2015年北京师范大学考博英语真题及详解【圣才出品】

2015年北京师范大学政府管理学院考博真题各位考研的同学们，大家好！我是才思的一名学员，现在已经顺利的考上北京师范大学博士，今天和大家分享一下这个专业的考博真题，方便大家准备考博，希望给大家一定的帮助。

考博英语真题Part I: Listening Comprehension略Part II: Reading ComprehensionDirections: There are six passages in this part. Each of the passages is followed by five questions orunfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the bestone and mark your answer on the ANSER SHEET.Passage OneIn 1900 the United States had only three cities with more than a million residents-New York,Chicago, and Philadelphia. By 1930, it had ten giant metropolises. The newer ones experiencedremarkable growth, which reflected basic changes in the economy.Line The population of Los Angeles (114,000 in 1900) rose spectacularly in the early decades ofthe twentieth century, increasing a dramatic 1,400 percent from 1900 to 1930. A number ofcircumstances contributed to the meteoric rise of Los Angeles. The agricultural potential of the areawas enormous if water for irrigation could be found, and the city founders had the vision and datingto obtain it by constructing a 225-mile aqueduct, completed in 1913, to tap the water of the OwensRiver. The city had a superb natural harbor, as well as excellent rail connections. The climate made itpossible to shoot motion pictures year-round; hence Hollywood. Hollywood not only supplied jobs; itdisseminated an image of the good life in Southern California on screens all across the nation. Themost important single industry powering the growth of Los Angeles, however, was directly linked tothe automobile. The demand for petroleum to fuel gasoline engines led to the opening of theSouthern California oil fields, and made Los Angeles North America's greatest refining center.Los Angeles was a product of the auto age in another sense as well: itsdistinctive spatialorganization depended on widespread private ownership of automobiles. Los Angeles was adecentralized metropolis, sprawling across the desert landscape over an area of 400 square miles. It考博结束已经好几个月了，也终于静下心来回顾一下自己整个考博的历程。

Part I Reading ComprehensionSection A (50%)Directions: There are five passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked a),b),c) and d).You should decide on the best choice and circle the letter on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage OneQuestions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage.31. Money-laundering (洗钱) has been one of the world’s fastest-growing industries over decade despite increasing efforts by the world’s financial authorities to stamp it out. Following is a simple guide to the world of money-laundering.Money-laundering is the process by which money obtained by illegal means is given the appearance of legitimate income and returned into circulation. The word and practice are widely believed to have been invented by the US Mafia (黑手党). As a means of mixing the dirty cash obtained from prostitution, gambling, gun-running, blackmail and its other wicked activities, so that it came out more or less clean, the Mafia bought up and operated large numbers of Laundromats (自助洗衣点). As good cash businesses they were a good means of providing the appearance of honest cash flow.Various techniques can be employed and the means of money-laundering, but they essentially boil down to three stages. Step one: moving the money from the scene of the crime A to a remote location B, ideally in another country, preferably a bank account, if possible one that is anonymous. Step two: disguising the trail leading from A to B. Step three: making the cash available to the criminals, along with a plausible explanation of how ti came legally into their possession.Apart from harming the economies that it feeds off, the money-laundering industry is essential to organized crime. As the head of the UN’s crime-fighting wing Pino Arlacchi remarked, organized crime “brutalizes society and diminishes respect for the value like honesty and cooperation upon which successful societies are based”. Or as a senior US official said in 1999, “money-laundering may look like a polite form of white-collar crime, but it is the companion of brutality, deceit and corruption.”The liberalization of markets around the world and deregulation(解除管制) of exchange controls are regarded ad the chief causes of the rapid expansion of money-laundering over the past decade. Together they have opened up many more channels for laundering dirty money and provided more opportunities to hide its origins. UN officials believe the most important single measure in eliminating money-laundering is the ending of bank secrecy.1. We know from the passage that money-laundering .a) has almost been stamped out by the world’s financial authorities.b) has greatly promoted the development of the world’s industries.c) only has a ten-year history but has grown rapidly.d) has expanded rapidly over the past decade.2. Which of the following is closest in meaning to the phrase “stamp it out” (para.1) in the first paragraph?a) To put an end to it completely.b) To mark a sign by pressing on it.c) To announce it illegal.d) To do harm to is.3. The reason why the Mafia bought up and ran substantial Laundromats is that .a) the Mafia can carry out large numbers of illegal transactions in them.b) the Mafia has many wicked activities like prostitution and gambling in them.c) the Laundromats can give the dirty cash the appearance of legitimate income.d) the Laundromats is such a profit-making industry that it has attracted the Mafia.4. In money-laundering, money would be moved from the scene of the crime to .a) the financial authoritiesb) the circulation fields.c) Laundromats operated by the Mafia.d) anonymous bank account in another country.5. With the worldwide liberalization of markets, money-laundering has expanded rapidly by .a) deregulating the exchange controls.b) buying and operating more Laundromats.c) having more channels to launder dirty money.d) tightening the bank secrecy rules.Passage TwoQuestions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage.The media can impact current events. As a graduate student at Berkeley in the 1960s, I remember experiencing the events related to the People’s Park that wore occurring on campus. Some of these events were given national media coverage in the press and on TV. I found it interesting to compare my impressions of what was going on with perceptions obtained from the news media. I could begin to see events of that time feed on news coverage. This also provided me with some healthy insights into the distinctions between these realities.Electronic media are having a greater impact on the people’s lives every day. People gather more and more of their impressions from representations. Television and telephone communications are linking people to global village, or what one writer calls the electronic city.Consider the information that television brings into your home every day. Consider also the contact you have with others simply by using telephone. These media extend your consciousness and your contact. For example, thevideo coverage of the 1989 San Francisco earthquake focused on “live action” such as the fires or the rescue efforts. This gave the viewer the impression of total disaster. Television coverage of the Iraqi War also developed an immediacy. CNN reported events as they happened. This coverage was distributed worldwide. Although most people were far away from these events, they developed some perception of these realities.In 1992, many people watched in horror as riots broke out on a sad Wednesday evening in Los Angeles, seemingly fed by video coverage from helicopters. This events was triggered by the verdict (裁定) in the Rodney King beating. 32. We are now in an age where the public can have access to information that enables it to make its own judgments, and most peoples, who had seen the video of this beating, could not understand how the jury was able to acquit (宣布无罪) the policemen involved . Media coverage of events as they occur also provides powerful feedback that influences events. This can have harmful results, as is seemed on that Wednesday night in Los Angeles. By Friday night the public got to see Rodney King on television pleading, “Can we all get along?” By Saturday, television seemed to provide positive feedback as the Los Angeles riot turned out into a rally for peace. The television showed thousands of people marching with banners and cleaning tools. Because of that, many more people turned out to join the peaceful event they saw unfolding on television. The real healing, of course, will take much longer, but electronic media will continue to be a part of that process.6. Where is the passage most likely to be from?a) Textbook of Media.b) Thesis.c) Newspaper or Magazine.d) Speech.7. The 1989 San Francisco earthquake was mentioned to show .a) how damaging the earthquake was.b) how people carried out rescue workc) the electronic media extend your consciousness and your contact.d) the viewers’ impression of total disaster.8. The term “ electronic city”( para.2) refers to .a) Los Angelesb) San Franciscoc) Berkeleyd) Earth9. The 1992 Los Angeles riots broke out because .a) the jury acquitted the policemen who had beaten Rodney King.b) people can make their own judgments.c) video coverage from helicopters had made people angry.d) video coverage had provided powerful feedback.10. It can be inferred from the passage that .a) media coverage of events as they occur can have either good of bad results.b) most people who had seen the video of the Rodney King beating agree withthe verdict of jury.c) the 1992 Los Angeles riots lasted a whole week.d) Rodney King seemed very angry when he appeared on television on Friday. Passage ThreeQuestions 11 to 15 are based on the following passage.Recent research has claimed that an excess of positive ions(离子) in the air can have an ill effect on people’s physical or psychological health. What are positive ions? Well, the air is full of ions, electrically charged particle, and generally there is a rough balance between the positive and the negative charged. But sometimes this balance becomes disturbed and a large proportion of positive ions are found. This happens naturally before thunderstorms, earthquakes of when winds such as the mistral(寒冷的西北风) are blowing in certain countries. Or it can be caused by a build-up of static electricity(静电) indoors from carpets or clothing made of man-made fibers, or from TV sets, duplicators or computer display screens.When a large number of positive ions are present in the air many people experience unpleasant effects such as headaches, fatigue, irritability, and some particularly sensitive people suffer nausea(恶心) or even mental disturbance. Animals are also found to be affected, particularly before earthquakes. Snakes have been observed to come out of hibernation, rats to flee from their burrows, dogs howl and cats jump about unaccountably. This has led the US Geographical Survey to fund a network of volunteers to watch animals in an effort to foresee such disasters before they hit vulnerable areas such as California.Conversely, when large numbers of negative ions are present, then people have a feeling of well-being. Natural conditions that produce these are near the sea, close to waterfalls of fountains ,or in any place where water is sprayed, or forms a spray. This probably accounts for the beneficial effort of a holiday by the sea, or in the mountains with tumbling streams or waterfalls.33. To increase the supply of negative irons indoors, some scientists recommend the use of ionizers: small portable machines which generate negative ions. They claim that ionizers not only clean and refresh the air but also improve the health of people of people sensitive to excess positive ions. Of course, there are the detractors, other scientists, who dismiss such claims and are skeptical about negative/positive ion research. Therefore people can only make up their own minds observing the effects on themselves, or on others, of a negative rich or poor environment. After all, it is debatable whether depending on seismic(地震的) readings to anticipate earthquakes is more effective than watching the cat.11. What effect does excessive positive ionization have on some people?a) They think they are insane.b) They feel rather bad-tempered.c) They become violently sick.d) They are too tired to do anything.12. According to the passage, static electricity can be caused by .a) using home-made electrical goods.b) wearing clothes made of natural materials.c) waling on artificial floor coverings.d) copying TV programs on a computer.13. A high negative ion count is likely to be found .a) near a pond with a water pump.b) close to slow flowing riverc) in some barren mountains.d) by a rotating water sprinkler.14. What kind of machine can generate negative ions indoors?a) Ionizers.b) Air-conditioners.c) Exhaust-fansd) Vacuum-pump15. Some scientists believe that .a) watching animals to anticipate earthquakes is more effectiveb) the unusual behaviors of animals can not be trustedc ) neither watching nor using seismograph is reliabled) earthquakes cannot affect any animalsPassage FourQuestions 16to 20 are based on the following passage.Joseph Weizenbaum, professor of computer science at MIT, thinks that the sense of power over the machine ultimately corrupts the computer hacker and makes him into a not very desirable sort of programmer. 34.The hackers are so involved with designing their program, making it more and more complex and bending it to their will, that they don’t bother trying to make it understandable to other users. They rarely keep records of their programs for the benefit of others, and they rarely take time to understand why a problem occurred.Computer science teachers say they can usually pick out the prospective hackers in their courses because these students make their homework assignments more complex than they need to be. Rather than using the simplest and most direct method, they take joy in adding extra steps just to prove their ingenuity.But perhaps those hackers know something that we don’t know about the shape of things to come. “That hacker who had to be literally dragged off his chair at MIT is now a multimillionaire of the computer industry,”says MIT professor Michael Dertouzos. “And two former hackers became the founders of the highly successfulApple home computer company.”When seen in this light, the hacker phenomenon may not be so strange after all. If, as many psychiatrists say, play is really the basis for all human activity, then the hacker games are really the preparation for future developments. Sherry Turkle, a professor of sociology at MIT, has for years been studying the way computers fit into people’s lives. She points out that the computer, because it seems to us to be so “intelligent”, so “capable”, so “human”, affects the way we think about ourselves and our ideas about what we are. She says that computers and computer toys already play an important role in children’s efforts to develop an identity by allowing them to test ideas about what is alive and what is not.“The youngsters can form as many subtle nuances(细微差距) and textured relationships with the computers as they can with people.” Turkle points out.16. The passage tells about .a) the strange behavior of the computer hackersb) the ultimate importance of bringing up computer hackersc) different opinions concerning the hacker phenomenond) the emergence of computer hackers17. According to Prof.Weizenbaum, what led to the hackers’ strange behavior isa) their strong desire to control the computerb) their ignorance of the responsibility of a programmerc) their incompetence in making new computer programsd) their deliberate attempts to make their programs complex and impracticable18. In Prof. Dertouzos’ opinion, we know that .a) computer industry will certainly make multimillionaires of the hackersb) the hackers are likely to be very successful businessmenc) the hackers probably have better insight into the future than other peopled) only a few hackers will be successful in their later life19. The phrase“to develop an identity”(Para.4) means .a) to become distinguishedb) to seek an answerc) to build up a creative abilityd) to form a habit20. The passage tries to convey to its readers the idea that .a) perhaps the hacker phenomenon is not bad at allb) though the hackers are in fact playing with the computer, there may be somebenefitsc) the computer hackers are the hope of the computer industry of tomorrowd) the computer hackers could be useful if under proper guidancePassage FiveQuestions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage.The value of a business increasingly lies not in physical and financial assets that are on the balance sheet, but in intangibles: brands, patents, franchises, software, research programs, ideas and expertise. Few firms try to measure returns on these assets, let alone publish information on them. Yet they are often what underlies a firm’s success. “Our primary assets, which are our software and our software-development skills, do not show up on the balance sheet at all,”says Microsoft’s boss, Bill Gates. “This is probably not very enlightening from a purely accounting point of view.”A sign that companies do not measure their assets properly may be the growing gap between their stock-market value and the book value of their assets. Between 1973 and 1993, the median ratio of market values to book values of American public companies doubles; the difference has grown with a boom in high-tech shares. The gap is biggest for companies that have most rapidly boosted spending on research and development(R&D). Even within industries, the divergence(分歧) between stock-market returns and reported earnings has increased.You might think this would present a problem for investors, who no linger have a good way of telling whether the market value of a company is soundly based. Yet investors seem to know instinctively that knowledge is valuable. 35. A study has found that the share price of American multinationals that spend heavily on R&D rises when they buy foreign subsidiaries, but it falls when a multinational with low R&D spending buys abroad. Presumably investors understand that companies in knowledge-based businesses can exploit the magic of rising returns to scale. Once a pill or a software program is developed, each extra sale brings in more money at little extra cost: the bigger the market, the greater the profits.In fact, the absence of good measures may bother those who run firms more than those who invest in them. For managers, the big problem is how to judge rates of return. With building a factory, there are time-honored methods for calculating the payback. But what if you are investing in R&D or software, or deciding whether to buy better people or to train more? There aren’t tools for making such decisions.21. The intangibles of a company are reflected in .a) physical and financial assetsb) stock-market valuec) the balance sheetd) the difference between the stock-market value and the book value22. What can we infer about Microsoft?a) It has no book-value assets.b) Its stock-market value equals its book value.c) There’s a great gap between its stock-market value and book value.d) Its stock-market value does not reflect the company’s real value23. Why does the share price of American multinationals rise?a) Because they buy foreign subsidiariesb) Because they invest much in intangible assets.c) Because they have low R&D spendingd) Because the investors know the methods for calculating the payback ofknowledge-based businesses24. An investor who buys stocks of a company in knowledge-based businesses baseshis decision on .a) pure speculation(投机)b) the company’s book valuec) whether the company buys foreign subsidiariesd) the prospect that its research will translate into low cost products25. The phrase “such decisions”(Para.4) refers to .a) running firms in knowledge-based businessesb) investing in firms in knowledge-based businessesc) judging rates of return on firms in knowledge-based businessesd) calculating returns on a newly-built factorySection BDirections:In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 26~30, choose the most suitable one from the list A~G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(10%)Life is full of dangers and surprise. Your house may burn down. You may fall out of the window and break your neck. Mice and beetles ay eat your floor so that you drop in to the flat below for an uninvited cup of tea.26. .You cannot always prevent disasters, but you can insure against them. Most forms of insurance are voluntar y-it is up to you whether you take out a policy or not. But some forms are compulsory. 27. .The “parties” to an agreement, or contract, are the individuals or groups concerned. With third-party motor insurance, the three parties are (i) you yourself, (ii) your insurance company, and (iii) anybody else---for example, the man whose Jaguar has just smashed up your Mini. Third –party insurance does not cover fire, theft or anything else. It is intended only to protect road users from each other. 28. .Another form of compulsory insurance is National Insurance. Everybody over 16 earning money on a regular basis must pay a sum each week to the state. These weekly contributions cover part of the cost of the National Health Service and the other social service benefits, e.g. unemployment benefits, sickness benefits, old-age pensions, industrial injury benefits and so on. You must be able to prove you have paid your contributions, so you must have a card(kept by your employer unless you are self-employed) onto which stamps are stuck every week. Of course, you can take out private health insurance as well if you wish, but you must still pay your state contributions.There are, of course, many insurance companies in Britain, both large andsmall. But there is also a rather special organization called Lloyd’s, which started as a coffee-house in late 17th century. Lloyd’s is a society of around six thousand members-all of them underwriters-and is administered by a committee controlled by Act of Parliament.29. .You have to go to an insurance broker who will then contact a member of Lloyd’s for you. If you want to insure something expensive---like a fleet of Jumbo jets, for example-your broker will probably have to contact a syndicate of underwriters because the risks would be too high for one man to cover.Lloyd’s will probably insure you against any risk at all---provided you are prepared to pay the premiums.30. .Maybe clowns insure their noses. You never know-anything may happen.A.Professional pianists sometimes insure their hands.B.Insurance on the other hand eliminates risks already in existence and , bycombining them, substitutes a small known loss(premium) contributed by each person insured.C.If you drive a car, for example, you must take out a third-party insurance policy.D.So it is not an insurance company in the normal sense, but an insurance marketand you cannot do business with it directly.E.If you want to insure against all the other terrible things that might happen to youor your car, you can take out a comprehensive policy.F.This spreading of risk protects the individual against losses that may be disastrousif he has to bear them alone.G.Anything may happen, you never know.Part II TranslationSection ADirections: Translate the following five sentences(all of which are underlined sentences in the five reading passages in Section A, Part I.) into Chinese. Remember to write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET.31. Money-laundering (洗钱) has been one of the world’s fastest-growing industries over decade despite increasing efforts by the world’s financial authorities to stamp it out.32. We are now in an age where the public can have access to information that enables it to make its own judgments, and most peoples, who had seen the video of this beating, could not understand how the jury was able to acquit (宣布无罪) the policemen involved .33. To increase the supply of negative irons indoors, some scientists recommend the use of ionizers: small portable machines which generate negative ions.34.The hackers are so involved with designing their program, making it more and more complex and bending it to their will, that they don’t bother trying to make it understandable to other users.35. A study has found that the share price of American multinationals that spend heavily on R&D rises when they buy foreign subsidiaries, bu it falls when a multinational with low R&D spending buys abroad.Section BDirections:Translate the following passage into Chinese Remember to write your translation clear on the Answer SHEET.(10%).The media help democracy when they provide more choices to more people, but they do no favors to democracy when they turn themselves from beacons(信号站) of light into heat-seeking missiles. For example, the president’s 1995 State of the Union address took more than an hour, which apparently was about a half hour more than the patience of most network commentators(commentator: person who comments) could tolerate. In their instant analysis after the speech, they all criticized its length and “ lack of focus”. Yet judging by polls and talk shows the next day, most Americans appeared to appreciate the content of the president’s speech. Today the media investigate less and preach mor e.......Part III WritingSection ADirections:For this section, you are asked to read the following short passage first and then to write a composition entitled “Which one Do You Think Is More Important, Pleasure Or Longevity?”. You should not copy any of the sentences in the following passage. You should write no less than 150 words. Remember to write clearly on the ANSWER SHEET.(15%)(Just for your reference)People are almost phobic(恐惧症) about having fun, increasingly viewing themselves as fragile, vulnerable, ready to develop cancer or heart disease at the slightest provocation(刺激). In the name of health, people give up many of their life enjoyments. We have no quarrel with the evidence that some pleasures, like cigarette smoking, high alcohol consumption, addictive drugs, driving much too fast, are unhealthy and should be knocked off. But worrying too much about anything including calories, salt, cancer, and cholesterol(胆固醇)---can rob your life of vitality. Living optimistically, with pleasure, zest, and commitment enriches if not lengthens life.Do you agree to the above point of view? Which one do you think is more important, pleasure or longevity（长寿）Give your own comments and write them down on the ANSWER SHEET.Section BDirections: Answer the following question with no less than 50 words. Remember to write your answer clearly on the ANSWER SHEET.（5%）Who is Confucius(孔子)？（over）。

2015北京师范大学文学院考博真题以及讲解各位考研的同学们，大家好！我是才思的一名学员，现在已经顺利的考上北京师范大学的博士，今天和大家分享一下这个专业的真题笔记方便大家准备考博，希望给大家一定的帮助。

真题集5American universities are accepting more minorities than ever. Graduating them is anothermatter.Barry Mills, the president of Bowdoin College, was justifiably proud of Bowdoin's efforts torecruit minority students. Since 2003 the small, elite liberal arts school in Brunswick, Maine, hasboosted the proportion of so-called under-represented minority students in entering freshmanclasses from 8% to 13%. "It is our responsibility to reach out and attract students to come to ourkinds of places," he told a NEWSWEEK reporter. But Bowdoin has not done quite as well whenit comes to actually graduating minorities. While 9 out of 10 white students routinely get theirdiplomas within six years, only 7 out of 10 black students made it to graduation day in severalrecent classes."If you look at who enters college, it now looks like America," says Hilary Pennington, directorof postsecondary programs for the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, which has closely studiedenrollment patterns in higher education. "But if you look at who walks across the stage for adiploma, it's still largely the white, upper-income population."The United States once had the highest graduation rate of any nation. Now it stands 10th. For thefirst time in American history, there is the risk that the rising generation will be less welleducated than the previous one. The graduation rate among 25- to 34-year-olds is no better thanthe rate for the 55- to 64-year-olds who were going to college more than 30 years ago. Studiesshow that more and more poor and non-white students want to graduate from college –but theirgraduation rates fall far short of their dreams. The graduation rates for blacks, Latinos,andNative Americans lag far behind the graduation rates for whites and Asians. As the minoritypopulation grows in the United States, low college graduation rates become a threat to nationalprosperity.The problem is pronounced at public universities. In 2007 the University of Wisconsin-Madison–one of the top five or so prestigious public universities –graduated 81% of its white studentswithin six years, but only 56% of its blacks. At less-selective state schools, the numbers getworse. During the same time frame, the University of Northern Iowa graduated 67% of its whitestudents, but only 39% of its blacks. Community colleges have low graduation rates generally –but rock-bottom rates for minorities. A recent review of California community colleges foundthat while a third of the Asian students picked up their degrees, only 15% of African-Americansdid so as well.27. The result of the search for an easily digestible fat turned out to be _________________ .A. commercially uselessB. just as anticipatedC. somewhat controversialD. quite unexpected28. Olestra is different from ordinary fats in that ________________ ?A. it passes through the intestines without being absorbedB. it facilitates the absorption of vitamins by the bodyC. it helps reduce the incidence of heart diseaseD. it prevents excessive intake of vitamins29. What is a possible effect of olestra according to some critics?A. It may impair the digestive system.B. It may affect the overall fat intake.C. It may increase the risk of cancer.D. It may spoil the consumers’appetite.30. Why are nutritionists concerned about adding vitamins to olestra?A. It may lead to the over-consumption of vitamins.B. People may be induced to eat more than is necessary.C. The function of the intestines may be weakened.D. It may trigger a new wave of fake food production.才思教育自1995年开始开设北京地区高校考研辅导班，其中近90%考上北京知名高校攻读硕士研究生。

2015年考博英语真题应用真题应用很关键考博英语对于很多考生来说，是困扰他们的一大难关。

从每年英语没过线的考生人数就可以看出，英语复习必须全力以赴，容不得半点侥幸心理，只有付出才有收获。

全国免费电话：四零零六六八六九七八.2015考博交流群：一零五六一九八二零，联系我们扣扣：二四七八七四八零五四或者四九三三七一六二六。

首先，词汇是基础。

词汇是英语的基石，但是我们都知道词汇的记忆是一项很枯燥的工作，因为它要的是真功夫。

关于词汇的学习根据每个人的不同情况会有不同的方法，常见的背诵单词书、做真题记单词。

关于第一种背诵方法有两点建议：在整块背诵的基础上注意零余时间的利用，比如随身携带一本小的单词书，只要有时间就拿出来看看;关于词汇书的选择，推荐西北大学出版的《考博词汇红宝书》和《考博英语词汇速记宝典》，在记单词的过程中，把不认识的单词标记出来，并且，重新抄写到一张新的纸上，一天记一个单元或者两个单元，就有新的一张或两张纸的陌生词汇被整理出来，然后，重点记忆这些陌生词汇，效率更高。

关于第二种的背诵方法，也是得到很多同学推崇的，做真题记单词，通过语境来记忆，就是从阅读中把单词挑出来背，做一篇阅读要把时间控制在15分钟以内，做完了要花大概45分钟去弄懂，光做不研究是没有效果的。

而且要切记，词汇记忆是每天的必修课。

再说，阅读。

阅读是大头，是做好其他一切题型的基础和前提。

而且不能只是做，一定要分析每一道题，你做对了，为什么做对了?做错了，为什么错?命题的思路是什么，一定要研究透彻。

特别推崇书上说的要读文章，大声的读以培养语感，以及更深刻的理解每一篇文章，读的时候会发现看的时候没有注意到的问题，当然又一次的温习了单词。

也可以把阅读中自己感觉比较好的句型记在小本子上，为以后的写作做好积累。

一般到了九月就可以做十年真题了。

考博英语最宝贵最权威的资料就是十年真题，它有自己的出题套路，反复做反复咀嚼就能培养题感。

阅读到最后，真题都特别熟了，可以做点模拟题，测下自己的水平。

北京师范大学2014年考博英语真题及详解Part I Reading Comprehension(45%)Directions:Read the following passages carefully and then select the best answer from the four choices marked A,B,C,and D by marking thecorresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line throughthe center.1Taken together,income,occupation,and education are good measures of people’s social ing a layered model of stratification,most sociologists describe the class system in the United States as divided into several classes:upper, upper middle,middle,lower middle,and lower class.Each class is defined by characteristics such as income,occupational prestige,and educational attainment. The different groups are arrayed along a continuum with those with the most money,education,and prestige at the top and those with the least at the bottom.In the United States,the upper class owns the major share of corporate and personal wealth;it includes those who have held wealth for generations as well as those who have recently become rich.Only a very small proportion of people actually constitute the upper class,but they control vast amounts of wealth and power in the United States.They exercise enormous control throughout society. Most of their wealth is inherited.Despite social myths to the contrary,the best predictor of future wealth is thefamily into which you are born.Each year,the business magazine Forbes publishes a list of the“Forbes400”—the four hundred wealthiest families and individuals in the country.Of all the wealth represented on the Forbes400list,more than half is inherited.Those on the list who could be called“self-made”were not typically of modest origins;most inherited significant assets(Forbes,1997;Sklar and Collins, 1997).Those in the upper class with newly acquired wealth are known as the nouveau niche.Although they may have vast amounts of money,they are often not accepted into“old rich”circles.The upper middle class includes those with high incomes and high social prestige.They tend to be well-educated professionals or business executives.Their earnings can be quite high indeed—successful business executives can earn millions of dollars a year.It is difficult to estimate exactly how many people fall into this group because of the difficulty of drawing lines between the upper,upper middle,and middle class.Indeed,the upper middle class is often thought of as “middle class”because their lifestyle sets the standard to which many aspire,but this lifestyle is simply beyond the means of a majority of people in the United States.The middle class is hard to define;in part,being“middle class”is more than just economic position.By far the majority of Americans identify themselves as middle class even though they vary widely in lifestyle and in resources at their disposal.But the idea that the United States is an open-class system leads many to think that the majority have a middle-class lifestyle because,in general,peopletend not to want to recognize class distinctions in the United States.Thus,the middle class becomes the ubiquitous norm even though many who call themselves middle class have a tenuous hold on this class position.In the hierarchy of social class,the lower middle class includes workers in the skilled trades and low-income bureaucratic workers,many of whom may actually define themselves as middle class.Examples are blue-collar workers(those in skilled trades who do manual labor)and many service workers,such as secretaries, hairdressers,waitresses,police,and firefighters.Medium to low income,education, and occupational prestige define the lower middle class relative to the class groups above it.The term“lower”in this class designation refers to the relative position of the group in the stratification system,but it has a pejorative sound to many people,especially to people who are members of this class.The lower class is composed primarily of the displaced and poor.People in this class have little formal education and are often unemployed or working in minimum-wage jobs.Forty percent of the poor work;ten percent work year-round and full time—a proportion that has generally increased over time.Recently,the concept of the underclass has been added to the lower class.The underclass includes those who have been left behind by contemporary economic developments.Rejected from the economic system,those in the underclass may become dependent on public assistance or illegal activities.1.Which of the sentences below best expresses the information in the highlighted statement in the passage?A.Although it is not generally accepted,your family provides the best prediction of your future wealth.B.You can achieve great future wealth in spite of the family in which you may have been born.C.It is not true that your family will restrict the acquisition of your future wealthand level of social status.D.Social myths are contrary to the facts about the future wealth and social status of your family.2.Why does the author mention the“Forbes400”in paragraph3?A.To explain the meaning of the listing that appears every year.B.To support the statement that most wealthy people inherit their money.C.To cast doubt on the claim that family income predicts individual wealth.D.To give examples of successful people who have modest family connections.3.According to paragraph5,why do most people identify themselves as middle class in the United States?A.They have about the same lifestyle as everyone else in the country.B.They don’t really know how to define their status because it is unclear.C.They prefer not to admit that there are class distinctions in the United States.D.They identify themselves with the majorities who have normal lifestyles.4.What can be inferred about poor people in the United States?A.They are not able to find entry-level jobs.B.They do not try to find employment.C.They are service workers and manual laborers.D.They work in jobs that require little education.5.According to paragraph7,why has the underclass emerged?A.The new term was necessary because the lower class enjoyed a higher lifestylethan it had previously.B.The increase in crime has supported a new class of people who live byengaging in illegal activities.C.Changes in the economy have caused an entire class of people to survive bywelfare or crime.D.Minimum-wage jobs no longer support a class of people at a standard level inthe economic system.【答案与解析】1.A语义判断题。

2015年北京师范大学语言学考研,复试真题,真题解析,考研真题,考研笔记,复试流程北师考研详解与指导（一）专业课复习1.关于看书北师大的参考书网站上列有16本，但实际需要看的并没有那么多。

现汉有黄廖本的上下册，这是最基本的必看。

古汉有王力本的一二册（尤其要以第一册为主），三四册不用看，张之强的古汉上下两册分别讲古文和通论，古文和王力版的基本一样，重点是看下册通论，张版归纳更有条理。

语言学也列有两本教材，但之前师姐跟我说伍铁平本不用看，这是一届届私传的秘籍，重点是徐通锵、叶蜚声本，我就以叶徐本为主、伍本只是稍微翻了翻。

文学史就选的是网站上列出的教材，现当代是郭志刚本，古文学是游国恩本。

虽然这几本书都不是我本科所用的教材，但是看过之后我发现这两本书作为参考书目是有道理的。

因为北师文学史只占50分，题目较为简单。

而这两本书都比较基础，看起来也非常快。

书应该怎么看呢？每个人都有自己的看书习惯，我只介绍一下我自己的一些心得体会。

首先，我往往在看一本书之前会先看目录，了解这本书大致讲了哪几部分内容，每一部分有哪些章节，有了大体框架之后才会细看。

在具体到每一节时，我通常会注意每个章节的论述思路。

也就是这一节讲了什么内容，笔者是分几部分进行阐述的，在具体阐述时用了哪些材料和方法。

经常这样的思考有利于思维的训练，分析问题的能力就是在这样的反复思考中获得的。

尤其是学硕，与专硕在试卷上最大的不同就是主观性题目特别多，需要在短时间内分析很多问题，经常这样思考对训练思维，形成答题思路很有效。

其次，可能大家在看书中会遇到这种情况，刚开始可能看书速度会比较慢，但没有关系，这说明自己对这部分知识还不太熟悉，只要反复的看，多看几遍就好了。

在看过几遍教材之后，可能有同学又觉得自己对于书本知识感觉很熟悉，但一问又说不上来，再看下去就没什么提高。

这时我建议大家可以适当做一些参考书，这有助于帮助查缺补漏，加深对书本内容的理解。

至于看什么参考书我在下面会做简单介绍。

北京师范大学考博英语翻译试题及其解析Investigators of monkey’s social behavior have always been struckby monkeys’aggressive potential and the consequent need for socialcontrol of their aggressive behavior.Studies directed at describingaggressive behavior and the situations that elicit it,as well as thesocial mechanisms that control it,were therefore among the firstinvestigations of monkeys’social behavior.Investigators initially believed that monkeys would compete forany resource in the environment:hungry monkeys would fight over food,thirsty monkeys would fight over water,and,in general,at time morethan one monkey in a group sought the same incentive simultaneously,a dispute would result and would be resolved through some form ofaggression.However,the motivating force of competition for Geng duoyuan xiao wan zheng kao bo ying yu zhen ti ji qi jie xi qing lian xiquan guo mian fei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiuqi ba,huo jia zi xun qq:qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi incentives beganto be doubted when experiments like Southwick’s on the reduction ofspace or the withholding of food failed to produce more than temporaryincreases in intragroup aggression.Indeed,food deprivation not onlyfailed to increase aggression but in some cases actually resulted indecreased frequencies of aggression.Studies of animals in the wild under conditions of extreme fooddeprivation likewise revealed that starving monkeys devoted almostall available energy to foraging,with little energy remaining foraggressive interaction.Furthermore,accumulating evidence fromlater studies of a variety of primate groups,for example,the study conducted by Bernstein,indicates that one of the most potent stimuli for eliciting aggression is the introduction of an intruder into an organized group.Such introductions result in far more serious aggression than that produced in any other types of experiments contrived to produce competition.These studies of intruders suggest that adult members of the same species introduced to one another for the first time show considerable hostility because,in the absence of a social order,one must be established to control interanimal relationships.When a single new animal is introduced into an existing social organization,the newcomer meets even more serious aggression.Whereas in the first case aggression establishes a social order,in the second case resident animals mob the intruder,thereby initially excluding the new animal from the existing social unit.The simultaneous introduction of several animals lessens the effect,if only because the group divides its attention among the multiple targets.If,however,the several animals introduced a group constitute their own social unit,each group may fight the opposing group as a unit;but,again,no individual is subjected to mass attack,and the very cohesion of the groups precludes prolonged individual combat.The submission of the defeated group,rather than unleashing unchecked aggression on the part of the victorious group,reduces both the intensity and frequency of further attack.Monkey groups therefore seem to be organized primarily tomaintain their established social order rather than to engage in hostilities per se.1.The author of the text is primarily concerned with[A]advancing a new methodology for changing a monkey’s social behavior.[B]comparing the methods of several research studies on aggression among monkeys.[C]explaining the reasons for researcher’s interest in monkey’s social behavior.[D]discussing the development of investigators’theories about aggression among monkeys.2.Which of the following best summarizes the findings reported in the text about the effects of food deprivation on monkeys’behavior?[A]Food deprivation has no effect on aggression among monkeys.[B]Food deprivation increases aggression among monkeys because one of the most potent stimuli for eliciting aggression is the competition for incentives.[C]Food deprivation may increase long-term aggression among monkeys in a laboratory setting,but it produces only temporary increase among monkeys in the wild.[D]Food deprivation may temporarily increase aggression among monkeys,but it also leads to a decrease in conflict.3.The text suggests that investigators of monkeys’socialbehavior have been especially interested in aggressive behavior among monkeys because[A]aggression is the most common social behavior among monkeys.[B]successful competition for incentives determines the social order in a monkey group.[C]situation that elicit aggressive behavior can be studied in a laboratory.[D]most monkeys are potentially aggressive,yet they live in social units that could not function without control of their aggressive impulses.4.The text supplies information to answer which of the following questions?[A]How does the reduction of space affect intragroup aggression among monkeys in an experimental setting?[B]Do family units within a monkey social group compete with other family units for food?[C]What are the mechanisms by which the social order of an established group of monkeys controls aggression within that group?[D]How do monkeys engaged in aggression with other monkeys signal submission?5.Which of the following best describes the organization of the second paragraph?[A]A hypothesis is explained and counter evidence is described.[B]A theory is advanced and specific evidence supporting it iscited.[C]Field observations are described and a conclusion about their significance is drawn.[D]Two theories are explained and evidence supporting each of them is detailed.[答案与考点解析]1.【答案】D【考点解析】本题是一道中心主旨题。

北师考研详解与指导一、define and distinguish the following terms1.prescriptive VS descriptive2.metaphor Vs metonymy3.bilingualism Vs diglossia4.discreet-point test VS integrative test5.teaching approach VS teaching methodology6.entailment VS presuppose二、answer the following questions1.what is arbitrariness and iconicity?how is iconicity related to arbitrariness?what's your views about iconicity and arbitrariness?2.3.the following exams are which kind of formations?explain how it formed in the process of formation?coke blunch bus edit tofu4.In the following five conversations,there are to some degree with e Grice's cooperative principle and maxim account for the odd.(1)大概是it violated the quantity(first)(2)A:Let's get kids something to eat?B:ok,but I veto C-H-O-C-O-L-A-T-E.(3)A:Are you there?B:No,I'm here.(4)A:what did you buy?Bh,just some stuff.(5)A:professor,Jame is an old bag.B:Today's weather is bright,isn't it?(大概意思是这样）5.忘记了6.忘记了7.Explain the difference between TG grammar and systemic functional grammar.(15')e examples to explain the factors affect the listening task,make comment about it.(15')9.Explain the genre-based approach in wring.(20')1.充分备考2月中上旬2015年全国硕士研究生考试成绩公布后，34所自划线研究生招生单位也将在3月陆续公布复试分数线，3月底，全国各研招单位复试工作陆续进行。

2015北京师范大学考博真题最核心基础阶段词汇一常考词语的固定搭配(一)名词的固定搭配介词+名词形式第一组by accident 偶然 on account of 因为，由于in addition 另外 in addition to 除……之外(包括)in the air 在流行中，在传播中on (the/an) average 平均，一般来说on the basis of 根据，在……的基础上at (the) best 充其量，至多for the better 好转，改善on board 在船(车、飞机)上out of breath 喘不过气来on business 因公，因事in any case 无论如何，总之in case of 假使，万一in case 假如，以防(万一)，免得in no case 决不第二组by chance 偶然，碰巧in charge (of) 负责，主管(a) round the clock 昼夜不停地in common 共用，共有，共同in conclusion 最后，总之on condition that 在……条件下in confidence 信任in connection with/to关于in consequence 因此，结果in consequence of 由于……的缘故on the contrary 反之，正相反in contrast with/to 与……成对照out of control 失去控制under control 被控制住at all costs 不惜任何代价at the cost of 以……为代价第三组in the course of 在……过程中，在……期间of course 当然，自然，无疑in danger 在危险中，垂危out of danger 脱离危险out of date 过期(时)的up to date 时新的in debt 欠债in detail 详细地in difficulties 处境困难in the distance 在远处off duty 下班on duty 值班，上班on earth 究竟，到底at all events 无论如何in any event 无论如何in effect 有效；实际上第四组in the event of 万一，如果发生for example 例如with the exception of除……之外in the face of 面对，不顾，即使in fact 其实，实际上on fire 烧着on foot 步行in force 有效；实施中in favo(u)r of 有利于，赞成，支持in front of 在……面前in (the) future 今后，将来on guard 警惕，防范in general 通常，大体上in half 成两半at hand 在手边，在附近from tip to toe 彻头彻尾，完全by hand 用手hand down to 往下传，传给(后代)第五组hand in hand 手拉手，携手in hand 在掌握中，在控制中on hand 在手边，临近on (the) one hand... 一方面……，on the other hand...另一方面……at heart 在内心；实质上by heart 牢记，凭记忆at home 在家，在国内；自在，自如in honor of 以纪念，向……表示敬意on one’s honor 以名誉担保in a hurry 匆忙地，立即for instance 例如，举例说at intervals 不时，时时at last 最终，终于at least 至少，最低限度in the least 一点，丝毫第六组at length 终于，最后；详细地in the light of 按照，根据in line 成一直线，排成一行in line with 与……一致，按照at a loss 困惑，不知所措by all means 无论如何，必定by means of 借助于，用by no means 决不in memory of 纪念at the mercy of 在……支配下by mistake 错误地at the moment 现在，此刻for a moment 片刻，一会儿for the moment 现在，暂时in a moment 立刻，马上第七组in nature 本质上on occasion 有时，不时in order 秩序井然，整齐in order to 以便，为了in order that 以便out of order 发生故障，失调on one’s own 独自地，独立地in particular 特别地，尤其，详细地in the past 在过去，以往in person 亲自in place 在适当的位置in place of 代替in the first place 起初，首先in the last place 最后out of place 不得其所的，不适当的on the point 即将……的时候第八组to the point 切中要害，切题in practice 在实际中，实际上out of practice 久不练习，荒疏at present 目前，现在for the present 目前，暂时in proportion to (与……)成比例的in public 公开地，当众for (the) purpose of为了on purpose 故意，有意with the purpose of 为了in question 正在考虑at random 随意地，任意地at any rate 无论如何，至少by reason of 由于as regards 关于，至于with/in regard to 对于，就……而论第九组in/with relation to 关系到with respect to 关于as a result 结果，因此as a result of 由于……的结果in return 作为报答，作为回报on the road 在旅途中as a rule 规章，规则；通常，照例in the long run 最终，从长远观点看for the sake of 为了……起见on sale 出售；贱卖on a large scale 大规模地on a small scale 小规模地in secret 秘密地，私下地in a sense 从某种意义上说in shape 处于良好状态on the side 作为兼职，额外第十组at first sight 乍一看，初看起来in sight 被看到，在望out of sight 看不见，在视野之外in spite of 不管，不顾；尽管，虽然on the spot 当场，在现场in step 同步，合拍out of step 步调不一致，不协调in stock 现有，备有in sum 总而言之in tears 流着泪，含泪，哭in terms of 依据，按照；用……措词for one thing 首先，一则on the second thoughts 经重新考虑，一转念at a time 每次，一次at no time 从不，决不at one time 同时，曾经，从前曾第十一组at the same time 但是，然而，同时at times 有时for the time being 目前，暂时from time to time 有时，不时in no time 立即，马上in time 及时，适时地on time 准时on top of 在……之上out of touch 失去联系in truth 事实上，实际上，的确on try 试穿by turns 轮流，交替地in turn 依次，轮流in vain 徒劳，无效a variety of 种种，各种by virtue of 由于第十二组by the way 顺便提一下，另外by way of 经由，通过……方式in a way 在某点，在某种程度上in no way 决不in the way of 妨碍in one’s/the way 妨碍，阻碍after a while 过了一会，不久for a while 暂时，一时on the whole 总的来说in a word 总而言之in other words 换句话说，也就是说at work 在工作，忙于out of work 失业in the world 到底，究竟动词+名词形式第十三组have/gain access to 可以获得take...into account 考虑gain/have an advantage over胜过，优于pay the way for 为……铺平道路take advantage of 利用，趁……之机pay attention to 注意do/try one’s best 尽力，努力get the best of 胜过make the best of 充分利用，妥善处理get the better of 打败，致胜catch one’s breath 屏息，歇口气take care 小心，当心take care of 照顾，照料take a chance 冒险一试take charge of 担任，负责keep company with 与……交往take delight in 以……为乐with delight 欣然，乐意地第十四组make a/the difference 有影响，很重要carry/bring into effect 使生效，使起作用put into effect 实行，生效come/go into effect 生效，实施take effect 生效，起作用catch one’s eye 引人注目keep an eye on 留意，照看make faces 做鬼脸find fault 埋怨，挑剔catch fire 着火come/go into force 生效，实施make friends 交朋友，友好相处be friends with 对……友好，与……交上朋友make fun of 取笑，嘲弄keep one’s head 保持镇静lose one’s head 不知所措第十五组lose heart 丧失勇气，失去信心get/learn by heart 记住，背诵get hold of 抓住，掌握keep house 管理家务，做家务throw/cast light on 使明白，阐明bear/keep in mind 记住have in mind 记住，考虑到，想到make up one’s mind 下决心come/go into operation 使投入生产，使运转put in order 整理，检修keep/hold pace with 跟上，与……同步play a part 起作用take place 发生，进行take the place of 代替come to the point 说到要点，扼要地说bring/carry into practice 实施，实行第十六组make progress 进步，进展give rise to 引起，使发生make sense 讲得通，有意义catch the sight of 发现，突然看见(go) on the stage 当演员take one’s time 不急不忙，从容进行keep in touch 保持联系keep track 通晓事态，注意动向lose track 失去联系make use of 利用put to use 使用，利用give way 让路，让步lead the way 带路，引路make one’s way 前进，进行make way 让路，开路keep one’s word 遵守诺言第十七组act on 作用appeal to 呼吁，要求attempt at 企图，努力attitude to/towards 态度，看法a great/good deal of 大量(的)，许多(的) influence on 影响interference in 干涉interference with 妨碍，打扰第十八组introduce to 介绍a lot (of) 许多(的)，大量(的)lots of 大量，很多fall in love with 相爱，爱上a matter of (关于……)的问题a number of 若干，许多reply to 回答，答复a series of 一系列，一连串其他固定搭配第十九组trolley bus 无轨电车I.D. card 身份证credit card 信用卡no doubt 无疑，必定next door 隔壁out of doors 在户外face to face 面对面地as a matter of fact 实际情况，真相a few 有些，几个quite a few 还不少，有相当数目的a little 一点，稍微，一些，少许little by little 逐渐地quite a little 相当多，不少no matter 无论the moment (that) 一……就no more 不再第二十组fair play 公平竞赛；公平对待in demand 有需要，销路好rest room 厕所，盥洗室primary school 小学side by side 肩并肩，一个挨一个heart and soul 全心全意step by step 逐步ahead of time 提前all the time 一直，始终once upon a time 从前once in a while 偶尔，有时no wonder 难怪，怪不得word for word 逐字地decline with thanks 婉言谢绝(二)动词的固定搭配动词+介词形式第二十一组account for 说明(原因等)aim at 瞄准，针对allow for 考虑到appeal to 呼吁，要求arrive at 达成，得出ask after 询问，问候ask for 请求，要求attach to 附属于，隶属于begin with 从开始break into 闯入break off 断绝，结束break through 突破break up 中止，结束；打碎，折断bring about 带来，造成bring down 打倒，挫伤；降低bring forth 产生，提上第二十二组bring forward 提出bring out 使出现；公布；出版bring up 教育，培养，使成长build up 积累；堵塞；树立，逐步建立；增进；锻炼call for 邀请；要求；需求call forth 唤起，引起；振作起，鼓起call off 放弃，取消catch at 抓住(东西)call on/upon 访问，拜访；号召，呼吁call up 召集，动员；打电话care for 照管，关心；喜欢，意欲carry off 夺去carry on 继续下去；从事，经营carry out 贯彻，执行；实现come to 总计，达到；苏醒，复原count on 依靠；期待，指望count up 把……相加第二十三组cover up 掩饰，掩盖cut across 走捷径，抄近路deal with 处理，对付，安排do without 没有……也行fill in/out 填充，填写get at 得到，接近；意思是get into 进入，陷入go after 追求go into 进入；研究，调查go for 竭力想取得；喜爱；支持，拥护go through 经历，经受；详细检查go with 伴随，与……协调go without 没有……也行improve on 改进keep to 保持，坚持lie in 在于live up to 不辜负第二十四组live on/by 靠……生活，以……为食live through 度过，经受过look after 照管，照料look at 看望，注视look for 寻找，寻求look into 调查，观察，过问；窥视look over 检查，查看，调查look through 仔细查看，浏览，温习make for 走向，驶向；有助于occur to 被想到，被想起play with 以……为消遣，玩弄refer to 参考，查阅，涉及，提到run for 竞选run into 撞上，偶然碰见see to 注意，负责，照料，修理send for 派人去请，召唤；索取第二十五组send in 呈报，递交，送来serve as 作为，用作set aside 挑出，拨出，留出；拒绝sit for 参加stand by 支持，帮助；袖手旁观stand for 代替，代表，意味着stand against 反抗，抵抗stick to 坚持，忠于，信守take after 与……相像take for 把……认为是，把……看成是take in 接受，吸收；了解，理解take to 喜欢，亲近touch on 关系到，涉及turn into 变成turn to 变成；求助于，借助于turn off 关上；出产；解雇动词+副词形式第二十六组break down 损坏，分解，瓦解break in 闯入；打断，插嘴break out 逃出；突然发生，爆发bring to 使恢复知觉burn out 烧掉burn up 烧起来，旺起来；烧完catch on 理解，明白check in 办理登记手续check out 结账后离开；检验，核查check up (on) 校对，检查，检验cheer up 使高兴，使振奋clear away 扫除，收拾clear up 收拾；澄清；放晴make it clear that 弄清楚come off 实现，成功，奏效come on 请，来吧，快点；开始，出场，上演come out 出版；出现，显露；结果是第二十七组come round (around) 来访，前来；苏醒，复原come through 经历，脱险come up 走近，上来；发生，被提出cross out 删去，取消cut back 削减，减少cut down 削减，降低cut in (汽车)抢道；插嘴，打断cut off 切断；删去；停止cut out 删除cut short 突然停止die down 渐渐消失，平息die out 消失，灭绝draw in (火车、汽车)到站draw up 写上，画上；草拟；停住dress up 穿上盛装，打扮得很漂亮drop by/in 顺便来访dry out 干透，使干dry up 干涸，枯竭第二十八组drop off 减弱，减少drop out 退出，离队fall behind 落后fall out 争吵；结果是fall through 落空，失败feed in 输入find out 查明get across 解释清楚，使人了解get around/round 走动，旅行；(消息)传开get away 逃脱，离开get by 通过，经过get down 从……下来；写下get in 进入；收获，收集get off 从……下来；离开，动身，开始get over 克服；(从病中)恢复过来get through 结束，完成；接通电话have got to (do) 不得不，必须第二十九组get together 集合，聚集get up 起床；增加，增强give away 泄露；分送give back 送还，恢复give in 交上；投降，屈服give off 放出，释放give out 分发，放出give up 停止，放弃go ahead 开始，前进；领先go by 过去go down 下降，降低；被载入，传下去go off 爆炸，发射；动身，离开go out 外出；熄灭go over 检查，审查；复习，重温go round/around 足够分配go under 下沉，沉没；失败；破产go through 通过，审查，完成第三十组go up 上升，增加；建起hand down 流传下来，传给，往下传hand in 交上，递交hand on 传下来，依次传递hand out 分发，散发，发给hand over 交出，移交，让与hang about 闲荡，徘徊，逗留hang back 犹豫，踌躇，畏缩hang on 抓紧不放；继续下去hang up 挂断(电话)have back 要回，收回have on 穿着，戴着hold back 踌躇，退缩；阻止，抑制hold on 继续，握住不放hold out 维持，支持；坚持，不屈服hold up 举起，阻挡，使停止；抢劫第三十一组hurry up (使)赶快，迅速完成keep back 阻止，阻挡；隐瞒，保留keep down 控制，压制，镇压；压低keep off 不接近，避开keep up 保持，维持；继续，坚持let down 放下，降低；使失望let in 让……进入，放……进来let off 放(烟，烟火)，开(枪)let out 放掉，放出，发出line up 排队，使排成一行look back 回顾，回头看look out 留神，注意，提防，警惕look on 旁观，观看；看待，视作look up 查阅，查考；寻找(某人)look in 顺便看望make out 辨认，区分；理解，了解make out of 用……做，从……得出第三十二组make up 构成，拼凑；弥补，赔偿；化装mix up 混淆，混合，搞糊涂pass away 去世，逝世pass off 中止，停止pass to 转到，讨论，传到pass out 失去知觉，昏倒pay back 偿还，回报pay off 还清(债)pay down 即时交付，用现金支付pay up 全部付清第三十三组pick out 选出，挑出，拣出；辨认，辨别出pick up 拾起，(偶然)得到；(车船)中途搭(人)，学会pull down 拆毁，拉倒；拉下，降低pull in (车)停下，进站，船(到岸)pull off 脱(帽、衣)pull on 穿，戴pull out 拔出，抽出；(车、船)驶出pull together 齐心协力pull up (使)停下put across 解释清楚，说明put aside 储存，保留put away 放好，收好；储存put down 记下，放下；镇压，平定put forward 提出put in 驶进put on 穿上，戴上；上演；增加(体重)put out 熄灭，关(灯)；出版，发布；生产put right 改正(错误)，整理第三十四组put up 提起，举起，提(价)；为……提供食宿，投宿ring off 挂断电话rub out 擦掉，拭去run down 撞倒，撞沉；追捕，追查run off 复印，打印run over 略读，略述；辗过，浏览，匆匆复习see off 给……送行see through 看穿，识破；干完，干到底set back 推迟，延缓，阻碍set down 卸下，放下，记下，记入set forth 阐明，陈述set off 出发，动身；引起，使发生set out 陈列，显示；动身，启程；制定set up 创立，建立，树立；资助，扶持show in 领入show off 炫耀，卖弄第三十五组show up 使呈现，使醒目shut out 排除sit in 列席，旁听sit up 迟睡，熬夜speed up 使加速stand out 突出，显眼stand up 站起来，耐用step up 提高，加快，加紧step in 插入，介入stick out 伸出，突出；坚持到底，继续take away 消除；消耗take down 记下，写下take off 拿走，脱下；起飞take on 呈现；接纳，承担，从事take over 接管，接办take up 占据；开始；拿起，接收take up with 和……交往，忍受，采用第三十六组think over 仔细考虑throw away 扔掉，抛弃touch up 润色，改进turn down 拧小，调低；拒绝turn in 交出，上缴；转身进入turn off 关掉，断开；拐弯，叉开turn on 接通，打开turn out 制造，生产；结果是turn over 翻过来；移交，转交turn up 开大；出现；来到；发生use up 用完，花完warm up 变热wear off 逐渐消失wear out 用破；耗尽，使精疲力竭while away 消磨(时间)wipe out 擦去，抹去；消灭，毁灭work out 解决，算出；弄懂，制定出work up 引起，激起；逐渐上升work on 从事于，努力做write off 报废，勾销，注销后接动名词的固定搭配第三十七组aim at 目的在于，旨在；瞄准accuse...of... 控告；谴责depend on 取决于devote to 奉献，致力engage in 从事于，忙着；订婚feel like 欲，想要go on 继续；发生cannot/couldn’t help禁不住；不得不insist on 坚持keep from 使……不(做)keep on 继续不断，保持look forward to 盼望，期待persist in 坚持，持续prevent from 预防，防止put off 推迟，推延set about 开始，着手succeed in 成功thank for 感谢think of 想起，想到；想一想其他固定搭配第三十八组add up to 合计，总计make believe 假装break away (from) 脱离，逃跑catch up with 追上，赶上come true 实现，达到come up to 达到，符合come up with 提出，提供concern with 关心，挂念；从事于do away with 废除，去掉have something to do with 和……有点关系have nothing to do with 和……毫无关系fall back on 求助于，转而依靠fall in with 符合，与……一致be fed up with 感到厌烦as follows 如下get along/on with 有进展，有进步；生活得get through 到达，完成，及格get somewhere 有些结果第三十九组get down to 开始，着手get out of 逃避，改掉get the better of 占上风，胜过have got 有give oneself away 泄露，露马脚give oneself up 自首，投降，投案give way to 给……让路，被……代替go along with 陪同前往，随行go back on 违背go in for 从事，致力于，追求go before 居前hang on to 紧握住，坚持下去have to/have got to 不得不，必须have to do with 与……有关help oneself 自取所需(食物)hold on to 紧紧抓住，坚持keep out of 躲开，置身……之外第四十组keep up with 向……看齐，跟上……lend itself to 适用于，对……有用let alone 不干涉；更不用说let loose 放开，放松，释放let go 放开，松手live up to 做到，不负look down on 看不起，轻视look up to 尊敬，敬仰be made up of 由……构成，由……组成make up for 补偿，弥补never mind 不要紧，没关系put in for 申请put up with 容忍，忍受refer to...as 把……称作，把……当做run out of 用完，用尽，耗尽serve right 活该，给应得的待遇第四十一组set in 来临，流行set out to 打算，着手stand up for 为……辩护；维护stand up to 面对，坚决抵抗；经得起come to stay 木已成舟stay by 守在一边take...as 把……作为think of...as 把……看做是，以为……是think better of 改变主意，重新考虑throw about 乱丢(东西)，乱花(钱) throw down 推倒throw (a) light on 照亮，阐明(三)形容词的固定搭配第四十二组be able to (do) 能(做)，会(做)be about to (do) 即将，正要be absent from 缺勤，缺课be abundant in 富于，富有be accustomed to 习惯于be acquainted with 与……相识，熟悉be active in 积极于be afraid of 恐怕，害怕，担忧be alive to 发觉，感觉，对……敏感be angry at 因某事生气be angry with 对……发怒be anxious about 担心，为……担忧be anxious for 急切盼望，渴望be anxious to (do) 渴望(做)be ashamed of 为……感到害臊be aware of 意识到第四十三组be bad at 拙于，不善于be badly off 生活穷困be based on 根据，以……为基础be bent on 热恋于，一心想be beside oneself 忘乎所以be better off 处境较好，情况好转be born in 出生于……be born of 出生于……(家庭)be bound to (do) 一定会，不得不be buried in 沉思，陷入，专心于be burned out 住所被烧光be busy (doing) 忙着(做某事)be busy with 忙于……be busy about 忙于……be careful of 爱惜，注意be careful to (do) 务必注意(做)第四十四组be certain to (do) 一定(做)，必然(做)be capable of 能够be confident in 对……有信心be characterized by 以……为特征be clever at 擅长于be combined with 与……结合be composed of 由……组成be concerned about 关心，挂念be connected with 与……有关be coupled with 与……配合be covered with 被……覆盖be crowded with 挤满，拥塞be curious to (do) 很想(做)be dependent on/upon 取决于，依赖be derived from 由……得到be determined to (do) 决心(做)第四十五组be different from 与……不同be divided by 被……除以be divided into 被分成be eager for 渴望be eager to (do) 急于要(做)be engaged in 忙于，从事于be equal to 等于be famous for 以……著名be fed up 因多而厌烦be filled with 充满be fit for 适合，胜任be fond of 喜欢，爱好be free from 没有……的，不受……影响的be friendly to 对……友好be frightened at 受……惊吓be glad to (do) 乐于(做)，对……感到高兴第四十六组be good at (doing) 善于，擅长be good for 适于，在……期间有效be grateful to 感谢，感激be identified as 被认为是be independent of 脱离……而独立，与……无关be indispensable for 对……必不可少的be interested in 对……感兴趣be involved in 包括……中，被卷入be involved with 涉及be kind enough to (do) 承……好意，恳请be known as 被称作……，以……著称be known to 为……所熟知be late for 迟到be likely to (do) 可能要，像是要be mad about 迷恋be made from 由……制成(化学变化)第四十七组be made of 由……制成(物理变化)be made up of 由……组成be mixed up 混杂，混在一起be obliged to (do) 被迫(做某事)be obliged to...for...因……而感激be well off 生活富裕be pleased to (do) 乐于be pleased with 对……感到满意be popular with 得人心的，受……欢迎的be possessed of 具有，拥有be prepared for 做……打算；对……做好准备be present at 出席be proud of 以……自豪，因……感到满意be provided with 装备有be ready to (do) 装备好(做)；乐意(做)be ready for 为……准备好第四十八组be regarded as 被认为是，被当做是be rich in 富于be rid of 除去，摆脱get rid of 摆脱，除掉be satisfied with 对……满意，满足于be second to 次于be short for 是……的缩写(简称)be short of 短缺be sick for 渴望be sick in bed 病在床上be sick of 对……感到厌倦be sorry for 对……感到抱歉be strict with 对……要求严格be suited to 适合于be supposed to (do) 应该，非……不可be sure of 坚信，确信第四十九组be sure to (do) 一定，必定be surprised at 对……感到惊奇be taken aback 吃惊be taken by surprise 被突袭be terrified at 被……吓一跳be lost in thought 沉思be through with 结束be tired from 因……而疲乏be tired of 厌烦；对……厌倦be tired out 疲倦极了be torn open 被撕开be true of 适用于be unconscious of 不知道……be unequal to 无法胜任……的be unfit for 不适合，不胜任be united as one 团结一致第五十组be used as 被……用作be used to 习惯于get used to 习惯于be useful to 对……有用be well up in 精通，熟悉be wild with joy 欣喜若狂be willing to (do) 乐意……be worried about 为……而担心be worse off 处境较坏，情况恶化be worth (doing) 值得(做)be wrong with 有点毛病，有些不舒服(四)其他重要的固定搭配第五十一组above all 首先，毕竟after all 终于，毕竟；虽然这样at all 完全，根本all but 几乎，差一点all over 遍及，到处in all 总共，总计not at all 一点也不all out 全力以赴，竭尽全力leave alone 听其自然，更不用说along with 与……一起one after another 一个接一个one another 互相anything but 除……以外任何事(物)，根本不as...as 像……一样as for 至于，就……方面说as if 好像，仿佛第五十二组as though 好像，仿佛as to 至于，关于as well 也，又as well as (除……之外)也，既……又not as/so...as 不如……那样back and forth 往返，来来往往地back of 在……后部，在……背部because of 由于，因为had better 最好还是，应该both...and 既……又……，两个都but for 除……以外，倘没有，除非each other 互相either...or 或……或，不是……就是；无论……还是or else 否则，要不然even if/though 即使，虽然even then 即使那样，连，都第五十三组except for 除……之外as/so far as 远至，到……程度by far ……得多，最far from 远非，远离so far 迄今为止first of all 首先，第一if only 要是……就好了in itself 本身at last 最终，终于at least 至少，最低程度no less than 决不少于，不亚(次)于a little 一点；一些，少许little by little 逐渐地quite a little 相当多，不少as/so long as 只要，如果第五十四组no longer 不再，已不a great/good many of 许多，大量many a 许多的more and more 越来越more or less 或多或少no more than 不过，仅仅；和……一样不at (the) most 最多，至少，不超过make the most of 充分利用neither...nor 既不……也不every now and then 有时，时时，偶尔just now 刚才，一会儿以前now and then 时而，不时now that 既然，由于off and on 断断续续，不时地and so on 等等第五十五组all at once 突然；同时，一起at once 立刻，马上once (and) for all 一劳永逸，限此一次once more 再一次，又一次by oneself 独自地，单独地every other 每隔一个地other than 不同于over and over (again) 一再，再三all right 好，行all round 周围，处处ever since 从那时起，自那时以来and so on/forth 等等ever so 非常，极其or so 大约，左右so...as to 结果是；如此……以至于第五十六组so that 以便，为的是；结果是so...that 如此……以至于such as 像……那样的；诸如，例如such...that 那样的……以致that is (=i. e.) 就是说，即up to 起来，从事于，忙于；直至what about (对于)……怎么样what if 如果……将会怎样，即使……又有什么要紧whether...or 是……还是，不管……还是go wrong 发生故障，出毛病and yet 可是，然而as yet 到目前(那时)为止abide by 坚持；遵守accustom to 使习惯adapt to (使)适应，适合；改编第五十七组adhere to 粘附，胶着；坚持apologize (ise) to,for 道歉，认错cling to 粘住；依附；坚持collide with 抵触compensate for 补偿，赔偿comply with 照做，遵照，应允conceive of 设想，构思；以为conform to 遵守，依照，符合，顺应consult with 商量，商议cooperate with 合作，协作，相配合cope with 竞争，对抗；对付，应付；妥善处理deduce from 演绎，推断derive from 导出，由……来deviate from 背离，偏离dispose of 处理，处置dispose for 布置，安排第五十八组dwell on 凝思；详述hinder from 阻止，妨碍impose on 把……强加给intervene in 干涉，干预；插入originate in/from 起源，发生；首创，创造participate in 参与，参加；分享preside at/over 主持prevail over/against 取胜，占优势；流行，盛行reconcile to/with 使一致reign over 统治；盛行restrain from 抑制，制止sacrifice for/to 牺牲，献出，献祭scrape through 擦过，勉强通过specialize in 专攻，专门研究，专业化第五十九组testify to 说明，证实flare up 突然燃烧起来；突然发怒queue up 排队，排队等待acquaint sb. With 使认识，使了解correspondence with通信congratulations on 祝贺dependence on 依靠；依赖；信赖dissatisfaction with/at 不满，不平exposure to 受到longing for 渴望objection to 反对，异议preference for to 偏爱，喜爱；优惠；优先选择proficiency in 熟练，精通requirement for 需要，需要的东西，要求thirst for 渴望，热望by comparison 比较起来第六十组in sequence 依次，逐一at stake 在危险中，利害攸关in accordance with 与……一致on behalf of 代表……，为了……accustomed to 习惯于on the sly 偷偷地，冷不防地in excess of 超过to and fro 来来回回on schedule 按预定时间on sight 一见就……，立即(五)超纲的其他固定搭配除了《考试大纲》规定考生要掌握的固定搭配之外。

2015年北京师范大学硕士研究生入学考试《英语学科教学》真题(总分：150.00，做题时间：180分钟)一、定义题(总题数：5，分数：40.00)1.The Input Hypothesis（分数：8.00）_________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(Learners acquire language in one way- by exposure to comprehensible input. If the input contains language just beyond the current level of the learner, then comprehension can occur and acquisition will occur.)2.The Affective Filter Hypothesis（分数：8.00）_________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(Affect refers to motives, needs, attitudes and emotional states. If a learner is tense or angry, for example, they will filter out input, making it unavailable for acquisition.)municative Competence（分数：8.00）_________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(It concludes both the knowledge about the language and the knowledge about how to use the language appropriately in communicative situations. Speakers not only have to know functional meaning of the language but also the social context where the message is given.There are five components of communicative competence: linguistic competence, pragmatic competence, discourse competence, strategic competence, and fluency.Linguistic competence is concerned with knowledge of the language itself, its form and meaning. Pragmatic competence refers to the appropriate use of the language in social context. That is to say, the choice of the vocabulary and structure depends on the setting, the relative status of the speakers, and their relationships. Discourse competence refers to one's ability to create coherent written text or conversation and the ability to understand them. Strategic competence is similar to communication strategies. It refers to strategies one employs when there is communication breakdown due to lack of resources. Fluency means one's ability to link units of speech together with facility and without strain or inappropriate slowness or undue hesitation.)4.Structural Linguistics（分数：8.00）_________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(Structural linguistics is an approach to linguistics originating from the work of Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure and is part of the overall approach of structuralism.Structural linguistics involves collecting a corpus of utterances and then attempting to classify all of the elements of the corpus at their different linguistic levels: the phonemes,morphemes, lexical categories, noun phrases, verb phrases, and sentence types.De Saussure's Course in General Linguistics, published posthumously in 1916, stressed examining language as a static system of interconnected units. He is thus known as a father of modern linguistics for bringing about the shift from diachronic (historical) to synchronic (non-historical) analysis, as well as for introducing several basic dimensions of semiotic analysis that are still important today, such as syntagmatic and paradigmatic analysis (or 'associations' as Saussure was still calling them). Two of Saussure's key methods were syntagmatic and paradigmatic analysis, which define units syntactically and lexically, respectively, according to their contrast with the other units in the system.Structural linguistics begins with the posthumous publication of Ferdinand de Saussure's Course in General Linguistics in 1916, which was compiled from lectures by his students. The book proved to be highly influential, providing the foundation for both modern linguistics and semiotics. Structuralist linguistics is normally seen as giving rise to independent European and American traditions.)5.nductive reasoning（分数：8.00）_________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(Inductive reasoning is the opposite of deductive reasoning. Inductive reasoning makes broad generalizations from specific observations. "In inductive inference, we go from the specific to the general. We make many observations, discern a pattern, make a generalization, and infer an explanation or a theory,"Wassertheil-Smoller told Live Science. "In science there is a constant interplay between inductive inference (based on observations) and deductive inference (based on theory), until we get closer and closer to the 'truth,' which we can only approach but not ascertain with complete certainty."Even if all of the premises are true in a statement, inductive reasoning allows for the conclusion to be false. Here's an example: "Harold is a grandfather. Harold is bald. Therefore, all grandfathers are bald." The conclusion does not follow logically from the statements.Inductive reasoning has its place in the scientific method. Scientists use it to form hypotheses and theories. Deductive reasoning allows them to apply the theories to specific situations.)二、简答题(总题数：4，分数：60.00)6.Discuss the concept of competency-based language teaching.（分数：15.00）______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(Competency-Based Language Teaching (CBLT) is an application of the principles of Competency-Based Education to language teaching. By the end of 1970s,CBLT was mostly used in ―work-related and survival-oriented language teaching programs for adults. Since the 1990s CBLT has been seen as the state-of -the-art approach to adult ESL. Recently, it has reemerged in some parts of the world as a major approach to the panning of language programs. Competency-based Language Teaching is designed not around the notion of subject knowledge but around the notion of competency. Criterion-based assessment is essential for CBLT. Students have to perform specific language skills which they have already learned during the course.CBLT shares with behaviorist views of learning the notion that language form can be inferred from language function; that is, certain life encounters call for certain kinds of language. Central to both L & L theory is the view that language can be functionally analyzed into appropriate parts and subparts: that such parts and subparts can be taught (and tested) incrementally. CBLT takes a "mosaic" approach to LL in that the "whole" (communicative competence) is constructed from smaller components correctly assembled. CBLT is built around the notion of CC and seeks to develop functional communication skills in learners. CBLT thus shares some features with CLT.CBLT seeks to develop students' competencies from what they know about language to what they do with it, especially essential skills, knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors required for effective performance of a real-world task or activity. The final goal is to enable students to become autonomous individuals capable of coping with the demands of the world.The eight features of CBLT: (1) a focus on successful functioning in society. (2) a focus on life skills to determine. (3) task-or performance-centered orientation. (4) modularized instruction. (5) outcomes that are made explicit a priori. (6) continuous and ongoing assessment. (7) demonstrated mastery of performance objectives. (8) individualized, student- centered instruction.)7.Analyze the teacher's role(s)in The Audiolingual Method.（分数：15.00）_________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(The teacher's role is central and active. It is the teacher who always dominates the class. The teachers models the target language, controls the direction and pace of learning,and monitors and corrects the learner's performance.Materials in the audiolingual Method are primarily teacher-oriented. The teacher's book contains the structured sequence of lesson to be followed, and the dialogues, drill, and other practice activities.)8.Explain the concept of The Monitor Hypothesis.（分数：15.00）_________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________。

2015年北京师范大学考博英语真题(总分68, 做题时间90分钟)1. Reading ComprehensionThe human ear contains the organ for hearing and the organ for balance. Both organs involve fluid-filled channels containing hair cells that produce electrochemical impulses when the hairs are stimulated by moving fluid. The ear can be divided into three regions: outer, middle, and inner. The outer ear collects sound waves and directs them to the eardrum separating the outer ear from the middle ear. The middle ear conducts sound vibrations through three small bones to the inner ear. The inner ear is a network of channels containing fluid that moves in response to sound or movement. To perform the function of hearing, the ear converts the energy of pressure waves moving through the air into nerve impulses that me brain perceives as sound. Vibrating objects, such as the vocal cords of a speaking person, create waves in me surrounding air. These waves cause the eardrum to vibrate with the same frequency. The three bones of the middle ear amplify and transmit the vibrations to the oval window, a membrane on the surface of the cochlea, the organ of hearing. Vibrations of me oval window produce pressure waves in the fluid inside me cochlea. Hair cells in the cochlea convert the energy of the vibrating fluid into impulses that travel along the auditory nerve to the brain. The organ for balance is also located in the inner ear. Sensations related to body position are generated much like sensations of sound. Hair cells in the inner ear respond to changes in head position with respect to gravity and movement. Gravity is always pulling down on the hairs, sending a constant series of impulses to the brain. When the position of the head changes—as when the head bends forward—the force on the hair cells changes its output of nerve impulses. The brain then interprets these changes to determine the head's new position.1.What can be inferred about the organs for hearing and balance?A Both organs evolved in humans at the same time.B Both organs send nerve impulses to the brain.C Both organs contain the same amount of fluid.D Both organs are located in me ear's middle region.2.Hearing involves all of the following EXCEPT______.A motion of the vocal cords so that they vibrateB stimulation of hair cells in fluid-filled channelsC amplification of sound vibrationsD conversion of wave energy into nerve impulses3.It can be inferred from Paragraphs 2 and 3 that the cochlea is a part of______.A the outer earB me eardrumC the middle earD the inner ear4.What can be inferred from Paragraph 4 about gravity?A Gravity has an essential role in the sense of balance.B The ear converts gravity into sound waves in the air.C Gravity is a force that originates in the human ear.D The organ for hearing is not subject to gravity.5.In this passage, the author mainly explains______.A the organs of the human earB the function of the hearingC the three regions of the earD how the ear organ performs the hearing and balanceThe geology of the Earth's surface is dominated by the particular properties of water. Present on Earth in solid, liquid, and gaseous states, water is exceptionally reactive. It dissolves, transports, and precipitates many chemical compounds andis constantly modifying the face of the Earth. Evaporated from the oceans, water vapor forms clouds, some of which are transported by wind over the continents. Condensation from the clouds provides the essential agent of continental erosion: rain. Precipitated onto the ground, the water trickles down to form brooks, streams, and rivers, constituting what is called the hydrographic network. This immense polarized network channels the water toward a single receptacle: an ocean. Gravity dominates this entire step in the cycle because water tends to minimize its potential energy by running from high altitudes toward the reference point that is sea level. The rate at which a molecule of water passes through the cycle is not random butis a measure of the relative size of the various reservoirs. If we define residence time as the average time for a water molecule to pass through one of the three reservoirs—atmosphere, continent, and ocean—we see that the times are very different. A water molecule stays, on an average, eleven days in the atmosphere, one hundred years on a continent and forty thousand years in the ocean. This last figure shows the importance of the ocean as the principal reservoir of the hydrosphere but also the rapidity of water transport on the continents. A vast chemical separation process takes places during the flow of water over the continents. Soluble ions such as calcium, sodium, potassium, and some magnesium are dissolved and transported. Insoluble ions such as aluminum, iron, and silicon stay where they are and form the thin, fertile skin of soil on which vegetation can grow. Sometimessoils are destroyed and transported mechanically during flooding. The erosion of the continents thus results from two closely linked and interdependent processes, chemical erosion and mechanical erosion. Their respective interactions and efficiency depend on different factors.6.According to the passage, clouds are primarily formed by water______.A precipitating onto the groundB changing from a solid to a liquid stateC evaporating from the oceansD being carried by wind7.The passage suggests that the purpose of the "hydrographic network" is to______.A determine the size of molecules of waterB prevent soil erosion caused by floodingC move water from the Earth's surface to the oceansD regulate the rate of water flow from streams and rivers8.What determines the rate at which a molecule of water moves through the cycle, as discussed in the third paragraph?A The potential energy contained in water.B The effects of atmospheric pressure on chemical compounds.C The amounts of rainfall that fall on the continents.D The relative size of the water storage areas.9.All of the following are examples of soluble ions EXCEPT______.A magnesiumB ironC potassiumD calcium10.The word "efficiency" in line 21 is closest in meaning to______.A relationshipB growthC influenceD effectivenessScientists have long understood that supermassive black holes weighing millions or billions of suns can tear apart stars that come too close. The black hotels gravity pulls harder on the nearest part of the star, an imbalance that pulls the star apart over a period of minutes or hours, once it gets close enough. Scientists say this uneven pulling is not the only hazard facing the star. The strain of these unbalanced forces can also trigger a nuclear explosion powerful enough to destroy the star from within. Matthieu Brassart and Jean-Pierre Luminet of the Observatoire de Paris in Meudon, France, carried out computer simulations of the final moments of such anunfortunate star's life, as it veered towards a supermassive black hole. When the star gets close enough, the uneven forces flatten it into a pancake shape. Some previous studies had suggested this flattening would increase the density and temperature inside the star enough to trigger intense nuclear reactions that would tear it apart. But other studies had suggested that the picture would be complicated by shock waves generated during the flattening process and that no nuclear explosion should occur. The new simulations investigated the effects of shock waves in detail, and found that even when their effects are included, the conditions favor a nuclear explosion. " There will be an explosion of the star — it will be completely destroyed," Brassart says. Although the explosion obliterates the star, it saves some of the star's matter from being devoured by the black hole. The explosion is powerful enough to hurl much of the star's matter out of the black hole's reach, he says. The devouring of stars by black holes may already have been observed, although at a much later stage. It is thought mat several months after the event that rips the star apart, its matter starts swirling into the hole itself. It heats up as it does so, releasing ultraviolet light and X-rays. If stars disrupted near black holes really do explode, then they could in principle allow these events to be detected at a much earlier stage, says Jules Hatpern of Columbia University in New York, US2. "It may make it possible to see the disruption of that star immediately if it gets hot enough," he says. Brassart agrees. "Perhaps it can be observed in the X-rays and gamma rays, but it's something that needs to be more studied," he says. Supernova researcher Chris Fryer of the Los Alamos National Laboratory in Los Alamos, New Mexico, US3, says the deaths of these stars are difficult to simulate, and he is not sure whether the researchers have proven their case that they explode in the process.11.Something destructive could happen to a star that gets too close to a black hole. Which of the following destructive statements is NOT mentioned in the passage?A The black hole could tear apart the star.B The black hole could trigger a nuclear explosion in the star.C The black hole could dwindle its size considerably.D The black hole could devour the star.12.According to the third paragraph, researchers differed from each other in the problem of ______.A whether nuclear reaction would occurB whether the stars would increase its density and temperatureC whether shock waves would occurD whether the uneven forces would flatten the stars13.According to the fourth paragraph, which of the following is NOT true?A No nuclear explosion would be triggered inside the star.B The star would be destroyed completely.C Much of the star's matter thrown by the explosion would be beyond the black hole's reach.D The black hole would completely devour the star.14.What will happen several months after the explosion of the star?A The star's matter will move further away from by the black hole.B The black hole's matter will heat up.C The torn star's matter will swirl into the black hole.D The black hole's matter will release ultraviolet light and X-rays.15.According to the context, the word "disruption" in Paragraph 6 means______.A confusionB tearing apartC interruptionD flatteningOur culture has caused most Americans to assume not only that our language is universal but that the gestures we use are understood by everyone. We do not realize that waving good-bye is the way to summon a person from the Philippines to one's side, or that in Italy and some Latin-American countries, curling the finger to oneself is a sign of farewell. Those private citizens who sent packages to our troops occupying Germany after World War II and marked them GIFT to escape duty payments did not bother to find out that " Gift" means poison in German. Moreover, we like to think of ourselves as friendly, yet we prefer to be at least 3 feet or an arm's length away from others. Latins and Middle Easterners like to come closer and touch, which makes Americans uncomfortable. Our linguistic and cultural blindness and the casualness with which we take notice of the developed tastes, gestures, customs and languages of other countries, are making us lose friends, business and respect in the world. Even here in the United States, we make few concessions to the needs of foreign visitors. There are no information signs in four languages on our public buildings or monuments; we do not have multilingual guided tours. Very few restaurant menus have translations, and multilingual waiters, bank clerks and policemen are rare. Our transportation systems have maps in English only and often we ourselves have difficulty understanding them. When we go abroad, we tend to cluster in hotels and restaurants where English is spoken. Then attitudes and information we pick up are conditioned by those natives—usually the richer —who speak English. Our business dealings, as well as the nation's diplomacy, are conducted through interpreters. For many years, America and Americans could get by with cultural blindness and linguistic ignorance. After all America is the most powerful country of the free world, the distributor needed funds and goods. But all that is past. American dollars no longer buy all good things, and we are slowly beginning to realize that our proper role in the world is changing. A 1979 Harris poll reported that 55 percent of Americans want this country to play a moresignificant role in world affairs; we want to have a hand in the important decisions of the next century, even though it may not always be the upper hand.16.It can be inferred that Americans being approached too closely by Middle Easterners would most probably______.A stand stillB jump asideC step forwardD draw back17.The author gives many examples to criticize Americans for their______.A cultural self-centerednessB casual mannersC indifference towards foreign visitorsD arrogance towards other countries18.In countries other than their own most Americans______.A are isolated by the local peopleB are not well informed due to the language barrierC tend to get along well with the nativesD need interpreters in hotels and restaurants19.According to the author, Americans' cultural blindness and linguistic ignorance will______.A affect their image in the new eraB cut themselves off from the outside worldC limit their role in world affairsD weaken the position of the US dollar20.The author's intention in writing this article is to make Americans realizethat______.A it is dangerous to ignore their foreign friendsB it is important to maintain their leading role in world affairsC it is necessary to use several languages in public placesD it is time to get acquainted with other culturesHistorians have only recently begun to note the increase in demand for luxury goods and services that took place in 18th-century England. McKendrick has explored the Wedgwood firm's remarkable success in marketing luxury pottery; Plumb has written about the proliferation of provincial theaters, musical festivals, and children's toys and books. While the fact of this consumer revolution is hardly in doubt, three key questions remain: Who were the consumers? What were their motives? And what were the effects of the new demand for luxuries? An answer to the first of these hasbeen difficult to obtain. Although it has been possible to infer from the goods and services actually produced what manufactures and servicing trades thought their customers wanted, only a study of relevant personal documents written by actual consumers will provide a precise picture of who wanted what. We still need to know how large this consumer market was and how far down the social scale the consumer demand for luxury goods penetrated. With regard to this last question, we might note in passing that Thompson, while rightly restoring laboring people to the stage of 18th-century English history, has probably exaggerated the opposition of these people to the inroads of capitalist consumerism in general; for example, laboring people in eighteenth-century England readily shifted from home-brewed beer to standardized beer produced by huge, heavily capitalized urban breweries. To answer the question of why consumers became so eager to buy, some historians have pointed to the ability of manufacturers to advertise in a relatively uncensored press. This, however, hardly seems a sufficient answer. McKendrick favors a Veblen model of conspicuous consumption stimulated by competition for status. The "middling sort" bought goods and services because they wanted to follow fashions set by the rich. Again, we may wonder whether this explanation is sufficient. Do not people enjoy buying things as a form of self-gratification? If so, consumerism could be seen as a product of the rise of new concepts of individualism and materialism(a preoccupation with or stress upon material rather than intellectual or spiritual things), but not necessarily of the frenzy for conspicuous competition. Finally, what were the consequences of this consumer demand for luxuries? McKendrick claims that it goes a long way toward explaining the coming of the Industrial Revolution. But does it? What, for example, does the production of high-quality pottery and toys have to do with the development of iron manufacture or textile mills? It is perfectly possible to have the psychology and reality of a consumer society without a heavy industrial sector. That future exploration of these key questions is undoubtedly necessary should not, however, diminish the force of the conclusion of recent studies: the insatiable demand in eighteenth-century England for frivolous as well as useful goods and services foreshadows our own world.21.In the first paragraph, the author mentions McKendrick and Plumb most probably in order to ______.A contrast their views on the subject of luxury consumerism in 18th-century EnglandB indicate the inadequacy of historiographical approaches to 18th-century English historyC give examples of historians who have helped to establish the fact of growing consumerism in 18th-century EnglandD support the contention that key questions about 18th-century consumerism remain to be answered22.Which of the following items, if preserved from 18th-century England, would provide an example of the kind of documents mentioned in lines 3-4, Paragraph 2?A A written agreement between a supplier of raw materials and a supplier of luxury goods.B A diary that mentions luxury goods and services purchased by its author.C A theater ticket stamped with the date and name of a particular play.D A payroll record from a company that produced luxury goods such as pottery.23.According to the text, Thompson attributes to laboring people in 18th-century England which of the following attitudes toward capitalist consumerism?A Enthusiasm.B Curiosity.C Ambivalence.D Hostility.24.In the third paragraph, the author is primarily concerned with______.A contrasting two theses and offering a compromiseB questioning two explanations and proposing a possible alternative to themC paraphrasing the work of two historians and questioning their assumptionsD examining two theories and endorsing one over the other25.According to the text, 18th-century England and the contemporary world of the text readers are______.A dissimilar in the extent to which luxury consumerism could be said to be widespread among the social classesB dissimilar in their definitions of luxury goods and servicesC dissimilar in the extent to which luxury goods could be said to be stimulant of industrial developmentD similar in their strong demand for a variety of goods and servicesPity those who aspire to put the initials PhD after their names. After 16 years of closely supervised education, prospective doctors of philosophy are left more or less alone to write the equivalent of a large book. Most social-science postgraduates have still not completed their theses by the time their grant runs out after three years. They must then get a job and finish in their spare time, which can often take a further three years. By then, most new doctors are sick to death of the narrowly defined subject which has blighted their holidays and ruined their evenings. The Economic and Social Research Council, which gives grants to postgraduate social scientists, wants to get better value for money by cutting short this agony. It would like to see faster completion rates; until recently, only about 25% of PhD candidates were finishing within four years. The ESRC's response has been to stop PhD grants to all institutions where the proportion taking less than four years is below 10% ; in the first year of this policy the national average shot up to 39%. The ESRC feels vindicated in its toughness, and will progressively raise the threshold to 40% in two years. Unless completion rates improve further, this would exclude 55 out of 73 universities and polytechnics — including Oxford University, the London Schoolof Economics and the London Business School. Predictably, howls of protest have come from the universities, who view the blacklisting of whole institutions as arbitrary and negative. They point out that many of the best students go quickly into jobs where they can apply their research skills, but consequently take longer to finis their theses. Polytechnics with as few as two PhD candidates complain that they are penalized by random fluctuations in student performance. The colleges say there is no hard evidence to prove that faster completion rates result from greater efficiency rather than lower standards or less ambitious doctoral topics. The ESRC thinks it might not be a bad thing if PhD students were more modest in their aims. It would prefer to see more systematic teaching of research skills and fewer unrealistic expectations placed on young men and women who are undertaking their first piece of serious research. So in future its grants will be given only where it is convinced that students are being trained as researchers, rather than carrying out purely knowledge-based studies. The ESRC can not dictate the standard of thesis required by external examiners, or force departments to give graduates more teaching time. The most it can do is to try to persuade universities to change their ways. Recalcitrant professors should note that students want more research training and a less elaborate style of thesis, too.26.By time new doctors get a job and try to finish their theses in spare time, ______.A most of them died of some sicknessB their holidays and evenings have been ruined by their jobsC most of them are completely tired of the narrowly defined subjectD most of their grants run out27.Oxford University would be excluded out of those universities that receive PhD grants from ESRC, because the completion rate of its PhD students' theses within four years is lower than ______.A 25%B 40%C 39%D 10%28.All the following statements are the arguments against ESRC's policy EXCEPT______.A all the institutions on the blacklist are arbitrary and negativeB there is no hard evidence to prove that faster completion rates result from greater efficiency rather than lower standards or less ambitious doctoral topicsC many of the best students go quickly into jobs where they can apply their research skills, but consequently take longer to finish their diesesD some polytechnics are penalized by random fluctuations in student performance29.The ESRC would prefer______.A that me students were carrying out purely knowledge-based studies rather than being trained as researchersB to see higher standards of PhD students' theses and more ambitious doctoral topicsC more systematic teaching of research skills to fewer unrealistic expectations placed on inexperienced young PhD studentsD that PhD students were less modest in their aims30.What the ESRC can do is to______.A force departments to give graduates more teaching timeB try to persuade universities to change their waysC dictate me standard of diesis required by external examinersD note mat students want more research training and less elaborate style of thesis2. English-Chinese Translation1.Washington Irving grasped this fact nearly a hundred years ago when he wrote: "The stranger who would form a correct opinion of English character must go forth into the country. He must sojourn in villages and hamlets; he must visit castles, villas, farmhouses, cottages; he must wander through parks and gardens, along hedges and green lanes; he must loiter about country churches, attend wakes and fairs and other rural festivals, and cope with me people in all their conditions and all their habits and humors. "2.The impact of decentralization trends, of course, extends well beyond cities. Sprawling development patterns are destabilizing many of the suburbs that surround America's cities. Older suburbs are experiencing the same challenges as cities: failing schools, persistent crime, and the loss of jobs and businesses to other, further out suburbs. Even suburban areas that are developing rapidly are finding that explosive growth has its drawbacks, especially in the form of overcrowded schools, but also in long commutes and the inability of local governments to pay for new roads, sewers, and other infrastructure.3. Chinese-English Translation1.发展中国家的人们若为移民问题操心，往往是想到硅谷或发达国家的医院和大学去创造自己最辉煌的未来。

1/10【育明教育】中国考研考博专业课辅导第一品牌官方网站： 12015年北京师范大学考研指导育明教育，创始于2006年，由北京大学、中国人民大学、中央财经大学、北京外国语大学的教授投资创办，并有北京大学、武汉大学、中国人民大学、北京师范大学复旦大学、中央财经大学、等知名高校的博士和硕士加盟，是一个最具权威的全国范围内的考研考博辅导机构。

更多详情可联系育明教育孙老师。

专业代码、名称及研究方向招生人数考试科目备注011外国语言文学学院外文学院不公布、不出售历年的考研试题。

接收推免生比例为50%左右。

050201英语语言文学1301英美文学①101思想政治理论②243日语或244法语③721基础英语④941英语语言文学02翻译理论与实践同上2/10【育明教育】中国考研考博专业课辅导第一品牌官方网站： 2050202俄语语言文学901俄苏文学①101思想政治理论②241英语或243日语或244法语③761基础俄语④944俄语语言文学02俄语教学同上050205日语语言文学901日本文化①101思想政治理论②241英语或244法语③741基础日语④943日语语言文学02日本文学同上03日语语言与教学同上050211外国语言学243/10【育明教育】中国考研考博专业课辅导第一品牌官方网站： 3及应用语言学01语言学①101思想政治理论②243日语或244法语③721基础英语④942英语语言学及应用语言学02英语教学理论与实践同上这里所指的捷径并不是“速成班”、“点金法”，而是合理步骤，让你能够达到“事半功倍”。

相信现在还有很多同学仍然没有确定自己的目标专业院校，一直抱着等等看或者船到桥头自然直的态度，就这么在摸索中复习着。

虽然，我们也是在学习，在进步，但是这种指向性不明确针对性不准确的复习，肯定会消耗掉我们的一些精力和时间。

只有目标明确，才能有的放矢，事半功倍。

4/10【育明教育】中国考研考博专业课辅导第一品牌官方网站： 4尽早确定目标专业院校有很多同学认识不到目标对于行为指导的意义，以及对成功的重大影响力，也有同学自认为确定了目标，具体问了才知道原来所谓的目标就是考研，这个目标太宽泛了，指导不了我们的行为，起码不能很好的指导我们。

北京师范大学考博英语部分真题答案解析23.D解析：推断题。

本题考查作者对于现场表演的虔诚追随者的观点态度。

从文章第三段可知，作者自己选择听唱片/录音而不是听现场音乐会。

第四段开头作者提到，devoted concertgoers认为“录音不能代替现场表演”，但作者认为devoted concertgoers are missing the point(现场表演虔诚的追随者没有切中要害)，之后是论据支持作者的观点，作者认为These recordings are cheap,available everywhere,and very often much higher in artistic quality than today’s live performances，即录音便宜、容易得到，且通常比今天的现场音乐会有更高的艺术品质。

[D]项overestimate the value of live performances(高估了现场表演的价值)是对作者对于devoted concertgoers观点的高度概括，故为正确答案。

干扰项：选项[A]意思是“喜欢听现场音乐会的人忽视了现场表演的花销”，原文确实提到These recordings are cheap，但是这个选项片面，没有概括性。

选项[B]意思是“拒绝大多数种类演唱会录音”没有概括出作者对于devoted concertgoers的观点态度，太浅显，且与原文对devoted concertgoers的描述Devoted concertgoers who reply that recordings are no substitute for live performance…存在误差。

选项[C]意思是“夸大了现场表演的多样性”，原文没有提到。

（PS:The way to contact yumingkaobo TEL:si ling ling-liu liu ba-liu jiu qi ba QQ:772678537)24.D解析：推断题。

2015年考博英语语法真题重点整理（3）—动词的句型1、常见的动词句型（1）在表示感觉和心里状态的动词see，hear，feel，smell，listen(to)，notice，observe，smell，watch这类表示感觉的动词之后常跟“宾语+现在分词”的复合结构，这种动词与分词之间的宾语可以是普通名词或专有名词(人各等)，也可以是代词宾格(him，us等)。

例如： She smelt something burning and saw smoke rising．她闻到有东西在燃烧并看到有烟升起来了。

I watched them rehearsing the play．我看他们排演戏。

I could feel the wind blowing on my face．我能感觉到风在我脸上吹过。

（2)表示“致使”等意义的动词，如：catch，find，leave，give，have，get，set后也可跟上述的结构，有时也可跟过去分词结构。

例如：I caught them stealing my apples．我抓住他们偷我的苹果。

If she catches me reading her diary，she’ll be furious.如果她抓住我偷看她的日记，她会愤怒的。

We found him waiting to receive us．我们发现他正等着接待我们。

（3)go +现在分词表示“从事…”之意，这时现在分词做主语补语。

go之后所接现在分词均表示短暂而又愉快的户外活动。

如：jogging慢跑，fishing钓鱼，dancing跳舞，skating溜冰，bowling 打保龄球，shopping 购物，sightseeing游览，camping露营。

I’ll go camping tomorrow．我明天去露营。

I’ll go shopping．我去商店。

Would you like to go skating with me?你想和我去溜冰吗?（4)be busy + v-ing(现在分词)忙着做…I am busy writing my thesis．我正忙着写论文。

北师考研详解与指导1.二外日语汉字写假名，有手輕，開通，壊，好调假名写汉字，有出場，柔…第二题语法，第三题阅读三篇，个人觉得第三篇好难，然后翻译，就是说南京南站有个大厦用吊车在距离地面建了一个空中餐厅，供人们饮食欣赏风景之类的，最后作文：保护环境和我300字左右，我也是醉了…2.基础英语挖空填词，今年考了一个关于杀人犯杀人的故事第二题选标题，有多余选项，第三大题段落排序，呵呵，瞎选，第四题是关于blame teachers for the problems of education.翻译就是划几个线英译汉，作文来了：谈一谈关于why should one tell the truth if it's to one's advantage to tell the lies的看法，说明自己的理由，400字左右…3英美文学重点来了哈第一题今年居然是叫你根据选段写作者或作品第一个是培根的论学习，第二个是雪莱的walks in the beauty第三个是忘了，第四个不会…下一题是解释文艺复兴时的人文主义，结合莎士比亚的作品来分析考研复试是研究生考试制度的重要组成部分，即通过研究生入学考试(初试)后参加的，由报考院校组织进行的第二次考试。

从2006年起，研究生招生加大了复试的权重，有的招生单位甚至把复试的权重加大为百分之五十，这就要求考生具有真才实学并具备更高的应变能力。

一般来说，考研复试分为笔试和面试。

但是在这两部分，学校与学校之间的复试结构与考查方式会有比较大的区别。

以中国人民大学为例，复试笔试包括英语笔试和专业课笔试，复试面试包括专业课面试和英语面试，并由评委老师打分，最后综合初试成绩加权重得出最后的总成绩，排名确定录取名单。

有些同学担心初试结束后如何准备复试，在这里给大家选准以下四个切入点给大家一些建议。

一、早作打算一旦觉得初试发挥出了应有水平，就应该在短暂休息后着手复试，这是复试态度问题。

2015年博士生入学考试外语真题中国社会科学院研究生院2015年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷英语2015年3月14 日8:30 – 11:30PART I: Vocabulary and GrammarSection A (10 points)Directions: Choose the answer that best fills in the blank.1. Even the president is not really the CEO. No one is. Power in a corporation is concentrated and vertically structured. Power in Washington is ______________ and horizontally spread out.a. prudentb. reversiblec. diffused. mandatory2. In describing the Indians of the various sections of the United States at different stages in their history, some of the factors which account for their similarity amid difference can be readily accounted for, others are difficult to _______________.a. refineb. discernc. embedd. cluster3. The partial transfer of legislative powers from Westminster, implemented by T ony Blair, wasdesigned to give the other members of the club a bigger ______________ and to counter centrifugal forces that seemed to threaten the very idea of the union.a. sayb. transmissionc. decayd. contention4. It can hardly be denied the proliferation of so-called dirty books and films has, to date, reached almost a saturation point. People do not acknowledge the _______________ fact that children are bound to be exposed to ―dirty words‖in a myriad of ways other than through the public airwaves.a.i rrefutableb. concretec. inevitabled. haphazard5. A condition is an essential term of the contract. If a contract is not performed, it may constitute a substantial breach of contract and allow the other party to _______________ the contract, that is, treat the contract as discharged or terminated.a. repudiateb. spurnc. declined. halt6. Each of us shares with the community in which we live a store of words as well as agreed conventions ______________ these words should be arranged to convey a particular message. a. as the way by which b. by the way in whichc. as to the way in whichd. in the way of which7. Rarely ______________ a technological development _______________ an impact on many aspects of social, economic, and cultural development as greatly as the growth of electronics.a. has… hadb. had…hadc. has…hasd. have…had8. If early humans ______________ as much as they did, they probably ______________ to evolve into different species.a. did not move and intermingle…would continueb. would not move and intermingle…had continuedc. had not moved and intermingled…would have continuedd. were not to move and intermingle…could have continued9. It was ______________ the last time around the track ______________ I really kicked itin--passing the gossiping girlfriends, blocking out the whistles of boys who had already completed their run and now were hanging out on the grassy hill, I ran--pushing hard, breathing shallowly, knowing full well that I was going to have to hear about it from my disapproving friends for the next few days.a. not until…whenb. not until…thatc. until…whend. until…that10．One impediment ______________ the general use of a standard in pronunciation is the fact ______________ pronunciation is learnt naturally and unconsciously, while orthography is learnt deliberately and consciously.a. in…whichb. of …in whichc. on…thatd. to…thatSection B (5 points)Directions: Choose the word that is the closest in meaning with the underlined word.11. It is some 15 million Hindus, Sikhs and Muslims swept up in a tumultuous shuffle of citizensbetween India and Pakistan after the partition of the subcontinent in 1947.a. divisionb. turmoilc. fusiond. consolidation12. Concerning speculation, philosophy looks upon things from the broadest possible perspective;for criticism, it has the twofold role of questioning and judging everything that pertains either to the foundations or to the superstructure of human thinking.a. inebriatesb. forsakesc. relatesd. emaciates13. Meeting is, in fact, a necessary though not necessarily productive psychological side show.Perhaps it is our civilized way to moderating，if not preventing, change.a. promotingb. impedingc. temperingd. arresting14. The truth about alliances and their merit probably lies somewhere between the travel utopiapresented by the players and the evil empires portrayed bytheir critics.a. collaborationb. worthc. triumphd. defect15. But Naifeh and Smith reveal a keen intellect, an avid reader and a passionate observer of otherartists’ work who progressed from labored figure studies to inspir ed outbursts of creative energy.Far from an artistic flash in the pan, he pursued his calling with dogged determination against nearly insurmountable odds.a. insuperableb. unsurpassablec. uncountabled. invaluableSection C (5 points)Directions: Choose the letter that indicates the error in the sentence.16.One of the most important non-legislative functions of the U.S. Congress is the power toinvestigate, which is usually delegated to committees—either standing committees, specialA Bcommittees set for a specific purpose, or joint committees consisting of members of bothC Dhouses.17.One of the important corollaries to the investigative power is the power to publicizeinvestigations and their results. Most committee hearings areopen to public and are reportedA Bwidely in the mass media. Congressional investigations thus represent one important toolCavailable to lawmakers to inform the citizenry and to arouse public interest in national issues.D18.It is not a voice we recognize at once, whereas our own handwriting is something which weA Balmost always know. We begin the natural learning of pronunciation long before we start Clearning to read or write, and in our early years we go on unconsciously imitating andDpracticing the pronunciation of those around us for many hours everyday.19. It had happened too often that the farmers sold their wheat soon after harvest when farm debtsAwere coming due, only to see prices rising and speculators getting rich. On various occasions,Bproducer groups, asked firmer control, but the government had no wish to become involved, atCleast not until wartime when wheat prices threatened to run wild.D20.Detailed studies of the tribe by the food scientists at the University of London showed thatAgathering is a more productive source of food than is hunting. An hour of hunting yields onB Caverage about 100 edible calories as an hour of gathering produces 240.DPART II: Reading comprehension (30 points)Directions: Choose the best answers based on the information in the passages below. Passage 1Plato’s Republic has been the source of great consternation, especially in literary circles, for itsattack on the poets. Socrates in fact asserts that they should have no place in the ideal state. Eric Havelock suggests that there are several misunderstandings in this regard, and in his Preface to Plato he identifies the issues, explains the historical context.Havelock opens his discussion by suggesting that the very title of the Republic is the source of much confusion. The book is commonly understood to be a treatise on the ideal political entity, but even a casual analysis will show that only one-third of the text is concerned with statecraft. The other two-thirds cover a variety of su bjects, but the thrust of Plato’s argument amounts to an attack on the traditional Greek approach to education.The educational methods still in use in the 4th century BC had their origins in what has been called the Greek Dark Age beginning around 1200 BC when the Mycenaean era collapsed. Very little is known about the whys and wherefores of this collapse, but it wasn’t until around 700 BC that the Phoenicianalphabet began to be adapted and used in the Greek-speaking world. During the intervening centuries, all knowledge concerning Greek history, culture, mores and laws were orally transmitted down through the generations. The most effective device in aid of memorizing vast amounts of information was rhyme. The epic form we see in Homer’s Iliad grew out of the need to preserve the Greek cultural memory. Havelock takes the reader through Book 1 of The Iliad and dissects it in detail to show how this cultural, historical and ethical heritage was conveyed. The Iliad takes on new and significant meaning to the reader of this minute examination.The Iliad and presumably other poetic vehicles were taught to children from an early age. The whole of the Greek-speaking world was immersed in the project of memorizing, and out of the masses arose those individuals with superior memories and theatrical skills who became the next generation of minstrels and teachers. Education was thus comprised of memorization and rote learning, and the people enjoyed constant reminders through public readings and festivals.Plato’s focus in the Republic and elsewhere is on Homer and Hesiod and to some extent the dramatists which at the time were the centerpieces of the educational regime. Their works presented gods and heroes as fundamentally immoral and thus bad examples for youth. The overall result is that the Greek adolescent is continually conditioned to an attitude which at bottom is cynical. It is more important to keep up appearances than to practice the reality. Decorum and decent behavior are not obviously violated, but the inner principle of morality is. Once the Republic is viewed as a critique of the educational regime, Havelock says that the logic of its total organization becomesclear.What Pl ato was railing against was an ―oral state of mind‖ which seems to have persisted even though the alphabet and written documentation had been in use for three centuries. Illiteracy was thus stil l a widespread problem in Plato’s time, and the poetic state of mind was the main obstacle to scientific rationalism and analysis. This is why Plato regarded the poetic or oral state of mind as the arch-enemy. In his teachings he did the opposite. He ask ed his students to ―think about what they were sa ying instead of just saying it.‖The epic had become, in Plato’s view, not ―an act of creation bu t an act of reminder and recall‖ and cont ributed to what Havelock terms ―the Homeric state of mind.‖It was So crates’project (and by extension Plato’s) to reform Greek education to encourage thinking and analysis. Thus all the ranting and railing about the ―poets‖ in Plato’s Republic was limited basically to Homer and Hesiod because of what he viewed as a wholly inadequate approach to education of which these particular poets were an integral part.Unfortunately, Western culture has misconstrued wh at Plato and Socrates meant by ―the poets.‖And because we view poetry as a highly creative and elevated form of expression, our critics have failed to recognize that Plato’s diatribe had a very specific and limited target which had nothing to do with high-minded creativity, of which there is plenty, by the way, in the proscribed poet s. It wasn’t really the poets who were the problem; it was the use of them that was deemed unacceptable.Post-Havelock, we can now read the Republic with the scales lifted from our eyes and see it for what it really was: an indictment of an antiquated educational regime which had no place in a democratic society.Comprehension Questions:21. The mistaken understanding of Plato's Republic consists in the widespread belief that it consistsof _______________.a.literary criticismb. a treatise on the ideal polityc. a critique of rationalismd. an indictment of an obsolete pedagogy22. According to Havelock, Plato’s anger with the poets arose from:I: Their representation of gods and heroes as fundamentally immoral and thus bad examples for youth.II: Their transmission of culture, mores and laws.a. I.b. II.c. Both I and II.d. Neither I nor II.23. Prior to the 4th century BC, recitation was considered the best educational method because______________.a.poetry was seen as a highly creative and elevated form of expressionb.rhyme was the most effective device in aid of memorizing vast amounts of informationc.there was no writing systemd.the people enjoyed constant reminders through public readings and festivals24. In Plato's diatribe the poetic or oral state of mind is the arch-enemy of _______________.a.democratic societyb. the Mycenaean Republicc .the Phoenicians d. literacy25. A common critique of the present-day Chinese educational system resembles the educationalsystem that Plato fulminated against in that it often _______________.a.asks students to think about what they were saying instead of just saying it/doc/8e18884558.htmlprises of memorization and rote learningc.has a very specific and limited targetd.encourages thinking and analysisPassage 2To govern is to choose how the revenue raised from taxes is spent. So far so good, or bad. But some people earn more money than others. Should they pay proportionately more money to the government than those who earn less? And if they do pay more money are they entitled to more services than those who pay less or those who pay nothing at all? And should those who pay nothing at all because they have nothing get anything? These matters are of irritable concern to ourrulers, and of some poignancy to the rest.Although the equality of each citizen before the law is the rock upon which the American Constitution rests, economic equality has never been an American ideal. In fact, it is the one unmentionable subject in our politics, as the senator from South Dakota recently discovered when he came up with a few quasi-egalitarian tax reforms. The furious and enduring terror of Communism in America is not entirely the work of those early cold warriors Truman and Acheson.A dislike of economic equality is something deep-grained in the American Protestant character. After all, given a rich empty continent for vigorous Europeans to exploit (the Indians were simply a disagreeable part of the emptiness, like chiggers), any man of gumption could make himself a good living. With extra hard work, any man could make himself a fortune, proving that he was a better man than the rest. Long before Darwin the American ethos was Darwinian.The vision of the rich empty continent is still a part of the American unconscious in spite of the Great Crowding and its attendant miseries; and this lingering belief in the heaven any man can make for himself through hard work and clean living is a key to the majority’s prevailing and apparently unalterable hatred of the poor, kept out of sight at home, out of mind abroad.Yet there has been, from the beginning, a significant division in our ruling class. The early Thomas Jefferson had a dream: a society of honest yeomen, engaged in agricultural pursuits, without large cities, heavy industry, banks, military pretensions. The early (and the late) Alexander Hamilton wanted industry, banks, cities, and a military force capable of making itself felt in world politics. It is a nice irony that so many of toda y’s laissez-faire conservatives think that they descend from Hamilton, the proponent of a strong federal government, and that so many liberals believe themselves to be the heirs of the early Jefferson, who wanted little more than a police force and a judiciary. Always practical, Jefferson knew that certain men would rise through their own good efforts while, sadly, others would fall. Government would do no more than observe this Darwinian spectacle benignly, and provide no succor.In 1800 the Hamiltonian view was rejected by the people andtheir new President Thomas Jefferson. Four years later, the Hamiltonian view had prevailed and was endorsed by the reelected Jefferson. Between 1800 and 1805 Jefferson had seen to it that an empire in posse had become an empire in esse. The difference between Jefferson I and Jefferson II is reflected in the two inaugural addresses.It is significant that nothing more elevated than greed changed the Dr. Jekyll of Jefferson I into the Mr. Hyde of Jefferson II. Like his less thoughtful countrymen, Jefferson could not resist a deal. Subverting the Constitution he had helped create, Jefferson bought Louisiana from Napoleon, acquiring its citizens without their consents. The author of the Declaration of Independence was quite able to forget the unalienable rights of anyone whose property he thought should be joined to our empire—a word which crops up frequently and unselfconsciously in his correspondence.In the course of land-grabbing, Jefferson II managed to get himself into hot water with France, England, and Spain simultaneously, a fairly astonishing thing to do considering the state of politics in Napoleonic Europe.Comprehension Questions:26. The author believes that Americans ________________.a. still believe America to be largely unpopulatedb. largely believe in lower taxationc. are in favor of taxation without representationd. should reconsider the Louisiana purchase27. From the passage, we may assume that the senator from South Dakota _______________.a. opposed tax reformb. was Thomas Jeffersonc. failed in his attempt to reform tax lawd. was Alexander Hamilton28. Jefferson made it possible for ________________.a. a potential empire to become a real oneb. tax laws to reflect the will of the peoplec. France, England, and Spain to simultaneously vacillate upon their mutual feelings towardsthe United States.d. Darwinian social theories to be accepted without question29. Jefferson’s early political writings espoused what would today b e called _______________.a. collectivismb. libertarianismc. socialismd. liberalism30. The author holds that Jefferson’s purchase of the Louisiana territories _______________.a. may be seen as a hypocritical actb. rigorously held with his previous views of inalienable rightsc. cannot be seen as an act of empire-expansiond. was an act meant to lower taxes and improve the wealth of the nationPassage 3If, besides the accomplishments of being witty and ill-natured, a man is vicious into the bargain, he is one of the most mischievous creatures that can enter into a civil society. His satire will then chiefly fall upon those who ought to be the most exempt from it. Virtue, merit, and everything that is praiseworthy, will be made the subject of ridicule and buffoonery. It is impossible to enumerate the evils which arise from these arrowsthat fly in the dark; and I know no other excuse that is or can be made for them, than that the wounds they give are only imaginary, and produce nothing more than a secret shame or sorrow in the mind of the suffering person. It must indeed be confessed that a lampoon or a satire do not carry in them robbery or murder; but at the same time, how many are there that would not rather lose a considerable sum of money, or even life itself, than be set up as a mark of infamy and derision? And in this case a man should consider that an injury is not to be measured by the notions of him that gives, but of him that receives it. Those who can put the best countenance upon the outrages of this nature which are offered them, are not without their secret anguish. I have often observed a passage in Socrates’ behavio r at his death in a light wherein none of the critics have considered it. That excellent man entertaining his friends a little before he drank the bowl of poison, with a discourse on the immortality of the soul, at his entering upon it says that he does not believe any the most comic genius can censure him for talking upon such a subject at such at a time. This passage, I think, evidently glances upon Aristophanes, who write a comedy on purpose to ridicule the discourses of that divine philosopher. It has been observed by many writers that Socrates was so little moved at this piece of buffoonery, that he was several times present at its being acted upon the stage, and never expressed the least resentment of it. But, with submission, I think the remark I have here made shows us that this unworthy treatment made an impression uponhis mind, though he had been too wise to discover it. When Julius Caesar was lampooned by Catullus, he invited him to a supper, and treated him with such a generous civility, that hemade the poet his friend ever after. Cardinal Mazarine gave the same kind of treatment to the learned Quillet, who had reflected upon his eminence in a famous Latin poem. The cardinal sent for him, and, after some kind expostulations upon what he had written, assured him of his esteem, and dismissed him with a promise of the next good abbey that should fall, which he accordingly conferred upon him in a few months after. This had so good an effect upon the author, that he dedicated the second edition of his book to the cardinal, after having expunged the passages which had given him offence. Though in the various examples which I have here drawn together, these several great men behaved themselves very differently towards the wits of the age who had reproached them, they all of them plainly showed that they were very sensible of their reproaches, and consequently that they received them as very great injuries. For my own part, I would never trust a man that I thought was capable of giving these secret wounds; and cannot but think that he would hurt the person, whose reputation he thus assaults, in his body or in his fortune, could he do it with the same security. There is indeed something very barbarous and inhuman in the ordinary scribblers of lampoons. I have indeed heard of heedless, inconsiderate writers that, without any malice, have sacrificed the reputation of their friends and acquaintance to a certain levity of temper, and a silly ambition of distinguishing themselves by a spirit of raillery and satire; as if it were not infinitely more honourable to be a good-natured man than a wit. Where there is this little petulant humor in an author, he is often very mischievous without designing to be so.Comprehension Questions:31. According to the author, those who want to trivializesatire tend to suggest that_______________.a. the damage is immaterialb. the effect is mere buffooneryc. wit is a streak of geniusd. the mischief must be taken in a spirit of raillery32. What would be the best strategy for the object of satire to adopt, according to the author?a. To take no heed.b. To placate the author.c. To take offence.d. To suffer the consequences.33. The main purpose of this article is ________________.a. the derision of the perpetrators of satireb. a warning against mischievous scribblersc. creating understanding of the genred. reproaching fellow satirists34. When the author speaks of ―this little petulant humor‖it is evident that he means________________.a. good-natured witb. the choleric temperc. a silly ambitiond. submission35. In view of the opinion of the author, it is unlikely that the author is a ________________.a. man of lettersb. satiristc. witd. a good-natured man Passage 4Alexander the Great’s conquests in the Eastern Mediterranean initiated a series of profound cultural transformations in the ancient centers of urban civilization of the Fertile Crescent. The final destruction of native rule and the imposition of an alien elite culture instigated a cultural discourse—Hellenism—which irrevocably marked all participants, both conquerors and conquered. This discourse was particularly characterized by a transformation of indigenous cultural traditions, necessitated by their need to negotiate their place in a new social order. As Bowerstock has argued, the process of Hellenization did not accomplish the wholesale replacement of indigenous cultural traditions with Greek civilization. Instead, it provided a new cultural vocabulary through which much pre-existing cultural tradition was often able to find new expression. This phenomenon is especially intriguing as it relates to language and literacy. The ancient civilizations of the Syro-Mesopotamian and Egyptian cultural spheres were, of course, literate, possessing indigenous literary traditions already of great antiquity at the time of the Macedonian conquests. The disenfranchisement of traditional elites by the imposition of Greek rule had the related effect of displacing many of the traditional social structures where in indigenous literacy functioned and was taught—in particular, the institutions of the palace and the temple. A new language of power, Greek, replaced the traditional language of these institutions. This had the unavoidable effect of displacing the traditional writing systems associated with these indigenous languages. Traditional literacy’s longstanding association with the centers of social and political authority began to be eroded.Naturally, the eclipse of traditional, indigenous literacy did not occur overnight. The decline of Cuneiform and Hieroglyphicliteracies was a lengthy process. Nor was the nature of their respective declines identical. Akkadian, the ancient language of Mesopotamian court and temple culture, vanished forever, along with cuneiform writing, in the first century CE. Egyptian lived on beyond the disappearance of hieroglyphic in the fourth century CE in the guise of Coptic, to succumb as a living, spoken language of daily social intercourse only after the Islamic conquest of Egypt. Even then, Coptic survives to this day as the liturgical language of the Coptic Orthodox Church. This latter point draws attention to an aspect of the decline of these indigenous literacies worthy of note: it is in the sphere of religion that these literacies are often preserved longest, after they have been superseded in palace circles—the last dated cuneiform text we have is an astrological text; the last dated hieroglyphic text a votive graffito. This should cause little surprise. The sphere of religion is generally one of the most conservative of cultural subsystems. The local need to negotiate the necessities of daily life and individual and collective identity embodied in traditional religious structures is slow to change and exists in ongoing dialogue with the more readily changeable royal and/or state ideologies that bind various locales together in an institutional framework.The process of ―Hellenization‖ of the an cient cultures of the Eastern Mediterranean provides us, then, with an opportunity to observe the on-going effect on traditional, indigenous literacy of the imposition of a new status language possessed of its own distinct writing system. The cultural politics of written and spoken language-use in such contexts has been much discussed and it is clear that the processes leading to the adoption of a new language—in written form, or spoken form, or both—in some cultural spheres and the retention of traditional languages inothers are complex. Factors including the imposition of a new language from above, adoption of a new language of social prestige from below, as well as preservation of older idioms of traditional statusin core cultural institutions, must have affected different sectors of a conquered society in different fashions and at different rates.Comprehension Questions:36. The languages that have to some extent managed to survive Hellenization did so in what area?a. In palace circles.b. In governmental institutions.c. In the religious sphere.d. In philological circles.37. Which aspect of society, according to the passage, is one of the most resistant to change?a. Monarchical institutions.b. Religious institutions.c. Linguistic norms.d. State ideologies.38. In the first paragraph, you saw the underlined word disenfranchisement. Choose, among thefollowing expressions, the closest in similar meaning.a. the removal of power, right and/or privilegeb. a strong sense of disappointmentc. the prohibition of the right to conduct businessd. the loss of social position39. Who was the leader of the Macedonian Conquest?a. King Philip of Macedon.b. Pericles of Athens.。