瑞士民法典

瑞士国际私法法典瑞士国际私法法典是瑞士法律体系中的重要法典之一，它的确立旨在规范国际私法领域的相关规则与制度。

本文将从瑞士国际私法法典的历史背景、内容架构以及对国际私法实践的意义等方面进行探讨。

一、简介瑞士国际私法法典（Code of Private International Law）是瑞士法律中专用于国际私法的法典。

该法典于1987年通过，并在1998年经历了较大修订后生效。

它是瑞士法律中一个独立的法典，相互关联但又与瑞士民法典和刑法典等其他法典相区别。

瑞士国际私法法典的确立，旨在确保国际私法在瑞士境内的适用和判断标准，提供可靠的法律依据和保护。

二、历史背景瑞士作为一个中立国家，自古以来就享有较高的声誉。

因此，它成为了长期法律中立和国际仲裁的中心。

然而，不同国家的法律差异导致了国际私法领域的复杂性和困境。

为了使国际私法更加规范和可靠，瑞士于19世纪开始启动国际私法立法进程，并于1987年通过瑞士国际私法法典，确立了较为完备的国际私法体系。

三、内容架构瑞士国际私法法典在结构上包括总则与特别规定两部分。

总则部分覆盖了国际私法的一般原则和适用规则，包括国际司法管辖权、法律选择、冲突法等。

特别规定部分则涉及了一些具体领域，如民事法律关系、家庭法中的离婚和财产分割等。

瑞士国际私法法典涵盖了国际私法领域的核心问题，为国际民事关系提供了一揽子解决方案。

四、意义与影响瑞士国际私法法典的确立对瑞士及国际社会都具有重要意义和深远影响。

首先，该法典为国际私法领域提供了一套统一的、透明的规则，提高了国际交往中的法律确定性和可预见性。

其次，瑞士国际私法法典的合理性和权威性，使其成为国际私法领域的重要参考和先驱模板。

再者，瑞士国际私法法典的实践运用与研究对国际私法国家和学者的研究与借鉴具有积极推动作用。

五、国际私法实践瑞士国际私法法典在国际私法实践中起到了不可替代的作用。

该法典为国际私法领域的法院、律师和公民提供了重要的法律依据。

简述我国民事诉讼中诚实信用原则(一)论文摘要]诚实信用原则在民法条款中是最重要的条款之一，随着司法制度的改革诚实信用原则在民事诉讼中显示着不可忽视的作用。

本文就我国民事诉讼中的诚实信用原则从以下几个方面进行了简单的论述。

首先，论述了诚实信用原则的概念及渊源，对于诚实信用原则概念英美法系、在德国法学中都有其明确的定义。

而我国诚实信用原则，是指法院、当事人及其他诉讼参与人在审理民事案件和进行民事诉讼中必须公正、诚实、善意。

作为法律概念上的诚实信用原则来自于古罗马法的中诚信契约和诚信诉讼。

瑞士民法典首先确立了诚实信用作为民法典一般性条款。

其次，论述了诚实信用原则的作用和实践的需要，从三个方面理解诚实信用在民事诉讼中的作用。

（1）对自由心证的控制。

（2）对自由裁量的控制。

（3）对当事人不当地行使诉讼权、消极履行诉讼义务进行有效的控制。

最后，论述我国民事诉讼适用诚实信用的法律依据及其制约作用，法律依据（1）从诚实信用原则使公法与私法相互弥补相互趋同。

在民事诉讼活动中解决当事人之间的关系时除了要公法约束他们外还要以私法他们与法院的关系使各种权利相互制约；（2）诚实信用原则在民事诉讼中适用有利于民事实体法的有效衔接；（3）从诚实信用原则与诉讼模式的关系上，主观上是要求确立诚实信用原则的需要。

（4）从民事诉讼公正的价值实现很大程度上依赖与诚实信用原则的使用。

在制约作用方面本文从对当事人诉讼行为制约和能法院审判行为制约两方面进行了论述。

通过对我国民事诉讼中的诚实信用原则，存在作用、法律依据和制约作用。

以表明在民事诉讼中以诚实信用原则为指导是我国社会的需要。

诚实信用原则作为民法中基本原则，在诉讼法理论界对诚实信用原则是否是民事诉讼法的基本原则曾一度经过激烈的争论并确立它在民事诉讼中的地位，随着诉讼纠纷的日益多元化、复杂化以及诉讼观念、程序理念的变化，随着我国审判制度改革的深入，诚实信用原则在我国民事诉讼中的适用更加具体化。

瑞士民法典第656条瑞士民法典第656条规定了社团的义务和责任。

社团的义务主要包括：遵守法律和章程规定、维护成员权益、实现社团目标等。

社团的责任主要包括：承担债务、向成员负责、承担管理风险等。

以下是更详细的解释：一、遵守法律和章程规定瑞士民法典第656条指出，社团成立时需要制定章程，章程是社团的基本规定。

社团应当严格遵守法律和章程，不得违反国家法律以及社团内部规则。

社团应当遵守税收规定，履行相应的税收申报、纳税义务。

二、维护成员权益社团应当维护成员权益，保障成员的合法利益。

成员的利益可以体现在社团的经济收益、社团声誉、社团内部权益纠纷处理等方面。

社团需要制定适当的内部规则，明确成员权益的保障措施，确保成员得到公平的对待。

三、实现社团目标社团的目标应当符合国家法律、社会道德标准、风俗习惯和公共利益，其活动应当有利于人类社会的发展。

社团应当制定明确、具有可操作性的计划，积极推动目标的实现。

四、承担债务社团可以作为独立的法人承担债务。

因此，社团需要按照法律要求进行财务管理、会计核算和财务报告，以及相关的信贷、担保等方面的管理工作。

社团发生债务时，应当及时向债权人履行还款义务，确保不违反法律规定。

五、向成员负责社团的成员通常需要为社团发展贡献资金、时间和资源等方面的支持。

因此，社团需要向成员负责，保障成员的合法权益。

社团应当制定适当的内部规则，明确成员的权利和义务，确保成员得到公正对待，并且不能因为成员之间的纠纷影响整个社团的发展。

六、承担管理风险社团需要进行有效的管理和控制风险。

因此，社团需要建立行之有效的治理结构，确保成员的权利得到保障。

此外，社团也需要适当地监督和管理社团成员的行为，确保社团的活动不违反国家法律和社团章程的规定。

总之，瑞士民法典第656条规定了社团的各种义务和责任。

社团应当遵守法律和章程，保障成员的权利，实现社团目标，承担债务和管理风险等。

这些规定体现了社团的合法性、责任性和服务性，有利于社团和成员共同发展。

瑞士民法典合同解除条款编号：_______________________签订日期：_______________________签订地址：_______________________甲方：_______________________乙方：_______________________地址：_______________________联系人：_______________________联系电话：_______________________第一条合同解除的基本原则a. 合同解除的条件① 双方应明确合同解除的适用情形，包括但不限于违约、不可抗力等情况。

② 解除合同的通知应以书面形式提出，确保有据可依。

③ 在合同解除前，双方应尽量通过协商解决争议。

④ 解除合同不影响双方在解除前产生的权利和义务。

b. 合同解除的程序① 解除合同的一方应提前通知另一方，通知期限不得少于七个工作日。

② 通知应包括解除理由及相关证据，便于对方理解情况。

③ 在通知期内，双方应就解除事宜进行友好协商。

④ 协商不成时，解除方可正式解除合同，并通知对方。

c. 合同解除的通知方式① 合同解除通知应以书面形式发送，包括电子邮件和挂号信。

② 发送通知的一方应保留发送凭证，以证明通知的有效性。

③ 通知应送达至双方在合同中约定的地址或确认的地址。

④ 如地址变更，双方应及时通知对方，否则由此产生的后果由未通知方承担。

第二条合同解除后的责任a. 财务结算① 合同解除后，双方应在合理期限内完成财务结算，清算相应款项。

② 结算内容包括已完成的服务费用及未支付的款项。

③ 双方应共同审核结算明细，确保信息的准确性与完整性。

④ 任何一方未及时清算的，应承担相应的违约责任。

b. 资产返还① 合同解除后，涉及的资产及资料应及时返还，确保信息安全。

② 返还的资产包括但不限于设备、材料及机密文件。

③ 双方应共同确认返还清单，避免遗漏或纠纷。

④ 未及时返还的资产，需支付相应的赔偿。

民法典关于“留置财产与债权的关系”规定的解读释义重点法条第四百四十八条【留置财产与债权的关系】债权人留置的动产，应当与债权属于同一法律关系，但是企业之间留置的除外。

条文主旨本条是关于留置财产与债权的关系的规定。

【条文理解】《物权法》第231条规定：“债权人留置的动产，应当与债权属于同一法律关系，但企业之间留置的除外。

”本条沿用了这一规定。

债权人不可以因为他人所欠款项没有清偿而随意留置债务人的财产。

法律上要求债权人可以留置的财产必须与这个债权有密切关系，即为牵连关系。

概括起来，主要有债权与债权牵连说和债权与物牵连说两种观点。

前者要求留置权人对于相对人的债权和相对人对于留置权人请求交付标的物的债权产生于同一法律关系，即为有牵连关系，德国民法采此说；而后者认为留置物为发生债权的原因，即为有牵连关系，瑞士、日本等国民法采此种主张。

对于债权与物牵连说，又有一元论和二元论的不同观点。

一元论认为债权与物的关联可以有统一的标准。

但对于何为统一标准，学界存在不同观点：（1）标的物为债权发生的唯一原因，或至少对债权发生起到基础性作用；（2）标的物为构成债权的法律要件之一即可；（3）标的物与债权的发生有相当的因果关系，且社会观念认可其必要性即可；（4）一般社会观念认为对某债权有设立留置权的必要时，即可认为标的物与债权有牵连关系。

二元论认为，债权与物的关联包含直接和间接关联。

直接关联就是指债权直接由标的物产生。

但对于间接关联，学界又有不同的认识：（1）债权与标的物占有之取得，系因同一交易关系或同一目的而发生者，即为有牵连关系。

例如就某一标的物，交还债务人后，原留置权虽丧失其成立要件，但嗣后又因偶然因素再次占有同一物，仍可认定该物与以前之债权有牵连关系。

（2）标的物为因同一原因而发生的债权之标的物时，则债权与物有牵连关系。

（3）债权间接因物之关系而发生，即可认定有牵连关系。

（4）债权与标的物返还请求权因同一法律关系或同一生活关系而发生，则债权与物之间有牵连关系。

瑞士民法典第656条
根据瑞士民法典第656条，租房合同的租金应当由租赁双方在合
同中明确约定，并按照约定的期限和方式支付。

租金的支付方式可以
是每月、每季度或每年支付一定金额，也可以是一次性支付全额租金。

此外，根据瑞士民法典第656条，租金的支付应当在约定的期限
内完成。

如果租房合同没有明确约定具体的支付期限，则根据惯例或
当地法律的规定，租金的支付期限可能会被确定。

租客在支付租金过程中有权要求出具相应的收据或付款凭证。

如
果租客在约定的期限内没有支付租金，则房东有权要求追偿并可能采
取相应法律手段保护其合法权益。

需要注意的是，瑞士民法典第656条仅提供了关于租金支付的基
本规定，具体的租金支付方式、期限以及其他相关条款应当在租房合
同中明确约定。

因此，在签订租房合同之前，租客和房东应当仔细阅
读合同条款，并在双方达成一致后签署合同。

关于民法典中有关人格权问题的研究人格权法属于民法的基本内容之一。

1986年，我国制定出了《中华人民共和国民法通则》虽然这部法律不是一部完整意义上的民法典，但是在该法律中，第五章也就是“民事权利”这一章是按照民法典分则的体例编制的。

其中这一章的第四节规定了“人身权”，而对于人身权，《中华人民共和国民法通则》主要规定了人格权，并且是将它作为独立的一节而规定的。

其规定的具体内容包括生命健康权、权、肖像权、名誉权、荣誉权和婚姻自主权。

同时也采用了对人格权保护的精神损害赔偿的制度。

虽然这种规定在当时并非十分完善，但它最重要的意义在于这是新中国立法史上第一次采用这种形式来对人格权作出规定并予以保护。

毫无疑问，这种开创性的立法给中国民事立法的进步，给中国的人格权立法的奠基和发展打下了坚实的基础。

但是，《中华人民共和国民法通则》中规定的人格权在理论和实践上也存在一些缺陷所以我国学者在制定民法典草案和研究其体例时，学者提出了三种思路：1、制定单独的一编人格权。

由王利明教授牵头、中国人民大学民商事法律研究中心的一批民法学者起草和提出的《中华人民共和国民法典〔草案〕学者建议稿》中就坚持的是这一观点。

该建议稿将人格权置于总则编之后，人格法编共分为六章，第一章规定了一般人格权等关于人格权的一般规定。

之后用五章的篇幅，规定了四组具体人格权和其它如人格利益，这五章分别是关于物质性人格权即生命权、健康权、身体权的规定、关于标表型人格权即权、名称权、肖像权的规定、关于评价性人格权即荣誉权、名誉权、信用权的规定、关于自由权、隐私权、婚姻自主权以及其他人格利益权的规定2、采用《瑞士民法典》的做法，在民法典总则的“民事主体”部分规定民事主体的人格权主要代表人物为梁慧星教授1，该学者认为，单独编制一编在以往的民事立法中没有先例，且人格权所包括的内容并不多，也会与其他编的内容不协调、不和谐，使民法典缺乏形式美。

所以，单独规定人格权法编的主张不可取。

国际上的所有权保留制度所有权的保护制度⼀般发⽣在商品交易的买卖之中，当然了，不同的国家对于所有权的保护制度是有的规定的，因为各个国家经济发展和经济秩序是不⼀样的，所以各个国家只会制定属于⾃⼰国家的相关法律规定，这也是很合理的。

那么国际上的所有权保留制度？下⾯就让店铺⼩编为⼤家详细的讲解吧。

所有权保留是指在商品买卖交易中当事⼈可以在合同中约定买受⼈未履⾏⽀付价款或者其它义务，标的物的所有权属于出卖⼈。

世界各国或地区对所有权保留有不同的规定。

德国规定“动产的出卖⼈在⽀付价⾦前保留所有权的，在发⽣疑问时应认为所有权的转移是以⽀付全部价⾦为其推迟⽣效条件，并在买受⼈对⽀付价⾦有迟延时，出卖⼈有权解除合同。

”按照德国民法严格划分债权⾏为和物权⾏为的体例，所有权保留是物权⾏为附条件，买卖合同成⽴并⽣效;该制度不适⽤于不动产买卖;只要当事⼈意思表⽰⼀致，⽆须订⽴书⾯合同，所有权保留关系即成⽴。

标的物的风险从交付时转移;第三⼈可以基于对保留买受⼈占有的信赖⽽取得标的物的所有权。

法国的保留所有权规定除双⽅当事⼈意思表⽰达成⼀致外，尚需具备⼀定的书⾯形式。

所有权保留买卖是债权⾏为附停⽌条件，买卖合同本⾝成⽴，但未⽣效。

根据《瑞⼠民法典》第715条规定，当事⼈在约定所有权保留时，除了需要意思表⽰⼀致之外，还需要履⾏法定的登记⽅式，才能⽣效。

如果不经登记，所有权保留在当事⼈之间不发⽣效⼒，更不能以所有权保留对抗善意第三⼈。

瑞⼠民法典只承认动产的所有权保留，⽽且还规定买卖牲畜不得保留所有权，不动产不能保留所有权。

意⼤利采取有限制的登记对抗主义。

在标的物为机械物且价格超过3万⾥拉，则保留所有权可对抗第三买受⼈。

但以保留所有权的约款在对机械物有司法管辖权的法院⽂书室的特别登记簿上进⾏了登记并⾃第三⼈处得到机械物时，该物尚在实施登记之地为限。

可以看出，只要是能作为买卖合同的标的物的，就能保留所有权。

当事⼈之间的所有权保留约定，仅凭意思表⽰⼀致就可以成⽴，但是⾮经登记不得对抗第三⼈。

瑞士民法典第一条：权利和义务的平等一、所有人在法律面前一律平等，尽管性别、种族、宗教、民族、国籍、社会地位、财产或其他类别的区别。

二、每个人都有权享有其权利和自由，并要履行其法定的义务。

三、公共权力应保障并促进平等的实现。

瑞士民法典的第一条规定了权利和义务的平等原则，宣示了每个人在法律面前平等无差别的地位和权利。

不论性别、种族、宗教、民族、国籍、社会地位、财产或其他类别的区别，所有人都应受到平等的对待，并享有相同的权利和自由。

这一原则确保了法律的公正性和公平性。

它意味着没有人可以因个人身份或群体归属而被剥夺其应享有的权利。

每个人在社会和法律之下都应被看作是平等的，无论其社会地位、财富或权力。

权利和义务之间的平等关系也在该条款中得到了强调。

每个人不仅享有权利，还要履行他们的法定义务。

这是一个相互关联的概念，旨在确保个人权利的正当行使不会损害他人权利或社会的整体利益。

在应用瑞士民法典的过程中，公共权力机关有责任保障和促进平等的实现。

他们应通过有效的立法、行政措施和司法程序，消除可能存在的不平等待遇，防止歧视的发生，并促进更加平等和包容的社会。

瑞士民法典第一条的确立，体现了瑞士法律体系中普遍适用的基本原则。

这一条规定体现了法治社会的核心观念，旨在维护每个人的尊严和平等，保障其享有权利和履行责任的机会。

这一原则的落实对于确保社会和谐、公正和繁荣至关重要。

总而言之，瑞士民法典第一条明确规定了权利和义务的平等原则，不论个人的身份和属性，每个人都享有同等的权利和自由，并有责任履行其法定的义务。

公共权力机关应保障和促进平等的实现，以确保社会的公正和公平。

这一原则的确立为瑞士的法治社会奠定了坚实基础。

“国际私法教学案例”之“法律冲突案”（1）各国法律关于拾物返还是如何规定的？答：《德国民法典》对拾得物归属进行规定：拾得人捡到遗失物后，应进行公示，或交警署。

失主不来认领的，失物应归还拾得者所有。

在德国，城市的公共事务局都专设了失物招领处，丢失物被保存半年，无人认领物将被拍卖，而失主领取物品时则要根据物品价值缴纳管理费。

《瑞士民法典》规定：拾物者应通知失主，如失主不明，应将失物交付警署或自行采取适宜的招领方法。

已履行拾得人义务的人，在公告或报告后逾5年仍不能确定失主时，取得该物的所有权。

《荷兰民法》规定，贵重物品两年内若无人认领可进行拍卖，收入归国家所有。

非贵重物品满1年零1天无人认领，即可归拾物者使用，直到找到失主。

《法国民法》规定：如果在7日内失主没有认领失物，失物归拾得人所有，拾得人只需上交税金即可。

《意大利民法典》第929条规定:“如果自公告期届满之日起经过一年，拾得物的所有人仍未出现，则拾得物，或者在必须出售的情况下，其价金归拾得人所有。

物品的所有人如同拾得人一样，在取回物品或者价款之后应当承担必要的费用。

”第930条规定:“如果拾得物品的人提出要求，则物品的所有人应当将拾得物价值或价款的十分之一作为奖金奖励给拾得物之人。

如果拾得物的价值或者价款超过了10万里拉，则超值部分的奖金为二十分之一。

如果拾得物不具有任何经济价值，则奖金的数额由法官自行决定。

《日本民法典》第240条规定:“关于遗失物，依特别法规定进行公告后6个月内，其所有人不明时，拾得人取得其所有权。

”《遗失物法》第4条规定:“受物件返还者，应将不少于物件价格５％，不多于物件价格２０％的酬劳金给付于拾得人。

但是，国库或其它公法人，不得请求酬劳金。

《俄罗斯联邦民法典》第229条第2款规定:“拾捡人有权要求并有权领受拾得物的人付给数额为拾得物价值２０％以下的报酬。

如果拾得物仅对领受的人有价值，则报酬的数额与该人协商决定。

如果捡拾人不报告拾得物或企图隐瞒拾得物，则不产生取得报酬的权利。

Switzerland's Federal Codeon Private International Law(CPIL)1of December 18, 19872UMBRICHTATTORNEYS AT LAWT ABLE OF C ONTENTSArticle Page Chapter 1: Provisions in CommonSection 1: Scope 1 3 Section 2: Jurisdiction2-123 Section 3: Applicable Law13-196 Section 4: Domicile, Residence, and Citizenship20-248 Section 5: Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Decisions25-329Chapter 2: Natural Persons33-4212Chapter 3: Matrimonial LawSection 1: Celebration of Marriage43-4514 Section 2: Effects of Marriage in General46-5015 Section 3: Matrimonial Property Regimes51-5816 Section 4: Divorce and Separation59-65191Authoritative private translation ot the official text by U MBRICHT Attorneys, Switzerland,© by Dr. Robert P. Umbricht, LL.M., Suggested citation:Swiss CPIL, Umbricht Attorneys, Switzerland (2002). 2as amended as of January 1, 2002.Chapter 4: Parent-child relationshipSection 1: The establishment of a parent-child relationship by descent66-7021 Section 2: Acknowledgment71-7422 Section 3: Adoption75-7823 Section 4: Effects of parent-child relationship79-8424Chapter 5: Guardianship and Other Protective Measures8526Chapter 6: Inheritance86-9627Chapter 7: Property97-10830Chapter 8: Intellectual Property Rights109-11133Chapter 9: Law of ObligationsSection 1: Contracts112-12634 Section 2: Unjust Enrichment127-12838 Section 3: Torts129-14239 Section 4: Provisions in Common143-14843 Section 5: Foreign Decisions14945Chapter 10: Company Law150-16546Chapter 11: Bankruptcy and Composition Agreements166-17551Chapter 12: International Arbitration176-19454Chapter 13: Final ProvisionsSection 1: Repeal and Amendment of Federal Law Currently in Force19560 Section 2: Transitional Provisions196-19960 Section 3: Referendum and Effective Date20061The Federal Assembly of the Swiss Confederation,based on the authority of the Confederation in matters of foreign relations and on Article 64 of the Federal Constitution;and in consideration of the message of the Federal Council, dated November 10, 19823, enacts:Chapter 1: Provisions in CommonSection 1: ScopeArt. 11 This Code governs, in an international context:a.The jurisdiction of the Swiss judicial and administrative authorities;b.The applicable law;c.The conditions for the recognition and enforcement of foreign decisions;d.Bankruptcy and composition agreements;e.Arbitration.2 International treaties take precedence.Section 2: JurisdictionArt. 2I. In generalUnless this Code provides otherwise, the Swiss judicial or administrative authorities at the domicile of the defendant shall have jurisdiction.3BBl. 1983 I 263.II. Emergency jurisdictionIf this Code does not provide for jurisdiction in Switzerland and if proceedings abroad are impossible or cannot reasonably be required to be brought, the Swiss judicial or administra-tive authorities at the place with which the facts of the case are sufficiently connected shall have jurisdiction.Art. 4III. Validation of attachmentIf this Code does not provide for any other jurisdiction in Switzerland, an action to validate an attachment may be brought at the place in Switzerland where the attachment was obtained. Art. 5IV. Agreed venue1 The parties may agree on a venue for an existing or a future dispute concerning pecuniary claims arising from a specified legal relationship. The agreement may be made in writing, by telegram, telex, telecopier, or by any other means of communication which evidences the terms of the agreement by a text. Unless stipulated otherwise, the court agreed upon shall have exclusive jurisdiction.2 The agreement on venue shall be void if one party is denied in an improper manner a venue to which that party is entitled under Swiss law.3 The court agreed upon may not decline its jurisdiction:a.If one party has his domicile, place of habitual residence, or place of business in the can-ton of the Swiss court agreed upon; orb.If, pursuant to this Code, Swiss law is applicable to the dispute.Art. 6V. Appearance by the defendantIn the case of pecuniary claims, the court before which the action is brought shall have juris-diction if the defendant proceeds to the merits without contesting the court’s jurisdiction un-less the court may decline jurisdiction pursuant to Article 5, paragraph 3.VI. Arbitration agreementIf the parties have concluded an arbitration agreement with respect to an arbitrable dispute, the Swiss court before which the action is brought shall decline its jurisdiction unless:a.The defendant proceeded to the merits without contesting jurisdiction;b.The court finds that the arbitration agreement is null and void, inoperative or incapable ofbeing performed; orc.The arbitral tribunal cannot be constituted for reasons for which the defendant in the arbi-tration proceeding is manifestly responsible.Art. 8VII. Counter-claimThe court in which the principal claim is pending shall also decide a counter-claim if there is a factual connection between the claim and the counter-claim.Art. 9VIII. Lis pendens1 If the same parties are engaged in proceedings abroad based on the same causes of action, the Swiss court shall stay the proceeding if it may be expected that the foreign court will, within a reasonable time, render a decision that will be recognizable in Switzerland.2 To determine when a court in Switzerland is seized, the date of the first act necessary to in-stitute the action shall be decisive. The initiation of conciliation proceedings shall suffice.3 The Swiss court shall dismiss the action as soon as a foreign decision is submitted to it which can be recognized in Switzerland.Art. 10IX. Provisional measuresThe Swiss judicial or administrative authorities may enter provisional measures even if they do not have jurisdiction on the merits.X. Judicial assistance1 Acts of judicial assistance shall be implemented in Switzerland according to the law of the canton in which they are executed.2 Upon petition of the requesting authority, foreign legal procedure may also be observed or taken into account, if necessary, for the enforcement of a claim abroad unless there are im-portant reasons pertaining to the affected party not to do so.3 The Swiss judicial or administrative authorities may issue documents or take an affidavit from an applicant in accordance with a form of foreign law if the Swiss form is not recog-nized abroad and if a claim meriting protection could not be asserted there.Art. 12XI. Time limitsIf a person abroad is required to meet a time limit before Swiss judicial or administrative authorities, it is sufficient that the filing is made with a diplomatic or consular representative of Switzerland by the last day of the allotted time period.Section 3: Applicable LawArt. 13I. Scope of referenceThe reference in this Code to a foreign law includes all provisions applicable to the facts of the case under that law. The application of a provision of foreign law is not precluded solely because the provision is attributed the character of public law.Art. 14II. Renvoi1 If the applicable law refers back to Swiss law or onwards to another foreign law, that refer-ence shall be observed only if this Code so provides.2 In matters of civil status, reference back to Swiss law by a foreign law must be observed.III. Exception clause1 The law designated by this Code shall not be applied in those exceptional situations where, in light of all circumstances, it is manifest that the case has only a very limited connection with that law and has a much closer connection with another law.2 This article is not applicable in the case of a choice of law by the parties.Art. 16IV. Establishment of foreign law1 The content of the applicable foreign law shall be established ex officio. The assistance of the parties may be requested. In the case of pecuniary claims, the burden of proof on the con-tent of the foreign law may be imposed on the parties.2 Swiss law shall apply if the content of the foreign law cannot be established.Art. 17V. Public policy (ordre public)The application of provisions of foreign law shall be precluded if it would produce a result which is incompatible with Swiss public policy (ordre public).Art. 18VI. Mandatory application of Swiss lawThis Code does not prevent the application of those mandatory provisions of Swiss law which, by reason of their particular purpose, are applicable regardless of the law designated by this Code.Art. 19VII. Taking into account of mandatory provisions of foreign law1 If, pursuant to Swiss legal concepts, the legitimate and manifestly preponderant interests of a party so require, a mandatory provision of a law other than that designated by this Code may be taken into account if the circumstances of the case are closely connected with that law.2 In deciding whether such a provision must be taken into account, its purpose is to be consid-ered as well as whether its application would result in an adequate decision under Swiss con-cepts of law.Section 4: Domicile, Residence, and CitizenshipArt. 20I. Domicile, habitual residence, and place of business of a natural person1 For the purposes of this Code, a natural person:a.Has his domicile in the State in which he resides with the intention to remain perma-nently;b.Has his place of habitual residence in the State in which he lives for an extended period oftime, even if this time period is limited from the outset;c.Has his place of business in the State in which his professional of business activities arecentered.2 No person can have more than domicile at the same time. If a person has no domicile, the place of his habitual residence shall be determinative. The provisions of the Civil Code re-garding domicile and residence shall not be applicable.Art. 21II. Corporate domicile and place of business1 In the case of companies, the registered office shall be deemed to be the domicile.2 The registered office of a company is the place specified in the certificate of incorporation or the deed of partnership. In the absence of such designation, the registered office of the com-pany shall be the place where it is administered in fact.3 The place of business of a company shall be in the State in which it has its registered office or a branch.Art. 22III. CitizenshipThe citizenship of a natural person shall be determined by the law of the State of the citizen-ship in question.Art. 23IV. Multiple Citizenship1 If a person is a citizen of one or more States to Switzerland, Swiss citizenship shall be de-terminative for purposes of jurisdiction based on citizenship.2 If a person is a citizen of several States, the citizenship of the State with which the person is most closely connected shall be determinative for purposes of the applicable law unless this Code provides otherwise.3 If the recognition of a foreign decision in Switzerland depends upon the citizenship of a per-son, it is sufficient to consider one of his citizenships.Art. 24V. Stateless persons and refugees1 A person shall be regarded as stateless if he is recognized as such under the New York Con-vention of September 28, 19544 on the legal Status of Stateless Persons or if his relationship with the State of his citizenship has become so attenuated as to be equivalent to statelessness.2 A person shall be regarded as a refugee if he is recognized as such under the Statute of Asy-lum of October 5, 19795.3 If this Code is applied to stateless persons or refugees, domicile shall replace citizenship. Section 5: Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign DecisionsArt. 25I. Recognition1. General ruleA foreign decision shall be recognized in Switzerland:a.If the judicial or administrative authorities of the State in which the decision was renderedhad jurisdiction;b.If no ordinary appeal can be lodged against the decision or the decision is final; andc.If there are no grounds for refusal under Article 27.4SR 0.142.405SR 142.31Art. 262. Jurisdiction of foreign authoritiesThe foreign authorities have jurisdiction:a.If a provision of this Code so provides or, in the absence of such a provision, the defen-dant was domiciled in the State in which the decision was rendered;b.If, in the case of pecuniary claims, the parties have submitted by an agreement valid underthis Code to the jurisdiction of the authority that rendered the decision;c.If, in the case of pecuniary claims, the defendant proceeded to the merits without object-ing to jurisdiction; ord.If, in the case of a counter-claim, the authority which rendered the decision had jurisdic-tion over the principal claim and there is a factual connection between the principal claim and the counterclaim.Art. 273. Grounds for refusal1 A foreign decision shall not be recognized in Switzerland if such recognition would be mani-festly incompatible with Swiss public policy (ordre public).2 A foreign decision shall likewise not be recognized if a party establishes:a.That he was not duly summoned, either according to the law of his domicile or accordingto the law of his place of habitual residence unless he had proceeded to the merits without contesting jurisdiction;b.That the decision was rendered in violation of fundamental principles of Swiss procedurallaw, in particular that he was denied the right to be heard;c.That a lawsuit between the same parties and concerning the same causes of action hadalready been brought or decided in Switzerland or that the lawsuit had proceeded to judg-ment in a third State and that judgment can be recognized in Switzerland.3 Except as herein provided, the foreign decision is not subject to review on the merits.Art. 28II. EnforcementA decision recognized under Articles 25 to 27 shall be declared enforceable upon application by the interested party.Art. 29III. Procedure1 The application for recognition or enforcement must be submitted to the authority having jurisdiction in the canton in which the foreign decision is to be invoked. It must be accompa-nied by:a. A complete and authenticated copy of the decision;b. A confirmation that no ordinary appeal can be lodged against the decision or that it is fi-nal; andc.In the case of a judgment rendered by default, an official document establishing that thedefaulting party was duly summoned and that he had the opportunity to enter a defense.2 The party opposing recognition and enforcement shall have the right to a hearing; he may introduce evidence.3 If a foreign decision is invoked in a proceeding as a preliminary question, the authority to which the application is submitted may itself rule on the recognition.Art. 30IV. Court settlementArticles 25 to 29 shall apply to a court settlement having the same status as a court decision in the State in which it was entered.Art. 31V. Non-contentious jurisdictionArticles 25 to 29 shall apply by analogy to the recognition and enforcement of a decision or a legal instrument resulting from non-contentious jurisdiction.Art. 32VI. Entry in the register of births, deaths, and marriages1 A foreign decision or a foreign act regarding civil status shall be entered in the register of births, deaths, and marriages pursuant to an order of the cantonal supervisory authority.2 The entry shall be authorized when the requirements of Articles 25 to 27 are satisfied.3 The persons affected shall have the right to a hearing before the entry is made if it is not es-tablished that in the foreign State where the decision was rendered, the procedural rights of the parties were adequately safeguarded.Chapter 2: Natural PersonsArt. 33I. General rule1 Unless this Code provides otherwise, the Swiss judicial or administrative authorities at the domicile shall have jurisdiction in matters of status of natural persons; they shall apply the law in force at the domicile.2 Claims arising from the infringement of personality rights shall be determined according to the provisions of this Code concerning torts (Art. 129 et seq.).Art. 34II. Legal capacity1 Legal capacity shall be governed by Swiss law.2 The beginning and termination of legal personality shall be governed by the law applicable to the legal relationship which presupposes legal capacity.Art. 35III. Capacity to act1. General ruleThe capacity to act shall be governed by the law of the domicile. A change of domicile shall not affect the capacity to act once that capacity has been acquired.Art. 362. Estoppel1 A party to a legal transaction who lacks capacity under the law of the State of his domicile may not invoke that incapacity if he had capacity under the law of the State in which the transaction was accomplished unless the other party knew or should have known of that inca-pacity.2 This rule is inapplicable to legal transactions concerning family law, the law of inheritance, or real property rights.Art. 37IV. Name1. General rule1 The name of a person domiciled in Switzerland shall be governed by Swiss law. The name of a person domiciled abroad shall be governed by the law designated by the private interna-tional law of the State of his domicile.2 A person may request, however, that his name be governed by the law of the State of his citizenship.Art. 382. Change of name1 The Swiss authorities at the domicile of the applicant shall have jurisdiction over a petition to change his name.2 A Swiss citizen without a Swiss domicile may file a petition for a change of name with the authorities of the canton of his citizenship.3 The conditions and effects of a change of name shall be governed by Swiss law.Art. 393. Change of name entered abroadA change of name entered abroad shall be recognized in Switzerland if it is valid in the State of domicile or in the State of citizenship of the applicant.Art. 404. Entry in the register of births, deaths, and marriagesThe name shall be entered in the register of births, deaths, and marriages in accordance with Swiss registration principles.Art. 41V. Declaration of disappearance1. Jurisdiction and applicable law1 The Swiss courts at the last known domicile of a missing person shall have jurisdiction to enter a declaration of disappearance.2 The Swiss courts shall also have jurisdiction to enter a declaration of disappearance if a le-gitimate interest justifies it.3 The conditions and effects of the declaration of disappearance shall be governed by Swiss law.Art. 422. Declaration of disappearance and death issued abroadA declaration of disappearance or death issued abroad shall be recognized in Switzerland if it was entered in the State of the last known domicile or the State of citizenship of the person who has disappeared.Chapter 3: Matrimonial LawSection 1: Celebration of MarriageArt. 43I. Jurisdiction1 Swiss authorities shall have jurisdiction to perform the celebration of marriage if either the bride or the bridegroom is domiciled in Switzerland or is a Swiss citizen.2 Foreign couples without Swiss domicile may also be permitted to marry in Switzerland by the authority with the jurisdiction if the marriage is recognized in the State of domicile or citi-zenship of both the bride and bridegroom.3 Permission may not be refused solely because a divorce granted or recognized in Switzer-land is not recognized abroad.Art. 44II. Applicable law1 The substantive conditions for marriage in Switzerland shall be governed by Swiss law.2 If the conditions under Swiss law are not satisfied, a marriage between foreigners may nev-ertheless be performed if the conditions of the law of the State of citizenship of either the bride or the bridegroom are satisfied.3 The form of the celebration of marriage in Switzerland shall be governed by Swiss law. Art. 45III. Marriage celebrated abroad1 A marriage validly celebrated abroad shall be recognized in Switzerland.2 If the bride or the bridegroom is a Swiss citizen or if both are domiciled in Switzerland, the marriage performed abroad shall be recognized unless the marriage ceremony was performed abroad with the manifest purpose of circumventing the provisions of Swiss law concerning the nullity of marriages.Art. 45aIV. MajorityMinors domiciled in Switzerland shall attain their majority upon the celebration of a marriage in Switzerland or the recognition of a marriage celebrated abroad.6Section 2: Effects of Marriage in GeneralArt. 46I. Jurisdiction1. General ruleThe Swiss judicial or administrative authorities at the domicile or, in the absence of domicile, those at the place of habitual residence of one of the spouses shall have jurisdiction over ac-tions or to order measures concerning the effects of marriage.Art. 472. Jurisdiction for Swiss citizensIf the spouses are neither domiciled nor habitually resident in Switzerland and if one of them is a Swiss citizen, the judicial or administrative authorities at the place of Swiss citizenship shall have jurisdiction over actions or to order measures regarding the effects of marriage if the action or request cannot be brought at the domicile or place of habitual residence of one of the spouses or if it is unreasonable to so require.Art. 48II. Applicable law1. General rule1 The effects of marriage shall be governed by the law of the State in which the spouses are domiciled.6Introduced through Clause 2 of the Annex to the Federal Statute dated October 7, 1994, in force since January 1, 1996.2 If the spouses are not domiciled in the same State, the effects of marriage shall be governed by the law of the State of the domicile with which the facts of the case are more closely con-nected.3 If the Swiss judicial or administrative authorities at the place of citizenship have jurisdiction under Article 47, they shall apply Swiss law.Art. 492. Maintenance obligationsMaintenance obligations between spouses shall be governed by The Hague Convention of October 2, 19737 on the Law Applicable to Maintenance Obligations.Art. 50III. Foreign decisions or measuresForeign decisions or measures concerning the effects of marriage shall be recognized in Swit-zerland if they were rendered in the State of domicile or habitual residence of one of the spouses.Section 3: Matrimonial Property RegimesArt. 51I. JurisdictionThe following authorities shall have jurisdiction over actions or to order measures concerning the matrimonial property regimes:a.In the event of the dissolution of the matrimonial property regime because of the death ofone of the spouses, the Swiss judicial or administrative authorities having jurisdiction over the estate (Art. 86 to 89);b.In the event of the dissolution of the matrimonial property regime because of judicial dis-solution or separation of the marriage, the Swiss courts having jurisdiction thereover (Art.59, 60, 63 and 64);c.In all other cases, the Swiss judicial or administrative authorities with jurisdiction overactions or measures concerning the effects of marriage (Art. 46, 47).7SR 0.211.213.01II. Applicable law1. Choice of law by the spousesa. General rule1 The matrimonial property regime shall be governed by the law chosen by the spouses.2 The spouses may choose the law of the State in which they are both domiciled or will be domiciled following the marriage ceremony or the law of the State of which one of the spouses is a citizen. Article 23, paragraph 2, shall not be applicable.Art. 53b. Form and effects1 The choice of law must be agreed in writing or be clearly evident from the marital agree-ment. Aside from that requirement, it shall be governed by the chosen law.2 The choice of law may be made or changed at any time. If the choice is made following the celebration of marriage, it shall take effect retroactive to the date of the marriage unless the parties agree otherwise.3 The chosen law shall remain applicable until the spouses choose another law or revoke their choice.Art. 542. Absence of a choice of lawa. General rule1 In the absence of a choice of law, the matrimonial property regime shall be governed by:a.The law of the State in which both spouses are domiciled simultaneously or, if this is notthe case,b.The law of the State in which both spouses were last domiciled simultaneously.2 If the spouses were never domiciled in the same State simultaneously, the law of their com-mon State of Citizenship shall be applicable.3 Spouses who were never domiciled in the same State simultaneously and who do not have a common citizenship shall be subject to the Swiss regime of separate property.b. Alteration and retroactive effect in case of change of domicile1 If the spouses transfer their domicile from one State to another, the law of the new domicile shall be applicable with retroactive effect from the date of the marriage. The spouses may preclude the retroactive effect by written agreement.2 The change of domicile shall have no effect on the applicable law if the parties have agreed in writing to maintain the former law or if they are subject to a marriage contract.Art. 563. Form of marital agreementThe marital agreement shall be valid as to form if it conforms to the law applicable to the marital agreement or to the law at the place of its conclusion.Art. 574. Effects on third parties1 The effects of the matrimonial property regime on the legal relationship between a spouse and a third party shall be governed by the law of the State in which the spouse was domiciled when the legal relationship commenced.2 If, however, the third party knew or should have known the law that governed the matrimo-nial property regime when the legal relationship commenced, that law shall be applicable.Art. 58III. Foreign decisions1 Foreign decisions concerning the matrimonial property regime shall be recognized in Swit-zerland:a.If they were rendered or are recognized in the State of domicile of the defendant spouse;b.If they were rendered or are recognized in the State of domicile of the plaintiff spouse,provided that the defendant spouse was not domiciled in Switzerland;c.If they were rendered or are recognized in the State whose law is applicable to the matri-monial property regime under this Code; ord.In matters related to real property if they were rendered or are recognized in the State inwhich the real property is located.2 The recognition of decisions concerning the matrimonial property regime rendered in con-nection with measures protecting the marital union or following the death of one of the spouses, a declaration of nullity of the marriage, a divorce, or a separation shall be governed by the provisions of this Code relating to the effects of marriage, divorce, or inheritance (Art. 50, 65 and 96).Section 4: Divorce and SeparationArt. 59I. Jurisdiction1. General ruleThe following authorities shall have jurisdiction over actions of divorce or separation:a.The Swiss courts at the defendant’s domicile;b.The Swiss courts at the plaintiff’s domicile if he has resided in Switzerland for one year oris a Swiss citizen.Art. 602. Jurisdiction for Swiss citizensIf the spouses are not domiciled in Switzerland and if one of them is a Swiss citizen, the courts at the place of Swiss citizenship shall have jurisdiction over an action of divorce or separation if the action cannot be brought at the domicile of one of the spouses or if it is un-reasonable to so require.Art. 61II. Applicable law1 Divorce and separation shall be governed by Swiss law.2 If, however, both spouses have the same foreign citizenship and only one is domiciled in Switzerland, the law of the State of their common citizenship shall be applicable.3 If the law of the State of common citizenship does not permit the dissolution of the marriage or imposes extraordinary severe conditions, Swiss law shall be applicable if one of the spouses is also a Swiss citizen or one of the spouses has resided in Switzerland for the two years immediately preceding.4 If the courts at the place of Swiss citizenship have jurisdiction pursuant to Article 60, they shall apply Swiss law.。

诚实信用原则在民法条款中是最重要的条款之一，随着司法制度的改革诚实信用原则在民事诉讼中显示着不可忽视的作用。

本文就我国民事诉讼中的诚实信用原则从以下几个方面进行了简单的论述。

首先，论述了诚实信用原则的概念及渊源，对于诚实信用原则概念英美法系、在德国法学中都有其明确的定义。

而我国诚实信用原则，是指法院、当事人及其他诉讼参与人在审理民事案件和进行民事诉讼诚信契约和诚信诉讼。

瑞士民法典首先确立了诚实信用作为民法典一般性条款。

其次，论述了诚实信用原则的作用和实践的需要，从三个方面理解诚实信用在民事诉讼中的作用。

（1）对自由心证的控制。

（2）对自由裁量的控制。

（3）对当事人不当地行使诉讼权、消极履行诉讼义务进行有效的控制。

最后，论述我国民事诉讼适用诚实信用的法律依据及其制约作用，法律依据（1）从诚实信用原则使公法与私法相互弥补相互趋同。

在民事诉讼活动中解决当事人之间的关系时除了要公法约束他们外还要以私法他们与法院的关系使各种权利相互制约；（2）诚实信用原则在民事诉讼中适用有利于民事实体法的有效衔接；（3）从诚实信用原则与诉讼模式的关系上，主观上是要求确立诚实信用原则的需要。

（4）从民事诉讼公正的价值实现很大程度上依赖与诚实信用原则的使用。

在制约作用方面本文从对当事人诉讼行为制约和能法院审判行为制约两方面进行了论述。

通过对我国民事诉讼中的诚实信用原则，存在作用、法律依据和制约作用。

以表明在民事诉讼中以诚实信用原则为指导是我国社会的需要。

诚实信用原则作为民法中基本原则，在诉讼法理论界对诚实信用原则是否是民事诉讼法的基本原则曾一度经过激烈的争论并确立它在民事诉讼中的地位，随着诉讼纠纷的日益多元化、复杂化以及诉讼观念、程序理念的变化，随着我国审判制度改革的深入，诚实信用原则在我国民事诉讼中的适用更加具体化。

本文从以下几个方面简述一下我国民事诉讼中的诚实信用原则。

关键词：诚实信用民事诉讼作用制约一、诚实信用原则的概念及渊源诚实信用，简称诚信，诚即真诚、诚实；信，即守承诺讲信用。