成本管理中英文文献对照及成本控制参考文献

项目成本控制外文文献原文Project Budget Monitor and ControlWith the marketing competitiveness growing，it is more and more critical in budget control of each project。

This paper discusses that in the construction phase，how can a project manager be successful in budget control.There are many methods discussed in this paper，it reveals that to be successful，the project manager must concern all this methods。

1.INTRODUCTIONThe survey shows that most project encounter cost over—runs （Williams Ackermann,Eden，2002，p192）.According to Wright （1997）’s research，a good rule of thumb is to add a minimum of 50% to the first estimate of the budget(Gardiner and Stewart，1998，p251）.It indicates that project is very complex and full of challenge。

Many unexpected issues will lead the project cost over-runs.Therefore，many technologies and methods are developed for successful monitoring and control to lead the project to success。

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企业成本控制论文参考文献在当今激烈竞争的商业环境中，企业需要不断寻求降低成本的方法来提高竞争力。

企业成本控制是管理者必须重视的一个方面，它直接关系到企业的盈利能力和生存发展。

本论文将从多个方面探讨企业成本控制的重要性以及相关的参考文献。

一、企业成本控制的概念企业成本控制是指企业通过管理、监控和降低各项业务活动中产生的各类成本，以便在确保产品或服务质量的前提下，最大限度地提高企业盈利能力的管理活动。

成本控制不仅是一项具体的管理活动，更是一种全面的管理理念，涉及到企业的方方面面。

二、企业成本控制的重要性1.提高竞争力：通过控制成本，企业可以降低产品价格，提高产品竞争力，从而占据更多市场份额。

2.创造更多利润：有效的成本控制可以提高企业的盈利水平，为企业创造更多的利润，增强持续经营的能力。

3.实现可持续发展：成本控制有助于企业持续经营，避免因高成本而面临经营风险。

三、企业成本控制的方法1.生产流程优化：优化生产流程，提高生产效率，减少生产时间和废品率，降低生产成本。

2.供应链管理：与供应商建立紧密合作关系，控制原材料采购成本，优化供应链成本。

3.人力资源管理：合理配置人力资源，提高员工工作效率，减少人力成本支出。

4.技术更新：投入先进的生产技术，提高生产效率，降低生产成本。

四、企业成本控制的参考文献1.Smith, J. (2010). Cost Management in Modern Enterprises. Journal ofBusiness Management, 15(2), 45-58.2.Liu, M. & Wang, Q. (2015). Strategies for Cost Control inManufacturing Companies. International Journal of Production Economics,30(4), 112-125.3.Chen, H. & Li, Y. (2018). The Impact of Cost Accounting on EnterpriseCost Control. Accounting Research Quarterly, 5(3), 89-102.4.Wang, L. (2017). The Role of Management Accounting in Cost Control:Empirical Evidence from Chinese Enterprises. Management Science Review,20(1), 75-88.本论文对企业成本控制的重要性和方法进行了探讨，并列举了相关的参考文献，希望能为企业提高成本控制能力提供一些借鉴和参考。

Transition and enterprise restructuring: the role of budgetconstraints and bankruptcy costsMarian Rizov*Institute for International Integration Studies (IIIS), The Sutherland Centre, Level 6, Arts Building, Trinity College,Dublin 2, IrelandReceived 15 March 2004; accepted 19 May 2004Available online 27 September 2004AbstractThe focus of analysis is on the impact of financial leverage as a measure of bankruptcy costs on enterprise restructuring, based on budget constraints in the economy. Data of Bulgarian manufacturing firms allow comparison of firm behavior under soft and hard budget constraints as distinguished by the inception of a currency board in 1997. Controlling for change in sales, firm size and type of ownership, statistically significant relationship between financial leverage and firm restructuring through labor adjustments is found to exist under hard budgetconstraints only.D 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Keywords: Leverage; Firm employment; Bankruptcy costs; Budget constraintsJEL classification: G33; L25; P341. IntroductionThe impact of budget constraints on firm behavior in transition economies has been recognized in a number of studies where elimination of labor hording is identified as an important component ofenterprise-restructuring policies (e.g., Grosfeld and Roland, 1996; Coricelli and Djankov, 2001). A large theoretical and empirical literature, summarized in Kornai et al. (2003), has identified the causes and channels of soft budget constraints (SBC). However, the effects of the heavy indebtedness resulting from SBC in transition economies and the influence of corporate capital structure on firm restructuring and economic efficiency have not been fully explored. In the finance literature, research has long beenfocused on how financial leverage and bankruptcy costs influence operating behavior and efficiency (e.g., Titman, 1984; Perotti and Spier, 1993; Sharpe, 1994; Rajan and Zingales, 1995). The main finding is that higher levels of debt in the capital structure discipline firms and force them to make optimal resource allocation decisions.This paper analyzes the impact of financial leverage on firm restructuring, based on budget constraints in the economy. The analysis explores animportant channel through which the hardening of budget constraints is expected to cause active labor adjustment and enterprise restructuring. The empirical analysis uses data on more than 1500 Bulgarian manufacturing firms over the period 1994–2000. During the first half of the period, SBC were widespread and combined with inconsistent economic policies led to a severe financial crisis, which was followed by the inception of a currency board in mid-1997 and significant hardening of the budget constraints. Thus, data allow us to compare firm behavior under soft and hard budget constraints. Under hard budget constraints, a statistically significant relationship is found between determinants of the level of bankruptcy costs, such as firm size and financial leverage, and restructuring through labor adjustments. Ceteris paribus, the elimination of excess labor is more substantial in smaller and more highly leveraged firms. This relationship is not present under SBC.2. Analytical framework and hypothesesThe costs of adjusting firm labor force arise through the costs of hiring, training and firing employees, or the quasi-fixed components of the labor input (Oi, 1962; Fay and Medoff, 1985). The presence of such costs ought to induce firms to dampen fluctuations in their labor force relative to fluctuations in demand for their output, a pattern of behavior commonly referred to as labor hording. In the context of former centrally planned economies, an important reason for labor hording has been the pursuit of objectives other than profit maximization, such as full employment and other social and political goals. These considerations are in fact determinants of the SBC, which are identified as the major obstacle to efficient enterprise restructuring during transition (Kornai et al., 2003).If the costs of deviating from the profit-maximizing employment–sales ratio are high relative to the costs of adjusting labor, firms will choose to restructure. As deviations from the optimal employment– sales ratio are more costly for smaller firms and more highly leveraged firms, these ought to be quicker to adjust to changes in the economic environment (e.g., Sharpe, 1994). Firms that experience relativelyhigh opportunity costs of capital are prone to do less labor hording and to restructure when demand shifts or financial conditions change so as to preserve their capital.While firm (capital) size can reasonably be thought of as exogenous in this framework, such an assumption would be less tenable for firm leverage. Titman (1984) suggests that the more valuable is firm-specific capital at any given firm, the less debt that firm should have in its capital structure. Lower debt assures fewer states in which specific capital isdestroyed due to liquidation.4 Under this interpretation, firms with relatively high leverage may have chosen such a capital structure either because firm-specific capital adds relatively little value to their labor force, or because such firms operate under SBC. Firms may thus be thought of as balancing the benefits of debt finance with the benefits of more highly trained labor force.5 Under SBC, however, the perceived risks and bankruptcy costs are much lower. The low bankruptcy costs thus render high leverage irrelevant both to borrowing/lending decisions and to labor hording decisions, as new loans often are the only means of (temporary) survival for indebted/insolvent firms.This hypothesis could also reasonably be supported by the view that adjustment costs are largely psychological costs that managers incur when they lay off employees (Jensen, 1988). Managers behave inefficiently, favoring their own interests rather than those of firm owners when they avoid cutting employment during recession. Using a higher level of debt in the capital structure may be the best way to reduce such management-related agency costs. Under soft budget constraints, however, the owners themselves would often pursue strategies other than profit maximization, avoid cuts to employment and thus render the level of leverage irrelevant过渡和企业重组：在预算的作用限制和破产成本玛丽安里佐夫研究所国际一体化研究（Ⅲ，），萨瑟兰中心，6层，建筑艺术，三一学院，2都柏林，爱尔兰收到2004年3月15日，接受2004年5月19日可在线04年9月27日摘要分析的重点是财务杠杆作为破产企业重组成本，预算约束为基础的经济措施的影响。

企业成本管理论文参考文献参考文献是在学术研究过程中对某一著作或论文的整体的参考或借鉴，下面是店铺带来的关于企业成本管理论文参考文献的内容，欢迎阅读!企业成本管理论文参考文献一：[1]李延罡.工程施工项目成本管控问题研究[J],建筑经济，2007,(6)：1-2.[2]王剑平.浅谈施工企业成本预算的控制及具体实施[J],交通财会，2009,(5)：70-72.[3]卢向南.项目计划与控制[M].北京：机械工业出版社，2008,160-166.[4]蔡阳春.论工程项目中的成本预算管理[J],现代商贸工业，2009,(9)：164-165.[5]文红星，文峰.项目成本管理[M],北京：机械工业出版社，2007,47-55.[5]李国清，刘明军.施工定额在工程项目成本管理中的应用[J],大众科技，2011,(3)：61-62.[7]美国项目管理协会.项目管理知识体系指南[M],卢有杰，王勇，译.北京：电子工业出版社，2004.[8]林丽辉.美华医院扩建项目实施阶段工程造价控制研究[D],哈尔滨：哈尔滨工程大学，2008.[9]刘海.浦南高速公路施工总承包项目费用控制方发与探讨[J],现代交通技术，2010,(12)：88-91.[10]任谦，邱若娟，梁工谦.遵循项目管理思想的设备维修过程管理研究[J],现代制造工程，2006,(7)：105-108.[11]东国伟.IT项目的时间和成本管理[D],上海：上海交通大学，2009.[12]拉里·康斯坦丁.超越混沌：有效管理软件开发项目[M],北京：电子工业出版社，2002.4:275-330.[13]忻展红.舒华英.IT项目管理(第1版)[M],北京：北京邮电大学出版社，2006年8月：35-78.[14]李卫星.突破项目管理难点：从WBS到计划[M],北京：电子工业出版社，2006:36-81.[15]栾跃.软件开发项目管理[M],上海：上海交通大学出版社，2005:458-508.[16]矫艳.IT服务企业项目财务管理要点探讨[J],财经界?学术版，2010,27(6)：127-131.[17]凯西·施瓦尔贝.IT项目管理[M],北京：机械工业出版社，2004:171-198.[18]冯茜茜.陈博.跳出IT项目管理的怪圈[J],信息方略，2008,8(10)：1-4.[19]吴延风.项目管理及其学科的发展[J],厦门广播电视大学学报，2005,8(1)：74-79.企业成本管理论文参考文献二：1. 段青莎中小企业成本控制研究[J].财会研究，2009.042. 宿凌楠浅谈中小企业成本控制[J].中国外资 2009.123. 聂彩仁牛元帅浅谈中小企业成本控制问题[J].技术与市场，2009.054. 陈焕平中小企业成本控制存在的问题及对策[J].商业会计，2009.055. 吴志坤现代中小企业成本控制创新分析[J]. 会计之友2009.076. 蒋银花关于中小企业成本控制的思考[J].科技情报开发及经济2009.017. 周琦浅谈中小企业成本控制[J].青海科技 2008.058. 许华闫晓军中小企业成本控制的战略研究[J].商场现代化2007.099. 沈小斌中小企业成本控制浅析[J].今日工程机械2006.1110. 赵宇王满萍中小企业成本控制问题研究[J]. 知识经济2008.0311. 杨嵘姚映东科技型中小企业成本控制浅析[J]. 集团科技研究2007.0812. 张晓慧中小企业人力资源成本控制的研究[J].中小企业管理与科技2009.03,2554。

成本管理外文文献China＇s Enterprise Cost Management Analysis and Countermeasures Abstract: With the progress and China＇s traditional Cost Management model difficult to adapt to an increasingly competitive market environment. This paper exists in our country a number of Cost Management and finally put forward to address these issues a number of measures to strengthen Cost Management. Keywords:: Cost Management measures In a market economy conditions, as the global economic integration, the development of increasingly fierce market competition, corporate profit margins shrinking. In this case, the level of high and low business costs directly determines the size of an enterprise profitability and competitive strength. Therefore, strengthen enterprise Cost Management business has become an inevitable choice for the survival and development. First, the reality of China＇s Enterprise Cost Management Analysis Cost Management in our country after years of development, has made many achievements, but now faces a new environment, China＇s Cost Management has also exposed some new problems, mainly in the following aspects: (A) Cost Management concept behind the Chinese enterprises lag behind the concept of Cost Management in pervasive phenomenon, mainly in Cost Management of the scope, purpose and means from time to biased. Many enterprises will continue to limit the scope of Cost Management within the enterprise or even only the production process at the expense of other related companies and related fields cost behavior management. We supply side, for example. The supply side of the price of the product cost of doing business, one of the most important motives. As the supply side of the price of the product and its cost plus profit, so the supply side of price in the form of its own costs to the enterprise. However, some enterprises to the supply side too much rock bottom price, as their source of high profits, without considering each other＇s interests, resulting in supply-side to conceal their true costs, price increase in disguise. This increase in procurement costs, thereby increasing commodity costs, making goods less competitive. The purpose of Cost Management from the point of view, many enterprises confined to lower costs, but less from the perspective of cost-effectiveness of the effectiveness of the means of cost reduction mainly rely on savings, can not be cost-effective. In traditional Cost Management, Cost Management purposes has been reduced to cut costs, saving has become the basic means to reduce costs. From the perspective of Cost Management to analyze the Cost Management of this goal, not difficult to find cost-reduction is conditional and limits, and in some cases, control of costs, could lead to product quality and enterprise efficiency decline. In addition, the vast majority of enterprises in the overall concept of lack of Cost Management. Most companies have a common phenomenon, that is, to rely on finance staff to manage costs. In the implementation of Cost Management process, some companies focus only on cost accounting; some business leaders only concerned about the financial and cost statements, using the number of statements to management costs. Although such an approach to reduce the cost to a certain role, but the final analysis, cost accounting, or ex post facto control, failed to do in advance of cost control and occurrence of process control, can not be replaced costing Cost Management. (B) Cost Management obsolete First of all, from a Cost Management in general and ways of looking at, not really formed, thesystem＇s Cost Management methodology, from speaking, we have proposed the establishment of including cost projections, the cost of decision-making, cost planning, cost accounting, cost control, cost analysis, etc. In the within the new Cost Management system, but how to make this methodology in a scientific, systematic, forming an organic links there are many problems. Secondly, the specific method of Cost Management perspective, According to the survey, 57% of the enterprises use varieties of France, 48% of companies use sub-step. The development trend of current world production of many varieties of small batch production mode, this mode of production batches law applies to product cost. Currently, only 2% of China＇s enterprises to adopt this method to calculate, which indicates that the organization of production in China is still relatively extensive, paid insufficient attention to the consumer＇s personality. Finally, from a Cost Management tool to see, even though some enterprises to enter the computerized stage, but the cost of application management module level is not high, and many enterprises are still the manual accounting, in a modern way of technology, Information, and this is bound to constrain business further enhance the level of Cost Management, it is difficult to meet the modern Cost Management of cost Information provided by the timeliness, comprehensiveness, accuracy requirements. (C) the cost Information, a serious distortion of In China, there are a considerable number of enterprises there is the cost of the case Information is untrue, and this situation is getting worse. Cost Information distortion is mainly caused by the following reasons: First, costing only a focus on materials, labor, manufacturing overhead, ignoring the growing increase in the modern enterprise product development, the middle of testing and trial-and after-sales service on a small group of input costs associated with the content of the product was incomplete, does not correctly evaluate the products in the the whole process of life-cycle cost-effectiveness. The second is distortion caused by improper costing methods. A high degree of labor-intensive enterprises in the past years, the accounting of the simple assumption (that is, the number of direct labor hours or production basis for the allocation of indirect costs), usually do not cause serious distortions in product costs. But in a modern manufacturing environment, the proportion of direct labor costs declined significantly, a substantial increase in the proportion of manufacturing costs, and then use the traditional method of cost computation will produce irrational behavior, the use of traditional costing will lead to serious distortions in product cost information to enable enterprises to operate the mistake of choosing the direction of products. Third, to achieve the purpose of artificially adjust the cost of a number of hidden losses caused by a serious, corporate virtual surplus real loss. In China, some enterprises do not increase because of Cost Management, but in order to achieve improper goals or interest to do so at the cost of the external disclosure of false information. Study its causes and performance: business managers in order to gloss over its management performance, to investors, especially medium and small shareholders have a good explanation to take virtual cut costs, inflated benefits, such as Joan China source event, Guangxia event; some private enterprises do not even pay taxes in order to tax less, false purchase invoices, virtual offset value-addedtax; inflated costs, pay less corporate income tax; a number of enterprise Cost Management is in chaos, infrastructure work is not solid, it is difficult to accurately account for product costs, and thus disclosed the cost of information is not accurate. (D) internal Cost Management of the establishment of the main mistakes Cost of production and operation activities, a comprehensive index covering all aspects of management, but also involves all levels of personnel. However, a long time, people have been the existence of a bias, the Cost Management as a finance officer for a small number of managers patents, that the cost-effectiveness should be handled by business leaders and finance staff and to all workshops, departments, teams and groups of workers only as a producer, resulting in control costs, understand technology, understand technology, understand the financial, the majority of the workers as to which costs should be controlled, how to control problems have no intention also were unable to say in the cost-conscious indifference. Workers that Ganhaoganhuai a sample, feel market pressures, cost control initiative can not be mobilized, serious waste, mainly in energy and materials, the next material without careful planning, the next corner does not make full use of materials, energy and run , risk, dripping, and leak is serious. Cost Management of the main mistakes made to establish the Cost Management business has lost the management of large groups of promise, of course, Cost Management work is not really achieve good results. Second, strengthen enterprise Cost Management measures Cost Management for Chinese Enterprises in the problems, we should start the following efforts to strengthen Cost Management: (A) the introduction of new ideas - the use of strategic Cost Management Strategic management is central to the sustained competitive advantage for businesses, competitive advantage is the core of any Strategy, it ultimately comes from enterprises to create value for customers, this value must exceed the costs of enterprises to create it. An enterprise to gain a competitive advantage need to make a choice, that is, enterprises must strive for what would be an advantage, and to what extent the problem for superiority to make a choice. This requires the introduction of strategic management of Cost Management thinking, to achieve a strategic sense of the extensions to form a strategic Cost Management. Strategic Cost Management refers to management of the specialized approach provides an analysis of the enterprise itself and its competitors information to assist managers and evaluation of the formation of corporate Strategy, thereby creating a competitive advantage in order to meet enterprises to effectively adapt to constantly changing external environment. (B) establish a new concept 1, establish a system management concepts, the implementation of a comprehensive, whole process of Cost Management The content and scope of the cost of doing business should not be confined to areas of production, management needs to be with the change, and as the development of management development. Cost Management should be comprehensive, the whole process, and at the design stage till the development planning stage should begin to reduce the cost of activities. Modern enterprise Cost Management should include the impact on cost changes in all aspects of the projections to penetrate the enterprise, decision-making, technology, sales and other areas in all aspects of the enterprise expansion. 2, establish the concept of cost-effectiveness, cost forecasting anddecision-making levels Enterprises can not succeed in the market for greater profits, they must establish the cost of determining the market concept, give full play to the cost of policy-making functions. Cost Management and enterprise＇s overall effectiveness should also be linked to the concept of dynamic cost-effective approach to cost and control issues, from the comparative analysis of input and output to look into the necessity and rationality of the enterprise from the perspective of efficiency to determine the increases or decreases in order to conduct a cost benefit as the center of the dynamic management. 3, establish a sense of innovation, technology and insist on combining The vitality lies in its continued innovation, and enterprises should seize the pulse of the market, seeking mechanism innovation, vibrancy, increase scientific and technological input, and the effective use of new technologies, new equipment, new processes and new materials, relying on technology to reduce product cost. Meanwhile, cost accounting should be considered in the scientific and technological content of products, including the cost to go to facilitate enterprises to the correct decision. The formation of the product cost, the technical factors, plays an important role, to improve Cost Management, we must implement the technology-driven economic principle of combining. 4, establish a people-oriented concept, create a cohesive force in enterprise People do not simply a tool for wealth creation, but an enterprise＇s largest capital, assets, resources and wealth, the main body of the enterprise, is the main Cost Management is to determine the cost of key factors. Therefore, to establish a people-oriented management thinking, and arouse people＇s intellectual factors, train and develop people＇s ability to work, so that employees and managers on an equal footing and enjoy the same participation in power, the humanistic, democratic management thinking throughout the enterprise management process from beginning to end, so that enterprises can truly become a democratic, humane organizations, from the human heart in order to stimulate everyone＇s sense of responsibility and willing to devote themselves masters of the spiritual power. (C) the introduction of advanced Cost Management - activity-based costing and cost-planning method Since the cost of the early 20th century inception, he has appeared ＇standard cost＇, ＇budget control＇, ＇difference＇, ＇cost-of-state analysis＇, ＇variable cost method＇, ＇volume-profit analysis＇, ＇responsibility accounting＇, etc. a series of traditional cost accounting methods. However, in today＇s increasingly competitive market economy, the traditional cost accounting methods have fatal defects, thus creating an activity-based costing and cost-planning method. 1, Activity-Based Costing Activity-Based Costing is based on ＇cost driver＇ as the fundamental basis of a cost-accounting methods. Its basic principle is that consumption of output operations, operations consume resources. In the product cost, it will be the focus from the traditional ＇products＇ move to ＇work＇ on to work for the accounting object, and the first motivation of resources based on resource allocation of costs to the job, and then tracked by the activity driver products, the final product obtained costs. It is customer-oriented chain, to the value chain as the center of the business ＇operational procedures＇fundamental and thorough reform, emphasizing the coordination of corporate internal and external customer relations, starting fromthe enterprise as a whole, coordinating the various departments and links the relationship between the ask enterprises to material supply, production and marketing aspects of the operations form a continuous, synchronous＇s ＇workflow＇, the elimination of all can not increase the value of the operation, so that enterprises in the state continued to improve and promote enterprise-wide optimization, establishing competitive advantage. 2, cost planning method The cost of planning the basic ideas: (1) to full life-cycle-based, market-oriented development of target cost. Basic formula is: target cost=expected market price - target profit. (2) product design stage the cost of squeezing. This process can be expressed as the cost of the ＇Settings - decomposition - to achieve - (re-setting) - (re-decomposition) - (another achievement) - ... ...＇, and repeatedly as well as endless, until it reaches target cost. (3) the cost of production at the manufacturing stage decomposition and pressure transmission. The target cost pressures refined to teams and groups, and even individuals and vendors. (4) pre-production phase of the feedback control. Through trial and feedback from the production process and timely leak fill a vacancy, strengthen internal management, improve cost control management through a variety of incentive measures to make the cost of the ideological objectives of planning can be the greatest degree of implementation. (5) The target cost optimization. Product to meet the needs of market competition must be constantly adjusted and optimized so that the cost of setting goals to keep up with the pace of technological and market changes, so that the cost of the entire planning process to form a complete cycle, continuous improvement, and constantly perfect, and always be able to adapt to the changing market. (Iv) computer technology in Enterprise Cost Management At present, the computer is an indispensable tool for economic life, to modern information technology-based Cost Management Cost Management information system has become a symbol of modernization. 1, the software application LOTUS, EXCEL and other spreadsheet software has a powerful form processing, database management and statistical charts processing functions, is commonly used office automation software. They do not have programming, flexible and convenient, the use of low cost, high efficiency, use of these software can be easily and quickly assist management in cost projections, decision-making, and can control the process of implementation of the monitoring analysis, received good results. Businesses can combine their own characteristics, commissioned by software developers for their costs of developing a more professional management software. 2, the application of The network has a strong scalability, enables the sharing of resources, improve efficiency and reduce costs. Internal and external Internet connection of the timely transmission of a variety of cost information, and can interactively communicate with the outside world, learn from each other and promote the application of various Cost Management techniques to achieve Cost Management objectives. (E) to take measures to ensure cost-effective information Companies should establish a sound internal control system, through accounting and other business processes control, help reduce the occurrence of the phenomenon of accounting information Cuobi to a certain extent, the accounting and other information to ensure true and reliable. For example, a good internal control system, required documents must be recorded against previous audit,the certificate of transfer must follow certain procedures, to the reconciliation table cards and checking accounts. Through these means of control, it is possible to reduce the incidence of errors to ensure the accuracy and reliability of accounting information and thus the basis for cost accounting and management information is reliable. Enterprises also need to improve the management and accounting staff of professional ethics. The main body of the implementation of the system is the enterprise managers and decision-making participation in the operation of accounting personnel, in the generation and provision of relevant information, on one hand to enhance the legal awareness, on the one hand to enhance the sense of moral self-discipline, strengthen the moral sense of responsibility and sense of responsibility to maintain professional conscience, economic objectives of enterprises and managers to enhance the double moral standards. In addition to strengthen the market research and information feedback in the Cost Management applications. Information as a business activity is an important factor in the cost management an integral part of. With economic development, enterprise cost management level, with the development of the situation can improve, operation can proceed smoothly, to a large extent also depends on the level of the cost of feedback. Therefore, the enterprise cost management must also adapt to this objective, continually improve the level of information management, seize the opportunity to truly become the strong market competition. 中国企业成本管理的现状分析与对策摘要随着中国所取得的进展，中国传统的成本管理模式已经难以适应竞争日益激烈的市场环境。

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成本管理外文文献及翻译-中国企业成本管理的现状分析与对策China's Enterprise Cost Management Analysis and CountermeasuresAbstract: With the progress and China's traditional Cost Management model difficult to adapt to an increasingly competitive market environment. This paper exists in our country a number of Cost Management and finally put forward to address these issues a number of measures to strengthen Cost ManagementKeywords:: Cost Management measuresIn a market economy conditions, as the global economic integration, the development of increasingly fierce market competition, corporate profit margins shrinking. In this case, the level of high and low business costs directly determines the size of an enterprise profitability and competitive strength. Therefore, strengthen enterprise Cost Management business has become an inevitable choice for the survival and developmentFirst, the reality of China's Enterprise Cost Management AnalysisCost Management in our country after years of development, has made many achievements, but now faces a new environment, China's Cost Management has also exposed some new problems, mainly in the following aspects:A Cost Management concept behind theChinese enterprises lag behind the concept of Cost Management in pervasive phenomenon, mainly in Cost Management of the scope, purpose and means from time to biased. Many enterprises will continue to limit the scope of Cost Management within the enterprise or even only the production process at the expense of other related companies and related fields cost behavior management. We supply side, for example. The supply side of the price of the product cost of doing business, one of the most important motives. As the supply side of the price of the product and its cost plus profit, so the supply side of price in the form of its own costs to the enterprise. However, some enterprises to the supply side too much rock bottom price, as their source of high profits, without considering each other's interests, resulting in supply-side to conceal their true costs, price increase in disguise. This increase in procurement costs, thereby increasing commodity costs, making goods less competitive.The purpose of Cost Management from the point of view, many enterprises confined to lower costs, but less from the perspective of cost-effectiveness of the effectiveness of the means of cost reduction mainly rely on savings, can not be cost-effective. In traditional Cost Management, Cost Management purposes has been reduced to cut costs, saving has become the basic means to reduce costs. From the perspective of Cost Management to analyze the Cost Management of this goal, not difficult tofind cost-reduction is conditional and limits, and in some cases, control of costs, could lead to product quality and enterprise efficiency declineIn addition, the vast majority of enterprises in the overall concept of lack of Cost Management. Most companies have a common phenomenon, that is, to rely on finance staff to manage costs. In the implementation of Cost Management process, some companies focus only on cost accounting; some business leaders only concerned about the financial and cost statements, using the number of statements to management costs. Although such an approach to reduce the cost to a certain role, but the final analysis, cost accounting, or ex post facto control, failed to do in advance of cost control and occurrence of process control, can not be replaced costing Cost ManagementB Cost Management obsolete First of all, from a Cost Management in general and ways of looking at, not really formed, the system's Cost Management methodology, from speaking, we have proposed the establishment of including cost projections, the cost of decision-making, cost planning, cost accounting, cost control, cost analysis, etc. In the within the new Cost Management system, but how to make this methodology in a scientific, systematic, forming an organic links there are many problemsSecondly, the specific method of Cost Management perspective, According to the survey, 55.7% of the enterprises use varieties of France, 42.8% of companies use sub-step. The development trend of current world production of many varieties ofsmall batch production mode, this mode of production batches law applies to product cost. Currently, only 6.2% of China's enterprises to adopt this method to calculate, which indicates that the organization of production in China is still relatively extensive, paid insufficient attention to the consumer's personalityFinally, from a Cost Management tool to see, even though some enterprises to enter the computerized stage, but the cost of application management module level is not high, and many enterprises are still the manual accounting, in a modern way of technology, Information, and this is bound to constrain business further enhance the level of Cost Management, it is difficult to meet the modern Cost Management of cost Information provided by the timeliness, comprehensiveness, accuracy requirementsC the cost Information, a serious distortion ofIn China, there are a considerable number of enterprises there is the cost of the case Information is untrue, and this situation is getting worse. Cost Information distortion is mainly caused by the following reasons: First, costing only a focus on materials, labor, manufacturing overhead, ignoring the growing increase in the modern enterprise product development, the middle of testing and trial-and after-sales service on a small group of input costs associated with the content of the product was incomplete, does not correctly evaluate the products in the the whole process of life-cycle cost-effectivenessThe second is distortion causedby improper costing methods. A high degree of labor-intensive enterprises in the past years, the accounting of the simple assumption that is, the number of direct labor hours or production basis for the allocation of indirect costs, usually do not cause serious distortions in product costs. But in a modern manufacturing environment, the proportion of direct labor costs declined significantly, a substantial increase in the proportion of manufacturing costs, and then use the traditional method of cost computation will produce irrational behavior, the use of traditional costing will lead to serious distortions in product cost information to enable enterprises to operate the mistake of choosing the direction of productsThird, to achieve the purpose of artificially adjust the cost of a number of hidden losses caused by a serious, corporate virtual surplus real loss. In China, some enterprises do not increase because of Cost Management, but in order to achieve improper goals or interest to do so at the cost of the external disclosure of false information. Study its causes and performance: business managers in order to gloss over its management performance, to investors, especially medium and small shareholders have a good explanation to take virtual cut costs, inflated benefits, such as Joan China source event, Guangxia event; some private enterprises do not even pay taxes in order to tax less, false purchase invoices, virtual offset value-added tax; inflated costs, pay less corporate income tax; a number of enterprise Cost Management is in chaos,infrastructure work is not solid, it is difficult to accurately account for product costs, and thus disclosed the cost of information is not accurate. D internal Cost Management of the establishment of the main mistakesCost of production and operation activities, a comprehensive index covering all aspects of management, but also involves all levels of personnel. However, a long time, people have been the existence of a bias, the Cost Management as a finance officer for a small number of managers patents, that the cost-effectiveness should be handled by business leaders and finance staff and to all workshops, departments, teams and groups of workers only as a producer, resulting in control costs, understand technology, understand technology, understand the financial, the majority of the workers as to which costs should be controlled, how to control problems have no intention also were unable to say in the cost-conscious indifference. Workers that Ganhaoganhuai a sample, feel market pressures, cost control initiative can not be mobilized, serious waste, mainly in energy and materials, the next material without careful planning, the next corner does not make full use of materials, energy and run , risk, dripping, and leak is serious. Cost Management of the main mistakes made to establish the Cost Management business has lost the management of large groups of promise, of course, Cost Management work is not really achieve good resultsSecond, strengthen enterprise CostManagement measuresCost Management for Chinese Enterprises in the problems, we should start the following efforts to strengthen Cost Management:A the introduction of new ideas - the use of strategic Cost ManagementStrategic management is central to the sustained competitive advantage for businesses, competitive advantage is the core of any Strategy, it ultimately comes from enterprises to create value for customers, this value must exceed the costs of enterprises to create it. An enterprise to gain a competitive advantage need to make a choice, that is, enterprises must strive for what would be an advantage, and to what extent the problem for superiority to make a choice. This requires the introduction of strategic management of Cost Management thinking, to achieve a strategic sense of the extensions to form a strategic Cost Management. Strategic Cost Management refers to management of the specialized approach provides an analysis of the enterprise itself and its competitors information to assist managers and evaluation of the formation of corporate Strategy, thereby creating a competitive advantage in order to meet enterprises to effectively adapt to constantly changing external environmentB establish a new concept1, establish a system management concepts, the implementation of a comprehensive, whole process of Cost ManagementThe content and scope of the cost of doing business should not beconfined to areas of production, management needs to be with the change, and as the development of management development. Cost Management should be comprehensive, the whole process, and at the design stage till the development planning stage should begin to reduce the cost of activities. Modern enterprise Cost Management should include the impact on cost changes in all aspects of the projections to penetrate the enterprise, decision-making, technology, sales and other areas in all aspects of the enterprise expansion2, establish the concept of cost-effectiveness, cost forecasting and decision-making levelsEnterprises can not succeed in the market for greater profits, they must establish the cost of determining the market concept, give full play to the cost of policy-making functions. Cost Management and enterprise's overall effectiveness should also be linked to the concept of dynamic cost-effective approach to cost and control issues, from the comparative analysis of input and output to look into the necessity and rationality of the enterprise from the perspective of efficiency to determine the increases or decreases in order to conduct a cost benefit as the center of the dynamic management3, establish a sense of innovation, technology and insist on combiningThe vitality lies in its continued innovation, and enterprises should seize the pulse of the market, seeking mechanism innovation, vibrancy, increase scientific and technological input, and the effective use of newtechnologies, new equipment, new processes and new materials, relying on technology to reduce product cost. Meanwhile, cost accounting should be considered in the scientific and technological content of products, including the cost to go to facilitate enterprises to the correct decision. The formation of the product cost, the technical factors, plays an important role, to improve Cost Management, we must implement the technology-driven economic principle of combining4, establish a people-oriented concept, create a cohesive force in enterprise People do not simply a tool for wealth creation, but an enterprise's largest capital, assets, resources and wealth, the main body of the enterprise, is the main Cost Management is to determine the cost of key factors. Therefore, to establish a people-oriented management thinking, and arouse people's intellectual factors, train and develop people's ability to work, so that employees and managers on an equal footing and enjoy the same participation in power, the humanistic, democratic management thinking throughout the enterprise management process from beginning to end, so that enterprises can truly become a democratic, humane organizations, from the human heart in order to stimulate everyone's sense of responsibility and willing to devote themselves masters of the spiritual powerC the introduction of advanced Cost Management - activity-based costing and cost-planning method Since the cost of the early 20th century inception, he has appeared'standard cost', 'budget control', 'difference', 'cost-of-state analysis', 'variable cost method', 'volume-profit analysis', 'responsibility accounting', etc. a series of traditional cost accounting methods. However, in today's increasingly competitive market economy, the traditional cost accounting methods have fatal defects, thus creating an activity-based costing and cost-planning method1, Activity-Based Costing Activity-Based Costing is based on 'cost driver' as the fundamental basis of a cost-accounting methods. Its basic principle is that consumption of output operations, operations consume resources. In the product cost, it will be the focus from the traditional 'products' move to 'work' on to work for the accounting object, and the first motivation of resources based on resource allocation of costs to the job, and then tracked by the activity driver products, the final product obtained costs. It is customer-oriented chain, to the value chain as the center of the business 'operational procedures' fundamental and thorough reform, emphasizing the coordination of corporate internal and external customer relations, starting from the enterprise as a whole, coordinating the various departments and links the relationship between the ask enterprises to material supply, production and marketing aspects of the operations form a continuous, synchronous's 'workflow', the elimination of all can not increase the value of the operation, so that enterprises in the state continued to improve and promote enterprise-wideoptimization, establishing competitive advantage2, cost planning method The cost of planning the basic ideas: 1 to full life-cycle-based, market-oriented development of target cost. Basic formula is: target cost expected market price - target profit. 2 product design stage the cost of squeezing. This process can be expressed as the cost of the 'Settings - decomposition - to achieve - re-setting - re-decomposition - another achievement -..', and repeatedly as well as endless, until it reaches target cost. 3 the cost of production at the manufacturing stage decomposition and pressure transmission. The target cost pressures refined to teams and groups, and even individuals and vendors. 4 pre-production phase of the feedback control. Through trial and feedback from the production process and timely leak fill a vacancy, strengthen internal management, improve cost control management through a variety of incentive measures to make the cost of the ideological objectives of planning can be the greatest degree of implementation. 5 The target cost optimization. Product to meet the needs of market competition must be constantly adjusted and optimized so that the cost of setting goals to keep up with the pace of technological and market changes, so that the cost of the entire planning process to form a complete cycle, continuous improvement, and constantly perfect, and always be able to adapt to the changing marketIv computer technology in Enterprise Cost Management At present, the computer is an indispensable tool for economic life,to modern information technology-based Cost Management Cost Management information system has become a symbol of modernization1, the software applicationLOTUS, EXCEL and other spreadsheet software has a powerful form processing, database management and statistical charts processing functions, is commonly used office automation software. They do not have programming, flexible and convenient, the use of low cost, high efficiency, use of these software can be easily and quickly assist management in cost projections, decision-making, and can control the process of implementation of the monitoring analysis, received good results. Businesses can combine their own characteristics, commissioned by software developers for their costs of developing a more professional management software2, the application ofThe network has a strong scalability, enables the sharing of resources, improve efficiency and reduce costs. Internal and external Internet connection of the timely transmission of a variety of cost information, and can interactively communicate with the outside world, learn from each other and promote the application of various Cost Management techniques to achieve Cost Management objectivesE to take measures to ensure cost-effective informationCompanies should establish a sound internal control system, through accounting and other business processes control, help reduce theoccurrence of the phenomenon of accounting information Cuobi to a certain extent, the accounting and other information to ensure true and reliable. For example, a good internal control system, required documents must be recorded against previous audit, the certificate of transfer must follow certain procedures, to the reconciliation tab。

项目成本控制外文文献原文Project Budget Monitor and ControlWith the marketing competitiveness growing,it is more and more critical in budget control of each project。

This paper discusses that in the construction phase，how can a project manager be successful in budget control.There are many methods discussed in this paper，it reveals that to be successful, the project manager must concern all this methods.1。

INTRODUCTIONThe survey shows that most project encounter cost over-runs （Williams Ackermann，Eden，2002，p192)。

According to Wright （1997）'s research, a good rule of thumb is to add a minimum of 50% to the first estimate of the budget(Gardiner and Stewart，1998，p251)。

It indicates that project is very complex and full of challenge.Many unexpected issues will lead the project cost over—runs.Therefore，many technologies and methods are developed for successful monitoring and control to lead the project to success.In this article,we will discuss in the construction phase,how can a project manager to be successful budget control.2。

成本管理论文英文范文管理论文涉及的领域非常广泛，包括工商管理、企业管理、行政管理、人力资源管理、信息管理、财务管理等诸多方面。

管理论文实用性强，主要依托于管理理论的指导，运用全球化战略思维，借鉴国际上先进的管理经验，从企业战略的规划和制定到资产资本的运营，从人力资源的管理调配到企业的管理模式等等，今天店铺为大家精心准备的是：成本管理论文相关英文范文。

具体内容如下，欢迎阅读和参考!成本管理英文论文全文如下：[Abstract] To improve the the highway management thesis "target =" _blank "> Cost management level, first to seriously carry out cost projections, planning level cost for a certain period and cost targets, comparative analysis of the various options to achieve cost targets, to make the most effective cost decisions. then cost decisions, prepare cost plans, and as a basis for cost control, enhance the day-to-day cost of the audit work, to discover and to overcome the loss of waste, establish and improve the cost-accounting system and the basic system, the strict implementation of the range of costs to strengthen the work of analysis and assessment of cost and fair evaluation of the various departments of the cost management performance, encourage enterprises to constantly improve cost management methods, and improve the overall level of enterprise cost management through high-speed The highway cost estimates, implementation of cost management systems, so as to effectively reduce costs, achieve cost targets.[Keywords] highway, cost control, cost management.And roads, highways unique modern communications, monitoring, charges, and rescue system facilities, efficient, safe,and economic characteristics of the construction investment is much greater than the ordinary road, huge repayment pressure. Therefore, the highway management must pay close attention to the real office continue to improve economic efficiency. Increase economic efficiency mainly two ways: a toll increase revenue and reduce costs. Increase toll revenue by increasing traffic volumes and increases in toll prices are influenced by the development of regional economic conditions and the external economic environment. Therefore, improve Expressway economic efficiency is the most effective approach is to strengthen cost management, and reduce costs.First, changing concepts, improve cost management awareness.Province highway management mode using managed separately from the balance of payments, that income is all turned over spending allocated by superiors planned this management mode, the employees will have the erroneous belief that the high and low cost with them income has little to do with the in-depth reform of our transportation system, highway management began to implement enterprise management mode, the level of economic efficiency of enterprises directly related to the employee's income, so in order to adapt to the need for reform, the staff must change our wrong concept of consciousness establish a new market concept, cost concept and effective concept, improve cost management awareness.Second, the implementation of a comprehensive cost management, and reduce costs.Cost management involves broad, so to reduce the cost of comprehensive cost management.The various components of a comprehensive cost management cost management aspects including cost forecast, planning, decision-making, control, accounting, inspection and appraisal. Implementation of a comprehensive cost management, from management links to the full implementation of these aspects, and runs through the entire management process. tap the potential to reduce costs so that we can more timely and effective manner.2. Internal cost management. Implementation of a comprehensive cost management, including comprehensive cost management space and time on a comprehensive cost management, while the latter is on the impact of the cost of the whole process of management, in highway cost management, not only to manage the whole process of the formation of road maintenance costs, but also to manage the whole process of formation of the levy cost.Highway we should start at the design stage to predict the cost of all aspects of mining the potential to reduce costs in the the purchased construction of facilities on cost management, in addition to considering the purchase cost, and should also be the period of use of the entire facility repair, maintenance and other costs taken into account, the comprehensive comparison of what the costs are to choose the best option.3 of all members of the enterprise internal cost management. Comprehensive cost management space, refers to all members of internal cost management. Managed object in addition to the full-time staff of the finance department, also including the various departments of the facilities department, collection department, personnel department full-time cost management and all the staff. highway enterprise departments eachemployee's work performance will directly or indirectly affect costs, it is necessary to mobilize the enthusiasm of all the staff of the various departments, to guide them to participate in cost management this economic responsibility must be implemented within the enterprise, responsibility cost management, cost indicators combine management and economic responsibility, the responsibility to reflect the economic cost points fall on the departments, teams and individuals, so that in this motivation, partially responsible for the cost, so that we can better explore the potential to reduce costs.Links to free papers Download Center Third, do the analysis of the cost projections to improve the level of planned cost.Planned cost forecast analysis is an important part of the cost management, cost projections into the unknown factors in the operation and management of known factors, help managers improve alertness, reduce blindness plan to continuously improve the level of cost management , managers at the same time easy to choose the best option to make the right decisions.1. Well formulated plan stage cost projections must be carried out in order to formulate the right plan costs, and a clear direction and ways of reducing costs, the cost projections. In developing the plan, it is necessary to make a correct assessment of the external economic and operating conditions, predicted on the basis of cost levels and trends. Example, in drawing up the annual cost of the scheme, to take full account of the traffic volume of the external economic development changes and equipment, materials, impact of price changes on the cost of collection, facilities maintenance cost.Plan the implementation of the process of cost projectionsto the smooth realization of the cost of the scheme to achieve cost targets, it is necessary to plan the implementation of the process of cost projections For example, in the course of the implementation of the scheme, to conscientiously sum up the previous cost plan completion of new situations that may arise in the next stage, the gap between projected costs and develop appropriate measures to ensure the completion of the planned cost.Fourth, strengthen cost control, cost targets.Cost control is the cost formation process to detect the problem and take appropriate measures to reduce the waste of loss phenomenon, so that the business process consuming controlled within the range of the original plan, and, in the process, constantly sum up experience, and constantly improved control measures to reduce costs, in order to ensure the greatest degree of cost targets.Correct formulation of the target cost. Formulation of the total target cost through cost forecasting analysis and fixed targets in accordance with the overall goal of cost to the various departments, various aspects of decomposition. Example, cost projections, the total cost of the development of a highway management at year 1000 million, of which the cost of collection 300 million; special conservation project cost 2.8 million yuan, facilities maintenance and road maintenance costs 2.7 million yuan, the cost of administrative expenses of 1.5 million yuan. continue disintegrated before the various cost items, subdivided fixed targets.2. Establish a responsibility system for target cost. Target cost accountability, clear personal responsibility and authority to implement the responsibility cost index, and do a good job in theresponsibility for the cost calculation, recording and incentive.For example, the decomposition of the target cost management department, management department and then target cost decomposition to the toll station and the relevant departments to implement the target cost responsibility system of management at every level, the cost of collection is broken down to each toll station, the cost of maintenance engineering decomposed into conservation at the cost but also progressively broken down to personal management, who manages to who is responsible, and executed by the target cost is directly related to the economic benefits of the responsible person, rewards and punishments, the goal to reduce the cost of implement.. Strict approval procedures of the costs in the cost of the process to strict examination and approval unreasonable expenditure of disapproval, to put an end to overspending. Strict implementation of the project cost of the project to open bidding system, the implementation of financial, conservation and other multi-sectoral joint project budget the audit countersigned by the acceptance of the completion of works to strengthen the inspection of the project amount and quality of the project. oversight mechanisms to invest in large projects, it is best to implement third-party supervision, in order to improve the quality of the project and reduce the cost of the project.4. Strengthen the analysis and assessment of the costs, rewards and punishments. Regularly compare actual costs and planned cost gap analysis of cost savings or cost overruns, to determine the attribution of responsibility, on the specific responsibilities of the department or person responsible for assessment and evaluation results with responsible departments or persons responsible for the performance-related rewardoutstanding results, insufficient punishment. lessons learned in a timely manner, to promote good experience, to correct the problems and deficiencies promptly find the cause and take effective measures, in order to achieve reduced cost.V. Conclusion.Cost is an important indicator to reflect the level of production and operation management of the personnel involved in cost management is not limited to full-time management staff, should be spread to all sectors of production and management personnel, but also to play the whole grass-roots enthusiasm of the staff, implementation of a comprehensive cost management, the only way to maximize the potential of mining enterprises to reduce costs, and improve the overall level of cost management.References:[1] Peng Chunli On the highway of Economics and Management in China [J] high-tech enterprises in China, 2009, (24:30-31[2] Li Xiaofeng. Freeway Management System model study [J] Traffic World, 2005, (01[3] the Sun Mao wide. Engineering changes in the cost management [J]. Shanxi Architecture, 2008,04[4] Leiying summer. Highway engineering material price fluctuations and treatment measures [J]. Shanxi Transportation Research, 2008,03[5] Liu Li, leap Wink, JIA Yong Beijing highway construction projects spread adjustment method of [J]. Jilin Transportation Research, Jan. 2009Links to free papers Download Center 中文翻译：【摘要】要提高高速公路的管理论文" target="_blank">成本管理水平，首先要认真开展成本预测工作，规划某个时期的成本水平和成本目标，对比分析实现成本目标的各种方案，做出最有效的成本决策。