2018版高考英语二轮教师用书：第1部分 专题1 类型3 科普知识含解析

类型4| 人物传记[经典案例分析](2017·浙江高考·A)Benjamin West，the father of American painting，showed his talent for art when he was only six years of age.But he did not know about brushes before a visitor told him he needed one.In those days，a brush was made from camel's hair.There were no camels nearby.Benjamin decided that cat hair would work instead.He cut some fur from the family cat to make a brush.The brush did not last long.Soon Benjamin needed more fur.Before long，the cat began to look ragged(蓬乱)．His father said that the cat must be sick.Benjamin was forced to admit what he had been doing.The cat's lot was about to improve.That year，one of Benjamin's cousins，Mr.Pennington，came to visit.He was impressed with Benjamin's drawings.When he went home，he sent Benjamin a box of paint and some brushes.He also sent six engravings(版画)by an artist.These were the first pictures and first real paint and brushes Benjamin had ever seen.In 1747，when Benjamin was nine years old，Mr.Pennington returned for another visit.He was amazed at what Benjamin had done with his gift.He asked Benjamin's parents if he might take the boy back to Philadelphia for a visit.In the city，Mr.Pennington gave Benjamin materials for creating oil paintings. The boy began a landscape(风景) painting.William Williams，a well-known painter，came to see him work.Williams was impressed with Benjamin and gave him two classic books on painting to take home.The books were long and dull.Benjamin could read only a little，having been a poor student.But he later said，“Those two books were my companions by day，and under my pillow at night.”While it is likely that heunderstood very little of the books，they were his introduction to classical paintings.The nine­year­old boy decided then that he would be an artist.【语篇解读】本文是一篇记叙文。

类型8| 社会生活(2017·浙江温州4月模拟)On Friday，March 13，28­year­old Genovese was returning home from work.Approaching her apartment，she was attacked by a man.Though she repeatedly called for help，none of the people in the neighborhood helped.The attack began at 3：20 am，but it was not until 3：50 am that someone first called the police.This is a most typical example of the bystander effect in psychology.The term bystander effect refers to the phenomenon in which the greater the number of people present is，the less likely people are to help a person in need.Two major factors contribute to the bystander effect.First，the presence of other people creates diffusion (分散) of responsibility.With other observers around，individuals (个体) do not feel much pressure to take action，since the responsibility to take action is thought to be shared among those present.The second reason is the need to behave in correct and socially acceptable ways.When other observers fail to react，individuals often take this as a signal that a response is not needed.Researchers have found that onlookers are less likely to act if the situation is ambiguous，where things are often confusing and not so clear.So what can you do to avoid falling into this trap? Psychologists suggest that simply being aware of this tendency is the greatest way to break the cycle.When you face a situation that requires action，you should understand the bystander effect andconsciously(有意识地) take action.But what if you are the person in need of assistance? One often-recommended approach is to single out one person from the crowd.Make eye contact and ask that individual specifically for help.By individualizing your request，it becomes much harder for people to turn you down. 24．The story of Genovese is to show ．A．the bystander effectB．the murderer's crueltyC．the neighbors' selfishnessD．the poor public security25．Onlookers fail to take action because the situation is ．A．urgent B．dangerousC．tense D．vague26．What should you do when you need help from bystanders in an accident?A．Make a polite request.B．Turn to a specific person.C．Become aware of the tendency.D．Stay away from possible danger.语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了旁观者效应。

专题三阅读理解(对应学生用书第42页)模式1| 细节理解题(对应学生用书第42页)(2017·江苏高考卷，A)56．What is CHRONOLOGICA according to the text?A．A biography.B．A travel guide.C．A history book. D．A science fiction.57．How does the writer recommend CHRONOL­OGICA to readers?A．By giving details of its collection.B．By introducing some of its contents.C．By telling stories at the beginning.D．By comparing it with other books.56.C[考查细节理解。

首先根据题干中的“CHRONOLOGICA”定位到第二段，从第二段的第一句“CHRONOLOGICA is a fascinating journey through time，from the foundation of Rome to the creation of the Internet.”可知，它与历史有关，再根据文中的“CHRONOLOGICA is an informative ...this book also gives an account”可知，它是一本书。

]57．B[考查细节理解。

根据文中的“Roman Emperor”“Spencer Perceval”“ThomasEdison and Alexander the Great”等可知，文章通过介绍一些具体的内容来向读者推荐这本书。

]A【导学号：25874026】(2017·镇江高三一模)Raise.meRaise.me is a neutral platform that allows sponsors and colleges to award Micro­Scholarships to students based on Colleges' and/or Sponsors' award criteria.By using the services，you should understand the following：Connecting with Users：·Educators may only connect with students from the schools or organizations that they serve，and may connect with an individual student only with that student's cators may also connect with colleges and sponsors via the services.·Students may only connect with educators from their own schools and organizations，and may connect with an individual educator only with that educator's permission.·Students may elect to follow sponsors via the services.Sponsors may only view the profiles(简介)of students who elect to follow them.Qualifying for Micro-Scholarships：·Students can earn Micro-Scholarships based on the courses and achievements they add to their profiles while they are in high school.·Students may only be awarded Micro­Scholarships from colleges and sponsors that they follow before the applicable College's and/or Sponsor's “Fo llow Deadline” for their class year，which is a date set by each college and sponsor and stated on such college's or sponsor's page on the services.Once a College's or Sponsor's Follow Deadline has passed，students who are seniors in high school may not continue to earn Micro-Scholarships from such college or sponsor.【语篇解读】本文是说明文。

第二讲非谓语动词(对应学生用书第6页)1．(2017·江苏高考卷)Many Chinese brands，________ their reputations over centuries，are facing new challenges from the modern market.A．having developed B．being developedC．developed D．developingA[考查非谓语动词。

句意：很多中国品牌历经几个世纪树立了声誉，它们正面临着当代市场带来的新挑战。

本句的主语“Many Chinese brands”与动词“develop”之间是主动关系，因此用现在分词，又根据句中的时间状语“over centuries”可知，此处应该使用现在分词的完成式。

故答案为A。

] 2．(2016·江苏高考卷)In art criticism，you must assume the artist has a secret message ________ within the work.A．to hide B．hiddenC．hiding D．being hiddenB[考查非谓语动词。

句意：在艺术评论中，你必须假设艺术家在作品中隐藏了一个秘密信息。

句中message与hide是逻辑上的被动关系，故用过去分词作后置定语。

]3．(2015·江苏高考卷)Much time ________ sitting at a desk，office workers are generally troubled by health problems.A．being spent B．having spentC．spent D．spendingC[考查非谓语动词。

句意：因为坐办公室的时间太长，所以工作人员一般都受健康问题的困扰。

句首用独立主格结构在句中作状语，表示原因。

专题三完形填空性价比最高的题型，但容易连续出错[2017年全国卷考情导向](对应学生用书第33页)技法1| 利用上下文暗示解题[解题技法分述]在多数空白前后的上下文中，会出现或多或少的设空依据，就是所谓的“伏笔”或“暗示”。

学生在阅读过程中会根据这些伏笔或暗示，或顺势对下文进行推测，或逆向对上文进行推导，心中往往能预判出答案，并且在阅读过程中对预想答案不断进行修正。

[经典案例分析][例1](2017·全国卷Ⅱ)In 1973，I was teaching elementary school.Each day，27 kids 41 “The Thinking Laboratory.”That was the42 students voted for after deciding that“Room 104”was too43 ．Freddy was an average 44 ，but not an average person.He had the rarebalance of fun and compassion(同情)．He would 45 the loudest over fun and be the saddest over anyone's 46 ．41．A.built B．enteredC．decorated D．ran42． B．ruleC．brand D．plan43．A.small B．darkC．strange D．dull44．A.scholar B．studentC．citizen D．worker45．A.speak B．singC．question D．laugh46．A.misfortune B．disbeliefC．dishonesty D．mistake解析：根据首句的“I was teaching”可推知，我是一位老师而Freddy应是一名普通的学生，故44空选B；根据第二段的“He had the rare balance of fun and compassion(同情)．”可知，Freddy在快乐和同情之间有罕见的平衡，由此可推知，遇到高兴的事情时他笑的声音最大，任何人遇到不幸时他是最悲伤的那个人，故45空选D，46空选A。

专题三完形填空【考情展示·考向预测】(对应学生用书第54页)技法1| 利用上下文暗示解题在多数空白前后的上下文中，会出现或多或少的设空依据，就是所谓的“伏笔”或“暗示”。

学生在阅读过程中会根据这些伏笔或暗示，或顺势对下文进行推测，或逆向对上文进行推导，心中往往能预判出答案，并且在阅读过程中对预判答案不断进行修正。

[例1](2017·浙江6月卷)Alia Baker is a librarian in Iraq.Her library used to be a 36 place for all who loved books and liked to share knowledge.They 37 various matters all over the world.When the war was near，Alia was 38 that the fires of war would destroy the books，which are more 39 to her than mountains of gold.36.A.meeting B.workingC.personalD.religious37.A.raised B.handledC.reportedD.discussed38.A.worried B.angryC.doubtfulD.curious39.A.practical B.preciousC.reliableD.expensive解析：根据后面的for all who loved books and liked to share knowledge可知，她的图书馆是那些喜爱读书且喜欢分享知识的人集会(meeting)的地方；人们在图书馆相聚，讨论(discussed)世界上发生的各种事情；根据前面的When the war was near 可知，艾丽娅担心(worried)战火会把这些书毁掉；根据后面的to her than mountains of gold可知，艾丽娅认为这些书比金山更要珍贵(precious)。

类型2| 故事轶闻[经典案例分析](2017·全国卷Ⅰ·B)I work with V olunteers for Wildlife，a rescue and education organization at Bailey Arboretum in Locust Valley.Trying to help injured，displaced or sick creatures can be heartbreaking；survival is never certain.However，when it works，it is simply beautiful.I got a rescue call from a woman in Muttontown.She had found a young owl(猫头鹰) on the ground.When I arrived，I saw a 2­to 3­week­old owl.It had already been placed in a carrier for safety.I examined the chick(雏鸟) and it seemed fine.If I could locate the nest，I might have been able to put it back，but no luck.My next work was to construct a nest and anchor it in a tree.The homeowner was very helpful.A wire basket was found.I put some pine branches into the basket to make this nest safe and comfortable.I placed the chick in the nest，and it quickly calmed down.Now all that was needed were the parents，but they were absent.I gave the homeowner a recording of the hunger screams of owl chicks.These advertise the presence of chicks to adults；they might also encourage our chick to start calling as well.I gave the owner as much information as possible and headed home to see what news the night might bring.A nervous night to be sure，but sometimes the spirits of nature smile on us all！The homeowner called to say that the parents had responded to the recordings.I drove over and saw the chick in the nest looking healthy and active.And it was accompaniedin the nest by the greatest sight of all—LUNCH！The parents had done their duty and would probably continue to do so.【语篇解读】本文是一篇记叙文。

类型7| 社会生活(对应学生用书第78页)(2015·江苏高考卷)Freedom and ResponsibilityFreedom's challenge in the Digital Age is a serious topic.We are facing today a strange new world and we are all wondering what we are going to do with it.Some 2，500 years ago Greece discovered freedom.Before that there was no freedom.There were great civilizations，splendid empires，but no freedom anywhere.Egypt and Babylon were both tyrannies，one very powerful man ruling over helpless masses.In Greece，in Athens(雅典)，a little city in a little country，there were no helpless masses.And Athenians willingly obeyed the written laws which they themselves passed，and the unwritten，which must be obeyed if free men live together.They must show each other kindness and pity and the many qualities without which life would be very painful unless one chose to live alone in the desert.The Athenians never thought that a man was free if he could do what he wanted.A man was free if he wasself-controlled.To make yourself obey what you approved was freedom.They were saved from looking at their lives as their own private affair.Each one felt responsible for the welfare of Athens，not because it was forced on him from the outside，but because the city was his pride and his safety.The essential belief of the first free government in the world was liberty for all men who could control themselves andwould take responsibility for the state.But discovering freedom is not like discovering computers.It cannot be discovered once for all.If people do not prize it，and work for it，it will go.Constant watch is its price.Athens changed.It was a change that took place without being noticed though it was of the extreme importance，a spiritual change which affected the whole state.It had been the Athenian's pride and joy to give to their city.That they could get material benefits from her never entered their minds.There had to be a complete change of attitude before they could look at the city as an employer who paid her citizens for doing her work.Now instead of men giving to the state，the state was to give to them.What the people wanted was a government which would provide a comfortable life for them; and with this as the primary object，ideas of freedom and self­reliance and responsibility were neglected to the point of disappearing.Athens was more and more looked on as a cooperative business possessed of great wealth in which all citizens had a right to share.Athens reached the point when the freedom she really wanted was freedom from responsibility.There_could_be_only_one_result．If men insisted on being free from the burden of self-dependence and responsibility for the common good，they would cease to be free.Responsibility is the price every man must pay for freedom.It is to be had on no other terms.Athens，the Athens of Ancient Greece，refused responsibility; she reached the end of freedom and was never to have it again.But，“the excellent becomes the permanent，”Aristotle said.Athens lost freedom forever，but freedom was not lost forever for the world.A great American，James Madison，referred to：“The capacity(能力)of mankind for self-government.” No doubt he had not an idea that he was speaking Greek.Athens was not in the farthest background of his mind，but once man has a great and good idea，it is never completely lost.The Digital Age cannot destroy it.Somehow in this or that man's thought such an idea lives though unconsidered by the world of action.One can never be sure that it is not on the point of breaking out into action only sure that it will do so sometime.65．What does the underlined word “tyrannies” in Paragraph 2 refer to?A．Countries where their people need help.B．Powerful states with higher civilization.C．Splendid empires where people enjoy freedom.D．Governments ruled with absolute power.66．People believing in freedom are those who________．A．regard their life as their own businessB．seek gains as their primary objectC．behave within the laws and value systemsD．treat others with kindness and pity67．What change in attitude took place in Athens?A．The Athenians refused to take their responsibility.B．The Athenians no longer took pride in the city.C．The Athenians benefited spiritually from the government.D．The Athenians looked on the government as a business.68．What does the sentence “There could be only one result.” in Paragraph 5 mean?A．Athens would continue to be free.B．Athens would cease to have freedom.C．Freedom would come from responsibility.D．Freedom would stop Athens from self­dependence.69．Why does the author refer to Aristotle and Madison?A．The author is hopeful about freedom.B．The author is cautious about self­government.C．The author is skeptical of Greek civilization.D．The author is proud of man's capacity.70．What is the author's understanding of freedom?A．Freedom can be more popular in the digital age.B．Freedom may come to an end in the digital age.C．Freedom should have priority over responsibility.D．Freedom needs to be guaranteed by responsibility.【语篇解读】本文是一篇议论文，主要论述了自由和责任的关系。

专题二阅读七选五题型最新，老师讲得最少[2017年全国卷考情导向][真题例释](2017·全国卷Ⅱ)Interruptions are one of the worst things to deal with while you're trying to get work done. 36 ，there are several ways to handle things.Let's take a look at them now.37 ．Tell the person you're sorry and explain that you have a million things to do and then ask if the two of you can talk at a different time.When people try to interrupt you，have set hours planned and let them know to come back during that time or that you'll find them then. 38 ．It can help to eliminate(消除)future interruptions.When you need to talk to someone，don't do it in your own office. 39 ，it's much easier to excuse yourself to get back to your work than if you try to get someone out of your space even after explaining how busy you are.If you have a door to your office，make good use of it. 40 ．If someone knocks and it's not an important matter，excuse yourself and let the person know you're busy so they can get the hint(暗示)that when the door is closed，you're not to be disturbed.A．If you're busy，don't feel bad about saying noB．When you want to avoid interruptions at workC．Set boundaries for yourself as far as your time goesD．If you're in the other person's office or in a public areaE．It's important that you let them know when you'll be availableF．It might seem unkind to cut people short when they interrupt youG．Leave it open when you're available to talk and close it when you're not【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。

技法2| 利用语义逻辑关系解题[解题技法分述]文章的段与段、句与句之间通常具有一定的语义关系，如：并列关系、转折关系、递进关系、因果关系、目的关系、解释关系。

完形填空经常会考查学生对文章中的这些语义关系的把握。

因此，理清文章的语义关系是解题的关键。

[经典案例分析][例1](2017·浙江高考)...The books are in every language—new books，ancient books，40 a book on the history of Iraq that is seven hundred years old.She had asked the government for 41 to move the books to a 42 place，but they refused.So Alia took matters into her own hands.40．A.then B．still C．even D．rather41．A.permission B．confirmation C．explanation D．information 42．rge B．public C．distant D．safe解析：40空所在的句子在语义上表示递进，“有新书、古书，甚至还有700年前有关伊拉克历史的书籍”，故40空选C；42空后有but，应是转折关系，根据“但是他们拒绝了”，可知，她请求过政府的允许，故41空选A。

[例2](2016·全国卷Ⅰ)...They told her to stay 52 until the emergency personnel arrived，53 she thought the car was going to 54 ．Larry told her that he had already put out the fire and she should not move 55 she injured her neck.52.A.quiet B．still C．away D．calm53．A.for B．so C．and D．but54．A.explode B．slip away C．fall apart D．crash55．A.as if B．unless C．in case D．after解析：53题前说他们让那位女士不要动，而53题后说那位女士担心汽车出状况，前后两部分之间是转折关系，应用but，故选D。