北师大02-08考博Summary真题及部分答案总结
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北师大考博英语summary的典型语句练习一.介绍作者的观点和研讨课题内容的语句1. 文章内容与作者观点的常用语句(1).论及了此晶体的物理、化学性质Physical and chemical properties of this crystal are reported.(2).简述了性能目的与测量方法The performance goals and its measuring methods are briefly described.(3).临界实验解释了由中子引起铀核的链式反映The chain reaction caused by the uranium nuclei is explained in the critical experiment. (4).说明了这种技术对核探测的应用The application of this technique to nuclear detection is described.(5).立即引入了研究与开发的工具Research and development tools are induced immediately.(6).给出了基本概念与收集的数据Basic ideas and data collected are given.2. 文章研究课题的常用语句(1).用这种超低频测量分析了重要的实验问题The main experimental problems are analyzed with the ultra-low-frequency measurements.(2).与破损阶段有关的现象被认为是初始条件Phenomena associated with the breakdown phase are regarded as the initial conditions. (3).导出了混凝土结构互相作用的集总参数Lumped parameter of the concrete-structure interaction is derived(4).简要的讨论了反映堆里两相流的一些应用Applications of the two-phase flow in the reactor are briefly discussed.(5).对一特定系统进行了数值性研究A particular system is investigated numerically.(6).简述了自然界中质量与能量之间的关系Relationship between mass and energy in nature is briefly described.(7).研究了这个函数在某一边界条件下的连续性The function continuity under a certain boundary is studied.3. 文章涉及范围的语句(1).本文由引言、理论、实验方法与结论四部分组成This paper consists of 4 parts: introduction, theory experimental method and conclusion.(2).本文包含一种参数结构优化分析的构成、结构设计和结果The paper includes the configuration as well as the structural design and the results of parameter structural optimization analysis.(3).本文涉及了反映堆堆芯里约200个带燃料棒的组建的测试结果This paper covers the testing results of about 200 assemblies of fuel and control rods in the reactor core.(4).所引用的报告涉及示踪元素研究大气层污染移动的研究The cited reports cover the research on the lower atmospheric air pollution movements by using the tracer elements.(5).本研究的范围涉及沥青产品和规格The research concerns the asphaltic products and their specifications.(6).此项目涉及了像Fe、Au、Ag、Al、Cu等许多元素Many elements are involved in this program such as Fe, Au, Ag, Cu and so on.(7).此课题涉及了煤的性质、锅炉的运营、煤灰尘收集器操作和边流系统The topic covers the coal properties, boiler operation, dust collector operation and the sidestream system.4. 综述于概括对某一个领域的研究课题常用语句(1).所有的运营规程如总规程(GP)、异常运营规程(AOP)、应急运营规程(EOP)都撰写了摘要All the operating procedures are abstracted such as the general procedures(GP), abnormal operating procedures(AOP), emergency operating procedures(EOP).(2).对测量这些特性的实验技术仅作概要叙述The experimental technique is outlined for measuring these properties.(3).评述了在机械工程中计算机辅助设计(CAD)的发展过程The development of CAD is reviewed in the mechanical engineering(4).简朴概述了基本材料科学的理论The theory based on basic material science is summarized.(5).具体地总结了要采用的设计规则The design planning to be used is summarized in detail.5. 文章重点的常用语句(1).重点是在掌握量子理论上Attention is concentrated on the quantum theory.(2).重点是把时间延长到24hThe point is to extend the lead time to 24h.(3).现在到处都重视节能Focus is on energy reserving everywhere.(4).本文集中研究中子与铀原子核的碰撞The research is concentrated on the collisions of neutrons and uranium nuclei.(5).现在到处都重视环境污水的管理和对有害废物的解决Attention is being paid to the management of environmental effluent and disposal of hazardous wastes.(6).很重视对导体中的经济电流密度的评估Much attention is paid on the economic current density in the conductor.(7).特别重视核反映堆的启动规程Particular attention is given to the start-up procedure of nuclear reactor operations.(8).及其重视核能的和平运用The greatest emphasis is paid on the peaceful utilization of nuclear energy.(9).重点还在于对核电所采用的态度Attention is concentrated on the implications of attitudes to nuclear power.6. 文章目的的常用语句(1).此研究的目的是在零功率反映堆上进行临界实验,并获得重要的临界参数This research aims to carry out the experiment on the zero power reactor and obtain import critical parameters.(2).许多研究者都在寻求这个问题的答案The answer to this question is sought for by many investigators.(3).本文追求的目的是从安全分析报告的角度来论证这些补救措施的对的性The paper seeks to justify the remedial measures in terms of the final safety analysis report(FSAR).(4).这项研究试图为保健规则人员就体系上的变化提供有用的信息The research is to provide healthy planners with useful information on systematic changes. (5).本研究的目的就是要表白先前提到的方法有前程The purpose of this study is to show the methods mentioned above/aforesaid are promising. (6).本研究的目的是要获得具有很高稳定性的重混凝土The purpose of this study is to obtain the heavy concrete of much higher stability.二.介绍文章成果的语句1. 成果的获取和开发等常用语句1)正常工作压力值在夏季也能达成。
新概念英语第4册25——48课均有summary联系,新概念英语4教师用书上有答案复习时可参考练习To write your summary, first scan the document you are summarizing to get an overall impression.Then read it carefully, highlighting or underlining the most significant information.You will want to especially pay close attention to the first and last sentence of each paragraph. Usually the first sentence is the topic sentence and the last a summary of the paragraph so they will have the most important ideas.The First Sentence:An easy way to begin writing a summary is to refer to the author and what they have written about.A general format for the first sentence is as follows:First Sentence ExamplesIn his/her/the article {“Article name,”} {Author’s name} + {primary verb} + {main idea}.In his/he r/the article {“Article name,”} {Author’s name} + {primary verb} + {main idea}.Example: In his article “Children and Video Games,” Steve Peterson strongly recommends that parents should not allow their children to play video games.⏹There are a number of primary verbs that can be used in a summary.Some of the most common are listed here.1. Claims2. Recommends3. Argues4. Reports5. Shows6. Insists7. Explains 8. Describes 9. SuggestsNote: Many of these verbs will often be followed by the word “that”. Other First Sentence Examples⏹In the article “Men are different than women”, the authordescribes 10 important differences between men and women.⏹In this article, the author explains how the Chinese economyhas developed so quickly in the last ten years.The Rest of the SummaryThe first sentence should be followed by the main ideas and supporting ideas in the same order that they appear in the text. Remember that all sentences should be stated in YOUR OWN WORDS. If you absolutelymust use a sentence or phrase from the original text, make sure that it is put within quotation marks (" "). Also remember that you are just restating what is expressed in the text; you should NOT be adding any of your own opinions.Longer Summaries⏹Most summaries will be quite short. But if you are writing alonger summary you can add some phrases like the ones below.⏹The author goes on to say that ...⏹The article (author) further states that ...⏹(Author’s last name) also believes that…⏹(Author’s last name) concludes that…⏹No matter what format you choose to use, stating the mainpurpose of the article in the first couple of sentences is very important if you want to write a successful summary.⏹After you have written this you can try to write a summary ofeach paragraph. If the article you are summarizing is written well this should be easy to do. It will be harder if the paragraph does not havea good topic sentence.⏹Now we are going to take some time to practice writinganother summary in class. Please use this time well as it will behelpful in preparing you for the final examination. This article is an article that was used in the past for the doctorate students examination.Doctorate Students Writing and Speaking Class“Summarizing”“Articles”“Subject-Verb Agreement”“More Summarizing”Writing a SummaryExercise # 1First read the article “Deception: The English Essay”.After reading this article do the summarizing exercises on the bottom of the handout.Deception: The English EssayMain Purpose:The main purpose is to inform students of useful techniques to deceivingly write a satisfactory essay in a short amount of time.In his article “Deception: The English Essay”, Fred Jones suggests some useful techniques to deceivingly…Deception: The English EssayMain idea of each paragraph.2. Write a fascinating introduction.3. Use words from past vocabulary lists in the essay.4. Make the short essay appear long.5. Bribe the teacher.Example SummaryIn his article “Deception: The English Essay”, Fred Jones shows students some techniques that can help them write a quick essay that will deceivingly satisfy the teacher. These techniques include writing a fascinating introduction, using words from past vocabulary lists, and making the essay appear longer than it really is. Once students have done these they can also try to bribe the teacher. These are all effective methods to quickly write an essay the teacher will think is satisfactory.Example (Different First Sentence)Students often wait to the last minute to complete their English homework assignments. Therefore it is important to know some techniques that can help them write a quick essay that will deceivingly satisfy the teacher. These techniques include writing a fascinating introduction, using words from past vocabulary lists, and making the essay appear longer than it really is. Once students have done these they can also try to bribe the teacher. These are all effective methods to quickly write an essay the teacher will think issatisfactory.Writing a SummaryNo matter what format you choose to use, stating the main purpose of the article in the first couple of sentences is very important if you want to write a successful summary.After you have written this you can try to write a summary of each paragraph. If the article you are summarizing is written well this should be easy to do. It will be harder if the paragraph does not have a good topic sentence.Writing a Summary ExerciseNow we are going to take some time to practice writing another summary in class. Please use this time well as it will be helpful in preparing you for the final examination. This article is an article that was used in the past for the doctorate students examination.Writing a Summary ExerciseAltogether I am going to give you 25 minutes to finish writing your summary. During this time you will need to do several things.First you need to determine what you think the main purpose of the article is.After you have determined the main purpose you can write the first sentence of your summary.Writing a Summary ExerciseAfter you have finished writing the first part of the summary which should include the main purpose, you can begin to write about the rest of the article.The easiest way to do this is to find the most important information from each paragraph and write about that.Exercise # 1You can begin writing a summary for the article on the first page of your handout. Note: There is no information about the title or author for this article.Your goal is to write a summary that is approximately 130 words.Doctorate Students Writing and Speaking ClassMore SummarizingPrepositionsAdjectives/AdverbsProcess WritingMore SummarizingLast week to end the class I had you begin to write a summary of an article related to the ancient Olympic Games. Today we are going to talkmore about this article and look at some examples of summaries.Writing a SummaryUsually the process for writing a summary is establishing the main purpose and writing about this in the first sentence or two.Then you can look at each paragraph and find the main idea or most important information and include this in your summary.The following is an example:Exercise # 1First I want you to get into groups of 2-3 and discuss with each other what you thought the main purpose of this article is.This will also help us review the article to remember what it was about.Steve’s Example of a SummaryThe main purpose of this article is to look at the history of some of the earliest recorded Olympic Games held in Greece.First Sentence:In this article, the author explains the history of some of the earliest recorded Olympic Games held in Greece.Steve’s Example of a SummarySummary of the First ParagraphIt is generally accepted that these Games started around 1276 BC although the first champion was recorded in 776 BC.Second and Third ParagraphIn the first recorded Games there was only one event, however as time went on different events were added. Longer distance running races were first added and then other events like wrestling and the pentathlon. They even added events specifically for boys and armed soldiers making the Games as varied as that of the modern Olympics.Fourth and Fifth ParagraphOriginally the games were played on one day but this changed to five days. Another aspect of the Games was that women were not allowed as competitors or spectators. The competitors were also restricted to Greeks who were not professionals. However a trend started where athletes became fulltime specialists which has caused a lot of controversy.In this article, the author explains the history of some of the earliest recorded Olympic Games held in Greece. It is generally accepted that these Games started around 1276 BC although the first champion was recorded in 776 BC. In the first Games there was only one event, however as time went on different events were added. Longer distance running raceswere first added and then other events like wrestling and the pentathlon. They even added events specifically for boys and armed soldiers. Originally the games were played on one day but this changed to fivedays. Another aspect of the Games was that women were not allowed as competitors or spectators. The competitors were also restricted to Greeks who were not professionals. However a trend started where athletes became fulltime specialists which has caused a lot of controversy.Another NoteAdditional ThoughtsIf examples or minor details fill a large portion of the article, do your best to try to identify a principle within the examples. Is there a way by which you can represent the details by mentioning an underlying principle? If so, write it.Because this Olympics article is full of details you could also summarize the article by writing about the main principles instead of including some of the details.Another Possible ExampleIn this article, the author explains the history of some of the earliest recorded Olympic Games held in Greece. The article begins with an emphasis on the length of history as the Olympic games date back several thousand years. The author also emphasizes some of the many changes that have taken place throughout the Olympics over time. The games started with just one event but as time went on more and more events were added, such as wrestling, boxing, and the chariot race. The event used to be held on one day but this changed to several days as different events were added. The author ends the article focusing on the different participants in the games. Women were not allowed to participate and originally only free-born Greeks were allowed to participate. Eventually the athletes became specialists in preparing for the games which has become very controversial. This article has explained many different aspects related to the history of the Olympic games as well as many of the changes that have taken place over the years.More SummarizingAt the beginning of this semester you had to write a summary of an article. I have copied this article out and printed it on your handout. You were asked to write a 150 word summary of this article. Today we are going to look at this article and see a few examples of summaries.Preparing to write a summaryI am going to give you around five minutes to read this article. The first thing you want to do is establish the main purpose.Spoken ExerciseIn groups of 2-3 I want you to discuss what you think the main purpose of this article is.What is confusing about this article? Can you explain the main ideas in spoken English?SummariesAt times you will need to write a summary for an article you do not fully understand. In this case you need to do your best to write what you believe to be the main purpose. At times, summaries will be subjective as one persons understanding can be different than another persons understanding of an article. This will usually only happen when the structure of an article is relatively poor.Example of a SummaryBy the end of the thirteenth century, noticeable changes in weather patterns were occurring as Europe entered a period that has been called a “little ice age.” A small drop in overall temperature resulted in shortened growing seasons and disastrous weather conditions. The great famine expanded to other parts of Europe in an all-too-familiar pattern. By 1300, indications are that Europe had reached the upper limit of its population. Virtually all productive land was being farmed. There was also a movement from over-populated rural areas to urban locations. There is no certainty thatthese migrants found better economic opportunities in urban areas. Europe seemed to have reached an upper limit to population growth, and the number of poor appeared to have increased noticeably. Some historians have pointed out that famine may have led to chronic malnutrition. They argue this helps explain the high mortality of the great plague known as the Black Death.Another ExampleThis article shows us about the weather change in the thirteenth century In Europe and its great influence on the whole Europe, that is the great famine. In the following parts, the author explains the reason of the big change. At first, population increased greatly in Europe and reached its upper limit by the thirteenth century. In order to support the people, more and more lands are farmed including that which needed protection. This leads to weak resistence to the weather change. Second, people’s movement from rural areas to urban areas also make the cities over-populated. Instead of getting opportunities, more and more poor people in the cities in the one hand, and on the other hand, peasants have a smaller size farm on average. Because of the population growth and the people’s movement lead to the weather change and result in severe famine. The famine lead to chronic malnutrition which makes people unable to resist disease.Another ExampleTo explain the high mortality of Black Death, historians studied the great famine which occurred in the 14th century. It was found that Europehad reached the upper limit of its population by 1300. And there was a movement from over-populated rural areas to urban locations. Between 1315 and 1317 extremely bad weather caused a great famine in Europe and 10 percent of the European population was killed by it. Many people were hungry and poor. Historians pointed out that the famine might have led to increased infant mortality, lower birthrates and higher susceptibility to disease. All those findings proved that the great famine might be the promoter of Black Death.Rest of the SemesterNext week will be our last day of class. We will spend one hour reviewing different things from this semester and we will spend the second hour talking about Christmas in the United States. I have prepared some songs that I will teach you and that we will sing together.Rest of the SemesterNext week you will need to give me your journal assignments. Altogether I will be asking you to hand in 30 journal entries. I will not accept journal entries that are emailed to me.Two weeks from today there will be no class. However, I will be going to my office from 8-12 in the morning on that day, December 27th , to answer any questions students might have. My office is in Classroom 4 room 418. I will answer questions on a first come first serve basis. I will also be returning your journals at that time if you would like to pick them up.。
北京师范大学考博英语分析题众所周知,北师大是全国高等的师范学府,这也就是说北师大的考博题型多少是有点偏文的,其考博英语试卷中仅仅翻译和写作就占55分,也就是说如果你的翻译和写作环节很薄弱,你就不可能通过考试。
下面我们一起来看看北师大05年的汉译英题。
在学问上打下坚实的基础将使你终生受益。
在学习的初级阶段,学校所有科目中最重要的是语言和数学。
语言是阅读和交流的工具,中文不好,你就不能很好地表达自己;没有很好的掌握一门外语,你就会发现很难吸收外国的新知识。
数学能训练人的逻辑思维。
其他学科也各有用处,很难说哪一门更重要。
比如,体育和音乐教育对于促进人的智力发展同样是重要的。
(北师大2005年)(15分)想做好这道题我们要具备的是积累一定量单词和词组,不过相信这段中文所涉及到英文单词大家都会拼写,但是很多考生达不了高分的主要原因就是因为只顾着背单词而忽略了在学习英语过程中对词组的积累。
如第一句“在学问上打下坚实的基础将是你终生受益”,其中在……方面打下坚实的基础应该用词组:lay a solid foundation in……,而为……奠定牢固的基础lay a solid foundation for……。
此外,使……受益,应该表达为:grant……benefit.在……的初级阶段:on the preliminary stage.还有所给文章中有一句“学校所有科目中最重要的是语言和数学”。
这里考生很可能看到最重要的就想怎样把“important”这个词添加进去。
其实dominate也有在……占首要地位的意思,在译文中用dominate会更地道一些。
还有文章中“你就不能很好的表达自己”。
很多考生会译成:you can’t express yourself well.其实我们译成:prevent you from expressing yourself 更好些,不要见到能救翻译成can见到不能就翻译成can’t.要考虑到上下文语境,选择最适合的词语进行搭配。
北京师范大学2002-2008年博士研究生入学考试试题总结(教育学)2008 年教育学 A1. 从现代教育的基本价值和功能分析教育对个人发展的意义(25 分)2. 试论教学过程的特殊性及对教学工作的意义(25 分)3. 互联网对青少年交往行为的影响并就学校教育由此面临的问题等谈谈你的看法。
(20 分)4. 各方向必选题试题。
(30 分)其中农村教育方向,考题为农村义务教育管理体制和经费投入机制经历了哪几个阶段,分析各阶段的特征。
教育学 B1. 论述义务教育的基本特征以及政府应该承担的责任.(35 分)2. 试论教学过程的特殊性及对对教学工作的指导意义(35 分)3. 论述互联网对青少年学生交往行为的影响并就学校教育由此面临的问题等谈谈你的对策。
(30 分)中外教育史 A1.试述西方国家公立学校体系近 200 年来的发展及其对教育普及的作用。
(35 分)2.简述从汉代至唐宋时期中国选士制度的演进及其对中国古代教育的影响。
(35 分)3. 简述二战后西方国家高等教育大众化进程并对我国当前高等教育大众化问题略予评论。
(30 分)2007 年1、试论现代教育的基本价值和功能及其对个人发展的意义。
(35 分)2、谈谈近年来教育研究方法论方面的若干变化及其意义。
(30 分)3、要求根据材料写篇小文章。
材料太长,出自《发展教育学年鉴 2003》,首都师大出版社 2003 版。
具体内容是关于现代德育方面的。
(35 分)2006 年教育学 B1、从教育的本质属性角度,评析“教育产业化”。
2、现在德育概念有泛化的趋势,广义的德育包括(思想政治教育、道德品质教育、法制教育、心理健康教育等)以及狭义的德育(道德品质教育)概念的各自内涵及相互关系。
3、有人提出“学生第一,教师第二”的观点,请评析。
2005 年教育学 A1、结合实际评述精英主义和大众主义教育观(30 分)2、女性主义哲学对教育的影响(30 分)3、基础教育课程改革中存在的问题及对策(40 分)2005年教育学 B1. 论述教育的保守和大众价值取向。
北京师范大学2002年《心理学研究方法》考博真题一、〔25分〕“中学生认知能力测验的编制及北京地区常模的建立”是一篇学位论文的开题报告,请重点从研究方法的角度对它进行评析。
二、〔30分〕从你自己熟悉的研究领域中选择一个研究课题,撰写一份简要的课题论证报告。
三、〔25分〕谈谈你对发展心理学中“定性研究方法”〔质性研究方法〕〔qualitative research method〕的认识。
四、〔20分〕在发展心理学研究中,对所得数据进行统计分析及解释结果时应注意哪些问题。
北京师范大学2003年《心理学研究方法》考博真题一、〔10分〕问答题1.〔5分〕一个横断研究的结果说明:随着年龄的增长,被试的收入显示逐渐增加,在45-50岁时收入最多,然后收入又逐渐减少。
而追踪研究的结果发现:随着年龄的增加,被试的收入都是不断增加的。
为什么横断研究的结果和追踪研究的结果不一致?2.〔5分〕纵向研究可以向我们描述随着年龄增长,心理特征的发展变化过程。
纵向研究只有满足那些条件才能真正测量到心理特征的发展变化过程?二、〔25分〕评析题给出一份研究报告:中文读写能力及其影响因素研究,孟祥芝,心理科学,2002.5的文章。
请从研究方法的角度评析“中文读写能力及其相关因素研究”一文。
三、〔25分〕应用题从自己熟悉的研究领域中提出一个问题,围绕这个问题撰写一份简要的课题论证报告。
四、〔40分〕论述题1.〔20分〕从研究方法的角度分析、比较儿童社会性发展和认知发展研究的异同2.〔20分〕阐述描述研究、相关研究和实验研究的基本特征,并分析他们三者在发展心理学研究中的作用。
北京师范大学2004年《心理学研究方法》考博真题一、判断题〔12分〕1、分半信度的信度调整之后,信度变大2、检验内容信度的方法有专家评定3、运用投射测验的TAT二、简答题〔30分〕1、什么是反应时,在心理研究中的作用。
2、什么是准实验设计,举例说明。
3、为什么心理测量十分重视信度、效度。
北京师范大学考博英语翻译试题及其解析Investigators of monkey’s social behavior have always been struckby monkeys’aggressive potential and the consequent need for socialcontrol of their aggressive behavior.Studies directed at describingaggressive behavior and the situations that elicit it,as well as thesocial mechanisms that control it,were therefore among the firstinvestigations of monkeys’social behavior.Investigators initially believed that monkeys would compete forany resource in the environment:hungry monkeys would fight over food,thirsty monkeys would fight over water,and,in general,at time morethan one monkey in a group sought the same incentive simultaneously,a dispute would result and would be resolved through some form ofaggression.However,the motivating force of competition for Geng duoyuan xiao wan zheng kao bo ying yu zhen ti ji qi jie xi qing lian xiquan guo mian fei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiuqi ba,huo jia zi xun qq:qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi incentives beganto be doubted when experiments like Southwick’s on the reduction ofspace or the withholding of food failed to produce more than temporaryincreases in intragroup aggression.Indeed,food deprivation not onlyfailed to increase aggression but in some cases actually resulted indecreased frequencies of aggression.Studies of animals in the wild under conditions of extreme fooddeprivation likewise revealed that starving monkeys devoted almostall available energy to foraging,with little energy remaining foraggressive interaction.Furthermore,accumulating evidence fromlater studies of a variety of primate groups,for example,the study conducted by Bernstein,indicates that one of the most potent stimuli for eliciting aggression is the introduction of an intruder into an organized group.Such introductions result in far more serious aggression than that produced in any other types of experiments contrived to produce competition.These studies of intruders suggest that adult members of the same species introduced to one another for the first time show considerable hostility because,in the absence of a social order,one must be established to control interanimal relationships.When a single new animal is introduced into an existing social organization,the newcomer meets even more serious aggression.Whereas in the first case aggression establishes a social order,in the second case resident animals mob the intruder,thereby initially excluding the new animal from the existing social unit.The simultaneous introduction of several animals lessens the effect,if only because the group divides its attention among the multiple targets.If,however,the several animals introduced a group constitute their own social unit,each group may fight the opposing group as a unit;but,again,no individual is subjected to mass attack,and the very cohesion of the groups precludes prolonged individual combat.The submission of the defeated group,rather than unleashing unchecked aggression on the part of the victorious group,reduces both the intensity and frequency of further attack.Monkey groups therefore seem to be organized primarily tomaintain their established social order rather than to engage in hostilities per se.1.The author of the text is primarily concerned with[A]advancing a new methodology for changing a monkey’s social behavior.[B]comparing the methods of several research studies on aggression among monkeys.[C]explaining the reasons for researcher’s interest in monkey’s social behavior.[D]discussing the development of investigators’theories about aggression among monkeys.2.Which of the following best summarizes the findings reported in the text about the effects of food deprivation on monkeys’behavior?[A]Food deprivation has no effect on aggression among monkeys.[B]Food deprivation increases aggression among monkeys because one of the most potent stimuli for eliciting aggression is the competition for incentives.[C]Food deprivation may increase long-term aggression among monkeys in a laboratory setting,but it produces only temporary increase among monkeys in the wild.[D]Food deprivation may temporarily increase aggression among monkeys,but it also leads to a decrease in conflict.3.The text suggests that investigators of monkeys’socialbehavior have been especially interested in aggressive behavior among monkeys because[A]aggression is the most common social behavior among monkeys.[B]successful competition for incentives determines the social order in a monkey group.[C]situation that elicit aggressive behavior can be studied in a laboratory.[D]most monkeys are potentially aggressive,yet they live in social units that could not function without control of their aggressive impulses.4.The text supplies information to answer which of the following questions?[A]How does the reduction of space affect intragroup aggression among monkeys in an experimental setting?[B]Do family units within a monkey social group compete with other family units for food?[C]What are the mechanisms by which the social order of an established group of monkeys controls aggression within that group?[D]How do monkeys engaged in aggression with other monkeys signal submission?5.Which of the following best describes the organization of the second paragraph?[A]A hypothesis is explained and counter evidence is described.[B]A theory is advanced and specific evidence supporting it iscited.[C]Field observations are described and a conclusion about their significance is drawn.[D]Two theories are explained and evidence supporting each of them is detailed.[答案与考点解析]1.【答案】D【考点解析】本题是一道中心主旨题。
北京师范大学教育学部教育学原理考博备考资料-育明考博一、北京师范大学教育学部考博招生情况统计(育明考博)二、北京师范大学教育学原理考博招生情况(育明考博)专业方向复试人数/招生人数复试方式040101教育学原理教育基本理论教育哲学德育原理教育社会学14年19人/4人15年19人/4人16年18人/4人专业笔试成绩占30%专业面试成绩占70%外语加试育明教育杜老师解析:1、北京师范大学自2013年为更好选拔博士生生源质量试行“申请-审核”选拔博士生制度,与以往的考试制在考查方式、考查测重点方面都有所区别。
“申请制”不代表不考试,也不代表考试不重要,最终决定能否被录取的还是考试成绩。
选拔流程为提交申请材料-笔试-面试-录取(北师考博真题、资料、辅导咨询育明教育杜老师叩叩:八九三.二四一.二二六)。
2、材料审核中重点打分项:个人自述、科研成果(论文、workingpaper、参与课题)、外语水平、本硕院校、博士修习计划3、初审委员会委员及复试小组成员原则上由相关学科领域副教授(含)以上担任,至少5人。
初审:初审满分值为100分。
在初审成绩60分以上(含60分)的考生中,进行成绩排序,并按不低于1:3(即录取名额:复试人数)的比例确定复试名单。
复试:复试包括外语加试、专业笔试和专业面试(含外语口试),满分值为100分,其中,专业笔试成绩占30%、专业面试成绩占70%,外语加试成绩仅记“合格”或“不合格”。
复试考核内容主要包括:专业基础知识、科研潜力、学术水平、外语能力、创新意识与能力等。
复试成绩60分以上(含60分)且外语加试成绩合格的考生有资格进入最后的录取排名。
(北师考博真题、资料、辅导咨询育明教育杜老师叩叩:八九三.二四一.二二六)育明教育针对北师教育学院考博开设的辅导课程有:考博英语课程班·专业课课程班·视频班·复试保过班·高端协议班。
每年专业课课程班的平均通过率都在80%以上。
北京师范大学2012年博士入学英语试题与答案详解一、试题部分Part I: Listening Comprehension(略)Part:Reading ComprehensiveDirections: There are six passages in this part. Each of the passages is followed by five questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A,B,C and D. Choose the best one and mark your answer on the ANSER SHEET.Passage OneIn 1900 the United States had only three cities with more than a million residents-New York, Chicago, and Philadelphia. By 1930,it had ten giant metropolises. The newer ones experienced remarkable growth, which reflected basic changes in the economy.Line the population of Los Angeles(114000 in 1900)rose spectacularly in the early decades of the twentieth century, increasing a dramatic 1400 percent from 1900 to 1930.A number of circumstances contributed to the meteoric rise of Los Angeles. The agricultural potential of the area was enormous if water for irrigation could be found, and the city founders had the vision and dating to obtain it by constructing a 225-mile aqueduct, completed in 1913, to tap the water of the Owens River. The city had a superb natural harbor, as well as excellent rail connections. The climate made it possible to shoot motion pictures year-round; hence Hollywood. Hollywood not only supplied jobs; it disseminated an image of the good life in Southern California on screens all across the nation. The most important single industry powering the growth of Los Angeles, however, was directly linked to the automobile. The demand for petroleum to fuel gasoline engines led to the opening of the Southern California oil fields, and made Los Angeles North America's greatest refining center.Los Angeles was a product of the auto age in another sense as well: its distinctive spatial organization depended on widespread private ownership of automobiles. Los Angeles was a decentralized metropolis, sprawling across the desert landscape over an area of 400 square miles. It was a city without a real center. The downtown businessdistrict did not grow apace with the city as a whole, and the rapid transit system designed to link the center with outlying areas withered away from disuse. Approximately 800,000 cars were registered in Los Angeles County in 1930, one per 2.7 residents. Some visitors from the east coast were dismayed at the endless urban sprawl and dismissed Los Angeles as a mere collection of suburbs in search of a city. But the freedom and mobility of a city built on wheels attracted floods of migrants to the city.21. What is the passage mainly about?( )A. The growth of cities in the United States in the early 1900'sB. The development of the Southern California oil fieldsC. Factors contributing to the growth of Los AngelesD. Industry and city planning in Los Angeles22. The author characterizes the growth of new large cities in the United States after 1900 as resulting primarily from ( )A. new economic conditionsB. images of cities shown in moviesC. new agricultural techniquesD. a large migrant population23. The word "meteoric" in line 6 is closest in meaning to ( )A. rapidB. famousC. controversialD. methodical24. According to the passage, the most important factor in the development of agriculture around Los Angeles was the ( )A. influx of "new residents to agricultural areas near the cityB. construction of an aqueductC. expansion of transportation facilitiesD. development of new connections to the city's natural harbor25. The visitors from the east coast mentioned in the passage thought that Los Angeles ( )A. was not accurately portrayed by Hollywood imagesB. lacked good suburban areas in which to liveC. had an excessively large populationD. was not really a single cityPassage TwoImagine eating everything delicious you want with none of the fat. That would be great , wouldn’t it?New “fake fat” products appeared on store shelves in the United Stat es recently, but not everyone is happy about it. Makers of the products, which contain a compound called olestra, sayfood manufacturers can now eliminate fat from certain foods, Critics, however, say that the new compound can rob the body of essential vitamins and nutrients and can also cause unpleasant side effects in some people. So it is up to consumers to decide whether the new fat-free products taste good enough to keep eating.Chemists discovered olestra in the late 1960s, when they were searching for a fat that could be digested by infants more easily. Instead of finding the desired fat, the researchers created a fat that can’t be digested at all.Normally, special chemicals in the intestines “grab” molecules of regular fat and break them down so they can be used by the body. A molecule of regular fat is made up of three molecules of substances called fatty acids.The fatty acids are absorbed by the intestines and bring with them the essential vitamins A, D, E and K. When fat molecules are present in the intestines with any of those vitamins, the vitamins attach to the molecules and are carried into the bloodstream.Olestra, which is made from six to eight molecules of fatty acids, is too large for the intestines to absorb. It just slides through the intestines without being broken down. Manufacturers say it’s that ability to slide unchanged through the intestines that makes olestra so valuable as a fat substitute. It provides consumers with the taste of regular fat without any bad effects on the body. But critics say olestra can prevent vitamins A, D, E, and K from being absorbed. It can also prevent the absorption of carotenoids, compounds that may reduce the risk of cancer, heart disease, etc.Manufacturers are adding vitamins A, D, E and K as well as carotenoids to theirproducts now. Even so, some nutritionists are still concerned that people might eat unlimited amounts of food made with the fat substitute without worrying about how many calories they are consuming.26. We learn from the passage that olestra is a substance that ( )A. contains plenty of nutrientsB. renders foods calorie-free while retaining their vitaminsC. makes foods easily digestibleD. makes foods fat-free while keeping them delicious27. The result of the search for an easily digestible fat turned out to be ( )A. commercially uselessB. just as anticipatedC. somewhat controversialD. quite unexpected28. Olestra is different from ordinary fats in that ( )A. it passes through the intestines without being absorbedB. it facilitates the absorption of vitamins by the bodyC. it helps reduce the incidence of heart diseaseD. it prevents excessive intake of vitamins29. What is a possible effect of olestra according to some critics? ( )A. It may impair the digestive system.B. It may affect the overall fat intake.C. It may increase the risk of cancer.D. It may spoil the consumers’ appetite.30. Why are nutritionists concerned about adding vitamins to olestra? ( )A. It may lead to the over-consumption of vitamins.B. People may be induced to eat more than is necessary.C. The function of the intestines may be weakened.D. It may trigger a new wave of fake food production.Passage ThreeA “scientific” view of language was dominant among philosophers and linguistswho affected to develop a scientific analysis of human thought and behavior in the early part of this century. Under the force of this view, it was perhaps inevitable that the art of rhetoric should pass from the status of being regarded as of questionable worth (because although it might be both a source of pleasure and a means to urge people to right action, it might also be a means to distort truth and a source of misguided action) to the status of being wholly condemned. If people are regarded only as machines guided by logic, as they were by these “scientific” thinkers, rhetoric is likely to be held in low regard; for the most obvious truth about rhetoric is that it speaks to the whole person. It presents its arguments first to the person as a rational being, because persuasive discourse, if honestly conceived, always has a basis in reasoning. Logical argument is the plot, as it were, of any speech or essay that is respectfully intended to persuade people. Yet it is a characterizing feature of rhetoric that it goes beyond this and appeals to the parts of our nature that are involved in feeling, desiring, acting, and suffering. It recalls relevant instances of the emotional reactions of people to circumstances—real or fictional—that are similar to our own circumstances. Such is the purpose of both historical accounts and fables in persuasive discourse:they indicate literally or symbolically how people may react emotionally, with hope or fear, to particular circumstances. A speech attempting to persuade people can achieve little unless it takes into account the aspect of their being related to such hopes and fears.Rhetoric, then, is addressed to human beings living at particular times and in particular places. From the point of view of rhetoric, we are not merely logical thinking machines, creatures abstracted from time and space. The study of rhetoric should therefore be considered the most humanistic of the humanities, since rhetoric is not directed only to our rational selves. It takes into account what the “scientific” view leaves out. If it is a weakness to harbor feelings, then rhetoric may be thought of as dealing in weakness. But those who reject the idea of rhetoric because they believe it deals in lies and who at the same time hope to move people to action, must either be liars themselves or be very naive;pure logic has never been a motivating force unless it has been subordinated to human purposes, feelings, and desires, and thereby ceasedto be pure logic.31. According to the passage, to reject rhetoric and still hope to persuade people is( )A. an aim of most speakers and writers.B. an indication either of dishonesty or of credulity.C. a way of displaying distrus t of the audience‘s motives.D. a characteristic of most humanistic discourse.32. It can be inferred from the passage that in the late nineteenth century rhetoric was regarded as ( )A. the only necessary element of persuasive discourse.B. a dubious art in at least two ways.C. an outmoded and tedious amplification of logic.D. an open offense to the rational mind.33. The passage suggests that a speech that attempts to persuade people to act is likely to fail if it does NOT ( )A. distort the truth a little to make it more acceptable to the audience.B. appeal to the self-interest as well as the humanitarianism of the audience.C. address listeners‘ emotions as well as their intellects.D. concede the logic of other points of view.34. Which of the following persuasive devices is NOT used in the passage?( )A. A sample of an actual speech delivered by an oratorB. The contrast of different points of viewC. The repetition of key ideas and expressionsD. An analogy that seeks to explain logical argument35. Which of the following best states the author‘s main point about logical argument?( )A. It is a sterile, abstract discipline, of little use in real life.B. It is an essential element of persuasive discourse, but only one such element.C. It is an important means of persuading people to act against their desires.D. It is the lowest order of discourse because it is the least imaginative.Passage FourExtraordinary creative activity has been characterized as revolutionary, flying in the face of what is established and producing not what is acceptable but what will become accepted. According to this formulation, highly creative activity transcends the limits of an existing form and establishes a new principle of organization. However, the idea that extraordinary creativity transcends established limits is misleading when it is applied to the arts, even though it may be valid for the sciences. Differences between highly creative art and highly creative science arise in part from differences in their goals. For the sciences, a new theory is the goal and end result of the creative act. Innovative science produces new propositions in terms of which diverse phenomena can be related to one another in more coherent ways. Such phenomena as a brilliant diamond or a nesting bird are relegated to the role of data, serving as the means for formulating or testing a new theory. The goal of highly creative art is very different: the phenomenon itself becomes the direct product of the creative act. Shakespeare's Hamlet is not a tract about the behavior of indecisive princes or the uses of political power, nor is Picasso's painting Guernica primarily a propositional statement about the Spanish Civil War or the evils of fascism. What highly creative artistic activity produces is not a new generalization that transcends established limits, but rather an aesthetic particular. Aesthetic particulars produced by the highly creative artist extend or exploit, in an innovative way, the limits of an existing form, rather than transcend that form.This is not to deny that a highly creative artist sometimes establishes a new principle of organization in the history of an artistic field: the composer Monteverdi, who created music of the highest aesthetic value, comes to mind. More generally, however, whether or not a composition establishes a new principle in the history of music has little bearing on its aesthetic worth. Because they embody a new principle of organization, some musical works, such as the operas of the Florentine Camerata, are of signal historical importance, but few listeners or musicologists would include these among the great works of music. On the other hand, Mozart's The Marriage of Figaro is surely among the masterpieces of music even though its modest innovationsare confined to extending existing means. It has been said of Beethoven that he toppled the rules and freed music from the stifling confines of convention. But a close study of his compositions reveals that Beethoven overturned no fundamental rules. Rather, he was an incomparable strategist who exploited limits--the rules, forms, and conventions that he inherited from predecessors such as Haydn and Mozart, Handel and Bach--in strikingly original ways.36.The author considers a new theory that coherently relates diverse phenomena to one another to be the ( )A. basis for reaffirming a well-established scientific formulation.B. byproduct of an aesthetic experience.C. tool used by a scientist to discover a new particular.D. result of highly creative scientific activity.37.The passage supplies information for answering all of the following questions EXCEPT: ( )A. Has unusual creative activity been characterized as revolutionary?B. Did Beethoven work within a musical tradition that also included Handel and Bach?C. Is Mozart's The Marriage of Figaro an example of a creative work that transcended limits?D. Who besides Monteverdi wrote music that the author would consider to embody new principles of organization and to be of high aesthetic value?38. The author regards the idea that all highly creative artistic activity transcends limits with--- ( )A. deep skepticismB. strong indignationC. marked indifferenceD. moderate amusement39. The author implies that an innovative scientific contribution is one that ( )A. is cited with high frequency in the publications of other scientistsB. is accepted immediately by the scientific community.C. does not relegate particulars to the role of data.D. introduces a new valid generalization.40. Which of the following statements would most logically conclude the last paragraph of the passage? ( )A. Unlike Beethoven, however, even the greatest of modern composers, such as Stravinsky, did not transcend existing musical forms.B. In similar fashion, existing musical forms were even further exploited by the next generation of great European composers.C. Thus, many of the great composers displayed the same combination of talents exhibited by Monteverdi.D. By contrast, the view that creativity in the arts exploits but does not transcend limits is supported in the field of literature.Passage FiveCultural norms so completely surround people, so permeate thought and action, that we never recognize the assumptions on which their lives and their sanity rest. As one observer put it, if birds were suddenly endowed with scientific curiosity they might examine many things, but the sky itself would be overlooked as a suitable subject; if fish were to become curious about the world, it would never occur to them to begin by investigating water. For birds and fish would take the sky and sea for granted, unaware of their profound influence because they comprise the medium for every fact. Human beings, in a similarly way, occupy a symbolic universe governed by codes that are unconsciously acquired and automatically employed. So much so that they rarely notice that the ways they interpret and talk about events are distinctively different from the ways people conduct their affairs in other cultures.As long as people remain blind to the sources of their meanings, they are imprisoned within them. These cultural frames of reference are no less confining simply because they cannot be seen or touched. Whether it is an individual neurosis that keeps an individual out of contact with his neighbors, or a collective neurosis that separates neighbors of different cultures, both are forms of blindness that limit what can be experienced and what can be learned from others.It would seem that everywhere people would desire to break out of the boundaries of their own experiential worlds. Their ability to react sensitively to a wider spectrumof events and peoples requires an overcoming of such cultural parochialism. But, in fact, few attain this broader vision. Some, of course, have little opportunity for wider cultural experience, though this condition should change as the movement of people accelerates. Others do not try to widen their experience because they prefer the old and familiar, seek from their affairs only further confirmation of the correctness of their own values. Still others recoil from such experiences because they feel it dangerous to probe too deeply into the personal or cultural unconscious. Exposure may reveal how tenuous and arbitrary many cultural norms are; such exposure might force people to acquire new bases for interpreting events. And even for the many who do seek actively to enlarge the variety of human beings with whom they are capable of communicating there are still difficulties.Cultural myopia persists not merely because of inertia and habit, but chiefly because it is so difficult to overcome. One acquires a personality and a culture in childhood, long before he is capable of comprehending either of them. To survive, each person masters the perceptual orientations, cognitive biases, and communicative habits of his own culture. But once mastered, objective assessment of these same processes is awkward since the same mechanisms that are being evaluated must be used in making the evaluations.41. The examples of birds and fish are used to ( )A. show that they, too, have their respective culturesB. explain humans occupy a symbolic universe as birds and fish occupy the sky and the seaC. illustrate that human beings are unaware of the cultural codes governing themD. demonstrate the similarity between man, birds, and fish in their ways of thinking42. The term "parochialism" (Line 3, Para. 3) most possibly means ( )A. open-mindednessB. provincialismC. superiorityD. discrimination43. It can be inferred from the last two paragraphs that ( )A. everyone would like to widen their cultural scope if they canB. the obstacles to overcoming cultural parochialism lie mainly in people’s habit ofthinkingC. provided one’s brought up in a culture, he may be with bias in making cultural evaluationsD. childhood is an important stage in comprehending culture44. Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage? ( )A. Individual and collective neurosis might prevent communications with others.B. People in different cultures may be governed by the same cultural norms.C. People’s visions will be enlarged if only they knew that cultural differences exist.D. If cultural norms are something tangible, they won’t be so confining.45. The passage might be entitled ( )A. How to Overcome Cultural MyopiaB. Behavioral Patterns and Cultural BackgroundC. Harms of Cultural MyopiaD. Cultural Myopia-A Deep-rooted Collective NeurosisPassage SixWhen you leave a job with a traditional pension, don't assume you've lost the chance to collect it. You're entitled to whatever benefit you've earned——and you might even be entitled to take it now. “A lot of people forget they have it, or they think that by waiting until they're 65, they'll have a bigger benefit,” says Wayne Bogosian, president of the PFE Group, which provides corporate pre-retirement education.Your former employers should send you a certificate that says how much your pension is worth. If it's less than $ 5,000, or if the company offers a lump-sum payout, it will generally close your account and cash you out. It may not seem like much, but $5,000 invested over 20 years at eight percent interest is $23,000. If your pension is worth more than $ 5,000, or your company doesn't offer the lump-sum option, find out how much money you're eligible for at the plan's normal retirement age, the earlier age at which you can collect the pension, the more severe penalty for collecting it early. You'll probably still come out ahead by taking the money now and investing it.What if you left a job years ago, and you're realizing you may have unwittingly left behind a pension? Get help from the Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation. It has an online search tool that has helped locate $47 million in lost benefits for more than 12,000 workers.If you have a traditional pension, retiring early costs more than you might expect. Most people assume you take a proportional cut for leaving before your plan's normal retirement age. For example, you might think that if you need to accrue 30 years of service and you leave three years early, you'd get a pension 90 percent of the full amount. But that's not how it works. Instead, you take an actuarial reduction, determined by the employer but often around five percent a year, for each year you leave early. So retiring three years early could leave you with only 85 percent of the total amount.When you retire early with a defined-contribution plan, the problem is you start spending investments on which you could be earning interest. If you retire when you're 55, for example, and start using the traditional pension then, by age 65 you'll have only about half of what you would have had if you'd kept working until 65.46. When one leaves a job with a traditional pension, ( )A. he tends to forget that he has the pensionB. he has no right to ask for the pensionC. he'll have a bigger benefit than if he waits until the age of 65D. he has a specified worth of pension47. If one leaves early before his plan's normal retirement age, ( )A. he'll take 90 percent of the total amount of his pensionB. he'll have half of his pension paymentsC. he'll have his pension payment reduced by 5% a yearD. he'll have only 85 percent of his full pension48. If one retires early with a defined-contribution plan, he is expected to ( )A. earn less interest.B. be better off than with a traditional pension.C. start investment immediately.D. get less Social Security benefits.49. Which of the following can be used as the subtitle for the last three paragraphs?( )A. Your Payout Is Not Guaranteed.B. The Retirement Dilemma.C. Leave Early, Lose Big.D. Take the Pension with You.50. Which of the following is NOT true? ( )A. If one leaves 3 years early on a 30-year-service basis, he won't get a pension worth 27/30ths.B. It pays to get an early retirement if one understands how retirement pension plan works.C. The Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation helps the retiree to recover last benefits.D. If one keeps his expenses within his retirement framework, he won't be severely affected.Part III. Translation and WritingPart A TranslationTranslate the following into Chinese:Blacks have traditionally been poorly educated -- look at the crisis in urban public schools -- and deprived of the sorts of opportunities that create the vision necessary for technological ambition. Black folkways in America, those unspoken, largely unconscious patterns of thought and belief about what is possible that guide aspiration and behavior, thus do not encompass physics and calculus. Becoming an engineer -- unlike becoming a doctor or a lawyer or an insurance salesman -- has not been seen as a way up in the segregated black community. These folkways developed in response to very real historical conditions, to the limited and at best ambivalent interactions between blacks and technology in this country. Folkways, the "consciousness of the race," change at a slower pace than societal conditions do -- and so a working strategy can turn into a crippling blindness and self-limitation.Translate the following into English:“失落之城”马丘比丘坐落在秘鲁热带山地森林,直到1911 年才被美国探险家海勒姆-宾厄姆发现。
北京师范大学哲学学院思想政治教育专业考博考试分析-育明考博一、北师大哲学学院思想政治教育专业考博内容分析(育明考博辅导中心)专业方向导师招生人数初试内容复试内容030505思想政治教育01政治哲学吴玉军2014年1人①1101英语、1102俄语、1103日语②2235马克思主义哲学B③3364中国化的马克思主义研究专业面试2015年1人2016年1人育明考博辅导中心杜老师解析:1、哲学学院思想政治教育专业考博的报录比平均在4:1左右(竞争较激烈)2、本专业有一位导师,一个研究方向,招收一名博士生。
3、报考条件:已获硕士学位人员(初试前获得硕士学位),或应届硕士毕业生(最迟须在入学前获得硕士学位证书和毕业证书),或符合条件的同等学力人员,或已获博士学位人员。
同等学力人员须同时符合下列条件:①获得学士学位后六年或六年以上(从获得学士学位到博士生入学之日)。
②在核心刊物(见附件)以第一作者身份发表过四篇以上与所报学科专业相关的学术论文;独立主持过省部级以上重大科研项目者发表文章数可酌减,但不得少于2篇。
③已修完所报专业硕士学位课程及选修课程且成绩合格。
4、初试外语拉开的分差较小,两门专业课拉开的分差非常大。
要进入复试就必须在两门专业课中取得较高的分数。
专业课的复习备考中“信息”和“方向”比单纯的时间投入和努力程度更重要。
5、北京师范大学考博初试外语中不含听力。
6、学院并不指定外语和专业课复习的参考书。
育明教育考博分校针对北京师范大学各专业考博开设的辅导课程有:考博英语课程班·专业课课程班·视频班·复试保过班·高端协议班。
每年专业课课程班的平均通过率都在80%以上。
根植育明学校从2006年开始积累的深厚高校资源,整合利用历届育明优秀学员的成功经验与高分资料,为每一位学员构建考博成功的基础保障。
(北京师范大学考博资料获取、课程咨询育明教育杜老师叩叩:八九三、二四一、二二六)二、北京师范大学思想政治教育专业历年考博复试分数线(育明考博课程中心)年份录取成绩要求复试人数/招生人数育明考博辅导中心杜老师解析:1、哲学学院思想政治教育专业共有1个研究方向,各专业之间报录比差别还是比较大的。
北师大考博5复习题心理与教育研究的原则(客系理教伦)1)客观性原则2)系统性原则3)理论联系实际原则4)教育性原则5)伦理性原则因果分析的意义是什么?在心理学研究中,因果分析又哪些特点? 因果关系验证的关键条件是什么?(1)心理学研究的一项中心任务,就是对各种变量与因素进行因果关系分析.典型的心理学实验,往往要求恒定或控制某些情境条件与变量,以便使所研究的因果关系能明确地显现出来.在这个意义上说,实验就是检验因果关系的手段.心理学研究中,经常以因果关系分析的水平作为衡量研究质量的标准.一般来说,如果一项研究的变量及因果关系明确,就认为该研究有较好的效度.(2)因果关系的特点a.可检验性b.层次性c.复杂性d.动态特点心理学理论的建构主要有哪几种方式?各自有何特点?理论评价的标准是什么?(1)归纳理论:把数据反映出来的实际关系组织为理论原则演绎理论:从理论解释出发,寻求数据以减验理论的预测机能理论: 综合前两种模型: 类比/ 范围有限(2)简洁性精确性可检验性因果模型的构建应满足哪些条件? 步骤?(1)条件●规范的理论陈述●因果关系的理论假设●明确的因果顺序和因果方向●自抑式函数方程●明确的理论边界●模型的稳定性(2) 步骤●提出理论构思和初步模型●变量的操作化和处理●以实际数据支持函数方程●实际数据与结构模型相拟合操作定义的作用、设计原则、设计方法定义用可感知、可度量的事物、事件、现象和方法对变量或指标做出具体的界定。
作用1.有利于提高研究的客观性2.有利于研究假设的检验。
3.有利于提高心理与教育科学研究的统一性4.有利于提高研究结果的可比性5.有利于研究的评价、结果的检验和重复原则1.对称性原则:与抽象定义的内涵相对称2.独特性原则设计方法1.方法与程序描述法2.动态特征描述法3.静态特征描述法无关变量的主要类别?如何控制无关变量?1、被试方面存在的无关变量2、主试方面存在的无关变量3、研究设计方面存在的无变量4、研究实施环境条件方面的无关变量5、数据处理方面存在的无关变量无关变量的控制1、消除法2、恒定法与平衡法3、统计控制法心理学研究设计包括哪些主要步骤? 完整的研究计划应包括哪些方面的内容?(一)研究课题与变量的选择1.课题的选择(1)课题的类型(2)课题选择的标准①所研究的问题应当涉及两个或两个以上变量之间的关系②所研究的问题应该尽可能明确具体③具有通过实际研究解决问题的可能性2.概念和构思3.常见的变量(1)自变量, 中介变量和因变量(2)干涉变量4.变量的操作定义(二)确定研究设计1. 研究设计的目的和控制原则目的: 回答所研究的问题控制研究中的变异量原则:使系统变异最大控制外源的系统变异使误差变异最小2. 研究设计的标准(1)研究设计回答了研究问题并准确地检验假设(2)研究设计通过不同程度的随机化,较严格的控制自变量(3)使研究具有一定的内,外部效度3. 研究的计划,包括(1)研究目的和理论框架(2)以往研究的考察(3)研究的设计与方法(三)研究的方法和过程1. 研究的方法需要考虑(1)被试的取样方法(2)实验处理的方法(3)收集数据的方法(4)数据统计分析的方法2. 研究的过程(四)研究结果的分析和总结1.单一研究的局限性2.作结论时的决策差误:I类差误_从样本的统计结果推理诸变量间存在某种关系而实际上没有关系II类差误_从样本推论变量间没有关系而实际上存在关系.3.研究的结果与理论的发展4.有待进一步研究的问题.元分析有何特点(定全普)?步骤(检分测评)?特点: (1)元分析是一种定量分析(2)元分析是一种全面的评价(3)元分析寻求普遍性的结论步骤: (1)检索研究文献(2)分类与编码(3)测定研究结果(4)分析与评价现场研究有哪些重要特点? 这些特点对心理学研究的意义是什么?(一)边界特点1.变量强度2. 变量变化范围3.变量操纵的频次和持续时间(二)结构特点1.时间结构 2.自然单元 3.复杂性前实验、真实验和准实验有何异同?1、前实验是最为原始的一种实验类型,它对任何无关变量都没有控制,因而效度很低,通常被称为非实验设计。
(2007)Read the following passage carefully and write a summary of it in English in about 150 words.Meaning and Characteristics of the Italian RenaissanceThe word (过于具体) Renaissance means “rebirth.” (与下文重复) A number of people who lived in (过于具体) Italy between 1350 and 1550 believed that they had witnessed (过于具体) a rebirth of antiquity or Greco-Roman civilization, marking a new age. To them, the thousand or so years between the end of the Roman Empire and their own era was a middle period (hence the “Middle Ages”), characterized by darkness because of its lack of classic culture (铺垫). Historians of the nineteenth century later used similar terminology to describe this period in Italy. (铺垫) The Swiss historian and art critic Jacob Burckhardt created the modern concept of the Renaissance in his celebrated Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy published in 1860 (举例) . He portrayed Italy in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries as the birthplace of the modern world (the Italians were “the firstborn among the sons of modern Europe”) (与前文重复) and saw the revival of antiquity, “the perfecting of the individual,” and secularism as its distinguishing features. Burckhardt exaggerated the individuality and secularism of the Renaissance and failed to recognize the depths of its religious sentiment(详细陈述或让步); nevertheless, he established the framework for all modern interpretations of the Renaissance(与主题不直接相联). Although contemporary scholars do not believe that the Renaissance represents a sudden or dramatic cultural break with the Middle Ages, as Burckhardt argued—there was, after all, much continuity in economic, political, and social life between the two periods(让步)—the Renaissance can still be viewed as a distinct period of European history that manifested itself first in Italy and then spread to the rest of Europe.Renaissance Italy was largely an urban society. As a result of its commercial preeminence and political evolution, northern Italy by the mid-fourteenth century was mostly a land of independent cities that dominated the country districts around them. These city-states became the centers of Italian political, economic, and social life. Within this new urban society, (铺垫,或属于次要原因)a secular spirit emerged as increasing wealth created new possibilities for the enjoyment of worldly things.Above all, the Renaissance was an age of recovery from the “calamitous fourteenth century.” Italy and Europe began a slow process of recuperation from the effects of the Black Death, political disorder, and economic recession(详细陈述或举例论证). This recovery was accompanied by a rebirth of the culture of classical antiquity. Increasingly aware of their own historical past, Italian intellectuals became intensely interested in the Greco-Roman culture of the ancient Mediterranean world. This new revival of classical antiquity (the Middle Ages had in fact preserved much of ancient Latin culture) affected activities as diverse as politics and art and led to new attempts to reconcile the pagan philosophy of the Greco-Roman world with Christian thought, as well as new ways of viewing human beings.(后果延伸)A revived emphasis on individual ability became characteristic of the Italian Renaissance. As the fifteenth-century Florentine architect Leon Battista Alberti expressed it: “Man can do all things if they will.”(举例)A high regard for human dignity and worth and a realization of individual potentiality created a new social ideal of the well-rounded personality or universal person who was capable of achievements in many areas of life.(后果延伸)These general features of the Italian Renaissance were not characteristic of all Italians but were primarily the preserve of the wealthy upper classes, who constituted a small percentage of the total population(详细陈述). The achievements of the Italian Renaissance were the product of an elite, rather than a mass, movement.(与上文重复)Nevertheless, indirectly it did have some impact on ordinary people, especially in the cities, where so many of the intellectual and artistic accomplishments of the period were most visible. (详细陈述或属于不重要修饰语(2006)(2005)Read the following passage carefully and then write a summary of it in English in about 150 wordsA tool is an implement or device used directly upon a piece of material to shape it into a desired form. The date of the earliest tools is extremely remote. Tools found in northern Kenya in 1969 have been estimated to be about 2600000 years old, and their state of development suggests that even older tools remain to be discovered.The present array of tools has as common ancestors the sharpened stones that were the keys to early human survival. Rudely fractured stones, first found and later “made” by hunters who needed a general-purpose tool, were a “knife” of sorts that could also be used to hack, to pound, and to grub. In the course of a vast interval of time, a variety ofsingle-purpose tools came into being. With the twin developments of agriculture and animal domestication, roughly 10000 years ago. The many demands of a settled way of life led to a higher degree of tool specialization; the identities of the ax, adz, chisel, and saw were clearly established more than 4000 years ago.The common denominator of these tools is removal of material from a workpiece, usually by some form of cutting. The presence of a cutting edge is therefore characteristic of most tools. And the principal concern of toolmakers has been the pursuit and creation of improved cutting edges. Tool effectiveness was enhanced enormously by hafting---the fitting of a handle to a piece of sharp stone, which endowed the tool with better control, more energy, or both.It is helpful to draw the distinction between hand and machine tools. Hand tools are those used by craftsmen in manual operations, such as chopping, chiseling, sawing, filing, or forging. Complementary tools, often needed as auxiliaries to the shaping tools, include such implementsas the hammer for nailing and the vise for holding. A craftsman may also use instruments that facilitate accurate measurements: the rule, divider, square, and others. Power tools---usually hand-held, motor-powered implements such as the electric drill or electric saw---perform many of the old manual operations and as such may be considered hand tools. Machine tools are analogous to hand tools in their function as shaping implements, but they require stationary mounting and mechanical drive for the working of strong materials, primarily metal, and the mass processing of precision parts.During the evolution of tools over more than 2000000 years, using as principal materials, successively, stone, bronze, and iron, humans developed a number of particular tools. Taken together, these specialized tools form an inverted pyramid resting upon the first general-purpose tool. The nearly formless chopper. With the discovery of metals and the support of numerous inventions allowing their exploitation, the first approximations to the modern forms of the basic tools of the craftsman established themselves, with the main thrust of further development directed at improving the cutting edges.The earliest tools were multipurpose; specialized tools were latecomers. A multipurpose tool, although able to do a number of things, does none of them as well as a tool designed or proportioned for one job and one material.(2004)Read the following passage carefully and then write a summary of it in English in about 120 words.The success of failure of a company abroad depends on how effectively its employees can exercise their skills in a new location. That ability will depend on both their job-related expertise and the individual’s sensitivity and responsiveness to the new cultural environment. One of the most common factors contributing to failure in international business assignments is the erroneous assumption that if a person is successful in the home environment, he or she will be equally successful in applying technical expertise in a different culture.Research has shown that failures in the overseas business setting most frequently result from an inability to understand and adapt to foreign ways of thinking and acting rather than from technical or professional incompetence. At home U.S. businesspeople equip themselves with vast amount of knowledge of their employees, customers, and business partners. Market research provides detailed information on values, attitudes, and buying preferences of U.S, consumers; middle-and upper-level managers are well versed in the intricacies of theirorganization’s culture; and labor negotiators must be highly sensitive to what motivates those on the other side of the table. Yet when North Americans turn to the international arena, they frequently are willing to deal with customers, employees, and fellow workers with a lack of information that at home would be unimaginable.The literature on international business is filled with examples of business miscues when U.S. corporations attempted to operate in an international context. Some are mildly amusing. Others are downright embarrassing. All of them, to one degree or another, have been costly in terns of money, reputation, or both. For example, when American firms try to market their products in other countries, they often assume that if a marketing strategy or slogan is effective in Cleveland, it will be equally effective in other parts of the world. But problems arise when cultural context changes.Just as inattention to the cultural context can result in some costly blunders in marketing and management, it also can affect seriously the success of international business negotiations. Time, effort, reputation, and even contracts can be lost because of cultural ignorance. The world is changing faster than most of us can calculate, and if American businesspersons are to meet the challenges of an increasingly interdependent world, they will need to develop a better understanding of how cultural variables influence international business enterprises. A healthy dialogue between cultures and members of the international business community will be an important step in achieving that needed understanding.(2003)Read the following passage carefully and then write a summary of it in English in about 120 words.Europe was the first of the major world regions to develop a modern economy based on commercial agriculture and industrial development. Its successful modernization can be traced to the continent’s rich endowment of economic resources, its history of innovations, the evolution of a skilled and educated labour force, and the interconnectedness of all its parts-both naturally existing and man-made—which facilitated the easy movement of massive quantities of raw materials and finished goods and the communication of ideas.Europe’s economic modernization began with a marked improvement in agriculture output in the 17th century, particularly in England. The traditional method of cultivation involved periodically allowing land to remain fallow; this gave way to continuous cropping on fields that were fertilized with nature from animals raised as food for rapidly expanding urban markets. Greater wealth was accumulated by landowners at the same time that fewer farmhands were needed to work the land. The accumulated capital and abundant cheap labour created by this revolution in agriculture fueled the development of the Industrial Revolution in the 18th century.The revolution vegan in northern England in the 1730s with the development of water-driven machinery to spin and weave wool and cotton. By mid-century James Watt had developed a practical steam engine that emancipated machinery from sites adjacent to waterfalls and rapids. Britain had been practically deforested by this time, and the incessant demand formore fuel to run the engines led to the exploitation of coal as a major industry. Industries were built on the coalfields to minimize the cost of transporting coal over long distances. The increasingly surplus rural population flocked to the new manufacturing areas. Canals and other improvements in the transportation infrastructure were made in these regions, which made them attractive to other industries that were not necessarily dependent on coal and thus prompted development in adjacent regions.Industrialization outside of England began in the mid-19th century in Belgium and northeastern France and spread to Germany, the Netherlands, southern Scandinavia, and other areas in conjunction with the construction of railways. By the 1870s the governments of the European nations had recognized the vital importance of factory production and had taken steps to encourage local development through subsidies and tariff protection against foreign competition. Large areas, however, remained virtually untouched by modern industrial development, including most of the Iberian Peninsula, southern Italy, and a broad belt of eastern Europe extending from the Balkans on the south to Finland and northern Scandinavia.During the 20the century Europe has experienced periods of considerable economic growth and prosperity, and industrial development has proliferated much more widely throughout the continent; but continued economic development in Europe has been handicapped to a large degree by its multinational character—which has spawned economic rivalries among states and two devastating world wars-as well as by the exhaustion of many of its resources and by increased economic competition from overseas. Governmental protectionism, which has tended to restrict the potential market for a product to a single country, has deprived many industrial concerns of the efficiencies of large-scale production serving a mass market (such as is found in the United States). In addition, enterprise efficiency has suffered from government support and from a lack of competition within a national market area. Within individual countries there have been growing tensions between regions that have prospered and those that have not. This “core-periphery” problem has been particularly acute in situations where the contrasting regions are inhabited by different ethnic groups.(2002)Read the following passage carefully and then write a summary of it in English in about 120 words.Developments in 19th century Europe are bounded by two great events. The French Revolution broke out in 1789, and its effects reverberated throughout much of Europe for many decades. World War I began in 1914. Its inception resulted from many trends in European society, culture, and diplomacy during the late 19th century. In between these boundaries---the one opening a new set of trends, the other bringing long-standing tensions to a head---much of modern Europe was defined.Europe during this 125-year span was both united and deeply divided. A number of basic cultural trends, including new literary styles and the spread of science, ran through the entire continent. European states were increasingly locked in diplomatic interaction, culminating in continentwide alliance system after 1871. At the same time, this was the century of growing nationalism, in which individual states jealously protected their identities and indeed established more rigorous border controls than ever before. Finally, the European continent was to an extent divided between two zones of differential development. Changes such as the IndustrialRevolution and political liberalization spread first and fastest in western Europe---Britain, France, the Low Countries, Scandinavia, and, to an extent, Germany and Italy. Eastern and southern Europe, more rural at the outset of the period, changed more slowly and in somewhat different ways.Europe witnessed important common patterns and increasing interconnections, but these developments must be assessed in terms of nation-state divisions and, even more, of larger regional differences. Some trends, including the ongoing impact of the French Revolution, ran through virtually the entire 19th century. Other characteristics, however, had a shorter life span.Some historians prefer to divide 19th century history into relatively small chunks. Thus 1789-1815 is defined by the French Revolution and Napoleon; 1815-48 forms a period of reaction and adjustment; 1848-71 is dominated by a new round of revolution and the unifications of the German and Italian nations; and 1871-1914, an age of imperialism, is shaped by new kinds of political debate and the pressures that culminated in war. Overriding these important markers, however, a simpler division can also be useful. Between 1789 and 1849 Europe dealt with the forces of political revolution and the first impact of the Industrial Revolution. Between 1849 and 1914 a fuller industrial society emerged, including new forms of states and of diplomatic and military alignments. The mid-19th century, in either formulation, looms as a particularly important point of transition within the extended 19th century.(2008)build up ,and like some magnificent structure without foundation.Answer:(2007)(2006)Finland, an enormous land of unspoiled lakes and forests, nourishes Finnic genius of commitmen and coexistence with nature. The basic nucleus of the Finnic population are Finns coming from the Urals in the early century of the Christian age. Being such short history, Finland does not have enormous number of work of art, but it is still possible to meet craftsman in Savonlinna who are working according to the old techniques. Glas, which is a typical Finnish product, seems to sum up the characteristics of the world from which it originates: purity, simplicity, and a sense of nature. The forests and waters inspire contemporary works of art; and the meditative soul of the Finns, who blend in with nature, is nourished by these fresh color. Near Leiksa, an extraordinary sculptor working with wood is one of the example of contemporary artists who is inspired by nature.(2005)A tool is a device use directly upon a piece of material to shape it into a desired form. The date of the earliest toll is extremely remote. Stones as tool were the keys to early human survival. The twin development of agriculture and animal domestication developed the general-purpose tool into single-purpose tool. Generally speaking, tools are removal of material from workplace. It is helpful to draw the distinction between hand and machine tools. Hand tools are those used by craftsmen in manual operations. Machine tools are complementary to hand tools in their functions, but they require stationary, mounting and mechanical drive for the working of strong materials, primarily metal, and the mass processing of precision parts. The earliest tools were multipurpose; specialized tools were latecomers.(2004)(2003)Europe was the first of the major world regions to develop a modern economy. Itssuccessful modernization facilitated the movement of raw materials and finished goods and the communication of ideas.Concerning the time, it first began in the 17th century. The traditional method of cultivation involved allowing land to remain fallow thus fewer farmlands were needed to work the land and the accumulated capital and labor created by this revolution fueled the development of the Industrial Revolution in the 18th century.Industrialization outside of England began in the mid-19th century in Belgium and spread to some of the other European countries. Although they had recognized the importance of factory production and had taken steps to encourage local development, there still existed large areas untouched by modern in industrial development. During the 20th century Europe has experienced periods of economic growth and prosperity, but continued economic development in Europe has been handicapped to a large degree by its multinational character.(2002)(2008)The creation of a scientific method was critical to the development of science. In his book The Great Restoration, Francis Bacon put forth the call for the reconstruction of sciences, arts and all human knowledge on a correct foundation, the basis of which was inductive principles, or proceeding from the particular to the general. Bacon believed in the value of experiments and observations. Besides, he was more concerned with applied sciences than theoretical ones. He deemed that the purpose of science should be bringing discoveries and power to human beings and conquering nature. As he claimed, his new foundation was not for any specific branch of science, but for human utility and power. Of course, this began to be doubted as the major cause of the modern ecological crisis in the twentieth century.。