江苏省南京市金陵中学河西分校高中英语选修九教学设计：unit 3Grammar and usageStep 1: General introductionThe grammar items in this unit deal with apposition. You will learn what appositions are and how to form appositions in sentences. You are expected to apply what you have learnt in practical use.Step2: Explanation and practice:Definition: a construction in which a noun or noun phrase is placed with another as an explanatory equivalent, both having the same syntactic relation to the other elements in the sentence.1. When two noun phrases come one after the other in a sentence and both refer to the same thing, these nouns phrases are in apposition.Examples;1). The French flag, the ‘Tricolore’, was first used in 1789, at thestart of the French Revolution. (The French flag and the ‘Tricolore ’are in apposition as they refer to the same thing)2). The USA was also born from revolution, and its flag, ‘Stars andStripes’,symbolizes this. (its flag and ‘Stars and Stripes’ are in apposition as they refer to the same thing.)3). Mr Li, my uncle, will be off to London next month. (Mr. Li and my uncleare in apposition as they refer to the same person.)4). This film, The promise, has been very popular recently. (This film andThe promise in apposition as they refer to the same thing.)2. When use a comma before and after the second phrase when it adds more information.The flag, a simple design of red over white, has a long history that dates back to the 13th century.3. We do not use a comma before and after the second phrase when it explains what the first one is.The colors red, white and blue used on the flag are a visual reminder of the motto of the Revolution—liberty, equality and fraternity.4. We sometimes use apposition to emphasize our ideas.We love our flag, our unique flag.Tom is my friend, my closest friend.5. A noun clause after a noun can also be a form of an apposition.Examples:1).The news that France had a successful revolution had a big effect onother countries, particularly those in Europe.2).The fact that some countries use the same colors on the flags canmean they share similar beliefs.3).We can use apposition to join two sentences together.4).The team has won the game. Everyone in the city is excited by the news.5).Everyone in the city is excited by the news that the team has won the game.6).The monitor didn’t tell us the truth that our football team won the first prize in the match.7).We have got the information that all the students will have to pass the oral test before they can go in for the competition.6. Other nouns that can be used before the noun clauses in apposition include:Truth idea hope informationMany people are unaware of the truth that the USA was colonized by Britain.The idea that red represents bravery and blood is widely believed.I am reading this book in the hope that I can learn more about nation.Did he give you the information that the meaning of different flags should be explained in your report?7. Exercise: find out the appositive in the following sentences:1).Your brother, a proud and unbending man, refused all help that was offered him.2).Churchill, Britain’s prime minister during the Second World War, died in 1965.3). Playing football, his only interest in life, has brought him many friends.4).Only one probl em still remains—the storage of the grain.5).My father will go and see it himself.6).My friends all understand me.7).The question who should attend the meeting has not yet been steeled.8).She liked her job, teaching English.9). Lucy, in her youth a talented musician, still gives concerts every now and then. 10). Nothing is too hard for us Chinese people.Answers:1. a proud and unbending man2. Britain’s prime minister during the Second World War3. his only interest in life4. the storage of the grain5. himself6. all7. who should attend the meeting 8. teaching English9. a talented musician 10. Chinese8. Read the passage about British traditions in Part A on page 41 and find out all the phrases in apposition in pairs.Answers: A1. the British Queen, Elizabeth Ⅱ2. Horse Guards Parade, the entrance to the Royal Palace3. the closet Saturday to 12 June, the da y when her birthday is officially对全部高中资料试卷电气设备，在安装过程中以及安装结束后进行高中资料试卷调整试验；通电检查所有设备高中资料电celebrated4. a very colorful event, one that has become an institution for celebrating the King or Queen’s birthday since 18055. Buckingham Palace, the Queen’s home in London 9. Finish Part B individually.Answers B1. I’m very confused by the idea that red can mean revolution in France and a considerate nature in Indonesia.2. I have to ask someone from Indonesia to find out about the theory that Indonesia people think red represents sugar.3. It is a fact that I have done a lot of research.4. I don’t think that it is a problem that the information I have found is all in English.5. I’m so delighted by the news that there is going to be a speech about color. For reference:[There are some other nouns used in apposition.doubt, answer, reply, question, thought, word, suggestion, idea, possibility,orderExamples ：1.There is no doubt that the prices of cars will go down in China.2.We received an answer from the boss that our holidays will begin fromthis Friday.3.We were all excited by his reply that he thought we were the best.4.Before we get started, we need to answer the question whether ourproducts will be well accepted.5.His thought that computers will soon recognize human voices surprisesmany people at the conference.6.I’ve just got word that my friend john will come this week.7.His suggestion that all the children should go to school is accepted8.The possibility that man will land on th e moon is often discussedSome detailed explanations on apposition:句子中指代同一事物的两个词、片语或子句，称同位关系。
