The Kings English

英语国家概况-英国--课后问答题[1]英语国家概况课后问答题Book 1Chapter 1 Questions for Thought:1.What was the British Empire? What do you know about it? In what way is the “Empire” still felt in Britain andin the international field?Key points:1. Before the end of WWII, the British Empire was one of the most powerful empires; it enjoyed the name of “an empire on which the sun never set” due to its overseas colonies on the world.2. People of the British Empire are descendents of the Anglo-Saxons.3. A system of monarchy was observed still on today’s Britain, which went through the history. The Queen is still the Head of the Commonwealth.4. the “Empire” still can be felt in the following ways:a. there are still close relationships between the UK and the fifty or more countries which used to be its former colonies, and which maintain links through a loose organization called the Commonwealth of Nations.b. it became one member of the European Union since 1973.c. the effect also lies in the makeup of the British population itself. Newly immigrants mainly came from the former colonies, specially from India and Caribbean area.d. today the Monarch represents the country in many occasions.e. class exists and lords and peers are obvious evident of the imperial past.2.Why does the author say that it is not possible to sum up the British people with a few simple phrases?Key points:Reasons: 1. regional differences---England, Scotland, Wales, Northern Ireland 2. racial differences 3. class differences 4. cultural differences---Highland vs Lowland 5. religious differences---protestants vs Catholics (main in Northern Ireland)3.“British history has been a history of invasion”. Please illustrate this point with the examples from the text.How did each of the invasions influence English culture?Key points:4.What are some general characteristics of Scotland? How did Scotland become part of the union of Great Britain? Key points:1.The Celts originally lived on Scotland, they kept their own culture and language—the Gealic.2.Around the AD 6th C, people from Northern Ireland invaded the South-west --- the lowland zone. They were called Scots and gave the modern country of Scotland its name.3.The Scottish people have a strong sense of nationality and desire for cultural independence. They observed some old customs and tradition, like the Highland tradition. Today, bagpipe, and tartan are considered as the souvenir of the Scottish history.4.The division between highland and lowland Scotland remains a cultural divide today, in much the same way as north and south England see themselves as different from each other.5.Scotland has a great tradition of innovation in the arts, philosophy and science.Robert Louis Stevenson’s famous novel Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde 《吉基尔医⽣与海德先⽣》shows that: Scotland was superficially fully integrated into the UK, but concealed beneath this is a still-strong Scottish identity.Union with England in 17071. In 1603, Queen Elizabeth I of England died. James the 6th of Scotland took the throne, called James the First of England; uniting the two thrones2. Scotland maintained its separate political identity.3. In 1707, Scotland joined the Union by agreement of the English and Scottish Parliaments4. Scotland sends 72 representatives to the London Parliament.5.Describe characteristics of Wales and Wales’ unification with Great Britain.Characteristics:1. capital: Cardiff, on the south coast2. rich coal deposits3. attract foreign investment from Japan and U.S, etc.-- new industries to replace coal and steel4. smallest on the British mainland; close to central England; hilly and rugged5. retains a powerful sense of difference from England6. retains its own language; 19% population speaking GaelicUnification with Great Britain1. 1267, Llywelyn ap Gruffudd(卢埃林·阿普·格鲁菲德), forced the English toacknowledge him as Prince of Wales by a military campaign, and unified Wales as an independent nation.2. 1282, he was killed. The English King Edward I named his son the Prince of Wales, trying to bring Wales into the British nation.3. 1400, Owain Glyndwr(欧⽂·格林道⽡尔) led an unsuccessful rising against the English.4. 1536, Wales was brought legally into the UK by an act of the British Parliament.5. Wales sends 38 representatives to the London Parliament. 4 are from the Nationalist Party.6.Are there any differences between England, Scotland and Wales in terms of cultural tradition?Chapter 2 Northern Ireland Questions for Thought:1.Why is Northern Ireland so significant in the UK? What is the political problem there?Keys:1. it is significant because of the political troubles there.2. the political troubleOriginal inhabitants were mainly descents of Celts; they believed in Catholics. The immigrants from Scotland and north England in the 17th c, sent by the English king for the sake of better control over Ireland, were mainly Protestants. Their arrival aroused local people’s hostility. They were pressured.In 1921 the Ireland got independence while in Northern Ireland, the majority was Protestant and loyalists to the British government, wanted to be separated from the rest parts of Ireland.Now in Northern Ireland, the minority—the Catholics found it difficult for them to find job. The conflicts between Protestants and Catholics got increased.To protect the local Catholics, the British soldiers stationed Northern Ireland in 1969, which later accelerated the conflicts between the local people and the British government.2.What are some of the factors in Irish and English history that affect the situation in Northern Ireland today? Keys:1. racial,2. religious3. immigration in 17th c.4. the British solders’ station in 1969Chapter 3 The Government of the United KingdomQuestions for Thought:1.What are some of the characteristics of the British constitutional monarchy? How has the English monarchyevolved gradually to the present constitutional monarchy?1. the oldest institution of government2. King Egbert (埃格伯特国王): the ancestor of the present Queen Elizabeth II. United England under his rule in 829.3. divine right of kings (君权神授)---The ancient doctrine held that the sovereign derived his authority from God, not from his subjects. This was used by the kings as an excuse for abusing power. And the dispute over the power of the king and the parliament led to the civil war.4. the Civil war set the rights of the Parliament. The monarch was kept but his power was limited. The constitution was set up to guarantee rights of people. Monarch became a symbol of the country.2.How did the doctrine of the “divine right of kings”, according to the author, lead to the English Civil War?What do you know about the causes of the English Revolution in the 17th century?King James I believed the divine right of kings, so did his descent---Charles I.Charles I called his t Parliament only when he needed to collect money.The Civil War was caused by a dispute over the power of the king against Parliament in the 17th C. The Republican “roundheads”, led by Oliver Cromwell, wanted to abolish the monarchy and to reassert the ri ghts of Parliament. In 1642, the royalists were defeated and King Charles I was executed in 1649.The English Civil War not only overthrew feudal in England but also shook the foundation of the feudal rule in Europe. It is generally regarded as the beginning of modern world history. The Civil War was in essence a capitalist revolution because capitalism paved its way of development after the war.3. What is the history of English parliament? What role did the parliament play in the Civil War?In medieval times, a group of leading, wealthy barons who were summoned by the king several times a year to give the king some extra money. This was the Great Council. By the 13th C., representatives of counties, towns and cities were also included in order to raise more money. This was the beginning of what we know as Parliament today.In the Civil War, the parliament was opposite to the monarchy in their dispute over the power. The Republican “roundheads”, led by Oliver Cromwell, wanted to abolish the monarchy and to reassert the rights of Parliament.4. Discuss the major characteristics and the main content of the British constitution.Britain, like Israel, has no written Constitution. The foundations of the British State are laid out in statute law(成⽂法), which are laws passed by Parliament; the common laws(普通法,判例法), which are laws established through common practice in the courts; and conventions(习惯法), which are rules and practices not existing legally, but regarded as vital to the workings of government.5. Why the parliament is supreme in the British sate? What function does parliament have? What role does the Queen and the Prime Minister play in British government?Parliament is supreme in the British state because it alone had the power to change the terms of the Constitution. There are no legal restraints upon Parliament. It can make or change laws,functions:1) passes laws2) provides the means of carrying on the work of government by voting for taxation3) scrutinize government policy, administration and expenditure and to debate the major issues of the day.the roles of the Queen/King1. symbolize the tradition and unity of the British State2. legally head of the executive, (⾏政部)3. an integral part of the legislature(⽴法机关)4. head of the judiciary(司法部)5. commander in chief of the armed forces6. “supreme governor” of the Church of England--- most Britons felt the Queen’s important jobs were:1. represent Britain at home and abroad2. set standards of good citizenship and family life3. a confidante(知⼰的⼥友) to the Prime Minister, offering valuable observations on the running of governmentRole of the Prime MinisterKing George I was “imported” from Germany in 1714 and was not interested in politics, so he l eft the job of chairing cabinet meetings to one of his cabinet ministers, called the prime minister. Later in 1832, elections replacedappointment. The party with the most supporters in the Commons forms the government and the leader of that party becomes Prime Minister.Today Prime Minister and his cabinet compose of the entity of the government.6. What kind of institution is the House of Lords? What role does it play in British government?It’s one house of the Parliament, but the power of making law and collecting taxes mainly resides on the House of Commons. The House of Lords consists of the Lords Spiritual(上议院的神职议员), who are the Archbishops and most prominent bishops of the Church of England; and the Lords Temporal(上议院的世俗议员), which refers to those lords who either have inherited the seat from their forefathers(called hereditary peers) or they have been appointed(by the sovereign, at the suggestion of the Prime Minister and were called life peers(终⾝贵族). The lords mainly represent themselves instead of the interests of the publicChapter 4 PoliticsQuestions for Thought:1.Who can stand for election as an MP in the UK? Why are small parties and independent candidates powerless inthe election campaign for the formation of a government?Anyone who is eligible to vote can stand as an MP. It is necessary only to make a deposit of 500 pounds which is lost if the candidate does not receive at least 5% of the vote.Because even they were to win the seat they would be powerless in parliament against the big parties’ representatives (p54, para1)2.What are three big parties in the UK? What are some of the similarities and dissimilarities between the threeparties?They are the Labor party, the Conservative party and the Liberal Democratic party.the Labour party--- one of the 2 biggest parties in the UK. It is also the newest party, created by the trade union movement at the end of the 19th century. It is a socialist party, believing that a society should be relatively equal in economic terms, and that the government should redistribute the wealth between the rich and the poor. It also thinks that the government should provide a range of public services for all the people.the Conservative party --- one of the 2 biggest parties in the UK. It is basically the party of the individual, protecting the individual’ s right to acquire wealth and to spend it as he/she wants. It advocates economic policies which are favourable to businessmen, such as low taxes. From 1979 to 1997, the Conservative party won 4 consecutive elections and was in power for quite a long period of time.the Liberal Democrats--- the 3rd biggest party and often seen as a party of the “middle”, occupying the ideological ground between the two major parties. They are comparatively flexible and pragmatic in their balance of the individual and the social. They emphasize the need to change the Britain’s constitutional arrangements to make the government more democratic and accountable.Similarities:1. they all support the capitalist system2. generally speaking, they all are the active participants and supporters of representative democracy3. they share some similar beliefs in their political and socioeconomic ideologyDissimilarities:1. they represent the interests of different social groups2. they have different opinions on the government’s role in social economy and they each take different economic policies during their administration3.What are some of the recent political trends in the UK? Are these trends more democratic or undemocratic?What is the author’s opinion?recent political trends--- The 1970s were a decade of problems in the UK. The economy did badly, with high inflation and low growth. Big private companies started to go bankrupt, and the nationalized industries were seen as inefficient.--- In 1979, the Labour government faced a vote of no confidence, which it lost, causing a general election. This was won by the Conservative under their leader Margaret Thatcher, who became the UK’s first woman Prime Minister--- the policies of the Conservative:1. privatise nationalized industry (successful, companies become efficient and profitable * negative consequences of the policy: 1) Unemployment went up 2) Poverty increased 3) Government welfare payments have become less generous. So the society became less equal---a time of “private affluence and public squalor”⼀部分个⼈富裕起来,⽽⼤部分百姓的⽣活却贫困化, 公众福利制度也处于困境)2. cut tax rates (a less re-distributive taxation system削弱再分配性质的税收制度)Summary of the political trend in the 1980s:British politics move to t he “right”, away from the “public” and toward the “private”; away from the “social”, and toward the “individual”.Chapter 5 The UK EconomyQuestions for Thought:1. Define “absolute decline and relative decline” in the UK economy. How does the author explain the reason for absolute decline and relative decline?To be brief, absolute decline refers to all kinds of the indexes indicate economy declines, for example, the GDP and GNP declines, the currency devalued, unemployment increased, the economy retrogresses, the country’s economic status ranks behind its former rank. People’s living standard become lowered, and the comprehensive national strength falls behind others’. While relative decline refers to economy develops in a relatively low speed. Compared to its former economic strength and the index of GNP,GDP, the present economic development is relatively slower. Absolute and relative decline of the British Economy1. By the 1880s, dominant in the world--- 1/3 of the world’s manufactured goods; 1/2 of the world’s coal, iron and cotton; shipping greater than the sum of the rest of the world2. By 1900, overtaken by the U.S and Germany3. From 1945(the year when WWII ended) until present, thought of as relative decline because of steady economic growth and rapidly increasing living standards and still remaining one of the Group of Seven industrial economies(七⼤⼯业国:US, UK. Germany, France, Japan, Italy and Canada), but other countries developed more rapidly, so it slip from being the 2nd largest economy to being the 6th.4. causes for the relative decline1) gone into heavy debt to finance the war(selling many accumulated overseas assets, borrowing large amounts from the US and Canada)2) British colonies which used to provide raw materials and big markets gained independence —the end of the era of empire *Supplementary note: In the 17th C., trade between Britain and India started, which was undertaken by a trading company called the East India Company. In 1813, Britain took over the company. At that time, the company controlled nearly all the official and administrative work in the whole sub-continent of India. Then the British Empire’s rule began. In 1947, India, “The Jewel in the Crown” of the British Empire, gained its independence. So the UK lost the largest resource of raw materials anda big market for its goods.3) Britain was heavily burdened with the huge military expenditure during the process of decolonisation. [It was still forced to maintain a substantial and expensive military presence in many overseas locations until the process was completed (mostly by the end of the 1960s). And as one of the shapers of the post-war world required substantial military contributions (member of NATO and UN Security Council).]4) lacked the inve stment in modern equipment and new products (Britain’s industry survived comparatively unaffected. It continued with its older factories and pre-war products. While the main losers in the war, Germany and Japan, had to start from nothing, so they could invest in the most modern equipment and new products, which was sufficient.)* low rates of domestic industrial investment; high rate of overseas investment* lack of a close relationship between industry and banks because the UK was the 1st economy to industrialise, and industrial firms grew used to financing their own development, without need to borrow from banks. So banks looked overseas for investment opportunities.Summary of the decline:---The UK has experienced an economic decline since 1945. but this is a relative decline rather than an absolute one. Britain is wealthier and more productive than it was in 1945, but since other countries developed more rapidly, it has slid from being the 2nd largest economy to being the 6th.2. What did the Conservative party under Margret Thatcher promise to do to the UK national economy in 1979? What was her radical reform programmer? Was the program successful?the Conservative party under Margret Thatcher promise to launch a radical program of reform.Tha tcher’s radical reform:1. Reduce bureaucracy---limited government2. privatizationThe British economy went through a particularly bad period in the 1970s, with high rates of inflation and devaluation of he currency.(forced the Labour government to borrow money from IMF) Therefore, in the 1980s, when the Conservative party under Margaret Thatcher was in power, an extensive programme of privatization was carried out. Many state-owned businesses(such as steel, telecom, gas, aerospace) were turned into private companies. The author thinks that privatization was successful in controlling inflation but at the same time unemployment rate increased rapidly.* After the recession 1990-1992, the economy had a steady growth. The UK is the 2nd only to the U.S as a destination for international direct investment.3. what are the three main areas of national economies? Describe the development of each of the three areas in the UK economy.1. primary industries, such as agriculture (crop and grazing)(small in relation to national health—1.4%, but efficient—producing 58% of the food need with 2% of the workforce; 3/4 of the land for agriculture—1/4 of that for crops, the rest for grazing animals of which sheep are the most numerous livestock), fishing(渔业), and mining [energy production: oil, gas, nuclear energy, coal mining etc. *3 of the 10 biggest companies in Britain: Shell(half Dutch), British Petroleum (BP), and British Gas英国三⼤能源公司:壳牌公司(与荷兰合资),英国⽯油公司,英国煤⽓天然⽓公司]; the world’s largest mining company, RTZ, is a UK c ompany]2. secondary industries, which manufacture complex goods from those primary products (producing 22% of the national wealth, particularly strong in pharmaceuticals药品—the British company Glaxo-Wellcome is the biggest drug company in the world; chemicals化⼯产品—ICI is the 2n largest paint manufacturer in the world; aerospace—the 3rd largest in the world inferior to the U.S and Russia, producing the full range of aerospace products from civil andmilitary aircrafts to missiles, satellites and jet engines, producing 2% of UK national output, accounting for 8% of manufactured export goods; when an Englishman Frank Whittle developed the world’s first practical jet engine in 1937, the foundations had been laid for the 3 major branches of the aviation industry: aircraft, engines and aviation electronics, with British companies prominent in each field; The Comet was the world’s first jet- powered civil airliner; Lynx holds the world speed record for helicopters; and food and drink. Big electronics industry: the 4th largest in the world, but foreign-owned like car industry. High-technology engineering industry. British Steel is the world’s 4th largest steel company)3. tertiary industries (or service, producing 65% of the national health), such as banking, insurance, tourism, advertising and the selling of goods (financial sector is important with London as one of the top 3 financial centers in the world; the world’s largest foreign exchange market; one of the busiest share-dealing centers股票交易中⼼in the world— the London Stock Exchange )Chapter 7 British Education SystemQuestions for Thought:1.What are the purposes of the British education system? Please comment on these purposes. What are the main purposes of the Chinese education system? Are there any differences or similarities in the education of the two nations?---“the three R’s” (“reading, ’riting and ’rithmetic”) — to provide children with literacy and the other basic skills they will need to become active members of society and also to socilise children, teaching them rules and values needed to become good citizens, to participate in the community, an to contribute to the economic prosperity of an advanced industrial economy.2. How does the British education system reflect social class?Class inequality can be erased or continued according to educational policy.Children from the lower-class families may have less chance of receiving education than those from middle-class or upper-class families. They may leave school for their families could not afford their tuition fees or for they have to work to support their families. They could not enjoy as excellent education as those from middle-class families, either. The unequal chances of education brought by social class may further influence one’s social bonds and opportunities of finding good jobs or getting rapid promotion on the social ladder.3. What are the major changes that have taken place since WWII? Is British education moving towards more progress or more equality? Rick up some examples from the text to support your points.Major changes---to raise enrollment and ensure more equal opportunities of education(p105)1. 1944 education act2. 1960 comprehensive school---entrance examination abolished3. great education debate---1989 national curriculum established5. what is the open university in Britain? What do you think of this system?Keys (p115)本⽂档部分内容来源于⽹络，如有内容侵权请告知删除，感谢您的配合！。

一篇关于英国历史的英语作文80词全文共10篇示例，供读者参考篇1Once upon a time, there was a country called England. England is a really old country with a lot of history. Let me tell you all about it!First of all, England has a really long history. It all started way back in the Stone Age when cavemen were living there. They built Stonehenge, which is a big circle of stones that nobody really knows the purpose of.Then, the Romans came to England. They built cool things like Hadrian's Wall and brought new ideas like baths and roads. But then the Roman Empire fell apart and the Anglo-Saxons took over. They were warriors who liked to fight a lot.After that, the Vikings invaded England. They were fierce warriors who sailed across the sea in big ships. But eventually, they settled down and became part of the country.In 1066, a big battle called the Battle of Hastings took place. The Normans, led by William the Conqueror, defeated theAnglo-Saxons and William became the king of England. This was a really important event in English history.Over the years, England became a powerful kingdom. It had kings and queens like Henry VIII and Queen Elizabeth I who did a lot of important things. They built beautiful castles, explored new lands, and fought wars with other countries.England also went through a lot of changes. The Industrial Revolution started in England and changed the way people lived and worked. Factories were built, cities grew bigger, and new inventions were made.In the 20th century, England went through two world wars. It was a difficult time, but the people of England were strong and brave. They worked together to rebuild their country and make it better than ever.Today, England is a modern country with a rich history. It's known for its famous landmarks like Big Ben and the Tower of London, its delicious food like fish and chips, and its traditions like tea time.I love learning about the history of England. It's so interesting to see how the country has changed over the years. I can't wait to learn even more about it!篇2Hello everyone! Today I'm going to tell you all about the history of England. England has a really long history, with lots of kings and queens ruling over the country.In the olden days, there were lots of battles between different kingdoms in England. One of the most famous battles was the Battle of Hastings in 1066. This battle was fought between King Harold II of England and William the Conqueror, who was from Normandy in France. William won the battle and became the first Norman king of England.After that, there were lots of different kings and queens who ruled England. Some of them were really famous, like King Henry VIII who had six wives, and Queen Elizabeth I who defeated the Spanish Armada.In the 17th century, there was a big civil war in England between the Royalists who supported the king, and the Parliamentarians who wanted more power. In the end, the Parliamentarians won and King Charles I was executed.In the 18th and 19th centuries, England became a really powerful country. The British Empire spanned the globe, with colonies all over the world. England was at the forefront of theIndustrial Revolution, with lots of inventions and new technologies.In the 20th century, England was involved in two World Wars. After the wars, the British Empire started to break up and many countries gained their independence.Today, England is part of the United Kingdom along with Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland. It has a rich history and a lot of famous landmarks like Big Ben, Buckingham Palace, and Stonehenge. England may be a small country, but it has a big place in history!篇3Once upon a time, there was a country called England. England is a super cool country with a long, long history. Let me tell you all about it!First of all, England used to have kings and queens ruling the country. They lived in big, fancy castles and wore fancy clothes. One of the most famous kings was King Henry VIII. He had six wives and he even chopped off some of their heads! Crazy, right?Then there was Queen Elizabeth I. She was a super powerful queen and she defeated the Spanish Armada. She also liked to wear lots of fancy dresses and jewelry. Go, Queen Elizabeth!England also had a famous battle called the Battle of Hastings. It was between the Normans and the Saxons. The Normans, led by William the Conqueror, won the battle and became kings of England. That's how the Norman Conquest happened!In the 1600s, there was a big civil war in England. It was between the King and Parliament. The Parliament won and they chopped off the King's head! Poor King Charles I.England also had a really cool scientist named Isaac Newton. He discovered gravity when an apple fell on his head. How cool is that?And let's not forget about the British Empire. It was the biggest empire in the world and England had colonies all over the globe. They ruled countries like India, Canada, and Australia. But eventually, those countries gained their independence.Today, England is a modern country with a cool queen called Queen Elizabeth II. The history of England is super interestingand has shaped the country into what it is today. I love learning about all the cool stories from England's past!篇4Once upon a time, there was a country called England. England is a small country in Europe with a long and interesting history.Long, long ago, before there were cars or planes or even smartphones, England was ruled by kings and queens. The most famous of all the kings and queens was Queen Elizabeth I. She ruled England for a long time and was known as the Virgin Queen because she never got married. Queen Elizabeth I was a very powerful and wise ruler who made England a strong and prosperous country.But not all the kings and queens of England were good. Some were very mean and greedy, like King Henry VIII. He had six wives and he even had two of them executed! King Henry VIII was also the king who started the Church of England because he wanted to get a divorce from his first wife.In the 17th century, England had a civil war between the supporters of the king and the supporters of Parliament. The king was eventually defeated and executed. This was a veryimportant event in English history because it marked the end of absolute monarchy in England.In the 18th and 19th centuries, England became a powerful empire with colonies all over the world. The Industrial Revolution began in England, leading to great advances in technology and industry. England became the "workshop of the world" and its factories produced goods that were shipped all over the globe.In the 20th century, England fought in two World Wars and emerged as a victor. The British Empire began to decline and many of its colonies gained independence. Today, England is a modern and multicultural country with a rich history that is still remembered and celebrated. And that, my friends, is the story of England.篇5Once upon a time, there was a country called England. It is a very old country with a long history. Let me tell you all about it!England is a small island in the north-west of Europe. It has a lot of green fields, beautiful castles, and even a big clock called Big Ben in its capital city, London. But do you know how England became the way it is today?A long time ago, England was ruled by kings and queens. One of the most famous kings was King Henry VIII. He had six wives, can you believe it? And he even started his own church, the Church of England, just so he could divorce his first wife!But there were also times of great sadness in England's history. The Black Death was a terrible disease that killed many people in the Middle Ages. And there was a big fire in London in 1666 that destroyed a lot of the city.In the 18th and 19th centuries, England became very powerful. It had a big empire that stretched all over the world. The Industrial Revolution started in England, bringing new inventions like the steam engine and changing the way people lived and worked.In the 20th century, England went through two world wars. Many brave soldiers fought to protect their country and its freedom. And today, England is a modern and diverse country with people from all over the world living there.So that's the story of England, a country with a rich and fascinating history. I hope you enjoyed learning all about it!篇6Hey guys, today I want to tell you all about the history of England! It's super cool and full of kings, queens, battles, and even some dragons (just kidding about the dragons, but that would be awesome, right?).So, England has been around for like, forever. The Romans invaded and built a lot of stuff, like Hadrian's Wall, which was to keep out those pesky Northern invaders. Then, the Anglo-Saxons and the Vikings showed up and fought over who would be in charge.But then, in 1066, everything changed! William the Conqueror, from France, invaded England and became the first Norman king. He built castles all over the place and made sure everyone knew he was in charge. And that's how the Norman kings ruled for a long time.Then, in the 1500s, King Henry VIII showed up and had a bunch of wives (like, seriously, six wives!). He wanted a son to be king, so he kept getting married and divorced until he finally got one (poor wives).After that, England had some big battles with France (the Hundred Years' War), and then the English Civil War where they chopped off the king's head (yikes!). But eventually, thingssettled down and England became a powerful empire with colonies all over the world.And now, England is known for fish and chips, Big Ben, the Queen, and of course, Harry Potter! So cool, right? England's history is amazing and full of drama, just like a movie. I can't wait to learn more about it!篇7Once upon a time, there was a country called England. England is a really old country with a lot of history. Let me tell you all about it!A long time ago, in the year 1066, there was a big battle called the Battle of Hastings. It was between two kings, King Harold and Duke William. Duke William won the battle and became King of England. He was also known as William the Conqueror. After that, England had a new king and a new royal family called the Normans.In the 14th century, there was a terrible disease called the Black Death. It was a really scary disease that spread quickly and killed a lot of people. It was a difficult time for England, but they managed to recover and become stronger.In the 16th century, there was a queen called Queen Elizabeth I. She was a powerful queen who ruled England for a long time. She defeated the Spanish Armada and made England a strong and powerful country.In the 17th century, there was a civil war in England between the Royalists and the Parliamentarians. The Parliamentarians won and King Charles I was executed. This was a difficult time for England, but they eventually became a constitutional monarchy with a king or queen as the head of state.In the 19th century, England became a powerful empire with colonies all around the world. They were known as the British Empire and they had a lot of influence in world affairs.In the 20th century, England was involved in two World Wars. They fought bravely and helped to defeat the enemies. After the wars, England went through a lot of changes and became a modern country with a strong economy and a diverse society.So, that's a brief history of England. It's a country with a lot of stories and adventures. I hope you enjoyed learning about it!篇8Hi everyone! Today I want to talk to you about the history of England. England is a country in Europe and it has a really long and cool history.So, a long time ago, England was ruled by kings and queens. One of the most famous kings was King Henry VIII. He had six wives and he started the Church of England because he wanted to get a divorce from his first wife. He was a bit of a crazy king, but he did some cool things too.Then, there was Queen Elizabeth I. She was a really powerful queen and she defeated the Spanish Armada. She was called the Virgin Queen because she never got married. She was a smart queen and she did a lot of good things for England.After that, England had a civil war between the Cavaliers and the Roundheads. The Roundheads were led by Oliver Cromwell and they won the war. Cromwell became the leader of England, but he was a bit of a dictator. After he died, the monarchy was restored and King Charles II became king.In the 19th century, England became really powerful and had an empire that stretched all over the world. They had colonies in India, Africa, and Australia. Queen Victoria was the queen at that time and she ruled for a really long time.In the 20th century, England was involved in two world wars. They fought with the Allies in World War I and World War II. After the wars, England became a lot more modern and they have a lot of cool things like the Beatles and Harry Potter.So, that's a brief history of England. It's a really interesting country with a lot of cool stories. I hope you learned something new today!篇9Hey guys, do you want to know about the history of England? Let me tell you all about it!England has a super long history that goes way back to ancient times. It all started with the Celts, who lived in England over 2,000 years ago. Then came the Romans, with Julius Caesar leading the charge in 55 BC. The Romans built roads, walls, and even the city of Londinium (which is now London!).After the Romans, the Anglo-Saxons arrived in England from Germany in the 5th century. They brought their own language and culture, and eventually united the different kingdoms into one country. Then came the Vikings – fierce warriors from Scandinavia who invaded England in the 8th century.In 1066, things got really interesting when William the Conqueror, a Norman duke from France, invaded England and became the first Norman king. This event forever changed the course of English history and introduced feudalism to the country.Fast forward to the Tudor era, with famous monarchs like Henry VIII and Elizabeth I ruling England. The Tudors were followed by the Stuarts, who had some pretty crazy stories of their own (like the English Civil War!).And of course, we can't forget about the Industrial Revolution, which transformed England into a major world power. The British Empire expanded across the globe, bringing wealth and influence to the country.Today, England is a modern nation with a rich history that is still celebrated and remembered. So next time you visit England, remember to check out some of its famous historical sites – you won't be disappointed!篇10Hello everyone! Today I'm going to tell you all about the history of England. England is a really cool place with a lot of interesting stories from the past.A long time ago, England was ruled by kings and queens. One of the most famous kings was King Henry VIII. He had lots of wives and even started his own church just so he could get a divorce! Can you believe that?Another important event in English history is the English Civil War. It was a big fight between the king and Parliament over who should have more power. In the end, the king lost his head! Literally, they cut it off!England also had a really big empire. They had colonies all over the world, including India and America. The British Empire was really powerful and had a lot of influence on other countries.One of the most famous English people is William Shakespeare. He was a playwright and wrote lots of famous plays like Romeo and Juliet and Hamlet. He was like the Beyonce of his time!In more recent history, England was involved in both World Wars. They fought against Germany and helped to defeat the bad guys. England is a really important country in the world and has a lot of history to learn about.I hope you enjoyed learning a bit about England's history. It's really interesting and there are so many cool stories to discover. Thanks for reading!。

英语属于西日耳曼语支，起源于盎格鲁-弗里西亚方言，是在日耳曼人入侵时被引入不列颠的。

English is a West Germanic language that originated from theAnglo-Frisian dialects, broughtto Britain by Germanic invaders最初的古英语由多种方言组成，晚期西撒克逊语最终成为了统一英语的语言。

现代人所认识的英语，很大程度上和公元1400年的书面中古英语相似。

这种转变是由历史上两的入侵，他们在公元八、九世纪征服并使部分不列颠岛成为他们的殖民地。

第二次是十一世纪时来自诺曼人的入侵，他们讲的古诺曼语最终发展为英语的一种变体，称为盎格鲁-诺曼语。

Middle English differed from Old English because of two invasions which occurred during the Middle Ages. The 1st invasion was by peoples who spoke North Germanic languages. They conquered and colonized parts of Britain during the 8th and 9th centuries A.D. The 2nd invasion was by the Normans of the 11th century, who spoke Old Norman and eventually developed an English form thereofcalled Anglo-Norman.Proto-English英语诞生于日耳曼人的语言，主要包括盎格鲁语，撒克逊语，弗里西语，朱特语。

这其中还可能含有法兰克语，之后又融合了拉丁语。

The languages of Germanic peoples gave rise to the English language( the best known are the Angles, Saxons, Frisii, Jutes and possibly some Franks,) . Latin loan wordsentered the vocabulary.Old English – from the mid-5th century to the mid-11th century人们现在所讲的古英语是长期以来多个殖民部落的方言融合而形成的。

2020年考研《英语一》阅读理解答案(海文版)Section II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections：Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1King Juan Carlos of Spain once insisted “kings don’t abdicate, they dare in their sleep.” But embarrassing scandals and the popularity of the republican left in the recent Euro-elections have forced him to eat his words and stand down. So, does the Spanish crisis suggest that monarchy is seeing its last days? Does that mean the writing is on the wall for all European royals, with their magnificent uniforms and majestic lifestyle?The Spanish case provides arguments both for and against monarchy. When public opinion is particularly polarised, asit was following the end of the Franco regime, monarchs can rise above “mere” politics and “embody” a spirit of national unity.It is this apparent transcendence of politics thatexplains monarchs’ continuing po pularity polarized. And also, the Middle East excepted, Europe is the most monarch-infested region in the world, with 10 kingdoms (not counting Vatican City and Andorra). But unlike their absolutist counterpartsin the Gulf and Asia, most royal families have survived because they allow voters to avoid the difficult search for a non-controversial but respected public figure.Even so, kings and queens undoubtedly have a downside. Symbolic of national unity as they claim to be, their very history—and sometimes the way they behave today – embodies outdated and indefensible privileges and inequalities. At a time when Thomas Piketty and other economists are warning of rising inequality and the increasing power of inherited wealth, it is bizarre that wealthy aristocratic families should still be the symbolic heart of modern democratic states.The most successful monarchies strive to abandon or hide their old aristocratic ways. Princes and princesses have day-jobs and ride bicycles, not horses (or helicopters). Even so, these are wealthy families who party with the international 1%, and media intrusiveness makes it increasingly difficult to maintain the right image.While Europe’s monarchies will no doubt be smart enough to survive for some time to come, it is the British royals who have most to fear from the Spanish example.It is only the Queen who has preserved the monarchy’s reputation with her rather ordinary (if well-heeled) granny style. The danger will come with Charles, who has both an expensive taste of lifestyle and a pretty hierarchical view of the world. He has failed to understand that monarchies have largely survived because they provide a service – as non-controversial and non-political heads of state. Charlesought to know that as English history shows, it is kings, not republicans, who are the monarchy’s worst enemies.21. According to the first two Paragraphs, King Juan Carlos of Spain[A] used turn enjoy high public support[B] was unpopular among European royals[C] cased his relationship with his rivals[D]ended his reign in embarrassment【答案】[D] ended his reign in embarrassment【解析】事实细节题。

A Brief Introduction of the United KingdomThe full name of the country is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. It is a complicated name for what is in many ways a complicated country. There‟re four parts, England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland, which complete to the set.Here, as follows, are a few aspects of the United Kingdom.1. PoliticsThe Government of the United Kingdom(1) The MonarchyThe oldest institution of government is the Monarchy cruel by the king. This dates back to the Saxon who ruled from the 5th century AD until the Norman Conguest in 1066.The power of the monarchy was largely derived form the ancient doctrine of the …divine right of kings”. It was held that the sovereign derived his authority from God, not from his subjects.While the king in theory had God on his side, in practice even in medieval times it was thought that he should not exercise absolute power.(2) The ParliamentThe word “parliament”comes from the verb “the parley”, that is to discuss or talk. The term was first used officially in 1236 to describe the gathering of feudal barons and representatives from countries and towns which the occasionally summoned if he wanted to raise money.The Great Council came to include both those who were summoned “by name”(the House of Lords) and representatives of communities (the House of Commons). These two houses exist today and collectively we call them the parliament. The Commons quickly gained in political strength. They were willing to help the king by raising taxes and passing laws, but in return they wanted an increasing say in what the king was doing.The parliament became the most powerful institute in Britain was after the Revolutional War.Parliament has a number of different functions. First and foremost, it passes laws. Another important function is that it provides the means of carrying on the work of government by voting for taxation. Its other roles are to scrutinize government policy, administration and expenditure and to debate the majority issues of the day.Parliament is supreme in the British state because it alone has the power to change the terms of the constitution.There are no legal restraints upon parliament. It can make or change laws. Change or overturn established conventions or even prolong its own life withoutconsulting the electorate. However, it does not assert its supremacy, but bears the common law in mind and acts according to precedent..Each Parliament lasts for 5 years.The Upper house has no right to decide, it only has the right to pass the bills passed by the Lower House.The party which holds a majority of those “seats”in parliament forms the government, with its party leader as the Prime Minister. After a government has been in power for 5 years it has to resign and hold a “general election”, in which al British adults are give the chance to vote again for their constituency‟s MP. A government cannot stand for longer than 5years except in exceptional circumstances. However, the Prime Minister can call an election sooner than 5years. This can happen when the government loses a “vote of no confidence”in the House of Commons. That is, an MP puts forward a statement for the MPs to vote on saying that “This house no longer ha confidence in the government.”(3) The Political PartiesThere are three major national parties: The conservative party and the Labour party are the two biggest, and any general election is really about which of those two is going to govern. But there‟s a third important party, the Liberal Democrats, who usually receive up to about 20% of the votes: not enough to form a government, but enough to have a big impact on which of the other two parties does so.The Labour party is the newest of these three, created by the growing trade union movement at the end of nineteenth century. It quickly replaced the Laberal party as one of the two biggest parties. Labour is a socialist party. That is to say that they believe a society should be relatively equal in economic terms, and the part of the role of government is to act as a “redistributive” agent. The Conservative party is the party that spent most time in power, basically the Conservative are seen as the party of the individual, protecting the individual‟s right to acquire wealth and to spend it how they choose , and so favouring economic policies which businessmen prefer, such as low taxes. They receive a lot of their party funding from big companies.2. Religion(1) Queen or king is the leader as well as the bishop of the High Church.(2) 20% of British citizen claims to be Roman Catholics.(3) 40% of Scotland citizen believe in Roman Catholic.(4) Two established churches: Church of London; Church of Scotland.(5) Roman Catholic churches.(6) Free Churches.3. CultureHere, I will emphasis on one aspect of Britain‟s artistic output, that for which it is perhaps best known: Literature.⑴Early WritingMuch early British writing was concerned with Christianity: Anglo-Saxons produced beautifully illustrated versions of the Bible: the most famous of these is the book of keels, party written on the Scottish island of lona.⑵Elizabethan DramaThere was a general flowering of cultural and intellectual life in Europe during the 15th and 16th centuries which is known as “The Renaissance”, in British culture one of the most successful and long-lasting expressions of this development lay in drama.⑶18th –century English literature is marked by a rather large shiftfrom the mood and tone of 17th –century literature.⑷The Romantic PeriodRoughly the first third of the 19th century makes up English literature‟s romantic period. Writers of romantic literature are more concerned with imagination and feeling than the power of reason, which marked the 18th century.⑸20th Century LiteratureThe 20th Century marked the end of the British Europe, which was replaced by the Commonwealth of Nations. Y et English civilization and culture continue to have a strong influence on the rest of the world. The heritage of English literature forms an outstanding part of that culture.20th Century literature can be broadly divided into two stylistic periods: Modernism, and Postmodernism. These periods roughly correspond to literature written after it. Both are characterized by a high degree of experimentation.4. EconomyNational economies can be broken down into three main areas: “primary”industries, such as agriculture, fishing and mining, “Secondary”industries, which manufacture complex goods from those primary products; and tertiary industries, often described as services, such as banking, insurance, tourism, and the selling of goods.Britain‟s agricultural sector is small but efficient, producing 58% of the UK‟s food needs with only 2% of its workforce. Three quarters of Britain‟s land is used for agriculture, with about a quarter of that under crops-wheat and barley are the two commonest. The rest is grazing for animals.The fishing industry provides 55% of the UK demand for fish. Scottish ports land the majority of the fish caught.Energy production is an important part of the UK economy, accounting for 5% of the national wealth.In the secondary sector of the economy, manufacturing industry remains important, producing 22% of national wealth.The service sector of the United Kingdom is dominated by financial services, especially in banking and insurance. London is one of the world‟s largest financial centers with the London Stock Exchange, the London international Financial Futures and Options Exchange, and the Lloyd‟s of London insurance market all based in the city. It also has the largest concentration of foreign bank branches in the world. 5．British diplomatic affairs（1）Britain‟s foreign policies:The contemporary foreign policy of the UK is greatly influenced by its imperial history and also by its geopolitical traits. Perhaps the most important single factor which influences British policy-makers is its history.A second decisive influence upon the way Britain conducts its external affairs is geopolitical. Britain is an island state, and this is considered an important psychological factor as well as one which has influenced Britain‟s economic and military development as a nation of seafarers who roamed the globe looking for territory and economic opportunities.How these foreign policies made:The general direction of Britain‟s foreign policy is mainly decided by the Prime Minister and Cabinet. The main government department is of course the Foreign and Commonwealth Office, but many other government ministers also play a part in formulating and executing the government‟s decisions.The Ministry of Defence is responsible for ensuring Britain‟s defence and managing Britain‟s involvement in its military treaty commitments. And the Department of Trade and Industry is for the international trade policy and British commercial relations with other countries.（2）Britain and International Institutions:Nowadays its foreign policy is largely shaped by its participation in a number of important international institutions.Britain is one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council, along with Russia, China, the Us and France. It is also the sixth largest contributor to the UN‟s budget. As a Security Council member, Britain retains the ability to have a large influence on world affairs. And the more important to Britain today in running of its affairs is its membership in the EU. Britain is also a member of the Commonwealth. Even though Britain granted its colonial territories independence, it continued to feel close to these new countries and wanted to continue to work with them.（3）Security and Defence Policy:Britain depends more on defence than most other advanced industrial countries and maintains larger professional forces. The keystone of British defence policy is its participation in NA TO, which is commonly known as the North Atlantic Treaty Orgnasition. In addition to its NA TO commitments, Britain retains an independent nuclear weapons capability but it is highly unlikely for it to use, or need to use the capability.。

The English Bourgeois Revolution（The Civil War/Revolutionary War/upsurge:the Puritan Revolution）背景：1603年，Elizabeth死了她堂弟（cousin）苏格兰国王詹姆士·斯图亚特(James Stuart /苏-Jame Ⅵ/ 英-JamesⅠ) 继承英国王位。

苏格兰和英格兰暂由一个国王统治。

JamesⅠ登台便鼓吹"君权神授”(Divine Right of Kings)，声称国王是上帝派到人间的最高权威，有无限的权力。

JamesⅠ不了解英国议会，看不起下议院，曾三次解散议会；他不关心英国的海上贸易，不重视建设海军；这些政策大大阻碍了英国资本主义的发展，引起了资产阶级和新贵族的强烈不满。

（科普）新贵族：有些贵族虽然保留着贵族头衔，却也从事一些资本主义性质的经济活动。

封建经济基础：在封建社会国家重农抑商。

具备条件：1.文艺复兴，思想的解放。

2.新航路的开辟，促进资产阶级和新贵族的发展，势力渐渐壮大。

矛盾一：与清教徒之间的矛盾（其实各方都是从自己的角度出发）JamesⅠ：因为1.依靠封建贵族和国教(由改革天主教而形成的一种新教，但保留前者大部分教义)教士来加强封建专制统治。

2.政策：make them conform to the Church of England or harry them away from the land.所以1.1604年，“no bishop, no king”,回绝清教徒的所有请求。

2.1604年，他与西班牙议和，停止战争。

1618-1648年，英国卷入三十年战争。

James Ⅰ力求和平,被多数主战臣民反对。

1623年，派太子到西班牙求亲，Charles被拒蒙羞，回国后联合议会逼迫国王，要求对西开战。

1624年，JamesⅠ只好退居幕后（军政大权由Charles和白金汉公爵George Villiers掌控），同意对西班牙开战。