实用英语词汇学

LexicologyRoots Meanings Wordsa-negativeacro- heightAcu- make sharp acumen(敏锐)Acute(敏锐的，严重的，急性的) adroit clever and skillfull be ~ at agogue- leading demagogue(煽动家)demagoguery(煽动言论) agora- market place-aise ease(comfort) malaise(疾病) -Algia pain nostalgia(怀旧，思乡) altru/alter- other altruist(无私的人)alternate(轮流的) ambi- both ambivert(双性格的人)ambidextrous(双手共用的，技艺高超的)ambidexterity n. ambulo- to walk ambulatory(可移动的，步行的)perambulatory(婴儿车)perambulate(漫游，闲逛)preamble(前言，序文) ana- up anatomy(解剖学) andr male philander animus- mind equanimity(平静) Antropo- mankind anthropologist Arch- to rule patriarch(鼻祖) Articulus- joint articulate(发音，清晰)Inarticulate(由于…说不出话) Ascet- monk astetic（苦行僧）asceticism(苦行主义) Astron- star astronomy(天文)Astronomical(天文学的)Astrology（星相学）Astrologer(占星术家)AstronautAstronautics(航空学)Astrophysics(天文物理) Aster- star-shaped flower asterisk(星号) Auglu- english auglophile(亲英排) Bene- benign benign(亲切的，良性的)Benediction(祝福)Beneficent(做好事的)Benefactor(恩人，做好事的人)Benevolent(仁慈的)Beneficiary(受益人) Biblio- book bibliophile(藏书家) Bio- life biology(生物学)Biography（传记）Biopsy(活体检查)Autobiography(自传) Botan- plant botany(植物学)Botanist(植物学家) Cardi- heart cardiogram(心电图)Cardiograph(心电图仪器)Cardiologist(心脏病医生)Cardiac(心脏病的，心脏的) -cide to kill suicideSororicide(杀姐妹)Homicide(杀人)Uxoricide（杀妻）Regicide(弑君)Genocide(种族灭绝)Fratricide(弑兄)Mariticide(弑夫)Infancticide(杀婴儿) Circum- around circumlocution(迂回) Cla- to breakClaustrum- enclosed spaceCol/cor- together,with colloquial(口语的，非正式的) Com/con- together,with compareComparableComparative(相对的) Credo- to believe credulous(轻信的)Credible(可信的)Incredulous(怀疑的)Credential(证件，国书)Creed(信念，宗教信仰) Dema/demo people democracy(民主)Democrat(民主人士)Demography(人口统计学) Derm/dermat/dersim- skin epidermis(表皮)Pachyderm(大型厚皮动物)Dermatitis(皮肤炎) Dia- through diaphanous(半透明的) Dic- say,tell malediction(诅咒，诽谤) Dicho- in two dichotomyDiletare- to delightDipsa- thirstDono- to give donor（捐赠人）Condone（宽恕，弥补）Dor- back dorsum(背部)Endorse(支持，在背面写字)Endorsement(签字，代言) Ec- out eccentric(古怪的) Ego- I,self egoist(自私的)Egotist(自夸的)Egoism(自我主义)Egocentric(自我为中心的)Egomaniac(利己狂) Epi- on/upon epitome Equ- equal equivocate(说模棱两可的话)Equity(公正，股票)Equable(平稳的) Estrian- person equestrian(骑马的) Ex- out exurban(远郊的)Extro- outward extrovert(外向的人) Fatigue- to tire indefatigable(不知疲倦的)Fec/fic/fac to do or make malficent(犯罪的)Malefactor(罪犯) Fer- to bear or to carry vociferous(大声的) Fide- faith,trust bonafide(真正的，有效地)Fidelity(忠诚)Infidel（不忠的，异教徒）Infidelity(无宗教信仰的，对配偶不忠的) Frater- brother fraternize(与。

Word-formationWord-formation Word-formation or or or word-building word-building word-building is is that that branch branch branch of of of lexicology lexicology lexicology which which which studies studies studies the the the patterns patterns patterns on on which a language, in this case, the English language, coins new words. Percentage of new words coined by the different word-formation processes after World War The three major processes of word formation: Composition or CompoundingDefinition : Compounding is a word-formation process consisting of joining two or or more more more bases bases bases to to to form form form a a a new new new unit, unit, unit, a a a compound compound compound word. word. word. Compounding Compounding Compounding is is is the the the most most productive word-formation process in contemporary English . Identity crisis 个性危机stand-up collar 竖领hit-and-run tactics 打了就跑的战术spoon-feed 填鸭式灌输，娇养糊里糊涂muddle-headed/minded 笨嘴笨舌heavy-tongued 无忧无虑carefree 饱经风霜weather-beaten/worn 令人心碎heart-breaking 半死不活dead-alive/dead-and-alive 不合时宜ill-timed/badly-timed 批量生产mass-produce Compounds are very often used because of their brevity and vividness. For example, A schoolboy is more concise than “a boy attending school ”; “U p-to-the-minute information information” ” is more vivid than “the latest information ”; “The The old old old man man man would would would sit sit sit for for for hours, hours, hours, thinking thinking thinking sadly sadly sadly of of of all all all the the might-have-beens ” ” is is is more more compact and expressive than “…thinking sadly of the desirable things that could have happened in the past .”The relative criteria of a compound wordOrthographic criterion (书写标准) : Compounds are written in three ways, e.g. solid: airmail ;hyphenated: air-conditioning ; open: air force, air raid.Phonological criterion (语音标准) : Compound accent: a single stress on the first element; or a main stress on the first element and a secondary stress on the second element. E.g. 'blackboard, 'blue ‘bottle (a large buzzing fly with blue body ) ) Normal phrase accent : : a a a secondary secondary secondary stress stress stress on on on the the the first first first element element element and and and a a a main main main stress stress stress on on on the the second element. E.g. ‘ blue 'bottle (a bottle which is blue) Semantic criterion (语义标准) : A compound is a combination forming a unit expressing a a single single single idea. idea. idea. The The The lexical lexical lexical meaning meaning meaning of of of the the the components components components are are are closely closely closely joined joined joined together together together to to to create create create a a compound compound with with with a a a meaning meaning meaning which which which one one one can can can easily easily easily recognize, recognize, recognize, e.g. e.g. e.g. backdoor, backdoor, backdoor, sunset, sunset, sunset, workday. workday. However, the meaning of a compound is not always the sum of the meanings of its parts, e.g. dog days, flatfoot ( a policeman), greenhouse, greenback (美钞)，green-hand(生手), greenroom （演员休息室）, mother wit （天生的智力）, Indian paper （字典纸）. More examples:home letters(家信), home voyage （归程）, home life （家庭生活）, home affairs （家庭事务），home bird （不爱外出的人）（不爱外出的人）, home economics （家政学）, home front （大后方）, home games （在本地举行的比赛）, home help （家务女佣）（家务女佣）, homemaker （主妇）（主妇）, home plate（棒球的本垒打）, home sickness （思家病）（思家病）. Word order: A flower pot (花盆) a pot flower (盆花) tiptoe(脚尖) deaf-mute （聋哑者）（聋哑者）Some of them were influenced by French : court martial(军事法庭) ; president elect （当选总统）; ambassador designate （尚未上任的大使）（尚未上任的大使）Classification of compoundsCompounds can be classified according to parts of speech of the compounds . noun compounds : airplane , flower potadjective compounds: w eather-beaten weather-beaten , snowwhite verb compounds: p roof-read, proof-read, baby-sit proposition compounds: notwithstanding, alongside of conjunction compounds : whenever ,whereas pronoun compounds: a nother another , myselfThe three commonest types are noun compounds, adjective compounds, andverb compounds.noun compounds• Noun + nounrainwater 雨水; ; springwater springwater 泉水; ; houseplants houseplants 室内植物;fireball 火球火球 ; ; firecracker firecracker 鞭炮 ; spacecraft/spaceship 太空船；spacesuits 太空服；mousemat ； 鼠标垫鼠标垫 Dream Team ；bar code 条形码；条形码； lip service 口头上说得好听的话；口头上说得好听的话； information highway 信息高速公路； science fiction 科幻小说；科幻小说； sugar cane 甘蔗；gaslight 煤气灯；煤气灯；• Noun + verbdaybreak 拂晓； nightfall 夜幕降临；sunset/sunrise 日落， earthquake 地震；landslip/landslide (山体滑坡)； headache toothache ；stomachache ；heartbeat drumbeat ； footbeat 脚步节拍 ； wingbeat 翅翼振动 ； window-dress 布置橱窗；布置橱窗； water-supply 自来水自来水 ； snowfall 降雪量； toothpick 牙签；牙签； haircut ； pickpocket ； scarecrow 稻草人稻草人 ( scare the crow) • V erb + noun cry baby (爱哭的婴儿)； playboy (花花公子) ；glowworm (发光虫)； watch-dog (看家狗), swearword （骂人话）, breakwater （防波提）（防波提）, driveway （车道）, jump suit （伞兵跳伞服，连衣裤工作服）；rattle snake(响尾蛇响尾蛇) • V erb + adv / prep changeover (转变进程) ； setback (挫折挫折)； breakdown (崩溃)， show-off(炫耀), slip-up（疏忽，不幸事故）, put-off （推迟，搪塞）, follow-up （连续广告法）（连续广告法）sit-in, dropout, breakdown, walk-on, walkout, setback, take-off• Adjective + nounclear-way(超速道路), easy-chair, deadline, hard disk, soft disk ，red tape(官样文章官样文章) • adverb + noununder-clothes(内衣), after-effect （后效，副作用）（后效，副作用）, upgrade（升级）, overburden • V+ing + nounchewing gum(口香糖), baking powder （发酵粉）, reading lamp （台灯）, lodging house （分间出租供人休息用的房屋），leading article(社论), working party （作业队）（作业队）• Adverb + verb outlet(出口), upset （颠覆）（颠覆）, downfall （垮台，陷落）（垮台，陷落）, upstart （暴发户）（暴发户）, onflow （滚滚向前）前）adjective compounds• Pre-modifier VS. Post-modifier Post-modifier ( ( ( describe describe describe a a a noun noun noun phrase phrase phrase or or or restrict restrict restrict its its its meaning meaning meaning in in some way) • Compound modifiers, because of their expressiveness and brevity, are used quite flexibly in current English, especially in journalistic writings. • noun + adjective• skin-hungry, power-hungry, news-hungry, career-hungry (急于成名的) , bloodthirsty • duty-free, tax-free, fat-free, toll-free, maintenance-free, dust-free, interest-free, care-free, ice-free, danger-free, nuclear-weapon-free • water-proof, fire-proof, bullet-proof, rain-proof, bomb-proof, vibration-proof • air-sick, seasick, car-sick, home-sick, heartsick (沮丧的) • user-friendly, reader-friendly • profit-conscious,time-conscious, class-conscious, environment-conscious, security-conscious • slap-happy(被打得晕头转向的) boxer ， trigger-happy (嗜杀成性的)gangster ， travel-happy(对旅游入迷的) • accident-prone, crisis-prone (危机四伏的)，error-prone, • air-tight(不透气的)，water-tight, light-tight(不透光的), rain-tight • work-shy(不愿工作的)，camera-shy(怕上镜头的)， publicity-shy (不愿出头露面的) • color-blind, night-blind • blood-weary (厌战的)，travel-weary(旅途劳累的) •stone-deaf, skin-deep, snow-white, ice-cold, knee-deep, paper-thin, mirror-bright, feather-light, fire-hot, crystal-clear, waist-high, shoulder-high, life-long, grass-green, dog-tired, threadbare （穿旧的）（穿旧的） • college-bound/preparatory (准备考大学的)，labor-short (缺乏劳动力的)，top-heavy(头重脚轻的)，penny-wise(小事聪明的) ， oven-fresh (刚出炉的) line-dry(一晾就干的一晾就干的)，world-famous • adjective + adjectivewet-cold, wet-cold, icy-cold, icy-cold, icy-cold, red-hot, red-hot, red-hot, white-hot, white-hot, white-hot, bitter-sweet, bitter-sweet, bitter-sweet, deaf-mute, deaf-mute, deaf-mute, shabby-genteel(shabby-genteel(穷酸的)，dead-alive(半死不活的)，dark-blue, dark-blue, deep-blue, deep-blue, deep-blue, light-blue, light-blue, light-blue, pale-blue, pale-blue, pale-blue, bright-red, bright-red, bright-red, bloody-red, bloody-red, yellow-green, yellowish-green ，social-political• V+ing + adjectivesteaming-hot/smoking-hot steaming-hot/smoking-hot ((滚烫的，热气腾腾的)，soaking-wet/wringing-wet(湿淋淋的，湿得可拧出水来的)，biting-cold/freezing-cold (冷得刺骨的，冰冷的) • Adverb/Prep + adjectiveever-victorious (战无不胜的)，over-cautious, all-round (全面的全面的)， far-reaching (深远的，广泛的)，evergreen (tree), wide-awake (机警的)，over-sensitive, over-anxious, under-ripe (不成熟的)，too-rapid • noun +V+ingpeace-loving, time/space/energy/labor-saving, time-consuming, summer-flowering(夏季开花的), ocean-going (远洋的)， fault-finding, record-breaking, heart-breaking, hair-raising, side-splitting (令人捧腹的)，thirst-quenching (解渴的)，man-eating• noun + V+edheart-felt(衷心的), air-born （空降的，（空降的，空运的）, home-made, travel-worn （旅行得疲乏的）, hen-pecked, book-filled, poverty-stricken, weather-beaten, thunder-struck, suntanned • adjective/adverb + V+ingfresh-frozen(速冻的), easy-going(随和的), familiar-sounding (听起来熟悉的)，hard-working, ever-lasting (永恒的) • adjective/adverb + V+ednewly-developed, well-balanced, far-fetched (牵强附会的)，half-baked(烤得半生不熟的，肤浅的), hard-won (来之不易的)，quick-frozen (速冻的), new-laid (eggs), so-called, fresh-caught, newly-built, well-informed, well-organized • noun + Noun+edhot-tempered(急性子的)，chicken-hearted (胆怯的，软弱的)，honey-mouthed, paper-backed (平装本的)， eagle-eyed(目光尖锐地) • adjective/adv. + Noun+edshort-sighted, short-sighted, tender-hearted, tender-hearted, tender-hearted, sweet-hearted(sweet-hearted(性情温和的), ), green-fingered(green-fingered(擅长园艺的)，open-handed, single-handed, bald-headed, empty-headed, hot-headed, kind-hearted, light-hearted, whole/half-hearted, absent-minded, narrow/broad-minded, double-faced, straight-faced, blue-eyed, muddle-minded/headed muddle-minded/headed ((糊里糊涂) ) , , , commercially-minded, commercially-minded, commercially-minded, heavy-tongued heavy-tongued heavy-tongued ((笨嘴笨舌的)，middle-aged, middle-aged, cold-blooded, cold-blooded, cold-blooded, strong-bodied, strong-bodied, strong-bodied, rosy-cheeked, rosy-cheeked, rosy-cheeked, apple-cheeked, apple-cheeked, apple-cheeked, close/tight-fisted(close/tight-fisted(吝啬的)， bare-footed, white-haired, high-heeled, ill-intentioned, weak-kneed (易屈服的)，long-legged, close/tight-lipped (嘴紧的), ill-mannered, thick/thin-skinned (脸皮厚/薄)，high-spirited, iron-willed, iron-willed, quick/short/slow/bad-tempered, quick/short/slow/bad-tempered, quick/short/slow/bad-tempered, glib-tongued glib-tongued glib-tongued ((油嘴滑舌的)，loose-tongued(嘴不严的) • adjective + Nounlong-distance, full-length （未删节的），white-collar, red-letter(喜庆的), ，full-time, first-rate, high-speed, high-level, low-frequency, left-hand, real-time(实时的)， long-range, deep-sea (fish) • Verb + Nounbreak-neck (危险的)， telltale(搬弄是非的)， cut-rate (减价的，次等的减价的，次等的)• Phrases or sentencesat-risk （处境危险的）, in-your-face （明目张胆的）, devil-may-care(不顾一切的), dog-eat-dog （狗咬狗的）, round-the-clock, on-the-spot, cards-on-the-table, matter-of-fact, never-to-be-forgotten, once-in-a-life-time, off-the-cuff (临时想起的意见)opinion, back-up (备用) a stand-up collar (竖领), a walk-in closet (走入式大壁橱)，a see-through shirt （透明的衬衫）（透明的衬衫）（透明的衬衫） take-home pay ，cross-border raid ，a keep-fit class （保健班）（保健班）（保健班） verb compoundsThe common way to form a compound verb is by means of back-formation. The back-formation back-formation is is is a a a process process process of of of word word word formation formation formation by by by which which which a a a word word word is is is created created created by by by dropping dropping dropping the the supposed or imagined affixes Housekeeping → housekeep, test-drive(试车)，machine-gun, nickname, spotlight, honeymoon, honeymoon, outline, outline, outline, speed-read, speed-read, speed-read, soft-land, soft-land, soft-land, vacuum-clean, vacuum-clean, vacuum-clean, mass-produce, mass-produce, mass-produce, sight-see, sight-see, sight-see, proof-read, proof-read, tape-record, chain-smoke, ghost-write, air-condition, baby-sit, window-shop, spoon-feed, hen-peck, snowball, middle-road(走中间道路), chain-react, face-harden(使表面硬化), wire-pull (幕后操纵)，daydream, skyrocket, sleepwalk, highlight, safeguard, whitewash, sweet-talk，job-hop A compound verb can also be formed by means of analogy1.chain-drink: from chain-smoke 2.bottle-feed: feed from a bottle. from breast-feed:• feed from a mother's breast A compound verb can also be formed by means of verb phrasesoverwork, withhold(扣留), cross-question(盘问)，upbuild (建立建立), uplift, uproot, fast-talk(花言巧语地企图说服)，off-load(卸货)，outeat(吃得比……多)，outgo, outgrow , ill-treat, overhear, overtake, undergo, underline, undermine, undertake, Affixation or DerivationIt is a process of forming new words by the addition of a word element, such as a prefix, suffix, or combining form, to an already existing word. A combining form is a bound morpheme, which was originally a full word in Latin or Greek, such as auto-（from GK a utosautos self）. 据统计下列14个词根和20个词缀出现在词典里10，000多个英语单词中词根词前缀前缀 词根Precept pre- (before) capere (take, seize) detain de- (away, from) tenere (hold, have) intermittent inter- (between) mittre (send) offer ob- (against) ferre (bear, carry) Insist in- (into) stare (stand) monograph mono- (alone, one) graph (write) epilogue epi (upon) egein (say, study) 词根词前缀前缀 词根aspect ad- (to, toward) spicere (see) com- (together) plicare (fold) uncomplicated un- (not); c omnonextended non- (not); e x ex- (out of) tendere (stretch) reproduction re- (back, again); pro- (forward) ducere (lead) dis- (apart from) ponere (put, place) indisposed in- (not); d isoversufficient over - (above); s ub sub - (under) facere (make, do) mistranscribe mis - (wrong); t rans trans - (across) scribere (write) Number-related prefixes from Latin prefix meaning examples uni- one uniform duo- two duet (二重唱二重唱/奏）奏） tri- three trio (三人组）三人组）三人组） quad-, quart- four quadruplets (四胞胎）四胞胎）四胞胎） quint- five quintuplets sext six sexet (六人组）六人组）六人组） sept seven september (7th month, Roman calendar) oct- eight october nona nine nonagenarian (90-99岁的人）岁的人）Number-related prefixes from Latin deca- ten decade cent- hundred centigrade (一百度的）一百度的）一百度的） multi- many multiply prim-, prin- first primary secund second secondary ambi both (双）双）双） ambivalent (两种价值观的，有矛盾心理的）两种价值观的，有矛盾心理的） equi- equal equidistant (等距离的）等距离的）等距离的） omni- all omnipotence (全能）全能） semi-, sem half semester (half a year 学期）学期）demi- half demitasse (half a cup for serving coffee (一小杯清咖啡）一小杯清咖啡）Number-related prefixes from Greek prefix meaning examples Mono- one monologue duo-, di- two dialogue tri- three triangle tetra- four tetrameter (四音步诗）四音步诗） penta- five pentameter ，pentagon hexa- six hexagon hepta- seven heptagon deka-, dec- ten decathlon hemi- half hemisphere pan- all pandemic (大流行病）大流行病）I.Prefixation The definition of prefixation Prefixation Prefixation is is is the the the formation formation formation of of of new new new words words words by by by adding adding adding prefixes prefixes prefixes to to to stems. stems. stems. Prefixes Prefixes Prefixes do do do not not generally change the word-class of the stem but only modify its meaning. However, there is an insignificant number of class-changing prefixes Non-class-changing prefixes: n atural-unnatural, like-dislike, fair-unfair natural-unnatural, like-dislike, fair-unfairClass-changing prefixes: force-enforce, danger-endanger , form-deform, little-belittle, war-postwar, college-intercollegeThe classification of prefixes In some reference books, prefixes (and suffixes) are classified according to their source, but this does not seem to help from a practical point of view. view. It seems It seems more helpful to classify the most important productive prefixes by their meaning into the following ten categories: The most productive prefixesPrefixes which are negative a-, dis-, in-, non-, un- Prefixes which are reversative or privative de-, dis-, un- Prefixes which are pejorative mal-, mis-, pseudo-Prefixes which are of degree or size arch-, arch-, extra-, extra-, extra-, hyper-, hyper-, hyper-, macro-, macro-, macro-, mini-, mini-, mini-, out-, out-, out-, over-, over-, sub-, super, sur-, ultra-, under- Prefixes which are of attitude anti-, co-, contra- counter-, pro- Prefixes which are locative extra-, fore-, inter-, intra-, super-, tele-, trans-, Prefixes which are of time and order ex-, fore-, pre-, post-, re- Prefixes which are of number semi-, uni-, mono-, bi-, di-, tri-, multi-, poly- Prefixes which are of a miscellaneous category Auto-, neo- pan-, proto-, vice-1.Negative prefix a-/an- amoral, asexual, atheism, anacid, anarchy, dis- dishonest, discontent, disobey, disagree in- Incomplete, Incomplete, inconsistent, inconsistent, inconsistent, incorrect, incorrect, incorrect, invulnerable, invulnerable, invulnerable, illogical, illogical, illogical, illegal, illegal, impolite, immoral, imbalance, irrational, irregular non- nonviolent, non-cooperation, nonautomatic, nonadjustable, nonalcoholic un- uninformative, unexpected, unease, unrest 2.Reversative or privative prefix 含“消除”意思意思 de- defrost, deregulation, degeneration, denationalize ，dehydrate depollute, devalue, decentralize un- undo, unpack, untie, unwrap, unmask dis- disconnect, dishearten, disinterested(公正的，无私的), disambigulate 3.Pejorative prefix mis- misguide, misapplication, misbehavior, mischoice, mal- maladjustment, maldigestion, malfunction, maldevelopment,maltreat, malodorous, malnutrition pseudo- pseudonym, pseudoscience, pseudoclassic, pseudo-friend, pseudodemocratic, 4) Prefixes of degree or size hyper- hyperactive, hypercritical, hyperaggressive, hypercautious ultra- ultramodern, ultrasecret, ultraclean, ultrasonic, ultraconservative mini- minibus, minicamera, miniskirt out- outdo, outgrown, outlive over- overwork, overestimate, overemphasize, overabundance, overburden under- underdeveloped, underpopulation, undergraduate super- supermarket, superpower, superstar sub- subadult, subtitle, subbreed, subatom 5) Prefixes of orientation and attitude co- Co-author, co-star, co-prosperity, cooperation counter- Counterexample, counterclaim, counteractive, counterattack, counterculture, counterpart anti- anti-abortion, anti-art, antiwar, antibacterial, antisocial, anticancer, antibody pro- pro-American, pro-American亲美的, pro-Communist, pro-student, proslavery 6) Locative prefixes fore- forearm, forehead inter- international, intergovernmental, interdisciplinary, intercollege trans- transatlantic, transoceanic, transform, transplant tele- telephone, telegram, telecommunication U.S. intercontinental missile洲际导弹洲际导弹 是指射程在8000千米以上的导弹。

词汇期末复习（C1-C7）Chapter 1一、Word 词的定义(1) a minimal free form（最小的自由形式）(2) a sound unity(3) a semantic unity（meaning）(4) a form that can function alone in a sentence.（具有句法功能）二、Vocabulary词汇的定义All the words in a language make up what is generally known as vocabulary.一般来说，词汇指的是一种语言里所有单词的总和。

词的总和构成语言的词汇。

词与词汇之间的关系是个体与总体之间的关系。

三、Sound&Meaning发音和意义The connection between the sound (form) and meaning is arbitrary (任意的) and conventional. 二者的关系是约定俗成、随意的四、Sound & Form发音和形式(1)The written form of a natural language is the orthographical（正字的）record of the oralform.自然语言的书写形式是口语形式的书写记录。

(2)The reasons of differences occur between sound and form: 发音与形式不同的原因：①English alphabet was adopted from the Romans 英语字母表来自罗马②the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years. 发音改变快速③Differences created by professional scribes. 专业抄写员的不同④More differences brought by the continuing change of sounds and the standardization of spelling.发音不断变化，书写标准化。

江苏师范大学2013-2014第一学期公共选修课《实用英语词汇学》课程论文论文题目英汉词汇互译的差异原因分析姓名学号专业院系摘要：英汉互译是很多人希望可以熟练掌握的一门技巧，可是汉英互译的差异，即英语倾向于音译，而汉语倾向于意译的原因，使得很多人不能得其要领而在门外徘徊。

本文在对这些研究进行回顾和总结的基础上，尝试从语言文化和文化传统两个方面分析。

关键词：英汉互译；差异；语言；文化。

1、引言词汇是语言的三大要素之一，在语言学习中起着重要作用。

英国语言学家威尔斯金曾说过：“没有语法，人们表达的事物寥寥无几，而没有词汇，人们则无法表达任何事物。

”词汇在语言中占有如此重要的地位，因此学好词汇背诵词汇具有重要意义。

所有英语的学习者都清楚，学好英语必须学习大量的词汇。

但面对如此多的生词时，我们时常感到困惑、烦躁，尤其是汉英互译时大体意思的差异，使得背诵英语难上加难。

所以，本文将探讨英语的英汉互译的差异原因，期望从中能找到学习英语词汇的突破口。

本文主要从英语词汇学的角度，采用比较分析法和语篇中的意思语境背理论来研究英汉词汇互译。

本文将通过对大量词语的分析、研究来论述英汉互译差异产生的原因、背景，在此基础上并试图发现词汇互译的特点。

本文期望能具有一定的实用价值，使英语学习者对英汉互译有比较清晰的认识，同时能激发英语学习者学习英语词汇的兴趣，帮助其有效扩大词汇量，灵活掌握英语词汇。

2、文献回顾作为一种语法现象，英汉互译引起了众多语法学家的关注。

本文拟从三个章节研究英语词汇及词汇互译。

论文第一二章主要介绍语言制约这个极其重要的原因，其中包括表音文字和表意文字、分析性语言和综合性语言这两大方面的原因。

接下来第三章是文化方面的差异分析。

第一章语言制约——表音文字和表意文字英语是表音文字(phonetic writing).其字母和音素是对应的。

语言中所有的音节最后都能分解为音素，用一定的字母或字母组合在书写形式上表示，如magazine听到的3个音节,分析为8个音素分别用8个字母表示，组合起来就成了magazine。

Chapter 3Word Formation I词语结构13.1 Morphemes词素1. the morpheme is ‘ the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words’词素是“词语中最小的功能单位”。

2.Suffix：-ation：-tion, -sion, -ion.后缀：ation 的多变体，当它们有同样的意义和语法功能时它们属于同一个后缀3.Owing to different sound environment 因为存在不同的发生环境。

3.2 Allomorphs （语素变体）同质异晶，同质异象变体1.Morphemes are abstract units.‘They are actual spoken, minimal carriers of meaning’语素是抽象的单位,它们实际上是能发音的最小的意义载体.The morpheme is to the morph what a phoneme is to a phone:语素是一个音素发音的形素①single morphs单一语素词：bird, tree, green, sad, want, desire,Most morphemes are realized by single morphs,Words of this kind are called monomorphemic words.大多数语素通过单个的形素实现，语素与词相同叫做单一语素词.These morphemes coincide withe words as they can stand by themselves and function freely in a sentence.Words of this kind are called monomorphemic words.这些语素与词相同，由于它们能代表含义而且能够在句子中自由起作用。

实用英语词汇学1学术意义上的英语词汇学博大精深。

本人拟讲之词汇学定位在实用上，是借用构词法知识，通过文化朔源、近义归纳、来对英文词汇进行组合，使记词2趋向于逻辑记忆与趣味记忆，以达到提高学习效率，扩展词汇的目的。

学习重点3形义相似文化溯源、构词法则。

4学习难点：记词思维的转换5一、构词法记词（一）词根的概念(1)自由根，独立成词able disable unable enable view review preview interview6port import export transportporter portable school scholar scholarship scholasticpair impair repair7clear clarify declare appear apparent transparent(2)粘着根，该类词根必须与其他词缀组合方能成词8vis（看）visit visible vision revise supervisesol（日、太阳）solar insolate son（声音）resonant supersonic unison sonic9lun（月亮）lunar plenilune patr(i)(父亲) patriot expatriatepatroncompatriotmot（动）motion motive10motivationpromoteauto（自，自己）automobile automation automatic11bio（生命）biographybiologybiosphereautobiography tele telecom telescope12telegraphy telegram二、文化组合法对一些单词寻根追源，结合文化背景进行组合13例1：ChristmasChristChristenChristianity14例2：Ever 今义：曾经；古代有永远之意，这一点今天体现在组合词中：evergreen15everlastingforevereverbright例3:Genesis gene genetic 可与圣经故16事创世纪结合例4：man human exhume inhume圣经上讲上帝用泥土造人，human一词中“hum”作为词根有17泥土之意，exhume 从词汇构成上看是ex+hum+e,组合成为基本义是从土中出，引申为挖掘。

英语词汇学实用教程陈新仁中文版全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1A Practical Guide to English Vocabulary by Chen XinrenAs an English learner, one of the biggest challenges I've faced is expanding my vocabulary. Words are the building blocks of language, and having a rich vocabulary is essential for effective communication, both in speaking and writing. That's why I was thrilled to discover Chen Xinren's "A Practical Guide to English Vocabulary".This book has been an invaluable resource for me, and I can't recommend it enough to my fellow students. Chen Xinren's approach is incredibly practical and user-friendly, making the process of learning new words not only effective but also enjoyable.One of the things that struck me from the very beginning was the book's organization. Instead of presenting words in a random order or categorizing them by arbitrary themes, Chen Xinren groups them based on their roots, prefixes, and suffixes. This approach is genius because it helps you understand theunderlying patterns and logic behind word formation, enabling you to grasp and retain new vocabulary more effectively.The book is divided into several chapters, each focusing on a specific aspect of vocabulary building. The first chapter introduces the concept of word roots, explaining how many English words are derived from Greek and Latin roots. Chen Xinren provides a comprehensive list of common roots, along with their meanings and examples of words that incorporate them. This chapter alone has been a game-changer for me, as it has empowered me to decipher the meanings of unfamiliar words by breaking them down into their constituent parts.The next chapter delves into prefixes and suffixes, those little word parts that can significantly alter a word's meaning. Chen Xinren meticulously explains the nuances of each prefix and suffix, illustrating their usage with clear examples. I found this section particularly helpful for expanding my vocabulary in specific contexts, such as academic writing or professional settings.But Chen Xinren's approach goes beyond mere memorization. Throughout the book, he emphasizes the importance of actively using new words in context, whether through writing exercises, speaking practice, or even creatingflashcards. This hands-on approach has been instrumental in solidifying my understanding of the vocabulary and ensuring that the words become a permanent part of my lexicon.One of the most refreshing aspects of "A Practical Guide to English Vocabulary" is its emphasis on real-world applications. Chen Xinren doesn't just present words in isolation; instead, he incorporates them into authentic contexts, such as conversations, news articles, and literary excerpts. This approach has been incredibly valuable for me, as it has helped me understand how words are used in natural, everyday situations, enhancing my comprehension and fluency.Additionally, the book includes a wealth of practice exercises and quizzes, allowing me to test my knowledge and reinforce what I've learned. These exercises range from simplefill-in-the-blank questions to more complex tasks that require me to analyze and synthesize information. I particularly appreciate the answer keys provided, as they enable me toself-assess and identify areas that need further attention.One aspect that sets "A Practical Guide to English Vocabulary" apart is its cultural insights. Chen Xinren recognizes that language is deeply intertwined with culture, and he skillfully weaves in cultural references and idioms throughout the book.This added dimension has not only enriched my vocabulary but has also deepened my understanding of the English-speaking world, fostering a greater appreciation for the nuances and nuances of the language.Furthermore, the book is incredibly user-friendly and visually appealing. The layout is clean and organized, with clear headings and subheadings that make it easy to navigate. The inclusion of illustrations, diagrams, and mnemonic devices further enhances the learning experience, catering to different learning styles and making the material more engaging and memorable.In conclusion, Chen Xinren's "A Practical Guide to English Vocabulary" has been an invaluable companion on my journey to mastering English vocabulary. Its systematic approach,real-world applications, and engaging exercises have transformed the way I learn and retain new words. Whether you're a student preparing for exams, a professional seeking to enhance your communication skills, or simply someone with a passion for language learning, this book is an essential resource that will undoubtedly enrich your vocabulary and deepen your understanding of the English language.篇2A Practical Guide to Mastering English Vocabulary by Chen XinrenAs students, one of the biggest challenges we face when learning English is expanding our vocabulary. We spend countless hours memorizing word lists and definitions, only to forget them a few days later. However, effective vocabulary learning doesn't have to be a tedious and frustrating process. In this guide, I'll share practical strategies that have helped me build a solid English vocabulary foundation.Embrace ContextOne of the most powerful ways to learn new words is through context. When you encounter an unfamiliar word while reading or listening, pay attention to the surrounding sentences and try to infer its meaning. This not only helps you understand the word in context but also aids in remembering it better. Additionally, keep a vocabulary notebook and jot down new words along with their context and your guessed meaning. Later, you can check the actual definition and reinforce your understanding.Utilize Word Roots, Prefixes, and SuffixesMany English words share common roots, prefixes, and suffixes, which can provide valuable clues about their meanings. For instance, the prefix "re-" often indicates repetition or going back (e.g., "redo," "rewrite"), while the suffix "-able" denotes capability or possibility (e.g., "readable," "avoidable"). By familiarizing yourself with these word parts, you can develop a better understanding of new words and expand your vocabulary more efficiently.Immerse Yourself in EnglishSurrounding yourself with English media and materials is a fantastic way to reinforce your vocabulary learning. Read books, magazines, or online articles that interest you, listen to podcasts or watch movies and TV shows in English. Whenever you come across unfamiliar words, make a note of them and look them up later. Immersion not only exposes you to new vocabulary but also helps you understand words in context and observe their usage patterns.Use Vocabulary Apps and Online ResourcesIn today's digital age, there are numerousvocabulary-building apps and online resources available. Apps like Anki, Quizlet, and Wordly offer interactive flashcards, games, and quizzes to help you memorize and review new words.Additionally, websites like and FreeRice provide engaging exercises and explanations to expand your word knowledge. These tools can make vocabulary learning more enjoyable and effective.Practice, Practice, PracticeThe key to solidifying your vocabulary knowledge is practice. Make an effort to use the new words you've learned in your writing and conversations. Start a vocabulary journal and write sentences or short paragraphs using the new words. Participate in language exchange platforms or join English conversation clubs to practice using your new vocabulary in real-life situations. The more you actively use the words, the better they'll stick in your memory.Learn Through Stories and MnemonicsStories and mnemonics can be powerful tools for remembering new words. Create vivid stories or mental images that associate the word's meaning with something memorable. For example, to remember the word "euphoria," you could imagine a cheerful elephant (eu-phoria) dancing with joy. Alternatively, use mnemonics, which are short phrases or sentences that incorporate the word or its definition. The morecreative and personal these techniques are, the more effective they'll be for you.Embrace Mistakes and Celebrate ProgressLearning a new language is a journey, and making mistakes along the way is inevitable. Don't be discouraged by stumbling over unfamiliar words or forgetting ones you've learned. Embrace these mistakes as opportunities to improve and reinforce your understanding. Celebrate your progress, no matter how small, and acknowledge the effort you're putting into expanding your vocabulary.Remember, building a strong English vocabulary takes time and consistent effort. But by incorporating these practical strategies into your learning routine, you'll gradually develop a rich and diverse vocabulary that will enhance your communication skills and open up new opportunities for personal and professional growth.Happy learning, and may your vocabulary journey be rewarding and enjoyable!篇3English Vocabulary: A Practical Guide by Chen Xinren (Chinese Edition)What's up, fellas? Tired of feeling like a kindergartner when it comes to your English vocab? Yeah, me too. That's why I'm here to give you the real deal on building a killer vocab that'll make you sound like a total boss.First things first, let's get real about why vocabulary matters. Sure, you can get by with the basics, but if you want to level up your English game, you need to expand that word bank. A rich vocabulary doesn't just make you sound smarter (although, let's be honest, that's a major perk). It also helps you express yourself more precisely and communicate your ideas more effectively.But where do you even start? With so many words out there, it can feel overwhelming. That's where this guide comes in. I'm going to break it down for you, sharing practical tips and strategies that have worked for me and my friends.Tip #1: Read, Read, ReadThis one's a no-brainer, but it's also the most powerful tool in your vocabulary-building arsenal. Reading exposes you to new words in context, which makes them easier to understand and remember. Don't just stick to textbooks and boring stuff, though. Read novels, magazines, blogs – anything that interests you. The more you enjoy the material, the more likely you are to stick with it.Tip #2: Use Context CluesWhen you come across an unfamiliar word, don't immediately reach for the dictionary. Try to figure out its meaning from the surrounding words and phrases. This not only helps you learn the new word, but it also trains your brain to become a better context detective.Tip #3: Keep a Vocab JournalAs you encounter new words, write them down in a dedicated journal or notebook. Include the definition, the context in which you found the word, and even a sample sentence or two. Regularly reviewing your journal will help reinforce these new additions to your vocabulary.Tip #4: Play Word GamesWho says learning has to be boring? There are tons of fun word games out there that can help expand your vocabulary while keeping your brain engaged. Try apps like Wordle, Spelling Bee, or even good old-fashioned crossword puzzles.Tip #5: Use Flashcards (But Make Them Fun)Flashcards might seem old-school, but they're still an effective way to memorize new words. But instead of boring, plain-text cards, get creative! Draw silly pictures, createmnemonics, or even record yourself saying the word and its definition. The more sensory associations you create, the better you'll remember.Tip #6: Learn Word Roots, Prefixes, and SuffixesUnderstanding the building blocks of words can help you decipher unfamiliar terms and remember their meanings more easily. For example, if you know that the prefix "bi-" means two, and the root "ped" means foot, you can figure out that "biped" refers to a two-footed creature.Tip #7: Use New Words in ConversationOnce you've learned a new word, use it! Actively incorporating new vocabulary into your daily conversations and writing will help solidify it in your memory and make it a natural part of your language.Tip #8: Subscribe to a "Word of the Day" ServiceThere are plenty of free online services that will send you a new word and its definition every day. Adding one new word to your vocabulary each day might not seem like much, but over time, those daily additions will really add up.Tip #9: Watch English Movies and TV ShowsImmersing yourself in English-language media is not only entertaining, but it also exposes you to a wide range of vocabulary in a natural, conversational context. Pay attention to the words and phrases used, and look up any unfamiliar ones.Tip #10: Don't Be Afraid to Make MistakesLearning a new language is all about trial and error. Don't be afraid to use unfamiliar words in your speech or writing, even if you're not 100% sure about their meaning or usage. Making mistakes is part of the process, and it's often the best way to reinforce what you've learned.Bonus Tip: Have Fun with It!Learning new vocabulary doesn't have to be a chore. Approach it with a sense of curiosity and playfulness, and you'll be surprised at how quickly your word bank grows. Celebrate your progress, no matter how small, and enjoy the journey of becoming a more articulate and confident English speaker.Remember, building a solid vocabulary is a marathon, not a sprint. Stick with it, and before you know it, you'll be dropping linguistic bombs left and right. Who knows, you might even become the next Shakespeare (or at least the next Cardi B)!。