻
Metonymy借喻
English idioms 1）sources—English people’s daily life;
