北京师范大学考博英语历年真题及详解

北京师范大学考博英语模拟题2019年(1)(总分100, 做题时间180分钟)Part Ⅰ Reading ComprehensionDirections:Passage OneJapanese firms have achieved the highest levels of manufacturing efficiency in the world automobile industry. Some observers of Japan have assumed that Japanese firms use the same manufacturing equipment and techniques as United States firms but have benefited from the unique characteristics of Japanese employees and the Japanese culture. However, if this were true, then one would expect Japanese auto plants in the United States to perform no better than factories run by United **panies. This is not the case; Japanese-run automobile plants located in the United States and staffed by local workers have demonstrated higher levels of productivity **pared with factories owned by United **panies.Other observers link high Japanese productivity to higherlevels of capital investment per worker. But a historical perspective leads to a different conclusion. When the two top Japanese automobile makers matched and then doubled United States productivity levels in the mid-sixties, capital investment per employee **parable to that of United States firms. Furthermore, by the late seventies, the amount of fixed assets required to produce one vehicle was roughly equivalent in Japan and in the United States.Since capital investment was not higher in Japan, it had to be other factors that led to higher productivity. A more fruitful explanation may lie with Japanese production techniques. Japanese automobile producers did not simply implement conventional processes more effectively: they made critical changes in United States procedures. For instance, the mass-production philosophy of United States automakers encouraged the production of huge lots of cars in order to utilize fully expensive, component-specific equipment and to occupy fully workers who have been trained to execute one operation efficiently. Japanese automakers chose to make small-lot production feasible by introducing several departures from United States practices, including the use of flexible equipment that could be altered easily to do several different production tasks and the training of workers in multiple jobs. Automakers could schedule the production of **ponents or models on single machines, thereby eliminating the need to store the buffer stocks of **ponents that result when specialized equipment and workers are kept constantly active.SSS_SIMPLE_SIN1.The primary purpose of the passage is to ______.•** the major steps of a process•** an ambiguity•** a dispute** misconceptionsA B C D分值: 1答案:D主旨题。

北京师范大学考博英语分析题众所周知，北师大是全国高等的师范学府，这也就是说北师大的考博题型多少是有点偏文的，其考博英语试卷中仅仅翻译和写作就占55分，也就是说如果你的翻译和写作环节很薄弱，你就不可能通过考试。

下面我们一起来看看北师大05年的汉译英题。

在学问上打下坚实的基础将使你终生受益。

在学习的初级阶段，学校所有科目中最重要的是语言和数学。

语言是阅读和交流的工具，中文不好，你就不能很好地表达自己；没有很好的掌握一门外语，你就会发现很难吸收外国的新知识。

数学能训练人的逻辑思维。

其他学科也各有用处，很难说哪一门更重要。

比如，体育和音乐教育对于促进人的智力发展同样是重要的。

(北师大2005年)（15分）想做好这道题我们要具备的是积累一定量单词和词组，不过相信这段中文所涉及到英文单词大家都会拼写，但是很多考生达不了高分的主要原因就是因为只顾着背单词而忽略了在学习英语过程中对词组的积累。

如第一句“在学问上打下坚实的基础将是你终生受益”，其中在……方面打下坚实的基础应该用词组：lay a solid foundation in……，而为……奠定牢固的基础lay a solid foundation for……。

此外，使……受益，应该表达为：grant……benefit.在……的初级阶段：on the preliminary stage.还有所给文章中有一句“学校所有科目中最重要的是语言和数学”。

这里考生很可能看到最重要的就想怎样把“important”这个词添加进去。

其实dominate也有在……占首要地位的意思，在译文中用dominate会更地道一些。

还有文章中“你就不能很好的表达自己”。

很多考生会译成：you can’t express yourself well.其实我们译成：prevent you from expressing yourself 更好些，不要见到能救翻译成can见到不能就翻译成can’t.要考虑到上下文语境，选择最适合的词语进行搭配。

北京师范大学英语语言文学专业考博真题-参考书-状元经验一、专业的设置北京师范大学外国语言文学学院每年招收博士生14人，下设英语语言文学、俄语语言文学、日语语言文学、外国语言学及应用语言学，共4个专业。

其中英语语言文学专业下设3个方向，分别是章燕的英美诗歌、蒋虹的英国现代小说、张政的翻译学。

二、考试的科目英美诗歌的考试科目为：①1113二外（日语）或1114二外（法语）②2019英美文学基础③3809英美诗歌及诗论英国现代小说的考试科目为：①1113二外（日语）或1114二外（法语）②2019英美文学基础③3005英国现代小说翻译学的考试科目为：①1113二外（日语）或1114二外（法语）②2036翻译学基础③3077中外翻译理论三、导师介绍章燕，北京师范大学博士，教授，主要研究方向：英美诗歌及西方文论蒋虹：北京师范大学博士，教授，主要研究方向：英美文学，英国现代小说，英国文学史张政，教授，文学博士，博士生导师，毕业于北京大学，英国帝国理工学院、美国纽约州立大学访问学者。

四、参考书目专业课信息应当包括一下几方面的内容：第一，关于参考书和资料的使用。

这一点考生可以咨询往届的博士学长，也可以和育明考博联系。

参考书是理论知识建立所需的载体，如何从参考书抓取核心书目，从核心书目中遴选出重点章节常考的考点，如何高效的研读参考书、建立参考书框架，如何灵活运用参考书中的知识内容来答题，是考生复习的第一阶段最需完成的任务。

另外，考博资料获取、复习经验可咨询叩叩：肆九叁叁，柒壹六，贰六，专业知识的来源也不能局限于对参考书的研读，整个的备考当中考生还需要阅读大量的paper，读哪一些、怎么去读、读完之后应该怎么做，这些也会直接影响到考生的分数。

第二，专题信息汇总整理。

每一位考生在复习专业课的最后阶段都应当进行专题总结，专题的来源一方面是度历年真题考点的针对性遴选，另一方面是导师研究课题。

最后一方面是专业前沿问题。

每一个专题都应当建立详尽的知识体系，做到专题知识点全覆盖。

北京师范大学 2014 年 3 月考博英语真题与答案详解第一部分：试题Part I ：Reading ComprehensionDirections: There are six passages in this part. Each of the passages is followed by five questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best one and mark your answer on the ANSER SHEET.Passage 1Taken together, income, occupation, and education are good measures of people‟s social standing. Using a layered model of stratification, most sociologists describe the class system in the United States as divided into several classes: upper, upper middle, middle, lower middle, and lower class. Each class is defined by characteristics such as income, occupational prestige, and educational attainment. The different groups are arrayed along a continuum with those with the most money, education, and prestige at the top and those with the least at the bottom.In the United States, the upper class owns the major share of corporate and personal wealth; it includes those who have held wealth for generations as well as those who have recently become rich. Only a very small proportion of people actually constitute the upper class, but they control vast amounts of wealth and power in the United States. They exercise enormous control throughout society. Most of their wealth is inherited.Despite social myths to the contrary, the best predictor of future wealth is the family into which you are born. Each year, the business magazine Forbes publishes a list of the “Forbes 400”-the four hundred wealthiest families and individuals in the country. Of all the wealth represented on the Forbes 400 list, more than half is inherited. Those on the list who could be called “self-made” were not typically of modest origins; most inherited significant assets (Forbes, 1997; Sklar and Collins, 1997). Those in the upper class with newly acquired wealth are known as the nouveau niche. Although they may have vast amounts of money, they are often not acceptedinto “old rich” circles.The upper middle class includes those with high incomes and high social prestige. They tend to be well-educated professionals or business executives. Their earnings can be quite high indeed-successful business executives can earn millions of dollars a year. It is difficult to estimate exactly how many people fall into this group because of the difficulty of drawing lines between the upper, upper middle, and middle class. Indeed, the upper middle class is often thought of as “middle class” because their lifestyle sets the standard to which many aspire, but this lifestyle is simply beyond the means of a majority of people in the United States.The middle class is hard to define; in part, being “middle class” is more than just economic position. By far the majority of Americans identity themselves as middle class even though they vary widely in lifestyle and in resources at their though they vary widely in lifestyle and in resources at their disposal. But the idea that the United States is an open-class system leads many to think that the majority have a middle-class lifestyle because, in general, people tend not to want to recognize class distinctions in the United States. Thus, the middle class becomes the ubiquitous norm even though many who call themselves middle class have a tenuous hold on this class position.In the hierarchy of social class, the lower middle class includes workers in the skilled trades and low-income bureaucratic workers, many of whom may actually define themselves as middle class. Examples are blue-collar workers (those in skilled trades who do manual labor) and many service workers, such as secretaries, hairdressers, waitresses, police, and firefighters. Medium to low income, education, and occupational prestige define the lower middle class relative to the class groups above it. The term “lower” in this class designation refers to the relative position of the group in the stratification system, but it has a pejorative sound to many people, especially to people who are members of this class.The lower class is composed primarily of the displaced and poor. People in this class have little formal education and are often unemployed or working inminimum-wage jobs. Forty percent of the poor work; 1 0 percent work year-round and full time—a proportion that has generally increased over time. Recently, the concept of the underclass has been added to the lower class. The underclass includes those who have been left behind by contemporary economic developments. Rejected from the economic system, those in the underclass may become dependent on public assistance or illegal activities.1. Why does the author mention the "Forbes 400" in paragraph 3?A. To explain the meaning of the listing that appears every yearB. To cast doubt on the claim that family income predicts individual wealthC. To give examples of successful people who have modest family connectionsD. To support the statement that most wealthy people inherit their money2. The author states that business and professional people with educational advantages are most often members of the_____.A. lower middle classB. upper middle classC. nouveau richeD. upper class3. Why do most people identify themselves as middle class in the United States?A. They have about the same lifestyle as everyone else in the countryB. They don‟t really know how to define their status because it is unclearC. They prefer not to admit that there are class distinctions in the United StatesD. They identify themselves with the majority who have normal lifestyles4. What can be inferred about poor people in the United States?A. They are not able to find entry-level jobsB. They work in jobs that require little educationC. They are service workers and manual laborersD. They do not try to find employment5. According to paragraph 7, why has the underclass emerged?A. The new term was necessary because the lower class enjoyed a higher lifestyle than it had previously.B. The increase in crime has supported a new class of people who live by engaging in illegal activities.C. Changes in the economy have caused an entire class of people to survive by welfare or crime.D. Minimum-wage jobs no longer support a class of people at a standard level in the economic system.Passage 2“The word …protection‟ is no longer taboo”. This short sentence, uttered by French President Nicolas Sarkozy late last month, may have launched a new era in economic history. Why? For decades, Western leaders have believed that lowering trade barriers and tariffs was a natural good. Doing so, they reasoned, would lead to greater economic efficiency and productivity, which in turn would improve human welfare. Championing free trade thus became a moral, not just an economic, cause.These leaders, of course, weren‟t acting out of unself ishness. They knew their economics were the most competitive, so they‟d profit most from liberalization. And developing countries feared that their economics would be swamped by superior Western productivity. Today, however, the tables have turned-though few acknowledge it. The west continues to preach free trade, but practices it less and less. Asia, meanwhile, continues to plead for special protection but practices more and more free trade.That‟s why Sarkozy‟s word were so important: he finally inj ected some honesty into the trade debate. The truth is that large parts of the West are losing faith in free trade, though few leaders admit it. Some economists are more honest. Paul Krug man is one of the few willing to losers will be in the West. Economists in the developed world used to love quoting Joseph Schumpeter, who said that “creative destruction” was an essential part of capitalist growth. But they always assumed that destruction would happen over there. When Western workers began losing jobs, suddenly their leaders began to lose faith in their principles. Things have yet to reverse completely. But there‟s clearly a negative trend in Western theory and practice.A little hypocrisy is not in itself a serious problem. The real problem is that Western governments continue to insist that they retain control of the key globaleconomic and financial institutions while drifting away from global liberalization. Look at what‟s happening at the IMF (International Monetary Fund). The Europeans have demanded that they keep the post of managing director. But all too often, Western officials put their own interests above everyone else‟s when they dominate these global institutions.The time has therefore come for the Asians-who are clearly the new winners in today‟s global economy- to provide more intellectual leadership in supporting free trade, Sadly, they have yet to do so. Unless Asians speak out, however, there‟s a real danger that Adam Smith‟s principles, which have brought so much good to the world, could gradually die. And that would leave all of us worse off, in one way or another.6. It can be inferred that “protection” (Line1, Para.1) means ______.A. improving economic efficiencyB. ending the free-trade practiceC. lowering moral standardD. raising trade tariffs7. The Western leaders preach free trade because ______.A. it is beneficial to their economicsB. it is supported by developing countriesC. it makes them keep faith in their principlesD. it is advocated by Joseph Schumpeter and Adam Smith8. By “the tables have turned” (Line 3-4, Para.2) the author implies that ______.A. the Western leaders have turned self-centeredB. the Asian leaders have become advocates of free tradeC. the developed economics have turned less competitiveD. the developing economics have become more independent9. The Western economists used to like the idea of “creative destruction” because it ______.A. set a long-term rather than short-term goalB. was an essential part of capitalist developmentC. entailed a positive rather than negative mentalityD. was meant to be the destruction of developing economics10. The author uses “IMF” as an example to illustrate the point that ______.A. European leaders are reluctant to admit they are hypocriticalB. there is an inconsistency between Western theory and practiceC. global institutions are not being led by true globalization advocatesD. European countries‟ interests are being ignored by economic leadersPassage 3Growth, reproduction, and daily metabolism all require an organism to expend energy. The expenditure of energy is essentially a process of budgeting, just as finances are budgeted. If all of one‟s money is spent on clothes, there may be none left to buy food or go to the movies. Similarly, a plant or animal cannot squander all its energy on growing a big body if none would be left over for reproduction, for this is the surest way to extinction.All organisms, therefore, allocate energy to growth, reproduction, maintenance, and storage. No choice is involved; this allocation comes as part of the genetic package from the parents. Maintenance for a given body design of an organism is relatively constant. Storage is important, but ultimately that energy will be used for maintenance, reproduction, or growth. Therefore the principal differences in energy allocation are likely to be between growth and reproduction.Almost all of an organism‟s energy can be diverted to reproduction, with very little allocated to building the body. Organ isms at this extreme are “opportunists.” At the other extreme are “competitors,” almost all of whose resources are invested in building a huge body, with a bare minimum allocated to reproduction.Dandelions are good examples of opportunists. Their seed heads raised just high enough above the ground to catch the wind, the plants are no bigger than they need be, their stems are hollow, and all the rigidity comes from their water content. Thus, a minimum investment has been made in the body that becomes a platform for seed dispersal. These very short-lived plants reproduce prolifically; that is to say they provide a constant rain of seed in the neighborhood of parent plants. A new plant will spring up wherever a seed falls on a suitable soil surface, but because they do notbuild big bodies, they cannot compete with other plants for space, water, or sunlight. These plants are termed opportunists because they rely on their seeds‟ falling into settings where competing plants have been removed by natural processes, such as along an eroding riverbank, on landslips, or where a tree falls and creates a gap in the forest canopy.Opportunists must constantly invade new areas to compensate for being displaced by more competitive species. Human landscapes of lawns, fields, or flowerbeds provide settings with bare soil and a lack of competitors that are perfect habitats for colonization by opportunists. Hence, many of the strongly opportunistic plants are the common weeds of fields and gardens.Because each individual is short-lived, the population of an opportunist species is likely to be adversely affected by drought, bad winters, or floods. If their population is tracked through time, it will be seen to be particularly unstable—soaring and plummeting in irregular cycles.The opposite of an opportunist is a competitor. These organisms tend to have big bodies, are long-lived, and spend relatively little effort each year on reproduction. An oak tree is a good example of a competitor. A massive oak claims its ground for 200 years or more, outcompeting all other would-be canopy trees by casting a dense shade and drawing up any free water in the soil. The leaves of an oak tree taste foul because they are rich in tannins, a chemical that renders them distasteful or indigestible to many organisms. The tannins are part of the defense mechanism that is essential to longevity. Although oaks produce thousands of acorns, the investment in a crop of acorns is small compared with the energy spent on building leaves, trunk, and roots. Once an oak tree becomes established, it is likely to survive minor cycles of drought and even fire. A population of oaks is likely to be relatively stable through time, and its survival is likely to depend more on its ability to withstand the pressures of competition or predation than on its ability to take advantage of chance events. It should be noted, however, that the pure opportunist or pure competitor is rare in nature, as most species fall between the extremes of a continuum, exhibiting a blendof some opportunistic and some competitive characteristics.11. The word squander in the passage is closest in meaning to____.A. extendB. transformC. activateD. waste12. According to the passage, the classification of organisms as “opportunists” o r “competitors” is determined by_____.A. how the genetic information of an organism is store and maintainedB. the way in which the organism invests its energy resourcesC. whether the climate to which the organism lives is mild or extremeD. the variety of natural resources the organism consumes in its environment13. All of the following are mentioned in paragraph 7 as contribution to the longevity of oak tree EXCEPT____.A. the capacity to create shadeB. leaves containing tanninC. the ability to withstand mild droughts and firesD. the large number of acorns the tree produces14. According to the passage, oak trees are considered competitors becauseA. they grow in areas free of opportunitiesB. they spend more energy on their leaves, trunks and roots than on their acornsC. their population tends to increase or decrease irregular cyclesD. unlike other organisms, they do not need much water or sunlight15. In paragraph 7, the author suggests that most species of organismsA. are primarily opportunistsB. are primarily competitorsC. begin as opportunists and evolved into competitorsD. have some characteristics of opportunists and some of competitorsPassage 4Many literary detectives have pored over a great puzzle concerning the writer Marcel Proust: what happened in 1909? How did Contre Saint-Beuve, an essay attacking the methods of the critic Saint Beuve, turn into the start of the novelRemembrance of Things Past? A recently published letter from Proust to the editor Vallette confirms that Fallois, the editor of the 1954 edition of Contre Saint-Beuve, made an essentially correct guess about the relationship of the essay to the novel. Fallois proposed that Proust had tried to begin a novel in 1908, abandoned it for what was to be a long demonstration of Saint-Beuve‟s blindness to the real nature of great writing, found the essay giving rise to personal memories and fictional developments, and allowed these to take over in a steadily developing novel.Draft passages in Proust‟s 1909 notebooks indicate that the transition from essay to novel began in Contre Saint-Beuve, when Proust introduced several examples to show the powerful influence that involuntary memory exerts over the creative imagination. In effect, in trying to demonstrate that the imagination is more profound and less submissive to the intellect than Saint-Beuve assumed, Proust elicited vital memories of his own and, finding subtle connections between them, began to amass the material for Remembrance. By August, Proust was writing to Vallette, informing him of his intention to develop the material as a novel. Maurice Bardeche, in Marcel Proust, romancier, has shown the importance in the drafts of Remembrance of spontaneous and apparently random associations of Proust‟s su bconscious. As incidents and reflections occurred to Proust, he continually inserted new passages altering and expanding his narrative. But he found it difficult to control the drift of his inspiration. The very richness and complexity of the meaningful relationships that kept presenting and rearranging themselves on all levels, from abstract intelligence to profound dreamy feelings, made it difficult for Proust to set them out coherently. The beginning of control came when he saw how to connect the beginning and the end of his novel.Intrigued by Proust‟s claim that he had “begun and finished” Remembrance at the same time, Henri Bonnet discovered that parts of Remembrance‟s last book were actually started in 1909. Already in that year, Proust had drafted descriptions of his novel‟s characters in their old age that would appear in the final book of Remembrance, where the permanence of art is set against the ravages of time. Theletter to Vallette, drafts of the essay and novel, and Bonnet‟s researches estab lish in broad outline the process by which Proust generated his novel out of the ruins of his essay. But those of us who hoped, with Kolb, that Kolb‟s newly published complete edition of Proust‟s correspondence for 1909 would document the process in greate r detail are disappointed. For until Proust was confident that he was at last in sight of a viable structure for Remembrance, he told few correspondents that he was producing anything more ambitious than Contre Saint-Beuve.16. The passage is primarily concerned with ______.A. the role of involuntary memory in Proust‟s writing.B. evidence concerning the genesis of Proust‟s novel Remembrance of Things Past.C. conflicting scholarly opinions about the value of studying the drafts of Remembrance of Things Past.D. Proust‟s correspondence and what it reveals about Remembrance of Things Past.17. It can be inferred from the passage that all of the following are literary detectives who havetried, by means of either scholarship or criticism, to help solve t he “great puzzle” mentioned in lines 1-2 EXCEPT ______.A. BardecheB. BonnetC. FalloisD. Vallette18. According to the passage, in drafts of Contre Saint Beuve Proust set out to show thatSaint-Beuve made which of the following mistakes as a critic?I. Saint-Beuve made no effort to study the development of a novel through its drafts and revisions.II. Saint-Beuve assigned too great a role in the creative process to a writer‟s conscious intellect.III. Saint-Beuve concentrated too much on plots and not enough on imagery and other elements ofstyle.A. II onlyB. III onlyC. I and II onlyD. I, II, and III19. Which of the following best states the author‟s attitude toward the information that scholarshave gathered about Proust‟s writi ng in 1909?A. The author is disappointed that no new documents have come to light since Fallois‟s speculations.B. The author is dissatisfied because there are too many gaps and inconsistencies in the drafts.C. The author is confident that Fallois‟s 1954 guess has been proved largely correct, but regrets that still more detailed documentation concerning Proust‟s transition from the essay to the novel has not emerged.D. The author is satisfied that Fallois‟s judgment was largely correct, but feels tha t Proust‟s early work in designing and writing the novel was probably far more deliberate than Fallois‟s description of the process would suggest.20. The author of the passage implies that which of the following would be the LEAST usefulsource of informat ion about Proust‟s transition from working on Contre Saint-Beuve to having a viable structure for Remembrance of Things Past?A. Fallois‟s comments in the 1954 edition of Contre Saint-BeuveB. Proust‟s 1909 notebooks, including the drafts of Remembrance of Things PastC. Proust‟s 1909 correspondence, excluding the letter to ValletteD. Bardeche‟s Marcel Proust, romancierPassage 5Why do some desert plants grow tall and thin like organ pipes? Why do most trees in the tropics keep their leaves year round? Why in the Arctic tundra are there no trees at all? After many years without convincing general answers, we now know much about what sets the fashion in plant design.Using terminology more characteristic of a thermal engineer than of a botanist, we can think of plants as mechanisms that must balance their heat budgets. A plant by day is staked out under the Sun with no way of sheltering itself. All day long it absorbs heat. If it did not lose as much heat as it gained, then eventually it would die: Plants get rid of their heat by warming the air around them, by evaporating water, and by radiating heat to the atmosphere and the cold, black reaches of space temperature is tolerable for the processes of life.Plants in the Arctic tundra lie close to the ground in the thin layer of still air that clings there. A foot or two above the ground are the winds of Arctic cold. Tundra plants absorb heat from the Sun and tend to warm up; they probably balance most of their heat budgets by radiating heat to space, but also by warming the still air hat is trapped among them. As long as Arctic plants are close to the ground, they can balance their heat budgets. But if they should stretch up as a tree does, they would lift their working parts, their leaves, into the streaming Arctic winds. Then it is likely that the plants could not absorb enough heat from the Sun to avoid being cooled below a critical temperature. Your heat budget does not balance if you stand tall in the Arctic.Such thinking also helps explain other characteristics of plant design. A desert plant faces the opposite problem from that of an Arctic plant the danger of overheating. It is short of water and so cannot cool itself by evaporation without dehydrating. The familiar sticklike shape of desert plants represents one of the solutions to this problem: the shape exposes the smallest possible surface to incoming solar radiation and provides the largest possible surface from which the plant can radiate heat. In tropical rain forests, by way of contrast, the scorching Sun is not a problem for plants because there is sufficient water.This working model allows us to connect the general characteristics of the forms of plants indifferent habitats with factors such as temperature, availability of water, and presence or absence of seasonal differences. Our Earth is covered with a patchwork quilt of meteorological conditions, and the patterns of this patchwork are faithfully reflected by the plants.21. The passage primarily focuses on which of the following characteristics of plants?A. Their ability to grow equally well in all environmentsB. Their effects on the Earth's atmosphereC. Their ability to store water for dry periodsD. Their ability to balance heat intake and output22. According to the passage, which of the following is most responsible for preventing trees from growing tall in the Arctic?A. The hard, frozen groundB. The small amount of available sunshineC. The cold, destructive windsD. The large amount of snow that falls each year23. The author suggests that the "sticklike shape of desert plants" lines 3-5(paragraph4)can be attributed to the______.A. inability of the plants to radiate heat to the air around themB. presence of irregular seasonal differences in the desertC. large surface area that the plants must expose to the SunD. extreme heat and aridity of the habitatPassage 6To conduct some forms of sleep research, we have to find a way to track sleepiness over the day. Some people might believe that measuring sleepiness is a fairly trivial task. Couldn‟t you, for instance, simply count the number of times a person yawns during any given hour or so?In most people‟s minds, yawning--that slow, exaggerated mouth opening with the long, deep inhalation of air, followed by a briefer exhalation--is the most obvious sign of sleepiness. It is a common behavior shared by many animals, including our pet dogs and cats but also crocodiles, snakes, birds, and even some fish. It is certainly true that sleepy people tend to yawn more than wide-awake people. It is also true that people who say they are bored by what is happening at the moment will tend to yawn more frequently. However, whether yawning is a sign that you are getting ready for sleep or that you are successfully fighting off sleep is not known. Simply stretching your body, as you might do if you have been siring in the same position for a long period of time, will often trigger a yawn.Unfortunately, yawns don‟t just indicate sleepiness. In some animals, yawning is a sign of stress. When a dog trainer sees a dog yawning in a dog obedience class, it is usually a sign that the animal is under a good deal of pressure. Perhaps the handler is pushing too hard or moving too fast for the dog to feel in control of the situation. A moment or two of play and then turning to another activity is usually enough to banish yawning for quite a while.Yawning can also be a sign of stress in humans. Once, when observing airborne troops about to take their first parachute jump, I noticed that several of the soldiers were sitting in the plane and yawning. It was l0 A.M., just after a coffee break, and I doubted that they were tired；I knew for a fact that they were far too nervous to be bored. When I asked about this, the officer in charge laughed and said it was really quite a common behavior, especially on the first jump.There is also a social aspect to yawning. Psychologists have placed actors in crowded rooms and auditoriums and had them deliberately yawn. Within moments, there is usually an increase in yawning by everyone else in the room. Similarly, people who watch films or videos of others yawning are more likely to yawn. Even just reading about yawning tends to stimulate people to yawn.The truth of the matter is that we rea lly don‟t know what purpose yawning serves. Scientists originally thought that the purpose of yawning was to increase the amount of oxygen in the blood or to release some accumulated carbon dioxide. We now know that this is not true, since increasing the concentration of carbon dioxide in the air seems not to make people more likely to yawn but to make them breathe faster to try to bring in more oxygen. On the other hand, breathing 100 percent pure oxygen does not seem to reduce the likelihood of yawning.Since yawning seems to be associated with a lot more than the need for sleep, we obviously have to find some other measure of sleepiness. Some researchers have simply tried to ask people how sleepy they feel at any time using some sort of self-rating scale. There are, however, problems with getting people to make these types of judgments. Sometimes people simply lie to the researchers when asked about how sleepy they are. This occurs because in many areas of society admitting that one is fatigued and sleepy is considered a mark of weakness or lack of ambition and drive. In other instances, people may admit they need four cups of coffee to make it through the morning, but it may never occur to them that this might be due to the fact that they are so sleepy that they need stimulation from caffeine to be able to do their required tasks. For these reasons, many researchers have developed an。

北京师范大学2005年博士生入学考试英语试题Part I．Listening Comprehension(20 points) （略）part II．Reading Comprehension (25 points)Directions：There are five passages in this part．Each of the passages is followed by five questions or unfinished statements．For each of them there are four choices marked A，B，C and D．Choose the best one and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET．Passage oneA weather map is an important tool for geographers．A succession of three or four maps present a continuous picture of weather changes．Weather forecasters are able to determine the speed of air masses and fronts; to determine whether an individual pressure area is deepening or becoming shallow and whether a front is increasing or decreasing in intensity．They are also able to determine whether an air mass is retaining its original characteristics or taking on those of the surface over which it is moving．Thus．a most significant function of the map is to reveal a synoptic picture of conditions in the atmosphere at a given time．All students of geography should be able to interpret a weather map accurately．Weather maps contain an enormous amount of information about weather conditions existing at the time of observation over a large geographical area．They reveal in a few minutes what otherwise would take hours to describe．The United States Weather Bureau issues information about approaching storms，floods，fronts，droughts，and all climatic conditions in general．Twice a month it issues a 30-day“outlook’’which is a rough guide to weather conditions likely to occur over broad areas of the United States．These 30-day outlooks are based upon an analysis of the upper air level which often set the stage for the development of air masses，fronts and storms．Considerable effort is being exerted today to achieve more accurate weather predictions．With the use of electronic instruments and earth satellites，enormous gains have taken place recently in identifying and tracking storms over regions which have but few meteorological stations．Extensive experiments are also in progress for weather modification studies．：21. One characteristic of weather maps NOT mentioned by the author in this passage is _____A．fronts B．changes in temperature C．frost D．wind speed22．The 30-day forecast is determined by examining________.A．daily weather mapsC．satellite reportsB．upper air levelsD．changing fronts23．The observation of weather conditions by satellites is advantageous because it___A. is modern and profitable for the companies involvedB. uses electronic instruments to measure the weather on a daily basisC. enables man to easily alter the weather to his advantage and profitD. gives the scientists information not obtained readily otherwise24. At the present time，experiments are being conducted in_____A. manipulating weatherB .determining density of pressure groupsC. satellitesD. controlling storms25．A weather map is synoptic because it_______A. summarizes a great deal of informationB. appears dailyC. shows changing frontsD. can be interpreted accuratelyPassage twoWith only about 1，000 Pandas left in the world，China is desperately trying to clone the animal and save the endangered species．That‟s a move similar to what a Texas A&M University researcher has been undertaking for the past five years in a project called“Noah‟s Ark”．D r-Duane Kraemer, a professor in Texas A&M‟s College of Veterinary Medicine and a pioneer in embryo transfer work and related procedures．said he salutes the Chinese effort and“I wish them a11 the best success possible．It‟s a worthwhile project, certainly not all easy one，and it‟s very much like what we’re attempting here at Texas A&M—to save animals from extinction．”Noah‟s Ark is aimed at collecting eggs，embryos，semen and DNA of endangered animals．and storing them in liquid nitrogen．If certain species should become extinct，Kraemer says there would be enough of the basic building blocks to reintroduce the species in the future．It is estimated that as many as 2,000 species of mammals，birds and reptiles will become extinct over the next 1 00 years．The panda，native only to China，is in danger of becoming extinct in the next 25 years．This week，Chinese scientists said they grew an embryo by introducing cells from a dead female panda into the egg cells of a Japanese white rabbit．They are now trying to implant the embryo into a host animal．The entire procedure could take from three to five years to complete．“The nuclear transfer of one species to another i s not easy, and the lack of available panda eggs could be a major problem，”Kraemer believes．“They will probably have to do several hundred transfers to result in one pregnancy．It takes a long time and it's difficult，but this could be groundbreaking science if it works．They are certainly not putting ally 1ive pandas at risk，So it is worth the effort，”adds Kraemer, who is one of the leaders of the Missyplicity Project at Texas A&M，the first-ever attempt at cloning a dog．“They are trying to do something that’s never been done．and this is very similar to our work in Noah‟s Ark．We’re both trying to save animals that face extinction．I certainly applaud their effort and there‟s a lot we can learn from what they areattempting to do．It‟s a research that is very much needed．”26. The aim of ……Noah‟s Ark‟‟ project is to_____A. salute the Chinese efforts in saving pandasB. implant embryo into a host animal 、C. introduce cells from a dead female panda into the egg cells of a Japanese white rabbitD. save endangered animals from extinction27．How long will the Chinese panda—cloning project take according to the passage? A．3 to 5 years．B．1 year．C．25 years．D．2 years．28 .The word “groundbreaking”(Paragraph 7)can be interpreted as____A. pioneeringB. epoch-makingC. essentially newD．evolutionary29．What could be the major problem in cloning pandas according to Professor Kraemer?A．Lack of host animals．B．Lack of available panda eggs．C。

2004年北京师范大学考博英语试题English Entrance Examination for Non-English Major Doctoral CandidatesMarch 20, 2004Ⅰ. Listening Comprehension （20 points）Section ADirections: There are five statements in this section. Each statement will be spoken only once. When you hear a statement, read the four choices given and choose the one which is closest in meaning to the statement you have heard by marking the corresponding letter A, B, C and D on the ANSWER SHEET.1.A. Tony’s boss left office for two days.B. Tony quit his job after two days.C. Tony was off work for two days.D. Tony’s boss agreed to take two days off.2.A. The professor told the students that the date of the exam would be changed.B. The students expected that the exam would not be delayed.C. The exam would not be canceled as the professor had originally said.D. The professor said the exam would not be postponed.3.A. I wrote to you.B. I called you.C. I let you inside.D. I went to see you.4.A. Unlike Sarah, Frank takes his coffee black.B. Fran k likes coffee, but Sarah doesn’t.C. Frank took the coffee back to Sarah.D. Sarah and Frank take cream and sugar in their coffee.5.A. There were more people than chairs.B. There were more than enough chairs.C. There were too many empty seats.D. There were never enough people.Section BDirections: In this section, you will hear five short conversations. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the question will be spoken only once. After each question, there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four suggested answers marked A, B, C and D onyour test paper, and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET.6．A. An architect.B. A civil engineer.C. A furniture designer.D. A cameraman.7．A. He had a busy morning.B. He had a terrible morning.C. He had an exciting morning.D. He had a terrific morning.8．A. Trains are often overcrowded with tourists.B. She is in favor of closing down the railway.C. She always takes trains whenever she goes out.D. The railway is more convenient than the highway.9.A. It’s a well-paying job.B. The job can be very rewarding.C. The job may not be worth taking.D. It’s a job she can do.10.A. She should have been more careful about her money.B. She should buy the brown suit.C. She should find another job to make more money.D. She shouldn’t buy the brown suit.Section CDirections: In this section, you will hear part of a radio programme in which a doctor talks about jet lag. Look at the ten statements for this part on your test paper and decide if you think each statement is Right, Wrong or Not Mentioned while you are listening to the programme. Then mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.11. You really only suffer from jet lag when you fly east.A. RightB. WrongC. Not Mentioned12. The problem of jet lag is that many people become hyperactive.A. RightB. WrongC. Not Mentioned13. Only certain people suffer from jet lag.A. RightB. WrongC. Not Mentioned14. Jet lag affects young children less.A. RightB. WrongC. Not Mentioned15. If you are flying west you can reduce the effects of jet lag before you go by going to bed and getting up later.A. RightB. WrongC. Not Mentioned16. If you are flying east you can reduce the effects of jet lag before you to having your meals later.A. RightB. WrongC. Not Mentioned17. It is better not to sleep on the plane.A. RightB. WrongC. Not Mentioned18. You should be more careful than usual of what and when you cat on the plane.A. RightB. WrongC. Not Mentioned19. It takes up to seven days to get over jet lag.A. RightB. WrongC. Not Mentioned20. When you arrive you should always try to sleep.A. RightB. WrongC. Not MentionedⅡ.？Reading Comprehension (25 points)Directions: There are five passages in this part. Each of the passages is followed by five questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best one and mark your answer on the ANSER SHEET.1Imagine eating everything delicious you want with none of the fat. That would be great, wouldn’t it?New “fake fat” products appeared on store shelves in the United States recently, but not everyone is happy about it. Makers of the products, which contain a compound called olestra, say food manufacturers can now eliminate fat from certain foods, Critics, however, say that the new compound can rob the body of essential vitamins and nutrients and can also cause unpleasant side effects in some people. So it is up to consumers to decide whether the new fat-free products taste good enough to keep eating.Chemists discovered olestra in the late 1960s, when they were searching for a fat that could be digested by infants more easily. Instead of finding the desired fat, the researchers created a fat that can’t be digested at all.Normally, special chemicals in the intestines “grab” molecules of regular fat and break them down so they can be used by the body. A molecule of regular fat is made up of three molecules of substances called fatty acids.The fatty acids are absorbed by the intestines and bring with them the essential vitamins A, D, E and K. When fat molecules are present in the intestines with any ofthose vitamins, the vitamins attach to the molecules and are carried into the bloodstream.Olestra, which is made from six to eight molecules of fatty acids, is too large for the intestines to absorb. It just slides through the intestines without being broken down. Manufacturers sa y it’s that ability to slide unchanged through the intestines that makes olestra so valuable as a fat substitute. It provides consumers with the taste of regular fat without any bad effects on the body. But critics say olestra can prevent vitamins A, D, E, and K from being absorbed. It can also prevent the absorption of carotenoids, compounds that may reduce the risk of cancer, heart disease, etc.Manufacturers are adding vitamins A, D, E and K as well as carotenoids to their products now. Even so, some nutritionists are still concerned that people might eat unlimited amounts of food made with the fat substitute without worrying about how many calories they are consuming.21. We learn from the passage that olestra is a substance that .A. contains plenty of nutrientsB. renders foods calorie-free while retaining their vitaminsC. makes foods easily digestibleD. makes foods fat-free while keeping them delicious22. The result of the search for an easily digestible fat turned out to be .A. commercially uselessB. just as anticipatedC. somewhat controversialD. quite unexpected23. Olestra is different from ordinary fats in that .A. it passes through the intestines without being absorbedB. it facilitates the absorption of vitamins by the bodyC. it helps reduce the incidence of heart diseaseD. it prevents excessive intake of vitamins24. What is a possible effect of olestra according to some critics?A. It may impair the digestive system.B. It may affect the overall fat intake.C. It may increase the risk of cancer.D. It may spoil the consumers’ appetite.25. Why are nutritionists concerned about adding vitamins to olestra?A. It may lead to the over-consumption of vitamins.B. People may be induced to eat more than is necessary.C. The function of the intestines may be weakened.D. It may trigger a new wave of fake food production.2Although rarely seen, bats, as compared to other mammals, are quite common. Bats rank second only to rodents in number and diversity of species. Their numbers probably total in the tens of billions. Bats also vary considerably in size-from the tiny Philippine bamboo bat, with a six-inch wingspan and weighing 1/20th of an ounce to the “flying fox” with a wingspan of four or five feet and weight of two pounds.The diet of bats is varied. Most types eat insects, but they also consume blood, pollen, and nectar and fruits. Some eat other vertebrates (animals with backbones) such as fish, lizards, and even other bats. Those that feed on flowers very often server as the primary pollinator of the flowers. The insect-consuming forms, quite obviously, are very beneficial.Perhaps the most unusual characteristic of bats is their skilled nocturnal flying ability. This skill is so highly developed that they are capable of avoiding obstacles even in total darkness. Bats possess a high degree of tactile sense that may help them in avoiding obstacles, but their primary ability to do so is based on their ability to make high-pitched sounds and on their acute hearing ability.Flying bats were long thought to be silent creatures, but this is now known not to be the case. While in flight, bats are continuously emitting a series of ultrasonic orientation pulses that are inaudible to the human ear. The frequency of the cries of bats, at 50,000 vibrations per second, is estimated to be two and half times higher than the human ear can hear.This unique operation, a highly refined type of sonar system, allows the bat to detect rebounding pulses from obstacles near and far in its environment. They system is unique, additionally, in that the bat is capable of sorting through numerous rebounding pulses so as to avoid objects in its immediate path. Rescarchers are attempting to understand this system in hopes that it may reveal how the human brain processes sensory information.In the final analysis bats are interesting and amazing; and to contrast to popular legends, they are quite useful and helpful to nature and man.26. Which of the following is true?A. There are more rodents in the world than bats.B. There are more bats in the world than rodents.C. Bats are usually bigger than rodents.D. Rodents are usually bigger than bats.27. According to the passage, some bats eat .A. human-beingsB. rodentsC. foxesD. other bats28. The word “nocturnal” in P aragraph 3 is related to .A. soundB. vibrationsC. nightD. reputation29. What can make bats avoid objects in flight?A. Their sharp sense of hearing.B. Their ability to emit ultrasonic sounds.C. Their unique sense of seeing.D. Both A and B.30. We can conclude from the passage that bats are .A. really more intelligent than manB. often wronged in popular legendsC. ugly and dangerousD. beautiful in appearance3There were two widely divergent influences on the early development of statistical methods. Statistics had a mother who was dedicated to keeping orderly records of governmental units (“state” and “statistics” come from the same Latin root, “status&rdquo and a gentlemanly gambling father who relied on mathematics to increase his skill at playing the odds in games of chance. The influence of the mother on the offspring, statistics, is represented by counting, measuring, describing, tabulating, ordering, and the taking of censuses—all of which led to modern descriptive statistics. From the influence of the father came modern inferential statistics, which is based squarely on theories of probability.Descriptive statistics involves tabulating, depicting, and describing collections of data. Theses data may be quantitative, such as measures of height, intelligence, or grade level—variables that are characterized by an underlying continuum—or the data may represent qualitative variables, such as ***, college major, or personality type. Large masses of data must generally undergo a process of summarization or reduction before they are comprehensible. Descriptive statistics is a tool for describing or summarizing or reducing to comprehensible form the properties of an otherwise unwieldy mass of data.Inferential statistics is a formalized body of methods for solving another class of problems that present great difficulties for the unaided human mind. This general class of problems characteristically involves attempts to make predictions using a sample of observations. For example, a school superintendent wishes to determine the proportion of children in a large school system who come to school without breakfast, have been vaccinated for flu, or whatever. Having a little knowledge of statistics, the superintendent would know that it is unnecessary and inefficient to question eachchild: the proportion for the entire district could be estimated fairly accurately from a sample of as few as 100 children. Thus, the purpose of inferential statistics is to predict or estimate characteristics of a population from a knowledge of the characteristics of only a sample of the population.31. The word “divergent” (Para. 1, Line 1) is closest in meaning to .A. distributedB. differentC. recordedD. prominent32. According to the first paragraph, counting and census-taking are associatedwith .A. inferential statisticsB. qualitative changesC. descriptive statisticsD. unknown variables33. Why does the author mention the “mother” and “father” in the passage?A. To point out that parents can teach their children statistics.B. To introduce inferential statistics.C. To explain that there are different kinds of variables.D. To present the background of statistics in a humorous and understandable way.34. Which of the following statements about descriptive statistics is best supported by the passage?A. It reduces large amount of data to a more comprehensible form.B. It is based on probability.C. It can be used by people with little knowledge of mathematics.D. It measures only qualitative differences.35. With what is the passage mainly concerned?A. The drawbacks of descriptive and inferential statistics.B. The development and use of statistics.C. Applications of inferential statistics.D. How to use descriptive statistics.4It is possible to persuade mankind to live without war? War is an ancient institution which has existed for at least six thousand years. It was always wicked and usually foolish, but in the past the human race managed to live with it. Modern ingenuity has changed this. Either Man will abolish war, or war will abolish Man. For the present, it is nuclear weapons that cause the gravest danger, but bacteriological or chemical weapons may, before long, offer an even greater threat. If we succeed in abolishing nuclear weapons, our work will not be done. It will never be done until we have succeeded in abolishing war. To do this, we need to persuade mankind to look upon international questions in a new way, not as contests of force, in which the victory goes to the side which is most skillful in massacre, but by arbitration inaccordance with agreed principles of law. It is not easy to change age-old mental habits, but this is what must be attempted.There are those who say that the adoption of this or that ideology would prevent war. I believe this to be a profound error. All ideologies are based upon dogmatic assertions which are, at best, doubtful, and at worst, totally false. Their adherents believe in them so fanatically that they are willing to go to war in support of them.The movement of world opinion during the past two years has been very largely such as we can welcome. It has become a commonplace that nuclear war must be avoided. Of course very difficult problems remain in the international sphere, but the spirit in which they are being approached is a better one than it was some years ago. It has began to be though, even by the powerful men who decide whether we shall live or die, that negotiations should reach agreements even if both sides do not find these agreements wholly satisfactory. It has begun to be understood that the important conflict nowadays is not between East and West, but between Man and the H-bomb.36. This passage implies that war is now .A. more wicked than in the pastB. as wicked as in the pastC. less wicked than in the pastD. what people try to live with37. According to the author .A. it is impossible to live without warB. war is the only way to suede international disagreementsC. war must be abolished if man wants to surviveD. war will be abolished by modern ingenuity38. The author says that modern weapons .A. will help abolish warB. put mankind in grave dangerC. will gradually become part of man’s lifeD. need further improving39. The author believes that the only way to abolish war is to .A. abolish nuclear weaponsB. let the stronger side take over the worldC. improve bacteriological and chemical weaponsD. settle international issues through negotiation40. The last paragraph suggests that .A. nuclear war will definitely not take placeB. international agreements are now reached more and more easilyC. man is beginning to realize that nuclear war is his greatest enemyD. world opinion is in favour of nuclear war5The acknowledged “King of Ragtime” was the black pianist and composer Scott Joplin. Joplin (1868-1917), originally from Texarkana, Texas, began his career as an itinerant pianist. By 1885 he was in St. Louis, playing in honky-tonks and sporting houses. He went to Chicago briefly (1893) to try his luck in the entertainment halls that had sprung up around the Word’s Fair, then in 1894 to Sedalia, Missouri, to stay until the turn of the century. His first published rag, Original Rags, came out in March, 1899; later the same year appeared Maple Leaf Rag, named for a saloon and dance hall in Sedalia. The work has an instant and resounding success, and by the time of his death Joplin had published more than thirty original rags, and other piano pieces, songs, and arrangements. He had even larger aims: in 1902 he finished a ballet score called Rag Time Dance, and in 1903 the opera A Guest of Honor, unpublished and now apparently lost, in 1911 came another opera, Treemonisha. The artistic success of these larger works is debatable, but that of Joplin’s piano rags is not; they can only be described as elegant, varied, often subtle, and as sharply incised as a cameo. They are the precise American equivalent, in terms of a native style of dance music, of minuets by Mozart, mazurkas by Chopin, or waltzes by Brahams. They can both be lovely and powerful, infectious and moving-depending, of course, on the skill and stylishness of the pianist, for they are not easy music technically and they demand a clean but “swinging” performance.41. Which of the following is the best title for the passage?A. Scott Joplin’s Early CareerB. Rare Piano Works of Scott JoplinC. Sedalia: The Birthplace of RagtimeD. A Ragtime composer and His Music42. It can be inferred from the passage that Joplin is recognized as the “King of Ragtime” because he .A. was probably the greatest composer of ragtime musicB. began his career as a famous child pianistC. created the character “King of Ragtime” in one of his operasD. was a descendant of a European royal family43. According to the passage, which of the following is an accurate statement about Maple Leaf Rag?A. It was Joplin’s favorite composition.B. Its name came from an establishment in Missouri.C. It was published in March 1899.D. Its popularity grew slowly.44. Toward the end of the passage, the author refers to the works of other composers in order to illustrate the .A. popularity of different styles of dance music of recent centuriesB. success of Joplin’s operas in EuropeC. high quality of Joplin’s work as an American musical formD. powerful move ment attributed to Joplin’s compositions45. From the last sentence of the passage, one may infer that Joplin’s piano music can best be appreciated when played .A. by a highly skilled pianistB. in an elegant settingC. with a moving classical styleD. for a small audienceⅢ.？Translation and Writing (55 points)Part A TranslationTranslate the following into Chinese (30 points):1. We care for literature primarily on account of its deep and lasting human significance. A great book grows directly out of life; in reading it, we are brought into large, close, and fresh relations with life; and in that fact lies the final explanation of its power. Literature is a vital record of what men have seen in life, what they experienced of it, what they have though and felt about those aspects of it which have the most immediate and enduring interest for all of us. It is thus fundamentally an expression of life through the medium of language. Such expression is fashioned into the various forms of literary art. But it is important to understand, to begin with, that literature lives by virtue of the life it embodies. By remembering this, we shall be saved from the besetting danger of confusing the study of literature with the study of philology, rhetoric, and even literary technique.2. Physical science is the systematic study of the inorganic world, as distinguished from the study of the organic world, which is the province of biological science. Physical science is ordinarily though of as consisting of four broad areas: astronomy, physics, chemistry, and the Earth sciences. Physics is the basic physical science. It deals with the structure and behaviour of individual atoms and their components, as well as with the different forces of nature and their relationships. It also is concerned with the physical properties of matter and with such phenomena as electricity and magnetism. Chemistry focuses on the properties and reactions of molecules. Broadly speaking, it tends to concentrate on the specific properties of different elements and compounds, as opposed to physics which is chiefly concerned with the general properties of matter as a whole. Astronomy entails the study of the entire universe beyond the Earth. It includes investigations of the gross physical properties of the earth primarily as they relate to interactions with other components of the solar system. Most other aspects are dealt with by the Earth sciences. Translate the following into English (10 points):在20世纪,我们习惯于于使用无线电,它成了每个人生活的一部分.人们在汽车上,在家里,在海滩上—几乎在所有的地方听无线电。

北京师范大学考博英语翻译试题及其解析Investigators of monkey’s social behavior have always been struckby monkeys’aggressive potential and the consequent need for socialcontrol of their aggressive behavior.Studies directed at describingaggressive behavior and the situations that elicit it,as well as thesocial mechanisms that control it,were therefore among the firstinvestigations of monkeys’social behavior.Investigators initially believed that monkeys would compete forany resource in the environment:hungry monkeys would fight over food,thirsty monkeys would fight over water,and,in general,at time morethan one monkey in a group sought the same incentive simultaneously,a dispute would result and would be resolved through some form ofaggression.However,the motivating force of competition for Geng duoyuan xiao wan zheng kao bo ying yu zhen ti ji qi jie xi qing lian xiquan guo mian fei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiuqi ba,huo jia zi xun qq:qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi incentives beganto be doubted when experiments like Southwick’s on the reduction ofspace or the withholding of food failed to produce more than temporaryincreases in intragroup aggression.Indeed,food deprivation not onlyfailed to increase aggression but in some cases actually resulted indecreased frequencies of aggression.Studies of animals in the wild under conditions of extreme fooddeprivation likewise revealed that starving monkeys devoted almostall available energy to foraging,with little energy remaining foraggressive interaction.Furthermore,accumulating evidence fromlater studies of a variety of primate groups,for example,the study conducted by Bernstein,indicates that one of the most potent stimuli for eliciting aggression is the introduction of an intruder into an organized group.Such introductions result in far more serious aggression than that produced in any other types of experiments contrived to produce competition.These studies of intruders suggest that adult members of the same species introduced to one another for the first time show considerable hostility because,in the absence of a social order,one must be established to control interanimal relationships.When a single new animal is introduced into an existing social organization,the newcomer meets even more serious aggression.Whereas in the first case aggression establishes a social order,in the second case resident animals mob the intruder,thereby initially excluding the new animal from the existing social unit.The simultaneous introduction of several animals lessens the effect,if only because the group divides its attention among the multiple targets.If,however,the several animals introduced a group constitute their own social unit,each group may fight the opposing group as a unit;but,again,no individual is subjected to mass attack,and the very cohesion of the groups precludes prolonged individual combat.The submission of the defeated group,rather than unleashing unchecked aggression on the part of the victorious group,reduces both the intensity and frequency of further attack.Monkey groups therefore seem to be organized primarily tomaintain their established social order rather than to engage in hostilities per se.1.The author of the text is primarily concerned with[A]advancing a new methodology for changing a monkey’s social behavior.[B]comparing the methods of several research studies on aggression among monkeys.[C]explaining the reasons for researcher’s interest in monkey’s social behavior.[D]discussing the development of investigators’theories about aggression among monkeys.2.Which of the following best summarizes the findings reported in the text about the effects of food deprivation on monkeys’behavior?[A]Food deprivation has no effect on aggression among monkeys.[B]Food deprivation increases aggression among monkeys because one of the most potent stimuli for eliciting aggression is the competition for incentives.[C]Food deprivation may increase long-term aggression among monkeys in a laboratory setting,but it produces only temporary increase among monkeys in the wild.[D]Food deprivation may temporarily increase aggression among monkeys,but it also leads to a decrease in conflict.3.The text suggests that investigators of monkeys’socialbehavior have been especially interested in aggressive behavior among monkeys because[A]aggression is the most common social behavior among monkeys.[B]successful competition for incentives determines the social order in a monkey group.[C]situation that elicit aggressive behavior can be studied in a laboratory.[D]most monkeys are potentially aggressive,yet they live in social units that could not function without control of their aggressive impulses.4.The text supplies information to answer which of the following questions?[A]How does the reduction of space affect intragroup aggression among monkeys in an experimental setting?[B]Do family units within a monkey social group compete with other family units for food?[C]What are the mechanisms by which the social order of an established group of monkeys controls aggression within that group?[D]How do monkeys engaged in aggression with other monkeys signal submission?5.Which of the following best describes the organization of the second paragraph?[A]A hypothesis is explained and counter evidence is described.[B]A theory is advanced and specific evidence supporting it iscited.[C]Field observations are described and a conclusion about their significance is drawn.[D]Two theories are explained and evidence supporting each of them is detailed.[答案与考点解析]1.【答案】D【考点解析】本题是一道中心主旨题。

北京师范大学 2014 年 3 月考博英语真题与答案详解Part I ：Reading ComprehensionDirections:Therearesixpassagesinthispart.Eachofthepassagesisfollowedby five questionsorunfinished statements.Foreachofthemthereare four choices markedA,B,CandD.ChoosethebestoneandmarkyouranswerontheANSERSHEET.Passage 1Taken together, income, occupation, and education are good measures of people‟ingalayeredmodelofstratification,mostsociologists describetheclass systeminthe UnitedStatesasdivided into severalclasses:upper, upper middle, middle, lower middle, and lower class. Each class isdefined by characteristics suchasincome,occupationalprestige,andeducationalattainment.The differentgroupsarearrayedalong acontinuumwiththose withthemostmoney, education, and prestige atthe top and thosewith theleast at thebottom.IntheUnitedStates,theupper classownsthemajor share of corporateand personal wealth;itincludesthosewhohave heldwealthforgenerationsas wellas thosewhohaverecentlybecomerich.Only averysmallproportionofpeopleactually constitutetheupperclass,butthey controlvastamountsofwealthandpowerinthe UnitedStates.They exerciseenormouscontrolthroughout society.Mostof their wealth is inherited.Despite socialmythstothecontrary,thebestpredictoroffuture wealthisthe family intowhichyouareborn.Eachyear,thebusinessmagazineForbespublishesa listof the “F orbes400”-the four hundredwealthiestfamiliesandindividualsinthe country.OfallthewealthrepresentedontheForbes400list,more thanhalfis inherited.Thoseonthelistwhocouldbecalled“self-made”werenot typically of modestorigins;mostinheritedsignificantassets(Forbes,1997;SklarandCollins, 1997).Thoseintheupperclasswithnewlyacquiredwealthare knownasthenouveauniche.Althoughtheymayhavevastamountsofmoney,theyareoftennotacceptedinto “old rich”circles.Theupper middle class includes thosewith high incomes and high social prestige. Theytendtobewell-educatedprofessionalsorbusinessexecutives.Theirearnings canbequite highindeed-successfulbusinessexecutivescanearnmillionsof dollars a year.Itisdifficulttoestimateexactly howmanypeoplefallintothisgroupbecauseof thedifficulty ofdrawinglinesbetweentheupper,uppermiddle,andmiddleclass. Indeed,the upper middleclassis oftenthoughtof as“middlec lass”b ecause their lifestylesetsthestandardtowhichmanyaspire, butthislifestyleissimply beyondthe means of amajorityof people in the United States.The middleclassishardtodefine;inpart,being“middlec lass”ismore thanjust economicposition.Byfarthemajority ofAmericansidentitythemselvesasmiddle classeventhoughthey varywidely inlifestyleandinresourcesattheirthoughthey vary widely inlifestyleandinresourcesattheirdisposal.ButtheideathattheUnited States is an open-class system leads many to think that the majority have a middle-classlifestyle because, ingeneral,peopletend nottowanttorecognize class distinctionsinthe UnitedStates.Thus,the middleclassbecomesthe ubiquitousnorm eventhoughmany whocallthemselvesmiddleclasshaveatenuousholdonthisclass position.Inthehierarchy ofsocialclass,thelowermiddleclassincludesworkersinthe skilledtradesandlow-incomebureaucraticworkers,many ofwhommayactually definethemselvesasmiddleclass.Examplesare blue-collarworkers(thoseinskilled tradeswhodomanuallabor)andmany serviceworkers,suchassecretaries, hairdressers,waitresses,police,andfirefighters.Mediumtolowincome,education, andoccupationalprestigedefinethelowermiddleclassrelativetotheclassgroupsaboveit.Theterm“lowe r”inth isclassdesignationreferstotherelativepositionof thegroupinthestratification system,butithasapejorativesoundtomany people, especiallyto peoplewhoaremembers ofthis class.Thelowerclassiscomposedprimarily ofthedisplacedandpoor.Peopleinthis class have little formal education and are often unemployed or working inminimum-wagejobs.Fortypercentofthepoorwork;10percentworkyear-round andfulltime—aproportionthathasgenerally increasedovertime.Recently,the conceptof the underclasshasbeenaddedtothelower class.The underclassincludes thosewhohave beenleftbehindby contemporary economicdevelopments.Rejected fromtheeconomicsystem,thoseintheunderclassmay becomedependentonpublic assistanceor illegalactivities.1.Whydoes the authormention the"Forbes 400"in paragraph 3?A.To explain the meaningof thelistingthat appears every yearB.To cast doubt on the claimthat familyincomepredicts individual wealthC.To giveexamples of successful people who havemodest familyconnectionsD.To support the statement that most wealthypeople inherit their money2.Theauthorstatesthat businessandprofessionalpeoplewitheducationaladvantages aremostoften membersofthe .A. lower middle classB.upper middle classC. nouveau richeD. upperclass3.Whydo most peopleidentifythemselves as middle class in theUnited States?A.Theyhave about thesame lifestyle as everyoneelse in the countryB.Theydon‟t reallyknow howto define their status because it is unclearC.Theyprefer not to admit that thereare class distinctions in the United StatesD.Theyidentifythemselves with the majoritywho havenormal lifestyles4.What can beinferredabout poor people in theUnited States?A.Theyarenot ableto find entry-level jobsB.Theywork in jobs that requirelittle educationC.Theyareserviceworkers and manual laborersD.Theydo not tryto find employment5.Accordingto paragraph 7, whyhas the underclass emerged?A. Thenewtermwasnecessarybecausethelowerclassenjoyedahigherlifestyle than it had previously.B.Theincreaseincrimehassupportedanewclassofpeoplewholiveby engagingin illegal activities.C.Changesintheeconomyhavecausedanentireclassofpeopletosurviveby welfareor crime.D.Minimum-wagejobsnolongersupportaclassofpeopleatastandardlevelinthe economicsystem.Passage 2“Thewor d …protecti on‟ isnolon gertaboo”.Thisshort sentence,utteredby FrenchPresidentNicolasSarkozylatelastmonth,mayhavelaunchedanewerain economic history. Why?For decades,Westernleaders have believedthatlowering tradebarriersandtariffswasanaturalgood.Doingso,they reasoned,wouldleadto greatereconomicefficiency andproductivity,whichinturnwouldimprovehuman welfare. Championing freetradethus became amoral, notjustan economic, cause.Theseleaders,ofcourse,weren‟tactingoutofunselfishness.Theyknewtheir economicswerethemostcompetitive,sothey‟dp rofitmostfromliberalization.And developingcountriesfearedthattheireconomicswouldbeswampedby superior Western productivity. Today, however, the tables have turned-though few acknowledge it.The westcontinuestopreach free trade,butpracticesitlessandless. Asia,meanwhile,continuestopleadforspecialprotectionbutpracticesmoreand more freetrade.That‟swhy Sarkozy‟swordweresoimportant:hefinally injectedsomehonesty intothetradedebate.ThetruthisthatlargepartsoftheWestare losing faithinfree trade,thoughfewleadersadmitit.Some economistsaremorehonest.PaulKrug man isone ofthe fewwillingtoloserswill be intheWest.Economistsinthedeveloped worldusedtolovequoting JosephSchumpeter,whosaidthat“c reativedestructi on” wasanessentialpartofcapitalistgrowth.Butthey alwaysassumedthatdestruction wouldhappenoverthere.WhenWesternworkersbeganlosingjobs,suddenlytheir leadersbeganto losefaithintheirprinciples.Thingshaveyettoreversecompletely. But there‟s clearlyanegativetrend inWestern theoryand practice.Alittlehypocrisyisnotinitselfaseriousproblem.TherealproblemisthatWesterngovernmentscontinuetoinsistthattheyretaincontrolofthekeyglobaleconomicandfinancialinstitutionswhiledriftingaway fromgloballiberalization. Lookatwhat‟shappeningattheIMF (InternationalMonetary Fund).TheEuropeans havedemanded that theykeep thepost ofmanagingdirector. But all too often, Westernofficialsputtheirowninterestsaboveeveryoneelse‟swhenthey dominate theseglobal institutions.ThetimehasthereforecomefortheAsians-whoareclearly thenewwinnersin today‟sglobaleconomy-toprovidemore intellectualleadershipinsupporting free trade,Sadly,they haveyettodoso.UnlessAsiansspeakout,however,there‟sareal danger thatAdam Smith‟s principles, whichhavebroughtsomuchgoodtothe world, could graduallydie.Andthat would leave allof usworseoff, in onewayoranother.6.It can beinferred that“protecti on” (Line1, Para.1) means . A. improvingeconomicefficiency B.endingthe free-tradepractice C. loweringmoral standard D. raisingtradetariffs7.TheWestern leaders preach freetradebecause .A. it is beneficial to theireconomicsB. itis supported bydevelopingcountriesC. itmakes them keep faith in theirprinciplesD. it is advocated byJosephSchumpeter andAdam Smith8. By“the tables haveturne d”(Line 3-4, Para.2) the author implies that .A. theWestern leaders haveturned self-centeredB. theAsian leaders havebecome advocates of freetradeC. the developed economics haveturned lesscompetitiveD. thedevelopingeconomics havebecomemoreindependent9.TheWesterneconomistsusedtoliketheideaof“c reativedestructi on”b ecauseit.A. set a long-term ratherthan short-termgoalB. wasan essential part of capitalist developmentC. entailed apositive rather than negativementalityD. was meant to bethe destruction ofdeveloping economics10.The author uses“IMF” asan exampleto illustrate thepointthat _.A. European leaders arereluctant to admit theyare hypocriticalB. thereis an inconsistencybetweenWestern theoryand practiceC. global institutions arenot beingled bytrueglobalization advocatesD. European countrie s‟interestsarebeingignored byeconomicleadersPassage 3Growth,reproduction,anddailymetabolismallrequireanorganismtoexpend energy. The expenditure of energy is essentially a process of budgeting, just as financesarebudgeted.Ifallof one‟s moneyis spent on clothes, theremaybenoneleft tobuy foodorgotothemovies.Similarly,aplantoranimalcannotsquanderallits energy ongrowingabigbody ifnonewouldbeleftoverforreproduction,forthisis the surest wayto extinction.Allorganisms,therefore,allocateenergy togrowth,reproduction,maintenance, and storage. Nochoice is involved; this allocation comes as part of thegenetic packagefromtheparents.Maintenanceforagivenbody designofanorganismis relatively constant.Storageisimportant,butultimately thatenergywillbeusedfor maintenance, reproduction,or growth.Therefore the principaldifferencesinenergy allocation arelikelyto bebetweengrowth and reproduction.Almostallofanorganism‟s energycanbedivertedtoreproduction,withvery littleallocatedtobuilding anismsatthisextremeare“opportunist s.”At theotherextremeare “competitor s,”almostall ofwhoseresourcesareinvestedin buildingahugebody, with a bareminimum allocated to reproduction.Dandelionsaregood examplesof opportunists. Their seed heads raised justhigh enoughabovethegroundtocatchthewind,theplantsarenobiggerthanthey needbe, theirstemsarehollow,andalltherigiditycomesfromtheirwatercontent.Thus,a minimuminvestmenthasbeenmadeinthebody thatbecomesaplatformforseed dispersal.Thesevery short-livedplantsreproduceprolifically;thatistosay they provideaconstantrainofseedintheneighborhoodofparentplants.Anewplantwill springupwhereveraseedfallsonasuitablesoilsurface,butbecausetheydonotbuildbig bodies,they cannotcompetewithotherplantsforspace, water,orsunlight. Theseplantsaretermedopportunistsbecausetheyrelyontheirsee ds‟ f allinginto settingswherecompetingplantshavebeenremovedby naturalprocesses,suchas along aneroding riverbank,onlandslips,orwhere atree fallsandcreatesagapinthe forest canopy.Opportunists must constantly invade new areas to compensate for being displacedby morecompetitivespecies.Humanlandscapesoflawns,fields,or flowerbedsprovidesettingswithbare soilandalackofcompetitorsthatare perfect habitatsforcolonizationby opportunists.Hence,many ofthestrongly opportunistic plants arethecommon weeds of fieldsandgardens.Becauseeach individualisshort-lived, the population of an opportunist species is likelyto be adverselyaffected bydrought, bad winters, orfloods.Iftheirpopulation is trackedthroughtime,itwillbeseentobeparticularly unstable—soaringand plummetingin irregular cycles.Theoppositeofanopportunistisacompetitor.Theseorganismstendtohavebig bodies,arelong-lived,andspendrelativelylittleefforteachyearonreproduction.An oaktreeisagoodexampleofacompetitor.Amassiveoakclaimsitsgroundfor200 years ormore,outcompeting allotherwould-becanopy treesby casting adenseshade and drawingupanyfreewaterin thesoil.Theleaves of an oak treetaste foul because theyarerichintannins,achemicalthatrendersthemdistastefulorindigestibleto manyorganisms.Thetanninsarepartofthedefensemechanismthatisessentialto longevity.Althoughoaksproducethousandsofacorns,theinvestmentinacropof acornsissmallcomparedwiththeenergyspentonbuildingleaves,trunk,androots. Onceanoaktreebecomesestablished,itislikelytosurviveminorcyclesofdrought andevenfire.Apopulationofoaksislikelytoberelativelystablethroughtime,and itssurvivalislikelyto dependmoreonitsabilitytowithstandthepressuresof competitionorpredationthanonitsabilitytotakeadvantageofchanceevents.It shouldbenoted,however,thatthepureopportunistorpurecompetitorisrareinnature,asmostspeciesfallbetweentheextremesofacontinuum,exhibitingablendofsome opportunistic and some competitive characteristics.11.Theword squander in thepassageis closest inmeaningto .A. extendB. transformC. activateD. waste12.Accordingtothepassage,theclassificationoforganismsas“opportunists”or “c ompetitor s”is det ermined by .A. howthegeneticinformation of an organismisstore and maintainedB. the wayinwhich theorganisminvests its energyresourcesC. whetherthe climatetowhich the organismlives ismild or extremeD. thevarietyof natural resources the organismconsumes in its environment13.Allofthefollowingarementionedinparagraph7ascontributiontothelongevity ofoak treeEXCEPT .A. the capacityto createshadeB. leaves containingtanninC. the abilityto withstand mild droughts and firesD. thelargenumber ofacorns thetreeproduces14.Accordingto thepassage, oak trees areconsidered competitors becauseA. theygrow in areas freeof opportunitiesB. theyspend more energyon theirleaves, trunksand roots than on theiracornsC. theirpopulation tends to increaseor decreaseirregularcyclesD. unlike other organisms, theydo not need muchwateror sunlight15.In paragraph 7, theauthor suggeststhat mostspecies oforganismsA. areprimarilyopportunistsB. areprimarilycompetitorsC. begin as opportunists and evolved into competitorsD. havesomecharacteristics of opportunistsand someof competitorsPassage 4Manyliterarydetectiveshaveporedoveragreatpuzzleconcerningthewriter MarcelProust:whathappenedin1909?HowdidContre Saint-Beuve,anessay attackingthemethods ofthecritic Saint Beuve, turn into thestart ofthenovelRemembranceofThingsPast?ArecentlypublishedletterfromProusttotheeditor ValletteconfirmsthatFallois,theeditorof the1954editionofContreSaint-Beuve, madeanessentiallycorrectguessabouttherelationshipoftheessay tothenovel. Falloisproposedthat Prousthadtried tobegina novelin1908,abandoneditfor what wastobealong demonstrationof Saint-Beuve‟sblindnesstotherealnatureofgreat writing,foundtheessay giving risetopersonalmemoriesandfictionaldevelopments, and allowed theseto takeover in asteadilydevelopingnovel.DraftpassagesinProust‟s1909notebooksindicatethatthetransitionfromessay tonovelbeganinContreSaint-Beuve,whenProustintroducedseveralexamplesto show the powerful influence that involuntary memory exerts over the creativeimagination.Ineffect,intryingtodemonstratethattheimaginationismoreprofound andlesssubmissivetotheintellectthanSaint-Beuveassumed,Proustelicitedvital memoriesofhisownand,findingsubtleconnectionsbetweenthem,begantoamass thematerialforRemembrance.ByAugust,ProustwaswritingtoVallette,informing himofhisintentiontodevelopthematerialasanovel.MauriceBardeche,inMarcel Proust, romancier, has shown the importance in the drafts of Remembrance of spontaneous and apparently random associations of Proust‟s subconscious. As incidentsandreflectionsoccurredtoProust,hecontinuallyinsertednewpassages alteringandexpanding hisnarrative.Buthefounditdifficulttocontrolthedriftofhis inspiration.Theveryrichnessandcomplexityofthemeaningfulrelationshipsthat keptpresentingandrearrangingthemselvesonalllevels,fromabstractintelligenceto profound dreamyfeelings, madeitdifficultforProust to set them outcoherently.The beginningofcontrolcamewhenhesawhowtoconnectthebeginningandtheendof his novel.IntriguedbyProust‟s claimthathehad“beguna ndfinished”Remembranceat thesametime,HenriBonnetdiscoveredthatpartsof Remembrance‟slastbookwere actuallystartedin1909.Alreadyinthatyear,Prousthaddrafteddescriptionsofhis novel‟s charactersintheiroldagethatwouldappearinthefinalbookofRemembrance,wherethepermanenceofartissetagainsttheravagesoftime.ThelettertoVallette,draftsoftheessay andnovel,andBonnet‟sresearchesestablishin broadoutlinetheprocessby whichProustgeneratedhisnoveloutoftheruinsofhis essay.Butthoseofuswhohoped,withKolb,thatKolb‟snewlypublishedcomplete editionofProust‟scorrespondencefor1909woulddocumenttheprocessingreater detailaredisappointed.ForuntilProust wasconfidentthathewasatlastinsightofa viable structure for Remembrance,he toldfewcorrespondentsthathe wasproducing anythingmoreambitious than ContreSaint-Beuve.16.Thepassageis primarilyconcernedwith .A. the role ofinvoluntarymemoryin Proust‟s writing.B. evidence concerningthegenesisof Proust‟s novel RemembranceofThings Past.C. conflicting scholarly opinions about the value of studying the drafts of RemembranceofThingsPast.D. Proust‟s correspondence and what it reveals about RemembranceofThings Past.17.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatallof thefollowingareliterary detectives whohavetried,bymeansofeitherscholarshiporcriticism,tohelpsolvethe“greatpuzz le”mentioned in l ines 1-2 EXCEPT .A. BardecheB. BonnetC. FalloisD.Vallette18.Accordingtothepassage,indraftsofContreSaintBeuveProustsetouttoshow thatSaint-Beuvemadewhich ofthe followingmistakes as a critic?I.Saint-Beuvemadenoefforttostudythedevelopmentofanovelthroughitsdrafts and revisions.II.Saint-Beuveassignedtoogreataroleinthecreativeprocesstoawriter‟sconscious intellect.III.Saint-Beuveconcentratedtoomuchonplotsandnotenoughonimagery andother elements ofstyle.A.IIonlyB.IIIonlyC.IandIIonlyD.I,II,andIII19.Whichofthefollowingbeststatestheauthor‟s attitudetowardtheinformation that scholarshave gathered about Proust‟s writingin 1909?A.The author is disappointed that no new documents have cometo light since Fallois‟s speculations.B.Theauthorisdissatisfiedbecausetherearetoomanygapsandinconsistenciesin the drafts.C.TheauthorisconfidentthatFallois‟s1954guesshasbeenprovedlargelycorrect, butregretsthatstillmoredetaileddocumentationconcerningProust‟stransitionfrom the essayto thenovel hasnot emerged.D.TheauthorissatisfiedthatFallois‟sjudgmentwaslargelycorrect,butfeelsthat Proust‟s earlyworkindesigningandwritingthenovelwasprobablyfarmore deliberate than Fallois‟s description of theprocess would suggest.20.Theauthorofthepassageimpliesthatwhichofthefollowingwouldbethe LEAST usefulsourceofinformationabout Proust‟s transitionfromworkingonContre Saint-Beuveto having aviablestructureforRemembranceofThings Past?A. Fallois‟s comments in the 1954 edition of ContreSaint-BeuveB. Proust‟s1909 notebooks, includingthe drafts of RemembranceofThings PastC. Proust‟s1909 correspondence,excludingthe letter toValletteD. Bardeche‟s Marcel Proust, romancierPassage 5Whydosomedesertplantsgrowtallandthinlikeorganpipes?Whydomost trees in thetropicskeeptheir leavesyearround?Whyin theArctictundraarethereno treesatall?Aftermanyyearswithoutconvincinggeneralanswers,wenowknow much about what sets thefashion in plant design.Usingterminology morecharacteristicofathermalengineerthanofabotanist, wecanthinkofplantsasmechanismsthatmustbalancetheirheatbudgets.Aplantby dayisstakedoutundertheSunwithnowayofshelteringitself.Alldaylongit absorbsheat.Ifitdidnotloseasmuchheatasitgained,theneventually itwoulddie: Plantsgetridoftheirheatby warmingtheairaroundthem,by evaporating water,and by radiating heattotheatmosphere andthecold,blackreachesofspace temperature is tolerable forthe processes of life.Plantsinthe Arctic tundra lie closetothegroundinthe thinlayer of stillairthat clingsthere.AfootortwoabovethegroundarethewindsofArcticcold.Tundra plantsabsorbheatfromtheSunandtendtowarmup;they probablybalancemostof theirheatbudgets by radiatingheattospace,butalsoby warmingthestillairhatis trappedamongthem.AslongasArcticplantsareclosetotheground,theycan balancetheirheatbudgets.Butifthey shouldstretchupasatreedoes,theywouldlift theirworkingparts,theirleaves,intothestreamingArcticwinds.Thenitislikelythat theplantscouldnotabsorbenoughheatfromthe Suntoavoidbeingcooledbelowa critical temperature.Yourheat budget does not balanceifyou stand tallin theArctic.Suchthinkingalsohelpsexplainothercharacteristicsofplantdesign.Adesert plant faces the opposite problem from that of an Arctic plant the danger of overheating.Itisshortofwaterandsocannotcoolitselfby evaporationwithout dehydrating.The familiarsticklikeshape ofdesertplantsrepresentsoneofthe solutionstothisproblem:the shapeexposes the smallestpossible surface toincoming solar radiationandprovidesthe largestpossiblesurfacefromwhichtheplantcan radiateheat.Intropicalrainforests,bywayofcontrast,thescorchingSunisnota problem forplants becausethereis sufficient water.Thisworkingmodelallowsustoconnect thegeneralcharacteristicsofthe formsofplantsindifferenthabitatswithfactorssuchastemperature,availabilityofwater,andpresence orabsence of seasonaldifferences.Our Earthiscoveredwitha patchworkquiltofmeteorologicalconditions,and thepatternsofthispatchworkare faithfullyreflected bytheplants.21.Thepassageprimarilyfocuses on which of the followingcharacteristics of plants?A.Their abilityto growequallywellin all environmentsB.Theireffects on the Earth'satmosphereC.Their abilityto storewater for dryperiodsD.Their abilityto balanceheat intakeand output22. According to the passage, which of the following is most responsible for preventingtrees fromgrowingtall in theArctic?A.Thehard, frozengroundB.Thesmallamountof available sunshineC.The cold, destructivewindsD.Thelargeamountof snowthat falls eachyear23.Theauthorsuggeststhatthe"sticklikeshapeofdesertplants"lines3-5(paragraph4)can beattributed to the .A. inabilityof theplantsto radiateheat to the air aroundthemB. presenceof irregularseasonal differences in thedesertC. largesurfaceareathatthe plants must exposetothe SunD.extreme heat andaridityof thehabitatPassage 6Toconductsomeformsofsleepresearch,wehavetofindaway totrack sleepinessovertheday.Somepeoplemightbelievethatmeasuring sleepinessisa fairly trivialtask.Couldn‟tyou,forinstance,simplycountthenumberoftimesa personyawns during any given hour orso?In most people‟s minds,yawning--that slow, exaggerated mouth opening with the long, deepinhalationofair,followedby abrieferexhalation--isthemostobvioussign ofsleepiness. Itisacommonbehaviorsharedbymanyanimals,includingourpet dogsand cats butalso crocodiles, snakes, birds,and even somefish.It is certainlytrue thatsleepy peopletendtoyawnmorethanwide-awakepeople.Itisalsotruethat peoplewhosay they arebored by whatishappeningatthemomentwilltendtoyawn morefrequently.However,whetheryawning isasignthatyouaregetting ready for sleeporthatyouaresuccessfully fightingoffsleepisnotknown.Simply stretching yourbody,asyoumightdoifyouhavebeensiringinthesamepositionforalong period oftime, will oftentrigger ayawn.Unfortunately,yawnsdon‟tjustindicatesleepiness.Insomeanimals,yawningis asignofstress.Whenadog trainerseesadogyawning inadog obedienceclass,itis usually asignthattheanimalisunderagooddealofpressure.Perhapsthehandleris pushing toohardormoving toofastforthedog tofeelincontrolofthesituation.A momentortwoofplayandthenturningtoanotheractivityisusuallyenoughto banishyawningforquiteawhile.Yawning canalsobeasignofstressinhumans.Once,whenobservingairborne troopsabouttotake their firstparachutejump,I noticedthatseveralof thesoldiers weresittingintheplaneandyawning.Itwasl0A.M.,justafteracoffeebreak,andI doubtedthattheyweretired；Iknewforafactthattheywerefartoonervoustobebored.WhenIaskedaboutthis,theofficerinchargelaughedandsaiditwasreally quitea common behavior, especiallyon the first jump.Thereisalsoasocialaspecttoyawning. Psychologistshaveplacedactorsin crowdedroomsandauditoriumsandhadthemdeliberatelyyawn. Withinmoments, thereisusuallyanincreaseinyawningbyeveryoneelseintheroom.Similarly, peoplewhowatchfilmsorvideosofothersyawningaremorelikelytoyawn.Even justreading aboutyawningtends to stimulatepeople toyawn.Thetruthofthematteris thatwereally don‟t knowwhatpurposeyawningserves. Scientistsoriginallythoughtthatthepurposeofyawningwastoincreasetheamount of oxygeninthe bloodor torelease some accumulatedcarbon dioxide. We now know thatthisisnottrue,sinceincreasing theconcentrationofcarbondioxideintheair seemsnottomakepeoplemorelikelytoyawnbuttomakethembreathefastertotry tobring inmoreoxygen.Ontheotherhand, breathing 100 percentpureoxygendoes not seem to reducethe likelihood ofyawning.Sinceyawning seemstobeassociatedwithalotmorethantheneedforsleep,we obviously havetofindsomeothermeasureofsleepiness.Someresearchershave simplytriedtoaskpeoplehowsleepytheyfeelatanytimeusingsomesortof self-ratingscale.Thereare,however,problemswithgettingpeopletomakethese typesofjudgments. Sometimespeoplesimplylietotheresearcherswhenasked abouthowsleepytheyare.Thisoccursbecauseinmanyareasofsocietyadmitting thatoneisfatiguedandsleepy isconsideredamarkofweaknessorlackofambition anddrive. Inotherinstances,peoplemayadmittheyneedfourcupsofcoffeeto makeitthroughthemorning,butitmay neveroccurtothemthatthismightbedueto thefactthattheyaresosleepythattheyneedstimulationfromcaffeinetobeableto do their required tasks. For these reasons, many researchers have developed analternatemethodtodeterminehowsleepy apersonis.Itisbaseduponasimple definition ofsleep need：Thegreateryour sleep need, orthe sleepieryou are, the faster you willfallasleep ifgiven the opportunityto doso.26. The question in lines 3-4(paragraph 1) is based on which of the following assumptions?A. Direct observation is the onlyreliable method of conductingsleep research.B. People willyawn most frequentlyin themoments beforetheyfallasleep.C. Thereis a direct correlation betweenyawningand sleepiness.D. Yawningis a behaviorover which individuals exert little conscious control.27.The author useswhich of the followingin thefourth paragraph?A. UnderstatementB. AnecdoteC. AnalogyD. Metaphor28.The author mentionsthe "coffeebreak"to emphasizethat a .A. briefrespitewas sorelyneededB. given attitudewas inappropriateC. specific responsewas understandableD. certain behavior was unexpected29.Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,wouldmostdirectlydisprovewhat"Scientists originallythought"?A. Carbondioxide does not affect people's breathingrates.B. Yawningdoesnotreducetheneedforsleep,thoughitmaymakeapersonfeel less tired.C. Becauseyawningbringsmoreairintothelungs, itcanincreasetherateat which oxygen is absorbed.D. Peopledonottendtoyawnmuchathighaltitudes,where oxygenlevelsintheair arelow.30.Thepassage as awhole is best characterized as.A. informativeB.confessionalC. philosophicalD. argumentativePartII.TranslationandWritingPartA TranslationSectionA:Translate the followinginto Chinese:Incomparisonwiththehumanworldofpasttimes,ourworldishighly complex. Becauseofitshighlydevelopedcommunications,eventsineverypartoftheglobe andofhumansociety areclosely interconnected.Therearenoisolateddisastersand thereis no progress that does not help the progress of all.This situation is reflectedin theminds of men. The contents ofmen‟s minds have alsobecomeworldwideinscopeandcomplexity.Itisnotenoughforaman,seeking thewelfareofhisownpeopleandcountry,toconsiderhisdomesticsituationin relationtohisimmediateneighbors.Worldtrendsencompasseveryoneofus,anditis byparticipatingin themand contributingin themthat weinfluenceour own future. Thehighesttaskbefore men‟s mindstoday istounderstand,tofightagainsttheforces ofregressionanddeath,tostrengthenandconvertintorealitythepossibilitywhich our world offers, as no previous world has offered,fora fuller life forallmen.Section B:Translate thefollowinginto English: 关于疾病及其起因的说法有很多。

北京师范大学2012年3月考博英语真题Part I: Listening Comprehension略Part II: Reading ComprehensionDirections: There are six passages in this part. Each of the passages is followed by five questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best one and mark your answer on the ANSER SHEET.Passage OneIn 1900 the United States had only three cities with more than a million residents-New York, Chicago, and Philadelphia. By 1930, it had ten giant metropolises. The newer ones experienced remarkable growth, which reflected basic changes in the economy.Line The population of Los Angeles (114,000 in 1900) rose spectacularly in the early decades of the twentieth century, increasing a dramatic 1,400 percent from 1900 to 1930. A number of circumstances contributed to the meteoric rise of Los Angeles. The agricultural potential of the area was enormous if water for irrigation could be found, and the city founders had the vision and dating to obtain it by constructing a 225-mile aqueduct, completed in 1913, to tap the water of the Owens River. The city had a superb natural harbor, as well as excellent rail connections. The climate made it possible to shoot motion pictures year-round; hence Hollywood. Hollywood not only supplied jobs; it disseminated an image of the good life in Southern California on screens all across the nation. The most important single industry powering the growth of Los Angeles, however, was directly linked to the automobile. The demand for petroleum to fuel gasoline engines led to the opening of the Southern California oil fields, and made Los Angeles North America's greatest refining center.Los Angeles was a product of the auto age in another sense as well: its distinctive spatial organization depended on widespread private ownership of automobiles. Los Angeles was a decentralized metropolis, sprawling across the desert landscape over an area of 400 square miles. It was a city without a real center. The downtown business district did not grow apace with the city as a whole, and the rapid transit system designed to link the center with outlying areas withered away from disuse. Approximately 800,000 cars were registered in Los Angeles County in 1930, one per 2.7 residents. Some visitors from the east coast were dismayed at the endless urban sprawl and dismissed Los Angeles as a mere collection of suburbs in search of a city. But the freedom and mobility of a city built on wheels attracted floods of migrants to the city.21. What is the passage mainly about?A. The growth of cities in the United States in the early 1900'sB. The development of the Southern California oil fieldsC. Factors contributing to the growth of Los AngelesD. Industry and city planning in Los Angeles22. The author characterizes the growth of new large cities in the United States after 1900 as resulting primarily fromA. new economic conditionsB. images of cities shown in moviesC. new agricultural techniquesD. a large migrant population23. The word "meteoric" in line 6 is closest in meaning toA. rapidB. famousC. controversialD. methodical24. According to the passage, the most important factor in the development of agriculture around Los Angeles was theA. influx of "new residents to agricultural areas near the cityB. construction of an aqueductC. expansion of transportation facilitiesD. development of new connections to the city's natural harbor25. The visitors from the east coast mentioned in the passage thought that Los AngelesA. was not accurately portrayed by Hollywood imagesB. lacked good suburban areas in which to liveC. had an excessively large populationD. was not really a single cityPassage TwoImagine eating everything delicious you want with none of the fat. That would be great, wouldn't it?New “fake fat” prod ucts appeared on store shelves in the United States recently, but not everyone is happy about it. Makers of the products, which contain a compound called olestra, say food manufacturers can now eliminate fat from certain foods, Critics, however, say that the new compound can rob the body of essential vitamins and nutrients and can also cause unpleasant side effects in some people. So it is up to consumers to decide whether the new fat-free products taste good enough to keep eating.Chemists discovered olestra in the late 1960s, when they were searching for a fat that could be digested by infants more easily. Instead of finding the desired fat, the researchers created a fat that can’t be digested at all.Normally, special chemicals in the intestines “grab” mo lecules of regular fat and break them down so they can be used by the body. A molecule of regular fat is made up of three molecules of substances called fatty acids.The fatty acids are absorbed by the intestines and bring with them the essential vitamins A, D, E and K. When fat molecules are present in the intestines with any of those vitamins, the vitamins attach to the molecules and are carried into the bloodstream.Olestra, which is made from six to eight molecules of fatty acids, is too large for the intestines to absorb. It just slides through the intestines without being broken down. Manufacturers say it’s that ability to slide unchanged through the intestines that makes olestra so valuable as a fat substitute. It provides consumers with the taste of regular fat without any bad effects on the body. But critics say olestra can prevent vitamins A, D, E, and K from being absorbed. It can also prevent the absorption of carotenoids, compounds that may reduce the risk of cancer, heart disease, etc.Manufacturers are adding vitamins A, D, E and K as well as carotenoids to their products now. Even so, some nutritionists are still concerned that people might eat unlimited amounts of food made with the fat substitute without worrying about how many calories they are consuming.26. We learn from the passage that olestra is a substance that ___________________ .A. contains plenty of nutrientsB. renders foods calorie-free while retaining their vitaminsC. makes foods easily digestibleD. makes foods fat-free while keeping them delicious27. The result of the search for an easily digestible fat turned out to be __________________.A. commercially uselessB. just as anticipatedC. somewhat controversialD. quite unexpected28. Olestra is different from ordinary fats in that _________________ ?A. it passes through the intestines without being absorbedB. it facilitates the absorption of vitamins by the bodyC. it helps reduce the incidence of heart diseaseD. it prevents excessive intake of vitamins29. What is a possible effect of olestra according to some critics?A. It may impair the digestive system.B. It may affect the overall fat intake.C. It may increase the risk of cancer.D. It may spoil the consumers’ appetite.30. Why are nutritionists concerned about adding vitamins to olestra?A. It may lead to the over-consumption of vitamins.B. People may be induced to eat more than is necessary.C. The function of the intestines may be weakened.D. It may trigger a new wave of fake food production.Passage ThreeA “scientific” view of language was dominant among philosop hers and linguists who affected to develop a scientific analysis of human thought and behavior in the early part of this century. Under the force of this view, it was perhaps inevitable that the art of rhetoric should pass from the status of being regarded as of questionable worth (because although it might be both a source of pleasure and a means to urge people to right action, it might also be a means to distort truth and a source of misguided action) to the status of being wholly condemned. If people are regarded only as machines guided by logic, as they were by these “scientific” thinkers, rhetoric is likely to be held in low regard; for the most obvious truth about rhetoric is that it speaks to the whole person. It presents its arguments first to the person as a rational being, because persuasive discourse, if honestly conceived, always has a basis in reasoning. Logical argument is the plot, as it were, of any speech or essay that is respectfully intended to persuade people. Yet it is a characterizing feature of rhetoric that it goes beyond this and appeals to the parts of our nature that are involved in feeling, desiring, acting, and suffering. It recalls relevant instances of the emotional reactions of people to circumstances—real or fictional—that are similar to our own circumstances. Such is the purpose of both historical accounts and fables in persuasive discourse： they indicate literally or symbolically how people may react emotionally, with hope or fear, to particular circumstances. A speech attempting to persuade people can achieve little unless it takes into account the aspect of their being related to such hopes and fears.Rhetoric, then, is addressed to human beings living at particular times and in particular places. From the point of view of rhetoric, we are not merely logical thinking machines, creatures abstracted from time and space. The study of rhetoric should therefore be considered the most humanistic of the humanities, since rhetoric is not directed only to our rational selves. It takes into account what the “scientific” view leaves out. If it is a weakness to harbor feelings, then rhetoric may be thought of as dealing in weakness. But those who reject the idea of rhetoric because they believe it deals in lies and who at the same time hope to move people to action, must either be liars themselves or be very naive;pure logic has never been a motivating force unless it has been subordinated to human purposes, feelings, and desires, and thereby ceased to be pure logic.31. According to the passage, to reject rhetoric and still hope to persuade people isA. an aim of most speakers and writers.B. an indication either of dishonesty or of credulity.C. a way of displaying distrust of the audience‘s motives.D. a characteristic of most humanistic discourse.32. It can be inferred from the passage that in the late nineteenth century rhetoric was regarded asA. the only necessary element of persuasive discourse.B. a dubious art in at least two ways.C. an outmoded and tedious amplification of logic.D. an open offense to the rational mind.33. The passage suggests that a speech that attempts to persuade people to act is likely to fail if it does NOTA. distort the truth a little to make it more acceptable to the audience.B. appeal to the self-interest as well as the humanitarianism of the audience.C. address listeners‘ emotions as well as their intellects.D. concede the logic of other points of view.34. Which of the following persuasive devices is NOT used in the passage？A. A sample of an actual speech delivered by an oratorB. The contrast of different points of viewC. The repetition of key ideas and expressionsD. An analogy that seeks to explain logical argument35. Which of the following best states the author‘s main point about logical argum ent？A. It is a sterile, abstract discipline, of little use in real life.B. It is an essential element of persuasive discourse, but only one such element.C. It is an important means of persuading people to act against their desires.D. It is the lowest order of discourse because it is the least imaginative.Passage FourExtraordinary creative activity has been characterized as revolutionary, flying in the face of what is established and producing not what is acceptable but what will become accepted. According to this formulation, highly creative activity transcends the limits of an existing form and establishes a new principle of organization. However, the idea that extraordinary creativity transcends established limits is misleading when it is applied to the arts, even though it may be valid for the sciences. Differences between highly creative art and highly creative science arise in part from differences in their goals. For the sciences, a new theory is the goal and end result of the creative act. Innovative science produces new propositions in terms of which diverse phenomena can be related to one another in more coherent ways. Such phenomena as a brilliant diamond or a nesting bird are relegated to the role of data, serving as the means for formulating or testing a new theory. The goal of highly creative art is very different: the phenomenon itself becomes the direct product of the creative act. Shakespeare's Hamlet is not a tract about the behavior of indecisive princes or the uses of political power, nor is Picasso's painting Guernica primarily a propositional statement about the Spanish Civil War or the evils of fascism. What highly creative artistic activity produces is not a new generalization that transcends established limits, but rather an aesthetic particular. Aesthetic particulars produced by the highly creative artist extend or exploit, in an innovative way, the limits of an existing form, rather than transcend that form.This is not to deny that a highly creative artist sometimes establishes a new principle of organization in the history of an artistic field: the composer Monteverdi, who created music of the highest aesthetic value, comes to mind. More generally, however, whether or not a composition establishes a new principle in the history of music has little bearing on its aesthetic worth. Because they embody a new principle of organization, some musical works, such as the operas of the Florentine Camerata, are of signal historical importance, but few listeners or musicologists would include these among the great works of music. On the other hand, Mozart's The Marriage of Figaro is surely among the masterpieces of music even though its modest innovations are confined to extending existing means. It has been said of Beethoven that he toppled the rules and freed music from the stifling confines of convention. But a close study of his compositions reveals that Beethoven overturned no fundamental rules. Rather, he was an incomparable strategist who exploitedlimits--the rules, forms, and conventions that he inherited from predecessors such as Haydn and Mozart, Handel and Bach--in strikingly original ways.36.The author considers a new theory that coherently relates diverse phenomena to one another to be theA. basis for reaffirming a well-established scientific formulation.B. byproduct of an aesthetic experience.C. tool used by a scientist to discover a new particular.D. result of highly creative scientific activity.37.The passage supplies information for answering all of the following questions EXCEPT:A. Has unusual creative activity been characterized as revolutionary?B. Did Beethoven work within a musical tradition that also included Handel and Bach?C. Is Mozart's The Marriage of Figaro an example of a creative work that transcended limits?D. Who besides Monteverdi wrote music that the author would consider to embody new principles of organization and to be of high aesthetic value?38.The author regards the idea that all highly creative artistic activity transcends limits with---A. deep skepticismB. strong indignationC. marked indifferenceD. moderate amusement39. The author implies that an innovative scientific contribution is one thatA. is cited with high frequency in the publications of other scientistsB. is accepted immediately by the scientific community.C. does not relegate particulars to the role of data.D. introduces a new valid generalization.40. Which of the following statements would most logically conclude the last paragraph of the passage?A. Unlike Beethoven, however, even the greatest of modern composers, such as Stravinsky, did not transcend existing musical forms.B. In similar fashion, existing musical forms were even further exploited by the next generation of great European composers.C. Thus, many of the great composers displayed the same combination of talents exhibited by Monteverdi.D. By contrast, the view that creativity in the arts exploits but does not transcend limits is supported in the field of literature.Passage FiveCultural norms so completely surround people, so permeate thought and action, that we never recognize the assumptions on which their lives and their sanity rest. As one observer put it, if birds were suddenly endowed with scientific curiosity they might examine many things, but the sky itself would be overlooked as a suitable subject; if fish were to become curious about the world, it would never occur to them to begin by investigating water. For birds and fish would take the sky and sea for granted, unaware of their profound influence because they comprise the medium for every fact. Human beings, in a similarly way, occupy a symbolic universe governed by codes that are unconsciously acquired and automatically employed. So much so that they rarely notice that the ways they interpret and talk about events are distinctively different from the ways people conduct their affairs in other cultures.As long as people remain blind to the sources of their meanings, they are imprisoned within them. These cultural frames of reference are no less confining simply because they cannot be seen or touched. Whether it is an individual neurosis that keeps an individual out of contact with his neighbors, or a collective neurosis that separates neighbors of different cultures, both are forms of blindness that limit what can be experienced and what can be learned from others.It would seem that everywhere people would desire to break out of the boundaries of their own experiential worlds. Their ability to react sensitively to a wider spectrum of events and peoples requires an overcoming of such cultural parochialism. But, in fact, few attain this broader vision. Some, of course, have little opportunity for wider cultural experience, though this condition should change as the movement of people accelerates. Others do not try to widen their experience because they prefer the old and familiar, seek from their affairs only further confirmation of the correctness of their own values. Still others recoil from such experiences because they feel it dangerous to probe too deeply into the personal or cultural unconscious. Exposure may reveal how tenuous and arbitrary many cultural norms are; such exposure might force people to acquire new bases for interpreting events. And even for the many who do seek actively to enlarge the variety of human beings with whom they are capable of communicating there are still difficulties.Cultural myopia persists not merely because of inertia and habit, but chiefly because it is so difficult to overcome. One acquires a personality and a culture in childhood, long before he is capable of comprehending either of them. To survive, each person masters the perceptual orientations, cognitive biases, and communicative habits of his own culture. But once mastered, objective assessment of these same processes is awkward since the same mechanisms that are being evaluated must be used in making the evaluations.41. The examples of birds and fish are used to __________________ .A. show that they, too, have their respective culturesB. explain humans occupy a symbolic universe as birds and fish occupy the sky and the seaC. illustrate that human beings are unaware of the cultural codes governing themD. demonstrate the similarity between man, birds, and fish in their ways of thinking42. The term "parochialism" (Line 3, Para. 3) most possibly means ______________________ .A. open-mindednessB. provincialismC. superiorityD. discrimination43. It can be inferred from the last two paragraphs that ___________________ .A. everyone would like to widen their cultural scope if they canB. the obstacles to overcoming cultura l parochialism lie mainly in people’s habit of thinkingC. provided one’s brought up in a culture, he may be with bias in making cultural evaluationsD. childhood is an important stage in comprehending culture44. Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage?A. Individual and collective neurosis might prevent communications with others.B. People in different cultures may be governed by the same cultural norms.C. People’s visions will be enlarged if only they knew that cultural diffe rences exist.D. If cultural norms are something tangible, they won’t be so confining.45. The passage might be entitled “ _______________ .’’A. How to Overcome Cultural MyopiaB. Behavioral Patterns and Cultural BackgroundC. Harms of Cultural MyopiaD. Cultural Myopia-A Deep-rooted Collective NeurosisPassage SixWhen you leave a job with a traditional pension, don't assume you've lost the chance to collect it. You're entitled to whatever benefit you've earned——and you might even be entitled to take it now. “A lot of pe ople forget they have it, or they think that by waiting until they're 65, they'll have a bigger benefit,” says Wayne Bogosian, president of the PFE Group, which provides corporatepre-retirement education.Your former employers should send you a certificate that says how much your pension is worth. If it's less than $ 5,000, or if the company offers a lump-sum payout, it will generally close your account and cash you out. It may not seem like much, but $5,000 invested over 20 years at eight percent interest is $23,000. If your pension is worth more than $ 5,000, or your company doesn't offer the lump-sum option, find out how much money you're eligible for at the plan's normal retirement age, the earlier age at which you can collect the pension, the more severe penalty for collecting it early. You'll probably still come out ahead by taking the money now and investing it.What if you left a job years ago, and you're realizing you may have unwittingly left behind a pension? Get help from the Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation. It has an online search tool that has helped locate $47 million in lost benefits for more than 12,000 workers.If you have a traditional pension, retiring early costs more than you might expect. Most people assume you take a proportional cut for leaving before your plan's normal retirement age. For example, you might think that if you need to accrue 30 years of service and you leave three years early, you'd get a pension 90 percent of the full amount.But that's not how it works. Instead, you take an actuarial reduction, determined by the employer but often around five percent a year, for each year you leave early. So retiring three years early could leave you with only 85 percent of the total amount.When you retire early with a defined-contribution plan, the problem is you start spending investments on which you could be earning interest. If you retire when you're 55, for example, and start using the traditional pension then, by age 65 you'll have only about half of what you would have had if you'd kept working until 65.46. When one leaves a job with a traditional pension, .A. he tends to forget that he has the pensionB. he has no right to ask for the pensionC. he'll have a bigger benefit than if he waits until the age of 65D. he has a specified worth of pension47. If one leaves early before his plan's normal retirement age, .A. he'll take 90 percent of the total amount of his pensionB. he'll have half of his pension paymentsC. he'll have his pension payment reduced by 5% a yearD. he'll have only 85 percent of his full pension48. If one retires early with a defined-contribution plan, he is expected toA. earn less interest.B. be better off than with a traditional pension.C. start investment immediately.D. get less Social Security benefits.49. Which of the following can be used as the subtitle for the last three paragraphs?A. Your Payout Is Not Guaranteed.B. The Retirement Dilemma.C. Leave Early, Lose Big.D. Take the Pension with You.50. Which of the following is NOT true?A. If one leaves 3 years early on a 30-year-service basis, he won't get a pension worth 27/30ths.B. It pays to get an early retirement if one understands how retirement pension plan works.C. The Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation helps the retiree to recover last benefits.D. If one keeps his expenses within his retirement framework, he won't be severely affected.Part III. Translation and WritingPart A TranslationTranslate the following into Chinese:Blacks have traditionally been poorly educated -- look at the crisis in urban public schools -- and deprived of the sorts of opportunities that create the vision necessary for technological ambition. Black folkways in America, those unspoken, largely unconscious patterns of thought and belief about what is possible that guide aspiration and behavior, thus do not encompass physics and calculus. Becoming an engineer -- unlike becoming a doctor or a lawyer or an insurance salesman -- has not been seen as a way up in the segregated black community. These folkways developed in response to very real historical conditions, to the limited and at best ambivalent interactions between blacks and technology in this country. Folkways, the "consciousness of the race," change at a slower pace than societal conditions do -- and so a working strategy can turn into a crippling blindness andself-limitation.Translate the following into English:“失落之城”马丘比丘坐落在秘鲁热带山地森林，直到1911年才被美国探险家海勒姆-宾厄姆发现。

北师大工程博士入学英语考试真题2023The pursuit of a doctoral degree in engineering is a journey that amalgamates rigorous academic study with extensive research to contribute novel insights to the field. The entrance examination for the doctoral program at Beijing Normal University (BNU) is a critical step in this journey, designed to assess the readiness and potential of candidates to undertake such a demanding and rewarding endeavor.The examination encompasses a comprehensive evaluation of the candidate's command over the English language, which is indispensable for engaging with the global academic community and accessing a vast repository of scientific literature. Proficiency in English enables doctoral candidates to communicate their research findings effectively and to collaborate with peers worldwide.The English examination for the BNU engineering doctoral program is structured to test various aspects of language proficiency, including reading comprehension, writing, listening, and speaking skills. The reading section typically includes passages from contemporary engineering research articles, requiring candidates to analyze complex texts and answer questions that gauge their understanding of the material, the author's arguments, and the implications of the research.In the writing section, candidates are expected to demonstrate their ability to articulate ideas clearly and coherently. They may be asked to summarize research findings, critique methodologies, or discuss the significance of engineering innovations. The ability to write with precision and clarity is paramount, as it reflects the candidate's capacity to produce scholarly work that meets the standards of the academic community.Listening and speaking skills are assessed through exercises that simulate academic interactions, such as lectures, seminars, and discussions. Candidates must show that they can follow and engage in conversations on complex engineering topics, which is crucial for participating in conferences, workshops, and collaborative projects.The examination is not merely a test of language skills but also an opportunity for candidates to showcase their critical thinking and analytical abilities. Questions are designed to challenge candidates to think deeply about engineering issues, to evaluate evidence, and to synthesize information from diverse sources.As candidates prepare for the examination, they delve into a wide range of subjects within the engineering discipline. They must stay abreast of the latest developments and trends, understand the historical context of their field, and be able to position their research within the broader landscape of engineering challenges and solutions.The BNU engineering doctoral entrance examination is a reflection of the university's commitment to excellence in education and research. It ensures that those who are admitted to the program are not only proficient in English but also possess the intellectual rigor and curiosity that are the hallmarks of successful doctoral candidates.In conclusion, the examination serves as a gateway to the world of advanced engineering research, where language proficiency complements technical expertise, and together they empower candidates to make meaningful contributions to the field and to society at large. As such, the preparation for this examination is an integral part of the journey towards becoming a scholar and a leader in the engineering community. 。

（2007）Read the following passage carefully and write a summary of it in English in about 150 words.Meaning and Characteristics of the Italian RenaissanceThe word (过于具体) Renaissance means “rebirth.” (与下文重复) A number of people who lived in (过于具体) Italy between 1350 and 1550 believed that they had witnessed (过于具体) a rebirth of antiquity or Greco-Roman civilization, marking a new age. To them, the thousand or so years between the end of the Roman Empire and their own era was a middle period (hence the “Middle Ages”), characterized by darkness because of its lack of classic culture (铺垫). Historians of the nineteenth century later used similar terminology to describe this period in Italy. (铺垫) The Swiss historian and art critic Jacob Burckhardt created the modern concept of the Renaissance in his celebrated Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy published in 1860 (举例) . He portrayed Italy in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries as the birthplace of the modern world (the Italians were “the firstborn among the sons of modern Europe”) (与前文重复) and saw the revival of antiquity, “the perfecting of the individual,” and secularism as its distinguishing features. Burckhardt exaggerated the individuality and secularism of the Renaissance and failed to recognize the depths of its religious sentiment（详细陈述或让步）; nevertheless, he established the framework for all modern interpretations of the Renaissance（与主题不直接相联）. Although contemporary scholars do not believe that the Renaissance represents a sudden or dramatic cultural break with the Middle Ages, as Burckhardt argued—there was, after all, much continuity in economic, political, and social life between the two periods（让步）—the Renaissance can still be viewed as a distinct period of European history that manifested itself first in Italy and then spread to the rest of Europe.Renaissance Italy was largely an urban society. As a result of its commercial preeminence and political evolution, northern Italy by the mid-fourteenth century was mostly a land of independent cities that dominated the country districts around them. These city-states became the centers of Italian political, economic, and social life. Within this new urban society, （铺垫，或属于次要原因）a secular spirit emerged as increasing wealth created new possibilities for the enjoyment of worldly things.Above all, the Renaissance was an age of recovery from the “calamitous fourteenth century.” Italy and Europe began a slow process of recuperation from the effects of the Black Death, political disorder, and economic recession（详细陈述或举例论证）. This recovery was accompanied by a rebirth of the culture of classical antiquity. Increasingly aware of their own historical past, Italian intellectuals became intensely interested in the Greco-Roman culture of the ancient Mediterranean world. This new revival of classical antiquity (the Middle Ages had in fact preserved much of ancient Latin culture) affected activities as diverse as politics and art and led to new attempts to reconcile the pagan philosophy of the Greco-Roman world with Christian thought, as well as new ways of viewing human beings.（后果延伸）A revived emphasis on individual ability became characteristic of the Italian Renaissance. As the fifteenth-century Florentine architect Leon Battista Alberti expressed it: “Man can do all things if they will.”（举例）A high regard for human dignity and worth and a realization of individual potentiality created a new social ideal of the well-rounded personality or universal person who was capable of achievements in many areas of life.（后果延伸）These general features of the Italian Renaissance were not characteristic of all Italians but were primarily the preserve of the wealthy upper classes, who constituted a small percentage of the total population（详细陈述）. The achievements of the Italian Renaissance were the product of an elite, rather than a mass, movement.（与上文重复）Nevertheless, indirectly it did have some impact on ordinary people, especially in the cities, where so many of the intellectual and artistic accomplishments of the period were most visible. （详细陈述或属于不重要修饰语（2006）（2005）Read the following passage carefully and then write a summary of it in English in about 150 wordsA tool is an implement or device used directly upon a piece of material to shape it into a desired form. The date of the earliest tools is extremely remote. Tools found in northern Kenya in 1969 have been estimated to be about 2600000 years old, and their state of development suggests that even older tools remain to be discovered.The present array of tools has as common ancestors the sharpened stones that were the keys to early human survival. Rudely fractured stones, first found and later “made” by hunters who needed a general-purpose tool, were a “knife” of sorts that could also be used to hack, to pound, and to grub. In the course of a vast interval of time, a variety ofsingle-purpose tools came into being. With the twin developments of agriculture and animal domestication, roughly 10000 years ago. The many demands of a settled way of life led to a higher degree of tool specialization; the identities of the ax, adz, chisel, and saw were clearly established more than 4000 years ago.The common denominator of these tools is removal of material from a workpiece, usually by some form of cutting. The presence of a cutting edge is therefore characteristic of most tools. And the principal concern of toolmakers has been the pursuit and creation of improved cutting edges. Tool effectiveness was enhanced enormously by hafting---the fitting of a handle to a piece of sharp stone, which endowed the tool with better control, more energy, or both.It is helpful to draw the distinction between hand and machine tools. Hand tools are those used by craftsmen in manual operations, such as chopping, chiseling, sawing, filing, or forging. Complementary tools, often needed as auxiliaries to the shaping tools, include such implementsas the hammer for nailing and the vise for holding. A craftsman may also use instruments that facilitate accurate measurements: the rule, divider, square, and others. Power tools---usually hand-held, motor-powered implements such as the electric drill or electric saw---perform many of the old manual operations and as such may be considered hand tools. Machine tools are analogous to hand tools in their function as shaping implements, but they require stationary mounting and mechanical drive for the working of strong materials, primarily metal, and the mass processing of precision parts.During the evolution of tools over more than 2000000 years, using as principal materials, successively, stone, bronze, and iron, humans developed a number of particular tools. Taken together, these specialized tools form an inverted pyramid resting upon the first general-purpose tool. The nearly formless chopper. With the discovery of metals and the support of numerous inventions allowing their exploitation, the first approximations to the modern forms of the basic tools of the craftsman established themselves, with the main thrust of further development directed at improving the cutting edges.The earliest tools were multipurpose; specialized tools were latecomers. A multipurpose tool, although able to do a number of things, does none of them as well as a tool designed or proportioned for one job and one material.（2004）Read the following passage carefully and then write a summary of it in English in about 120 words.The success of failure of a company abroad depends on how effectively its employees can exercise their skills in a new location. That ability will depend on both their job-related expertise and the individual’s sensitivity and responsiveness to the new cultural environment. One of the most common factors contributing to failure in international business assignments is the erroneous assumption that if a person is successful in the home environment, he or she will be equally successful in applying technical expertise in a different culture.Research has shown that failures in the overseas business setting most frequently result from an inability to understand and adapt to foreign ways of thinking and acting rather than from technical or professional incompetence. At home U.S. businesspeople equip themselves with vast amount of knowledge of their employees, customers, and business partners. Market research provides detailed information on values, attitudes, and buying preferences of U.S, consumers; middle-and upper-level managers are well versed in the intricacies of theirorganization’s culture; and labor negotiators must be highly sensitive to what motivates those on the other side of the table. Yet when North Americans turn to the international arena, they frequently are willing to deal with customers, employees, and fellow workers with a lack of information that at home would be unimaginable.The literature on international business is filled with examples of business miscues when U.S. corporations attempted to operate in an international context. Some are mildly amusing. Others are downright embarrassing. All of them, to one degree or another, have been costly in terns of money, reputation, or both. For example, when American firms try to market their products in other countries, they often assume that if a marketing strategy or slogan is effective in Cleveland, it will be equally effective in other parts of the world. But problems arise when cultural context changes.Just as inattention to the cultural context can result in some costly blunders in marketing and management, it also can affect seriously the success of international business negotiations. Time, effort, reputation, and even contracts can be lost because of cultural ignorance. The world is changing faster than most of us can calculate, and if American businesspersons are to meet the challenges of an increasingly interdependent world, they will need to develop a better understanding of how cultural variables influence international business enterprises. A healthy dialogue between cultures and members of the international business community will be an important step in achieving that needed understanding.(2003)Read the following passage carefully and then write a summary of it in English in about 120 words.Europe was the first of the major world regions to develop a modern economy based on commercial agriculture and industrial development. Its successful modernization can be traced to the continent’s rich endowment of economic resources, its history of innovations, the evolution of a skilled and educated labour force, and the interconnectedness of all its parts-both naturally existing and man-made—which facilitated the easy movement of massive quantities of raw materials and finished goods and the communication of ideas.Europe’s economic modernization began with a marked improvement in agriculture output in the 17th century, particularly in England. The traditional method of cultivation involved periodically allowing land to remain fallow; this gave way to continuous cropping on fields that were fertilized with nature from animals raised as food for rapidly expanding urban markets. Greater wealth was accumulated by landowners at the same time that fewer farmhands were needed to work the land. The accumulated capital and abundant cheap labour created by this revolution in agriculture fueled the development of the Industrial Revolution in the 18th century.The revolution vegan in northern England in the 1730s with the development of water-driven machinery to spin and weave wool and cotton. By mid-century James Watt had developed a practical steam engine that emancipated machinery from sites adjacent to waterfalls and rapids. Britain had been practically deforested by this time, and the incessant demand formore fuel to run the engines led to the exploitation of coal as a major industry. Industries were built on the coalfields to minimize the cost of transporting coal over long distances. The increasingly surplus rural population flocked to the new manufacturing areas. Canals and other improvements in the transportation infrastructure were made in these regions, which made them attractive to other industries that were not necessarily dependent on coal and thus prompted development in adjacent regions.Industrialization outside of England began in the mid-19th century in Belgium and northeastern France and spread to Germany, the Netherlands, southern Scandinavia, and other areas in conjunction with the construction of railways. By the 1870s the governments of the European nations had recognized the vital importance of factory production and had taken steps to encourage local development through subsidies and tariff protection against foreign competition. Large areas, however, remained virtually untouched by modern industrial development, including most of the Iberian Peninsula, southern Italy, and a broad belt of eastern Europe extending from the Balkans on the south to Finland and northern Scandinavia.During the 20the century Europe has experienced periods of considerable economic growth and prosperity, and industrial development has proliferated much more widely throughout the continent; but continued economic development in Europe has been handicapped to a large degree by its multinational character—which has spawned economic rivalries among states and two devastating world wars-as well as by the exhaustion of many of its resources and by increased economic competition from overseas. Governmental protectionism, which has tended to restrict the potential market for a product to a single country, has deprived many industrial concerns of the efficiencies of large-scale production serving a mass market (such as is found in the United States). In addition, enterprise efficiency has suffered from government support and from a lack of competition within a national market area. Within individual countries there have been growing tensions between regions that have prospered and those that have not. This “core-periphery” problem has been particularly acute in situations where the contrasting regions are inhabited by different ethnic groups.（2002）Read the following passage carefully and then write a summary of it in English in about 120 words.Developments in 19th century Europe are bounded by two great events. The French Revolution broke out in 1789, and its effects reverberated throughout much of Europe for many decades. World War I began in 1914. Its inception resulted from many trends in European society, culture, and diplomacy during the late 19th century. In between these boundaries---the one opening a new set of trends, the other bringing long-standing tensions to a head---much of modern Europe was defined.Europe during this 125-year span was both united and deeply divided. A number of basic cultural trends, including new literary styles and the spread of science, ran through the entire continent. European states were increasingly locked in diplomatic interaction, culminating in continentwide alliance system after 1871. At the same time, this was the century of growing nationalism, in which individual states jealously protected their identities and indeed established more rigorous border controls than ever before. Finally, the European continent was to an extent divided between two zones of differential development. Changes such as the IndustrialRevolution and political liberalization spread first and fastest in western Europe---Britain, France, the Low Countries, Scandinavia, and, to an extent, Germany and Italy. Eastern and southern Europe, more rural at the outset of the period, changed more slowly and in somewhat different ways.Europe witnessed important common patterns and increasing interconnections, but these developments must be assessed in terms of nation-state divisions and, even more, of larger regional differences. Some trends, including the ongoing impact of the French Revolution, ran through virtually the entire 19th century. Other characteristics, however, had a shorter life span.Some historians prefer to divide 19th century history into relatively small chunks. Thus 1789-1815 is defined by the French Revolution and Napoleon; 1815-48 forms a period of reaction and adjustment; 1848-71 is dominated by a new round of revolution and the unifications of the German and Italian nations; and 1871-1914, an age of imperialism, is shaped by new kinds of political debate and the pressures that culminated in war. Overriding these important markers, however, a simpler division can also be useful. Between 1789 and 1849 Europe dealt with the forces of political revolution and the first impact of the Industrial Revolution. Between 1849 and 1914 a fuller industrial society emerged, including new forms of states and of diplomatic and military alignments. The mid-19th century, in either formulation, looms as a particularly important point of transition within the extended 19th century.(2008)build up ,and like some magnificent structure without foundation.Answer:（2007）（2006）Finland, an enormous land of unspoiled lakes and forests, nourishes Finnic genius of commitmen and coexistence with nature. The basic nucleus of the Finnic population are Finns coming from the Urals in the early century of the Christian age. Being such short history, Finland does not have enormous number of work of art, but it is still possible to meet craftsman in Savonlinna who are working according to the old techniques. Glas, which is a typical Finnish product, seems to sum up the characteristics of the world from which it originates: purity, simplicity, and a sense of nature. The forests and waters inspire contemporary works of art; and the meditative soul of the Finns, who blend in with nature, is nourished by these fresh color. Near Leiksa, an extraordinary sculptor working with wood is one of the example of contemporary artists who is inspired by nature.（2005）A tool is a device use directly upon a piece of material to shape it into a desired form. The date of the earliest toll is extremely remote. Stones as tool were the keys to early human survival. The twin development of agriculture and animal domestication developed the general-purpose tool into single-purpose tool. Generally speaking, tools are removal of material from workplace. It is helpful to draw the distinction between hand and machine tools. Hand tools are those used by craftsmen in manual operations. Machine tools are complementary to hand tools in their functions, but they require stationary, mounting and mechanical drive for the working of strong materials, primarily metal, and the mass processing of precision parts. The earliest tools were multipurpose; specialized tools were latecomers.（2004）(2003)Europe was the first of the major world regions to develop a modern economy. Itssuccessful modernization facilitated the movement of raw materials and finished goods and the communication of ideas.Concerning the time, it first began in the 17th century. The traditional method of cultivation involved allowing land to remain fallow thus fewer farmlands were needed to work the land and the accumulated capital and labor created by this revolution fueled the development of the Industrial Revolution in the 18th century.Industrialization outside of England began in the mid-19th century in Belgium and spread to some of the other European countries. Although they had recognized the importance of factory production and had taken steps to encourage local development, there still existed large areas untouched by modern in industrial development. During the 20th century Europe has experienced periods of economic growth and prosperity, but continued economic development in Europe has been handicapped to a large degree by its multinational character.（2002）（2008）The creation of a scientific method was critical to the development of science. In his book The Great Restoration, Francis Bacon put forth the call for the reconstruction of sciences, arts and all human knowledge on a correct foundation, the basis of which was inductive principles, or proceeding from the particular to the general. Bacon believed in the value of experiments and observations. Besides, he was more concerned with applied sciences than theoretical ones. He deemed that the purpose of science should be bringing discoveries and power to human beings and conquering nature. As he claimed, his new foundation was not for any specific branch of science, but for human utility and power. Of course, this began to be doubted as the major cause of the modern ecological crisis in the twentieth century.。

北京师范大学2012年3月考博英语真题Part I: Listening Comprehension略Part II: Reading ComprehensionDirections: There are six passages in this part. Each of the passages is followed by five questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best one and mark your answer on the ANSER SHEET.Passage OneIn 1900 the United States had only three cities with more than a million residents-New York, Chicago, and Philadelphia. By 1930, it had ten giant metropolises. The newer ones experienced remarkable growth, which reflected basic changes in the economy.Line The population of Los Angeles (114,000 in 1900) rose spectacularly in the early decades of the twentieth century, increasing a dramatic 1,400 percent from 1900 to 1930. A number of circumstances contributed to the meteoric rise of Los Angeles. The agricultural potential of the area was enormous if water for irrigation could be found, and the city founders had the vision and datingto obtain it by constructing a 225-mile aqueduct, completed in 1913, to tap the water of the Owens River. The city had a superb natural harbor, as well as excellent rail connections. The climate made it possible to shoot motion pictures year-round; hence Hollywood. Hollywood not only supplied jobs; it disseminated an image of the good life in Southern California on screens all across the nation. The most important single industry powering the growth of Los Angeles, however, was directly linked tothe automobile. The demand for petroleum to fuel gasoline engines led to the opening of theSouthern California oil fields, and made Los Angeles North America's greatest refining center.Los Angeles was a product of the auto age in another sense as well: its distinctive spatial organization depended on widespread private ownership of automobiles. Los Angeles was a decentralized metropolis, sprawling across the desert landscape over an area of 400 square miles. It was a city without a real center. The downtown business district did not grow apace with the city asa whole, and the rapid transit system designed to link the center with outlying areas withered away from disuse. Approximately 800,000 cars were registered in Los Angeles County in 1930, one per 2.7 residents. Some visitors from the east coast were dismayed at the endless urban sprawl and dismissed Los Angeles as a mere collection of suburbs in search of a city. But the freedom and mobility of a city built on wheels attracted floods of migrants to the city.21. What is the passage mainly about?A. The growth of cities in the United States in the early 1900'sB. The development of the Southern California oil fieldsC. Factors contributing to the growth of Los AngelesD. Industry and city planning in Los Angeles22. The author characterizes the growth of new large cities in the United States after 1900 as resulting primarily fromA. new economic conditionsB. images of cities shown in moviesC. new agricultural techniquesD. a large migrant population23. The word "meteoric" in line 6 is closest in meaning toA. rapidB. famousC. controversialD. methodical24. According to the passage, the most important factor in the development of agriculturearound Los Angeles was theA. influx of "new residents to agricultural areas near the cityB. construction of an aqueductC. expansion of transportation facilitiesD. development of new connections to the city's natural harbor25. The visitors from the east coast mentioned in the passage thought that Los AngelesA. was not accurately portrayed by Hollywood imagesB. lacked good suburban areas in which to liveC. had an excessively large populationD. was not really a single cityPassage TwoImagine eating everything delicious you want with none of the fat. That would be great, wouldn't it?ucts appeared on store shelves in the United States recently, but not New “fake fat” prodeveryone is happy about it. Makers of the products, which contain a compound called olestra, say food manufacturers can now eliminate fat from certain foods, Critics, however, say that the new compound can rob the body of essential vitamins and nutrients and can also cause unpleasant side effects in some people. So it is up to consumers to decide whether the new fat-free products taste good enough to keep eating.Chemists discovered olestra in the late 1960s, when they were searching for a fat that could be digested by infants more easily. Instead of finding the desired fat, the researchers created a fat that can’t be digested at all.lecules of regular fat and break them Normally, special chemicals in the intestines “grab” modown so they can be used by the body. A molecule of regular fat is made up of three molecules of substances called fatty acids.The fatty acids are absorbed by the intestines and bring with them the essential vitamins A, D, E and K. When fat molecules are present in the intestines with any of those vitamins, the vitamins attach to the molecules and are carried into the bloodstream.Olestra, which is made from six to eight molecules of fatty acids, is too large for the intestines to absorb. It just slides through the intestines without being broken down. Manufacturers say itability to slide unchanged through the intestines that makes olestra so valuable as a fat substitute. It provides consumers with the taste of regular fat without any bad effects on the body. But critics say olestra can prevent vitamins A, D, E, and K from being absorbed. It can also prevent the absorption of carotenoids, compounds that may reduce the risk of cancer, heart disease, etc.Manufacturers are adding vitamins A, D, E and K as well as carotenoids to their products now. Even so, some nutritionists are still concerned that people might eat unlimited amounts of foodmade with the fat substitute without worrying about how many calories they are consuming.26. We learn from the passage that olestra is a substance that ___________________ .A. contains plenty of nutrientsB. renders foods calorie-free while retaining their vitaminsC. makes foods easily digestibleD. makes foods fat-free while keeping them delicious27. The result of the search for an easily digestible fat turned out to be __________________.A. commercially uselessB. just as anticipatedC. somewhat controversialD. quite unexpected28. Olestra is different from ordinary fats in that _________________ ?A. it passes through the intestines without being absorbedB. it facilitates the absorption of vitamins by the bodyC. it helps reduce the incidence of heart diseaseD. it prevents excessive intake of vitamins29. What is a possible effect of olestra according to some critics?A. It may impair the digestive system.B. It may affect the overall fat intake.C. It may increase the risk of cancer.D. It may spoil the consumers’ appetite.30. Why are nutritionists concerned about adding vitamins to olestra?A. It may lead to the over-consumption of vitamins.B. People may be induced to eat more than is necessary.C. The function of the intestines may be weakened.D. It may trigger a new wave of fake food production.Passage Threehers and linguists who affected toA “scientific” view of language was dominant among philosopdevelop a scientific analysis of human thought and behavior in the early part of this century. Underthe force of this view, it was perhaps inevitable that the art of rhetoric should pass from the status ofbeing regarded as of questionable worth (because although it might be both a source of pleasure anda means to urge people to right action, it might also be a means to distort truth and a source ofmisguided action) to the status of being wholly condemned. If people are regarded only as machinesguided by logic, as they were by these “scientific” thinkers, rhetoric is likely to be held in low regard; for the most obvious truth about rhetoric is that it speaks to the whole person. It presents itsarguments first to the person as a rational being, because persuasive discourse, if honestly conceived,always has a basis in reasoning. Logical argument is the plot, as it were, of any speech or essay that isrespectfully intended to persuade people. Yet it is a characterizing feature of rhetoric that it goesbeyond this and appeals to the parts of our nature that are involved in feeling, desiring, acting, andsuffering. It recalls relevant instances of the emotional reactions of people to circumstances—real orfictional—that are similar to our own circumstances. Such is the purpose of both historical accountsand fables in persuasive discourse： they indicate literally or symbolically how people may reactemotionally, with hope or fear, to particular circumstances. A speech attempting to persuade peoplecan achieve little unless it takes into account the aspect of their being related to such hopes andfears.Rhetoric, then, is addressed to human beings living at particular times and in particular places.From the point of view of rhetoric, we are not merely logical thinking machines, creatures abstractedfrom time and space. The study of rhetoric should therefore be considered the most humanistic ofthe humanities, since rhetoric is not directed only to our rational selves. It takes into account whatthe “scientific” view leaves out. If it is a weakness to harbor feelings, then rhetoric may be thought ofas dealing in weakness. But those who reject the idea of rhetoric because they believe it deals in liesand who at the same time hope to move people to action, must either be liars themselves or be verynaive;pure logic has never been a motivating force unless it has been subordinated to humanpurposes, feelings, and desires, and thereby ceased to be pure logic.31. According to the passage, to reject rhetoric and still hope to persuade people isA. an aim of most speakers and writers.B. an indication either of dishonesty or of credulity..C. a way of displaying distrust of the audience‘s motivesD. a characteristic of most humanistic discourse.32. It can be inferred from the passage that in the late nineteenth century rhetoric was regardedasA. the only necessary element of persuasive discourse.B. a dubious art in at least two ways.C. an outmoded and tedious amplification of logic.D. an open offense to the rational mind.33. The passage suggests that a speech that attempts to persuade people to act is likely to fail if itdoes NOTA. distort the truth a little to make it more acceptable to the audience.B. appeal to the self-interest as well as the humanitarianism of the audience..C. a ddress listeners‘ emotions as well as their intellectsD. concede the logic of other points of view.34. Which of the following persuasive devices is NOT used in the passage？A. A sample of an actual speech delivered by an oratorB. The contrast of different points of viewC. The repetition of key ideas and expressionsD. An analogy that seeks to explain logical argumentent？35. Which of the following best states the author‘s main point about logical argumA. It is a sterile, abstract discipline, of little use in real life.B. It is an essential element of persuasive discourse, but only one such element.C. It is an important means of persuading people to act against their desires.D. It is the lowest order of discourse because it is the least imaginative.Passage FourExtraordinary creative activity has been characterized as revolutionary, flying in the face of what is established and producing not what is acceptable but what will become accepted. According tothis formulation, highly creative activity transcends the limits of an existing form and establishes a new principle of organization. However, the idea that extraordinary creativity transcendsestablished limits is misleading when it is applied to the arts, even though it may be valid for the sciences. Differences between highly creative art and highly creative science arise in part from differences in their goals. For the sciences, a new theory is the goal and end result of the creative act. Innovative science produces new propositions in terms of which diverse phenomena can be related to one another in more coherent ways. Such phenomena as a brilliant diamond or a nesting bird are relegated to the role of data, serving as the means for formulating or testing a new theory. The goal of highly creative art is very different: the phenomenon itself becomes the direct product of the creative act. Shakespeare's Hamlet is not a tract about the behavior of indecisive princes or the uses of political power, nor is Picasso's painting Guernica primarily a propositional statement about the Spanish Civil War or the evils of fascism. What highly creative artistic activity produces is not a new generalization that transcends established limits, but rather an aesthetic particular. Aesthetic particulars produced by the highly creative artist extend or exploit, in an innovative way, the limitsof an existing form, rather than transcend that form.This is not to deny that a highly creative artist sometimes establishes a new principle of organization in the history of an artistic field: the composer Monteverdi, who created music of the highest aesthetic value, comes to mind. More generally, however, whether or not a composition establishes a new principle in the history of music has little bearing on its aesthetic worth. Because they embody a new principle of organization, some musical works, such as the operas of the Florentine Camerata, are of signal historical importance, but few listeners or musicologists would include these among the great works of music. On the other hand, Mozart's The Marriage of Figaro is surely among the masterpieces of music even though its modest innovations are confined to extending existing means. It has been said of Beethoven that he toppled the rules and freed music from the stifling confines of convention. But a close study of his compositions reveals that Beethoven overturned no fundamental rules. Rather, he was an incomparable strategist who exploitedlimits--the rules, forms, and conventions that he inherited from predecessors such as Haydn and Mozart, Handel and Bach--in strikingly original ways.36.The author considers a new theory that coherently relates diverse phenomena to one another to be theA. basis for reaffirming a well-established scientific formulation.B. byproduct of an aesthetic experience.C. tool used by a scientist to discover a new particular.D. result of highly creative scientific activity.37.The passage supplies information for answering all of the following questions EXCEPT:A. Has unusual creative activity been characterized as revolutionary?B. Did Beethoven work within a musical tradition that also included Handel and Bach?C. Is Mozart's The Marriage of Figaro an example of a creative work that transcended limits?D. Who besides Monteverdi wrote music that the author would consider to embody new principles of organization and to be of high aesthetic value?38.The author regards the idea that all highly creative artistic activity transcends limits with---A. deep skepticismB. strong indignationC. marked indifferenceD. moderate amusement39. The author implies that an innovative scientific contribution is one thatA. is cited with high frequency in the publications of other scientistsB. is accepted immediately by the scientific community.C. does not relegate particulars to the role of data.D. introduces a new valid generalization.40. Which of the following statements would most logically conclude the last paragraph of the passage?A. Unlike Beethoven, however, even the greatest of modern composers, such as Stravinsky, did not transcend existing musical forms.B. In similar fashion, existing musical forms were even further exploited by the next generationof great European composers.C. Thus, many of the great composers displayed the same combination of talents exhibited byMonteverdi.D. By contrast, the view that creativity in the arts exploits but does not transcend limits issupported in the field of literature.Passage FiveCultural norms so completely surround people, so permeate thought and action, that we neverrecognize the assumptions on which their lives and their sanity rest. As one observer put it, if birdswere suddenly endowed with scientific curiosity they might examine many things, but the sky itselfwould be overlooked as a suitable subject; if fish were to become curious about the world, it wouldnever occur to them to begin by investigating water. For birds and fish would take the sky and seafor granted, unaware of their profound influence because they comprise the medium for every fact.Human beings, in a similarly way, occupy a symbolic universe governed by codes that areunconsciously acquired and automatically employed. So much so that they rarely notice that theways they interpret and talk about events are distinctively different from the ways people conducttheir affairs in other cultures.As long as people remain blind to the sources of their meanings, they are imprisoned withinthem. These cultural frames of reference are no less confining simply because they cannot be seen ortouched. Whether it is an individual neurosis that keeps an individual out of contact with hisneighbors, or a collective neurosis that separates neighbors of different cultures, both are forms ofblindness that limit what can be experienced and what can be learned from others.It would seem that everywhere people would desire to break out of the boundaries of their ownexperiential worlds. Their ability to react sensitively to a wider spectrum of events and peoplesrequires an overcoming of such cultural parochialism. But, in fact, few attain this broader vision.Some, of course, have little opportunity for wider cultural experience, though this condition shouldchange as the movement of people accelerates. Others do not try to widen their experience becausethey prefer the old and familiar, seek from their affairs only further confirmation of the correctnessof their own values. Still others recoil from such experiences because they feel it dangerous to probetoo deeply into the personal or cultural unconscious. Exposure may reveal how tenuous andarbitrary many cultural norms are; such exposure might force people to acquire new bases forinterpreting events. And even for the many who do seek actively to enlarge the variety of humanbeings with whom they are capable of communicating there are still difficulties.Cultural myopia persists not merely because of inertia and habit, but chiefly because it is sodifficult to overcome. One acquires a personality and a culture in childhood, long before he is capableof comprehending either of them. To survive, each person masters the perceptual orientations,cognitive biases, and communicative habits of his own culture. But once mastered, objectiveassessment of these same processes is awkward since the same mechanisms that are beingevaluated must be used in making the evaluations..41. The examples of birds and fish are used to __________________A. show that they, too, have their respective culturesB. explain humans occupy a symbolic universe as birds and fish occupy the sky and the seaC. illustrate that human beings are unaware of the cultural codes governing themD. demonstrate the similarity between man, birds, and fish in their ways of thinking42. The term "parochialism" (Line 3, Para. 3) most possibly means ______________________ .A. open-mindednessB. provincialismC. superiorityD. discrimination43. It can be inferred from the last two paragraphs that ___________________ .A. everyone would like to widen their cultural scope if they canB. the obstacles to overcoming cultura l parochialism lie mainly in people’s habit of thinkingC. p rovided one’s brought up in a culture, he may be with bias in making cultural evaluationsD. childhood is an important stage in comprehending culture44. Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage?A. Individual and collective neurosis might prevent communications with others.B. People in different cultures may be governed by the same cultural norms.C. P eople’s visions will be enlarged if only they knew that cultural diffe rences exist.D. If cultural norms are something tangible, they won’t be so confining..’’45. The passage might be entitled “ _______________A. How to Overcome Cultural MyopiaB. Behavioral Patterns and Cultural BackgroundC. Harms of Cultural MyopiaD. Cultural Myopia-A Deep-rooted Collective NeurosisPassage SixWhen you leave a job with a traditional pension, don't assume you've lost the chance to collect it. You're entitled to whatever benefit you've earned——and you might even be entitled to take it now. “A lot of pe o ple forget they have it, or they think that by waiting until they're 65, they'll have a bigger benefit,” says Wayne Bogosian, president of the PFE Group, which provides corporatepre-retirement education.Your former employers should send you a certificate that says how much your pension is worth.If it's less than $ 5,000, or if the company offers a lump-sum payout, it will generally close youraccount and cash you out. It may not seem like much, but $5,000 invested over 20 years at eight percent interest is $23,000. If your pension is worth more than $ 5,000, or your company doesn'toffer the lump-sum option, find out how much money you're eligible for at the plan's normalretirement age, the earlier age at which you can collect the pension, the more severe penalty for collecting it early. You'll probably still come out ahead by taking the money now and investing it.What if you left a job years ago, and you're realizing you may have unwittingly left behind a pension? Get help from the Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation. It has an online search tool thathas helped locate $47 million in lost benefits for more than 12,000 workers.If you have a traditional pension, retiring early costs more than you might expect. Most people assume you take a proportional cut for leaving before your plan's normal retirement age. For example, you might think that if you need to accrue 30 years of service and you leave three years early, you'd get a pension 90 percent of the full amount.But that's not how it works. Instead, you take an actuarial reduction, determined by theemployer but often around five percent a year, for each year you leave early. So retiring three years early could leave you with only 85 percent of the total amount.When you retire early with a defined-contribution plan, the problem is you start spending investments on which you could be earning interest. If you retire when you're 55, for example, andstart using the traditional pension then, by age 65 you'll have only about half of what you would have had if you'd kept working until 65.46. When one leaves a job with a traditional pension, .A. he tends to forget that he has the pensionB. he has no right to ask for the pensionC. he'll have a bigger benefit than if he waits until the age of 65D. he has a specified worth of pension47. If one leaves early before his plan's normal retirement age, .A. he'll take 90 percent of the total amount of his pensionB. he'll have half of his pension paymentsC. he'll have his pension payment reduced by 5% a yearD. he'll have only 85 percent of his full pension48. If one retires early with a defined-contribution plan, he is expected toA. earn less interest.B. be better off than with a traditional pension.C. start investment immediately.D. get less Social Security benefits.49. Which of the following can be used as the subtitle for the last three paragraphs?A. Your Payout Is Not Guaranteed.B. The Retirement Dilemma.C. Leave Early, Lose Big.D. Take the Pension with You.50. Which of the following is NOT true?A. If one leaves 3 years early on a 30-year-service basis, he won't get a pension worth 27/30ths.B. It pays to get an early retirement if one understands how retirement pension plan works.C. The Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation helps the retiree to recover last benefits.D. If one keeps his expenses within his retirement framework, he won't be severely affected.Part III. Translation and WritingPart A TranslationTranslate the following into Chinese:Blacks have traditionally been poorly educated -- look at the crisis in urban public schools -- anddeprived of the sorts of opportunities that create the vision necessary for technological ambition.Black folkways in America, those unspoken, largely unconscious patterns of thought and belief aboutwhat is possible that guide aspiration and behavior, thus do not encompass physics and calculus.Becoming an engineer -- unlike becoming a doctor or a lawyer or an insurance salesman -- has notbeen seen as a way up in the segregated black community. These folkways developed in response tovery real historical conditions, to the limited and at best ambivalent interactions between blacks andtechnology in this country. Folkways, the "consciousness of the race," change at a slower pace thansocietal conditions do -- and so a working strategy can turn into a crippling blindness andself-limitation.Translate the following into English:“失落之城”马丘比丘坐落在秘鲁热带山地森林，直到1911年才被美国探险家海勒姆-宾厄姆发现。

北京师范大学考博英语试题及答案解析第一部分：试题Part 1 Listening Comprehension (15%)Part 11 Reading Comprehension (30%)Directions: Read the following passages carefully and then select the best answer from the four choices marked A,B,C, and D by marking the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.1The fitness movement that began in the late 1960s and early 1970s centered around aerobic exercise (有氧操). Millions of individuals became engaged in a variety of aerobic activities, and literally thousands of health spas developed around the country to capitalize (获利) on this emerging interest in fitness, particularly aerobic dancing for females. A number of fitness spas existed prior to this aerobic fitness movement, even a national chain with spas in most major cities. However, their focus was not on aerobics, but rather on weight-training programs designed to develop muscular mass, strength, and endurance in their primarily male enthusiasts. These fitness spas did not seem to benefit financially form the aerobic fitness movement to better health, since medical opinion suggested that weight-training programs offered few, if any, health benefits. In recent years, however, weight training has again become increasingly popular for males and for females. Many current programs focus not only on developing muscular strength and endurance but on aerobic fitness as well.Historically, most physical-fitness tests have usually included measures of muscular strength and endurance, not for health-related reasons, but primarily because such fitness components have been related to performance in athletics. However, in recent years, evidence has shown that training programs designed primarily to improve muscular strength and endurance might also offer some health benefits as well. The American College of Sports Medicine now recommends that weight training be part of a total fitness program for healthy Americans. Increased participation in such training is one of the specific physical activity and fitness objectives of Healthy People 2000: National Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Objectives.16. The word “spas” (Line 3, Para. 1) most probably refers to _________.A) sports activitiesB) places for physical exerciseC) recreation centersD) athletic training programs17. Early fitness spas were intended mainly for __________.A) the promotion of aerobic exerciseB) endurance and muscular developmentC) the improvement of women’s figuresD) better performance in aerobic dancing18. What was the attitude of doctors towards weight training in health improvement?A) Positive.B) Indifferent.C) Negative.D) Cautious.19. People were given physical fitness tests in order to find out ________.A) how ell they could do in athleticsB) what their health condition was likeC) what kind of fitness center was suitable for themD) whether they were fit for aerobic exercise20. Recent studies have suggested that weight training __________.A) has become an essential part of people’s lifeB) may well affect the health of the traineesC) will attract more people in the days to comeD) contributes to health improvement as well2Fungi, of which there are over 100,000 species, including yeasts and othersingle-celled organisms as well as the common molds and mushrooms, were formerly classified as members of the plant kingdom, However, in reality they are very differentfrom paints and today they are placed in a separate group altogether, The principal reasonfor this is that none of there possesses chlorophyll, and since they cannot synthesize their own carbohydrates. They obtain their supplies either from the breakdown of dead organic matter or from other living organisms, Furthermore the walls of fungal cells are not madeof cellulose, as those of plants are, but of another complex sugar-like polymer called chitin the material from which the hard outer skeletons of shrimps, spiders, and insects are made. The difference between the chemical composition of the cell walls of fungi andthose of plants is of enormous importance because it enables the tips of the growing hyphac, the threadlike cells of the fungus, to secrete enzymes that break down the walls of plant cells without having any effect on those of the fungus itself It is thesecellulose-destroying enzymes that enable fungi to attack anything made from wood, wood pulp, cotton, flax, or other plant material.The destructive power of fungi is impressive, They are major cause of structure damage to building timbers, a cause of disease in animals and humans, and one of the greatest causes of agricultural losses. Entire crops can be wiped out by fungal attacks both before and after harvesting, Some fungi can grow at+50 oC , while others can grow at-50 oC , so even food in cold storage may not be completely safe from them, On the other hand,fung bring about the decomposition of dead organic matter, this enriching the soil and returning carbon dioxide to the atmosphere, They also enter into a number of mutually beneficial relationships with plants and other organisms In addition, lung are the sourceof marry of the most potent antibiotics used in clinical medicine, including penicillin21. What does paragraph one mainly discuss?A. differences between simple and complex fungiB. functions of chlorophyll in plantsC. functions of sugar in the walls of fungal cellsD. differences between fungi and plants22. Which of the following is mentioned as a major change in how scientists approach thestudy of fungi?A. Fungi are no longer classified as plants.B. Some single-celled organisms are no longer classified as fungiC. New methods of species identification have been introducedD. Theories about the chemical composition of fungi have been revised.23. The skeletons of shrimps, spiders and insects are mentioned in paragraph one because they______.A. can be destroyed by fungiB. have unusual chemical compositionsC. contain a material found in the walls of fungal cellsD. secrete the same enzymes as the walls of fungal cells do24. Fungi have all the following characteristics EXCEPT _______.A. They grow hyphacB. They secrete enzymesC. They synthezise celluloseD. They destroy crops25. The passage mentions “penicillin”(last line) as an example of _______.A. a medicine derived from plantsB. a beneficial use of fungiC. a product of theD. a type of fungi that grows at extreme temperatures3By far the most important United States export product in the 18 th and 19th centurieswas cotton favored by the European textile over flax or wool because it was easyto process and soft to touch. Mechanization of spinning and waving allowed significant centralization and expansion in the textile industry during this period and at the same timethe demand for cotton increased dramatically. American producers were able to meet this demand largely because of the invention of the coition gin by Eli Whitey in 1793. Cottoncould be grown throughout the South, but separating the fiber—or lint—from the seed wasa laborious process. Sea island cotton was relatively easy to process by hand, because itsfibers were long and seeds were concentrated at the base of the flower, but is demandedlong growing season, available only along the nation’s casterm seacoast .Short-staplecotton required a much shorter growing season, but the shortness of the fibers and theirmixture with seeds meant that a worker could hand-process only about one pound per day Whitney’s gin was a hand-powered machine with revolving drums and metal teeth to pull Cotton fibers away from seeds . Using the gin, a worker could produce up to SO percents ofLint a day The later development of larger gins powered by horses, water or streamMultiplied productivity furtherThe interaction of improved processing and high demand led to a rapid spread of thecultivation of cotton and to a surge in production. It became the main American export dwarfing all others. In 1802 cotton composed 14 percent of total American exports by value Cotton had a 36 percent share by 1810 and over 50 percent share in 1830. In 1860 61 percent of the value of American exports was represented by cotton.In contrast, wheat and wheat flour composed only 6 percent of the value of American exports in that year Clearly, cotton was king in the trade of the young republic. The growing market for cotton and other American agricultural products led to an unprecedented expansion of agricultural settlement, mostly in the eastern half of the United States—west of the Appalachian Mountains and east of the Mississippi River.26. The main point of the passage is that the 18th and 19th centuries were a time when _________.A. the European textile industry increased its demand for American export productsB. Cotton became the most important American export productC. Cotton became a profitable crop but was still time-consuming to processD. Mechanization for spinning and weaving dramatically changed the textile industry27. All of the following are mentioned in the passage as reasons for the increased demand for cotton EXCPPT______.A. cotton’s softnessB. cotton’s case of processingC. a shortage of flax and woolD. the growth that occurred in the textile industry28. According to the passage, one advantage of Sea island cotton was its _______.A. abundance of seedsB. adaptability to different climatesC. long growing seasonD. long fibers29. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about cotton-production in the United States after the introduction of Whitney’s cotton gin?A. More cotton come from Sea Inland cotton plants than before.B. More cotton came from short-staple cotton plants than beforeC. Most cotton produced was sold domestically.D. Most cotton produced was exported to England.30. According to the passage, the Mississippi River was ______.A. one of the boundaries of a region where new agricultural settlement took placeB. a major source of water for agricultural cropsC. the primary route by which agricultural crops were transportedD. a main source of power for most agricultural machinery4Why do some new products succeed, bringing millions of dollars to innovatingCompanies, while others fail, often with great losses? The answer is not simple, and certainly we cannot say that “good”products succeed while “bad”products fail Many products that function well and seen to meet consumer needs have fallen by the wayside Sometimes, virtually identical products exist in the market at the same time with one emerging as profitable while the other fails, MeNeal Laboratories Tylenol has become successful as an aspirin substitute, yet Bristol-Meyers entered the lest market at about the same time with Neotrent, also a substitute for aspirin, which quickly failedThe nature of the product is a factor in its success of failure, but the important point is the consumer’s perception of the products need-satisfying capability, Any new product conception should be aimed at meeting a customer need, and the introductory promotion should seek to communicate that need-satisfying quality and motivate the customer to try may be soughtHere the company walks a tightrope A new product is more likely to be successful if it represents a truly novel way of solving a customer problem but this very newness, if carried too far, may ask the customer to team new behavior patterns, The customer willmake the change if the perceived benefit is sufficient but inertia is strong and customerswill often not go to the effort that is required, During the late sixties and early seventies Bristol-Meyers met with new product failures that exemplify both of these problems, In1967 and 1968 the company entered the market with a $5 million advertising campaignfor Fact toothpaste, and an $11 million campaign to prorate Resolve, Both productsfailed quickly, not because they didn’t work or because there was no construer need but apparently because consumers just could see no reason to shift from an alreadysatisfactory product to a different one that promised no new benefit.31. The first sentence of the first paragraph is a question to which the answer is ________.A. that the good products succeed while the bad failB. that the “good”are not really good but the “bad”are actually bad.C. that new products will succeed if they function well and fail if they don’tD. not given in the paragraph32. What are Tylenol and Neotrend?A. They are names of twp drug manufacturers.B. They are probably two new brands of medicine which serve as a substitute for aspirinC. Tylenol is a drug manufacturer whereas Neotrend is a new substitute medicine for aspirin.D. They are probably the names of chemists who invented the new medicine33. The success or failure of a product seems to be determined by a number of factors, one of which the author emphasizes is the customer’s perception of the product’s ______.A. quality and priceB. usefulness and durabilityC. need-satisfying capabilityD. appearance and inner packing34. What does the author mean when be says “the company walks a tightrope’(Sentence 1, paragraph 3)?A. The company has both the chance to succeed and to fail in dealing in a new productB. The company has to study customer’s behavior before a new product is introduced.C. The company has to find a new way to solve customers problems before a new product is put on the market.D. The company has to make a great effort to overcome the customer’s inertia35. Bristol-Meyers failed in promoting Fact toothpaste and Resolve because ______.A. these products were too expensive as compared with their direct competitorsB. both products failed to meet the customers’needsC. the customers could see no sense of a radical change of their habitsD. the company forgot an English saying: “You cannot teach an old dog new tricks’5With the release of The piano a powerfully emotional story set in nineteenth-centuryNew Zealand about a woman’s sexual awakening, the New Zealand –born Jane Campionbas established herself as one of the most talented female filmmakers to come upon thescene in recent years .The film not only received praiseful reviews from critics andmoviegoers but won the Cannes Film Festival’s top prize the Palme D’Ot makingCampion the first woman over to be so honored .Campion’s success is notable alsobecause she is a relative newcomer to the film world: the forty-year-old director has madejust three features (including The Piano), a television movie, and a handful of shortsdating from her student days.Although Campion’s films appear at first glance to have little in common—her first feature, Sweetie, is a very honest (some would say cruelly unfeeling) portrait of a dysfunctional family and her second, An Angel at My Table, is a sympathetic biography ofthe New Zealand novelist Janet Frame—each reflects her feeling for strong-willed, often misunderstood women who refuse, or are unable to give themselves up to their respective societies’definitions of womanhood According to David Sterritt writing in the Christian Science Monitor, The Piano “gain much of its effectiveness from Campion’s directing style, which combines the dreamlike atmosphere of her early film Sweetie with thesensitivity to feelings that made her last movie. An Angel at My Table, so extraordinary”Also contributing to the film’s success was Campion’s ability to induce fine performances from her character, ‘She directs actors differently from anyone I’ve ever known ,”SamNeil told Paul Freeman in an interview for the Chicago Tribute “I always felt that therewas a big safety net under her and that I was permitted to take as many risks as I wantedto “Genevieve Lemon, who had played the title role in Sweetie and took the supportingrole of Nessie in The Piano, agreed Campion is already at work on her next project an adaptation of Henry Jaures’s novel The Portrait of a lady.36. The passage is primarily concerned with _______.A. presenting the interrelationships between Campion’s three moviesB. commenting on Jane Campion as a filmmaker and her recent movie, The PianoC. explaining why The Plano was a successD. criticizing Jane Campion and her three movies37. According to the passage, Campion’s three movies share which of the following characteristics?A. All of them seem to be quite commonplace at first glance.B. All of them deal with stories that took place in New Zealand.C. All of them describe a woman who is rebellious against the traditional view of femaleD. Each movie minors the time when the movie was produced.38. It can be concluded that Campion is regarded as one of the most talented filmmakers in recent years because _______.A. the movie that has brought such great honor to her is just the third feature she has producedB. she is only 40 years oldC. she is the first woman who has received such honorsD. she began her movie production from her student days39. It can be inferred from the passage that Campion’s directing style of the hird movie_________.A. is a simple combination of those in her two early moviesB. contributed greatly to the success of the movieC. is much of an imitation of previous onesD. is quite creative40. The author implies that Campion is different from other filmmakers in that_______.A. she is especially good at making the actors perform to the best of their abilityB. she is quite able to assure the actors of their successC. she tends to encourage the actors to take as many risks as possibleD. she always places a big safety net under the actors when directing the movies6Speech—the act of uttering sounds to convey meaning is a kind of human actionLike any other constantly repeated action, speaking has to be learned but once it isLearned, it becomes a generally unconscious and apparently automatic process.As far as we can determine human beings do not need to be forced to speak mostBabies born to possess a sort of instinctive drive to produce speechlike noises How tospeak and what to say are another matter altogether, These actions are learned from the particular society into which the baby is born; so that, like all conduct that is learned froma society—from the people around us—speech is a pattered activity.The meandering babble and chatter of a young child are eventually channeled by imitation into a few orderly grooves that represent the pattern accepted as meaningful bythe people around him. Similarly, a child’s indiscriminate practice of putting things intohis mouth becomes limited to putting food into his mouth in a certain way.The sounds that a child can make are more varied and numerous than the sounds thatany particular language utilizes, However, a child born into a society with a pattern oflanguage is encouraged to make a small selection of sounds and to make these few sounds over and over until it is natural for him to make these sounds and no others.41. For an adult the process of speaking usually involves________.A. conscious selection of soundsB. imitation of those around himC. a drive to make noisesD. unconscious actions42. The selection says that most babies have an instinctive drive to ______.A. express ideas in wordsB. make speechliks noisesC. convey meaningD. imitate sounds around them43. Conduct that is learned from a society may be called________.A. instinctive driveB. selectionC. automatic activityD. patterned activity44. The most important factor in a child’s learning to speak probably is _____.A. repetitionB. selectionC. instinctD. imitation45. The sounds that a child is able to make are _____.A. not as varied as those used in languageB. more varied and numerous than those in any languageC. far fewer than those needed to form a languageD. completely different from the sounds of languagePart III Translation and Writing (55%)Section A Translation (40%)Translate the following into Chinese1) He was taken to the huge medieval fortress at the harbour’s mouth, He found prison life fairly endurable His cell was darup and dark, and the food was bud and insufficient; but his sister soon obtained permission to seed him all the necessaries of life from borne He was kept in solitary confinement and failed to obtain any explanation of the cause of his arrest Nevertheless the tranquil frame of mind in which he had entered the fortress did not change Not being allowed books, he spent his time in prayer and devout meditation, and waited without impatience for the further course of events.2) Industrial engineering involves the application of engineering principles and techniques of scientific management to the maintenance of a high level of productivity at optimum cost in industrial enterprises, In the 1880s F. W. Taylor considered the father ofmodem industrial engineering pioneered in the scientific measurement of work Afternumerous work studies he presented his company with a formula for obtaining maximum production, which was later applied to many manufacturing concerns, The industrial. or science, Among his responsibilities are the selection of tools and materials for productionthat are most efficient and least costly to the company. The industrial engineer may also determine the sequence of production and the design of facilities or factories.Translate the following into English:美国人以两个特殊的日子向父母表示敬意：这便是每年五月第二个星期日的母亲节和六月第三个星期日的父亲节。

2002年北京师范大学考博英语试题ⅡReading ComprehensionPassage One16. B 细节题。

第一段最后一句话说“What it does is to offer help in applying for a job.”。

这与B符合。

A和C与文章的意思不符；文中没有提到D。

17. C 细节题。

文章第二段第二句话说“The growth and apparent success of such a specialized service is a reflection on the current high levels of unemployment.”。

说明这种专门服务能得到发展并取得明显成功，反映了目前的高失业水平。

这与C符合。

18. D 细节题。

文章第三段指出“Just put down your name, address, age and whether you have passed any exams, was about the average level of advice offered to young people applying for their first jobs…Everything else could and should be saved for the interview.”。

这与D符合。

A、B和C都与文章的意思不符。

19. A 细节题。

文章第四段指出“Later, as you moved up the ladder, something slightly more sophisticated was called for. The advice then was to put something in the letter which would distinguish you from the rest.”。

这与A符合。

北京师范大学考博英语部分真题答案解析23.D解析：推断题。

本题考查作者对于现场表演的虔诚追随者的观点态度。

从文章第三段可知，作者自己选择听唱片/录音而不是听现场音乐会。

第四段开头作者提到，devoted concertgoers认为“录音不能代替现场表演”，但作者认为devoted concertgoers are missing the point(现场表演虔诚的追随者没有切中要害)，之后是论据支持作者的观点，作者认为These recordings are cheap,available everywhere,and very often much higher in artistic quality than today’s live performances，即录音便宜、容易得到，且通常比今天的现场音乐会有更高的艺术品质。

[D]项overestimate the value of live performances(高估了现场表演的价值)是对作者对于devoted concertgoers观点的高度概括，故为正确答案。

干扰项：选项[A]意思是“喜欢听现场音乐会的人忽视了现场表演的花销”，原文确实提到These recordings are cheap，但是这个选项片面，没有概括性。

选项[B]意思是“拒绝大多数种类演唱会录音”没有概括出作者对于devoted concertgoers的观点态度，太浅显，且与原文对devoted concertgoers的描述Devoted concertgoers who reply that recordings are no substitute for live performance…存在误差。

选项[C]意思是“夸大了现场表演的多样性”，原文没有提到。

（PS:The way to contact yumingkaobo TEL:si ling ling-liu liu ba-liu jiu qi ba QQ:772678537)24.D解析：推断题。

北京师范大学外国语言文学学院英语语言文学考博指导与分析一、北京师范大学外国语言文学学院考博资讯北京师范大学外国语言文学学院的课程与教学论专业初试的两门专业课均用英文答题其余的见下文。

（一）考试科目及各方向导师：2.050201英语语言文学研究方向01：英美诗歌。

导师是章燕。

考试的科目：（1）1113二外（日语）或1114二外（法语）（100%）。

（2）2019英美文学基础（100%）。

（3）3809英美诗歌及诗论（100%）。

研究方向02：英国现代小说。

导师是蒋虹。

考试的科目：（1）1113二外（日语）或1114二外（法语）（100%）。

（2）2019英美文学基础（100%）。

（3）3005英国现代小说（100%）。

研究方向03：翻译学。

导师是张政。

考试的科目：（1）1113二外（日语）或1114二外（法语）（100%）。

（2）2036翻译学基础（100%）。

（3）3077中外翻译理论（100%）。

研究方向04：西方现代戏剧。

导师是曹雷雨。

考试的科目：（1）1113二外（日语）或1114二外（法语）（100%）。

（2）2019英美文学基础（100%）。

（3）3179西方现代戏剧（100%）。

（二）复试分数线：1.复试原则与分数线：此分数线是各专业的最低复试/录取分数要求。

只适用于报考普通博士生、高校辅导员在职攻读思想政治教育专业博士学位研究生、高校思想政治理论课教师在职攻读马克思主义理论博士学位研究生的考生，不适用于少数民族高层次骨干人才攻读博士学位研究生和对口支援西部地区高等学校定向培养博士学位研究生。

未组织复试的导师，将在此分数线基础上，按照一定比例确定复试名单，并在4月中旬前组织复试，具体复试名单由报考院系通过院系网站或电话告知。

已经复试的导师，将在此分数线基础上，依据录取规则，按顺序录取。

专业代码及名称外国语业务课一业务课二总分050201英语语言文学5060601802.复试方案：复试将对考生科研及实践经验、学术潜力、实践能力、综合素质等进行全面考查。