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选修七Unit 2语法：to不定式的被动式一、概念：当to不定式与其逻辑主语构成被动关系时，要用to不定式的被动形式。
to 不定式的被动式主要有两种：一般被动式：to be done (表示其动作与谓语动词同时发生或发生在谓语动词之后); 完成被动式：to have been done (表示其动作发生在与谓语动之后或早已发生)。
二、用法1、作主语：It’s possible for our dream to be realized比较: It’s impossible for us to ___________ (realize) our dream. It’s an honor to be invited to speak here.比较: It’s an honor to _____________ (speak) here.Sometimes to be understood is not easy.比较: Sometimes to___________(understand) others is not easy 2.、作宾语He hated to be laughed at.比较: He hated to ___________(laugh) at others.I wanted to be sent there.比较: I wanted to ___________(send) him there.I feel it an honor to be asked to speak here.比较: I feel it an honor to __________(speak) here.3、作宾补I expected the plan to be carried out. 比较:I expected you to __________(carry) out the plan.I want my friend to be praised.比较: I want people to __________(praise) my friend.4、作主补The plan was expected to be carried out.比较: He was expected to__________ (carry out) the plan.The book is said to have been translated into English 比较: He is said to ___________ (translate) the novel.5、作表语My wish is to be taken to the park.比较: My wish is to ___________ (go) to college.6、作定语The meeting to be held tomorrow is important.7、作状语The letter must be sent quickly in order to be received by the weekend.She is sent abroad to be trained.He hurried to the station, only to be told the train had left.I’m happy to have been invited to the party.小结：确定好不定式与其逻辑主语的关系，是确定用不定式的主动式还是被动式的依据, 而找出不定式的逻辑主语又是关键,那如何确定出不定式的逻辑主语呢?1)不定式作主语时：在it is /was + adj/n.+ for sb./sth + to do/to be done 结构中,for sb./sth就是其逻辑主语；而在有些句式中没有明显的逻辑主语，这时需根据句意挖掘出所隐含的逻辑主语。
动词不定式主动表被动的情况：在某些情况下,虽然表示被动意思, 用的却是不定式的主动形式。
常见的有下列几种情况:一、在某些固定句型中, 动词不定式作定语, 用主动形式表被动意义。
1）have（give, show）sth. to do在这种句型中的不定式与前边的名词有动宾关系, 又和句中另一名词或代词构成主谓关系。
例如: I have a lot of things to do this afternoon. to do 与things是动宾关系, 与I是主谓关系。
否则, 在表示被动意义时, 仍需要被动式。
试比较:Have you anything to do this afternoon? 今天下午你有事要做吗?（to do是由you发出的）Have you anything to be taken to your parents? 你有要带给你父母的东西吗? （谁带不得而知）再如:Please get me something to read. 请给我弄点读的材料。
He'll show you the right path to take. 他会给你指出要走的正确的路。
2）It（This, That）＋be＋a／an＋adj. ＋ n. ＋to do在这种句型中, 不定式与前面的名词有动宾关系。
动词不定式可改为动词不定式复合结构。
例如: This is a difficult question to answer. 这是个难答的问题。
question与to answer为动宾关系。
to answer可改为 for me to answer。
再如:It is an easy sentence to translate. 这个句子很容易翻译。
3）There ＋be ＋n. ＋to do在此句型中, 用来修饰主语的不定式, 可用主动式, 也可用被动式, 只是侧重点不同。
用主动式作定语, 重点在人, 用被动式作定语, 重点在物。
高中英语不定式被动式及完成式用法不定式被动式的构成与用法说明不定式被动式的构成不定式主动式的基本形式是to do，不定式被动式的基本形式则是to be done。
如：I was very glad to invite him. 能邀请他我很高兴。
(不定式to invite为主动式)I was very glad to be invited. 我很高兴受到邀请。
(不定式to be invited为被动式)He ordered the soldiers to go by air. 他命令士兵乘飞机去。
(不定式to go为主动式)He ordered the goods to be sent by air. 他命令把货物空运。
(不定式to be sent为被动式)不定式的被动式的用法说明1. 不定式到底用主动形式还是被动形式，往往取决于句子的意思，即意思上为主动就用主动形式，意思上为被动就用被动形式。
如：He asked to be forgiven. 他请求原谅他。
You are to be congratulated. 你应当受到祝贺。
It’s annoying to be interrupted. 让人打扰是很令人不高兴的。
I had to shout to be heard. 我必须叫喊对方才能听得见。
2. 要注意主动表被动的情形。
一般说来，表示主动意义，不定式用主动式；表示被动意义，不定式用被动式。
但是，有个别时候，虽然意义上是被动的，但不定式却要用主动式。
如：I want something to drink. 我想喝点什么。
The poem is not easy to understand. 这首诗不容易理解。
Your writing is impossible to read. 你的书法没法认。
以上各例中的不定式to drink, to understand, to read均为主动形式，但均表示被动意义。
动词不定式有两种被动式, 即一般式和完成式, 例如do 的被动式有to be done, to have beendone 。
只有及物动词和相当于及物动词的短语才有不定式的被动式。
一般说来, 当不定式的逻辑主语是不定式动作的承受者时, 该不定式要用被动式。
例如: He asked to be sent to work in that factory. 他要求派他去那个工厂工作。
These books are not allowed to be taken out ofthe room. 这些书不许带出室外。
但在某些情况下, 不定式虽然表示被动意思,用的却是主动形式。
常见的有下列几种情况:一、在某些固定句型中, 动词不定式作定语,用主动形式表被动意义。
1) have( give, show )sth. to do 在这种句型中的不定式与前边的名词有动宾关系, 又和句中另一名词或代词构成主谓关系。
例如: I have a lot of things to do this afternoon. to do 与things 是动宾关系, 与I 是主谓关系。
否则, 在表示被动意义时, 仍需要被动式。
试比较:Have you anything to do this afternoon? 今天下午你有事要做吗?( to do 是由you 发出的)Have you anything to be taken to your parents? 你有要带给你父母的xx 吗? (谁带不得而知)再如:Please get me something to read. 请给我弄点读的材料。
He'll show you the right path to take. 他会给你指出要走的正确的路。
2) It ( This, That )＋be＋a／an＋adj. ＋n. ＋to do在这种句型中, 不定式与前面的名词有动宾关系。
【被动语态详解】一、巧记各种时态的被动语态被动语态基本形式： be + done一般现在时: am, is, are + done一般过去时: was, were + done一般将来时: will + be doneam, is, are going to + be done过去将来时：would + be donewas, were going to + be done现在进行时: am, is, are + being done过去进行时: was, were + being done现在完成时: have, has + been done过去完成时: had + been done不定式：to be done介词：如without being done情态动词：can,may,must,should be done【点拨】1.被动语态是在主语和谓语动词之间存在逻辑上的被动关系时才使用的一种语态。
2.各种时态的被动语态都有一个明显的特点，既要体现出本时态，又要用上被动语态的基本形式be done。
现在进行时的被动语态构成是am, is, are + being done，可以这样理解：首先，它必须是现在进行时am, is, are + doing，同时它又必须是被动语态be done，所以be动词在现在进行时和被动语态之间起了一个衔接作用，即用being，这样being就把二者有机结合起来。
所以现在进行时的被动语态形式必须是也只能是am, is, are + being done。
同理可推出，现在完成时的被动语态形式应该是：既得是现在完成时have, has + done，又得是被动语态be done，所以be动词只有用过去分词been 才能把二者有机结合起来，即：have, has + been done。
其它时态的被动语态依此类推。
3.有些时态可以运用对比记忆法。
如现在进行时与过去进行时，一般将来时与过去将来时，现在完成时与过去完成时等只是在助动词上有所不同。
•不定式的被动式的概念：如果不定式的逻辑主语是不定式所表示的动作的承受者，不定式要用被动式。
如：The next thing to be done is to get our classroom pained.•不定式被动式的用法：一、基本形式：不定式被动式的基本形式为to be done；若表示动作先于另一动作之前，则用完成式，即to have been done。
二、用法归纳：不定式被动式在句中可以用作：1、主语：如：It's a great honour to be invited to the banquet. 承蒙邀请赴宴，甚是荣幸。
To be attacked by the enemy is not a bad thing, but a good tiring. 被敌人反对是好事，不是坏事。
It's a pity to be kept in the house in fine weather. 好天气时被留在家里是很遗憾的。
2、表语：如：All this is to be sold. 所有这些都是出售的。
Water must be pure if it is to be drunk. 水如供饮用必须净化。
The switchboard is to be manned at all times. 任何时候电话总机那儿都应有专人在岗负责。
3、宾语：如：She doesn't want to be separated from him. 她不愿和他分开。
He begged to be allowed to return to Brazil. 他恳求允许他返回巴西。
I don't wish to be disturbed in my work. 在工作时我不愿意被人打扰。
They demanded to be shown the authentic documents. 他们要求出示真实可靠的文件。
不定式的被动式不定式的被动式(to be done，to have been done)①不定式的被动形式只有一般式(to be done)和完成式(to have been done)两种。
②不定式用主动形式还是被动形式，取决于句子的意义，即意思上为主动就用主动形式，意思上为被动就用被动形式[或者说当不定式的逻辑主语是动作的承受者时，不定式一般用被动形式；不定式的逻辑主语是动作的执行者时，不定式用主动式]。
①We agreed to meet here but so far she hasn’t turned up yet.(主动式)我们答应在这里见面，但她到现在还没来。
②I am glad to have been given a chance to visit your country.(被动式)我很高兴有机会访问贵国。
③This novel is said to have been translated into English.(被动式)据说，这本小说已经被翻译成了英文。
注意：but后不定式的用法1. cannot (help) but do sth.不得不做=cannot choose but do sth.(不定式省去to)I cannot (help) but admit the truth of your remarks.= I cannot choose but admit the truth of your remarks.2. but (to) do sth. [前有实意do, but后省to。
即but前有实意动词do的某种形式时，but 后的动词不定式可省略to，否则带上to]。
He could do nothing but accept the fact. (前有实意do, but后可省to)= He had no choice but to accept the fact. (前无实意do, but后不省to)【即学即练】一、用括号中动词的适当形式填空。
动词不定式的被动式下列句子不定式的被动式在句中作什么成分。
1. It’s an honour to be invited to the ceremony.2. She didn’t like to b e treated as a child.3. His dream was to be admitted to a good university.4. There are a lot of things to be discussed.5. She was sent there to be trained for the space flight. 当不定式的逻辑主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者时，用不定式的被动式。
不定式的被动式可以在句中作主语（如句1）、作宾语（如句2）、作表语（如句3）、作定语（如句4）、作状语（如句5）。
★不定式完成时的被动式在句中作主语、宾语、定语或表语。
如：It is a good thing for him to have been criticized. 他受到批评是件好事。
She preferred to have been given more important work to do. 她宁愿分给她的是更重要的工作。
She was the first woman to have been elected to such a post. 她是第一位当选这个位置的妇女。
He is not likely to have been notified about it. 这事多半还没有通知他。
★在某些结构中不定式虽然表示被动含义，用的却是主动形式。
但在there be句型中，用来修饰主语的不定式可以用被动形式，也可以用主动形式。
如：We still have many difficulties to overcome. 我们还有很多困难要克服。
Give him some books to read. 给他些书看。
