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1.To find the area of a square or oblong,you merely multiply its length by its width.将长乘以宽就可以得到这个长方形的面积。
2.This suggests that matter can be converted into energy.这就是说物质可以转化为能量，能量也可以转化为物质。
3.Quantum chemistry is still in its infancy.量子化学仍处于发展初期。
4.Even the protective environment is no insurance against death from lack of oxygen.即使有防护措施，也不能保证不发生因缺氧而死亡的情况。
5.In any amchine, input work equals output work plus work done against friction.任何机器的输入功都等于输出功加上客服摩擦所做的功。
6.Earthquakes are generally more destructive of life than volcanic eruptions.地震通常比火山爆发更具有杀伤力。
7.Heat should be applied slowly to avoid localized overheating.应慢慢加热以避免出现局部过热现象。
8.How rapidly a fuel burns depends on how thoroughly it is mixed with oxygen or air.燃料燃烧的速度取决于它与氧气或空气的混合程度。
9.Gene mutation is of great importance in breeding new varieties.在新品种培育方面，基因突变是非常重要的。
翻译技巧第九节被动语态的译法英汉对比研究表明，英语中被动语态的使用极为普遍，尤其是以科技英语为主。
这是英语区别于汉语的显著特点之一。
在英语中，大凡为了强调受事，以突出其鲜明位置，而无需提及主动者、无意点明主动者、无从说出主动者，为了上下文的衔接与连贯等等，或是出于礼貌措辞圆通等方面的考虑不愿说出动作的执行者是谁的，往往都采用被动语态。
例如：(1)When will we be interviewed?我们什么时候来参加面试呢?(2)New British and American films are often shown to English major juniors.常给英语专业的三年级的同学放映新的英美电影。
(3)The happy man cannot be harried.吉人自有天相。
(4)You are cordially invited to a dinner party to be given at the Workers’ Club in Xidan at 7 P. m.Nov. 23.谨定于11月23日晚上7时在西单工人俱乐部举行晚宴，敬请光临。
(5)The plan was especially supported by those who wished to have more chance to speak French. 这个计划特别受到愿多有机会说法语的人的支持。
在英语中，被动结构能给人以间接、客观的印象，因而在科技文献、政论文和新闻报道等文体中使用尤为频繁。
相比之下，被动语句在汉语中的使用范围小得多。
主要原因在于，在历史上，汉语被动语句主要用来表达对主语来说是如意或不希望发生的事情。
现代汉语的这种限制虽然在西方语言的影响下有所动，被动句式有时也用来表达中性甚至希冀之事，但是汉语采用的主要是语义型句式，大多数被动意义并不一定非得通过被动语句来表达，而可以通过形式上主动、语义上被动的句式予以体现。
2015年中国科技大学硕士研究生入学考试《英语翻译基础》真题(总分：100，做题时间：90分钟)一、词语翻译1.英译汉2.chronic depression_________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(慢性抑郁)3.diplomatic immunity_________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(外交豁免权)4.cyber romance_________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(网恋)5.cultural infiltration_________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(文化渗透)6.prudent monetary policy_________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(稳健的货币政策)7.intangible assets_________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(无形资产)itary demarcation line_________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(三八线(军事分界线))9.disparate development_________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________正确答案：(发展不平衡)10.propelling module_________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(推进舱)11.magnetic suspension train_________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(磁悬浮列车)12.merger and acquisition_________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(收购兼并)13.staff turnover_________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(员工流动率)14.market saturation_________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(市场饱和)15.credit crunch_________________________________________________________________________________ _________正确答案：(信贷紧缩)16.Misfortune may be an actual blessing._________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(塞翁失马焉知非福)17.汉译英_________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________18.露马脚_________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(spill the beans)19.爱国民主人士______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(patriotic democratic personages)20.绿地覆盖率_________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(forest coverage rate)21.拉动经济增长_________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(promote economic growth)22.退居二线_________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(retire from the leading post)23.买一送一_________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(buy one and get one free)24.百般拖延_________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(do everything to postpone)25.男女同工同酬_________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(Men and women enjoy equal pay for equal work.)26.单亲家庭_________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(single parent family)27.乡镇企业_________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(township enterprise)28.茅塞顿开_________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________。
科技英语中的专业术语翻译
1.意译：根据科技术语的含义，将其翻译成汉语里和他完全对等的名词就叫意译。
对单个
词语来说，它能使读者了解真正的含义。
例如：
①firewall 防火墙
②data mining 数据挖掘
③automatic program control 自动程序控制
2.音译：根据英语的发音翻译成汉语里相应的词语。
科技英语中某些由专有名词构成的术
语、单位名称等，可采用音译法。
例如:
●gene 基因quark 夸克
●nylon 尼龙
●Hertz 赫兹
3.形译：英语中优秀科技术语在翻译是可以保留一部分，或保留原字母。
这就是形译。
I-bar
工字钢、工字笔；O-ring 环形圈；α-brass α黄铜【1】
4.缩习词：用英语首字母代替，干脆不译。
例如：
⊙CPU:中央处理器
⊙ASCII:美国信息交换标准码
一些国际组织的缩写也采用这种方法。
例如：
WTO(世界贸易组织)
注[1]：指含锌量≤35%的铜锌合金。
it Four我国在世界上的竞争力很高兴有机会为贵校系列经济研讨会举行开幕式，因为我认为，在经济飞速变化的当今时代，教育界起着至关重要的作用。
我国的企业和工人面临一系列强大力量，这些力量将影响今后我国在世界上的竞争能力。
成功地使工人和管理人员做好准备，驾驭这些力量，将是决定结果的一个重要因素。
其中最核心的力量，是计算机和电信技术的加速发展。
人们有理由地期望，这种发展将使我们在21世纪的生活水平显著提高。
但是，在短期内，飞速的科技变革产生这样一种情况，其中多数管理人员与工人借以工作的工厂和设备的更迭速度加快，给人这样一种感觉，即人的技能正以美国历史上前所未有的速度老化过时。
我将设法把这一极不寻常的现象放在我国经济大变革的背景下来探讨，并希望说明，教育，尤其是提高高级技能，对今后我国经济的增长为何如此重要。
几乎可以肯定，财富的创造都是伴随着人们利用日益增长的知识和不断增长的资本，生产出有价值的商品和服务。
借助各种市场价格，企业家们竭力弄清那些人们看重的各类产品和服务。
一个世纪之前，至少我们许多的努力是用于生产衣食住行方面的产品。
只有当农作物产量提高，蒸汽动力得以开发，纺织业效率提高时，现有的工作时间才能腾出来进行提供和消费选择性较大的商品和服务。
我们制造汽车和冰箱，学会如何用越来越少的投入生产这些产品。
随着这些商品进入大多数家庭，人们转而将精力用于创造较少受体积限制的高价值商品，如体积较小的晶体管电器，并进而提供各种无形服务——医疗、教育、娱乐和旅行等。
对每种商品或服务的各种特性分类定价，有助于其对每个人产生最大价值的价值最大化。
努力扩大选择，以满足个人的特定需求，必将导致从比较直接地利用物质资源和劳动力，转变为利用思想和概念——或更笼统地说利用信息——去创造价值。
因此，毫不奇怪，在过去这个世纪中，美国实物实际国内总产值的最大一部分增长，归因于新的见解，更宽泛地说，归因于新的知识—如何重新安排客观物质，以实现更高的生活水平。
1 Monograph专著1. The general definition of a monographScientific treatises of book length but otherwise variable format prepared by acknowledged experts onspecialized topics for the benefit of others who have specialized in. or who wish to obtain a specialist'sappreciation of, these topics.2. The value of monographs for scientific researchesThe value of monographs lies in the coherence and comprehensiveness of the information and knowledge theycontain, which is important to the specialized researchers to whom they are directed and, therefore, to theadvancement of science and engineering generally.3. The qualities of the authors of monographsThe authors of monographs should have exceptional breadth and depth of knowledge, and must be able tocollect, collate, analyze, integrate, and synthesize all relevant contributions to the archival literature of thescientific and engineering journals and to add original material as required.4. The differences between monographs and books of conference proceedingsMonographs generally are written by specialists for the benefit of other specialists. Textbooks are pedagogicalworks which, even if written on fairly narrow subjects, are designed to serve broader and more juniorreaderships than specialized research communities.5. The differences between monographs and books of conference proceedingsConference papers commonly take the form of premature announcements of new scientific discoveries.Conference proceedings generally have a short shelf life.6. The main components of a monographThe author, title and subtitle, date of publication, dust cover or blurb, content pages, bibliography and index,illustrations, preface and introduction.7. An indication of the book’s successThe number of editions is an indic ation of the book’s success.8. The function of the blurbIt gives the reader a rapid overview of the contents and approach. It might also say what the book contains andfor whom it is written.2 Academic Journal学术期刊1. The general definition of an academic journalAn academic journal is a peer-reviewed periodical in which scholarship relating to a particular academicdiscipline is published.2. The significance of peer-review processThe peer-review process is considered critical to establishing a reliable body of research and knowledge.3. The definition of review articlesReview articles, also called “reviews of progress”, are checks on the research published in journals.4. One difference between original research articles and review articlesUnlike original research articles, review articles tend to be solicited submissions, sometimes planned years inadvance.5. The places where science journals are authoritatively rankedNatural science journals are categorized and ranked in the Science Citation Index, and social science journalsin the Social Science Citation Index.6. The possible quantitative factors to reflect an academic journal’s prestigeThe number of later articles citing articles already published in the journal, the overall number of citations,how quickly articles are cited, and the average “half-life” of articles.7. The financial resources of humanities and social science academic journalsSubsidies by universities or professional organizations and advertising fees by advertisers.8. The role of internet in the production of, and access to, academic journalsThe Internet has revolutionized the production of, and access to, academic journals, with their contentsavailable online via services subscribed to by academic libraries or even in a way of open access. 33 Organization of a Scientific Paper科技论文的篇章结构1. In most scientific journals, scientific papers include the following sectionsSummary or Abstract, Introduction, Materials and Methods, Results, Discussion, Acknowledgments.2. The content of Summary or AbstractIt gives a brief background to the topic, describes concisely the major findings of the paper, and relates thesefindings to the field of study.3. The Introduction section deals with the following two pointsIt describes first the accepted state of knowledge in a specialized field; then it focuses more specifically on aparticular aspect, usually describing a finding or set of findings that led directly to the work described in thepaper.4. The purpose of Materials and MethodsIts purpose is to describe the materials used in the experiments and the methods by which the experimentswere carried out.5. The two ways of organizing ResultsIn some papers, the results are presented without extensive discussion, which is reserved for thefollowingsection. In other papers, results are given, and then they are interpreted, perhaps taken together with otherfindings not in the paper, so as to give the logical basis for later experiments.6. The purposes of the Discussion sectionThe data in the paper are interpreted; the findings of the paper are related to other findings in the field; thisserves to show how the findings contribute to knowledge, or correct the errors of previous work; some of thelogical arguments are often provided when it is necessary to clarify why later experiments were earned out.7. The reason for combining the Results and DiscussionBecause the data need extensive discussion to allow the reader to follow the train of logic developed in thecourse of the research.8. The difference between the abstracts in Science and those in NatureIn Science, the abstract is self-contained; in Nature, the abstract also serves as a brief introduction to the paper.4 Reading a Scientific Paper科技论文的阅读方法1. The order to understand the major points of the work, you should first readThe Abstract.2. Reading the Title and the Abstract serves three purposesFirst, it clarifies whether you in fact know enough background to appreciate the paper. Second, it refreshesyour memory about the topic. Third, it helps you integrate the new information into your previous knowledgeabout the topic.3. When reading in a familiar field, you can skim or even skipThe Introduction.4. The three typical codewordsData not shown, unpublished data, preliminary data.5. The poorly written papers are often related to three types of writersThose who are poor writers; those who do not enjoy writing, and do not take the time or effort to ensure thatthe prose is dear and logical; those who are so familiar with the material that it is difficult to step back and seeit from the point of view of a reader not familiar with the topic.6. The three characteristics of “bad writing”First, the logical connections are often left out. Second, papers are often cluttered with a great deal of jargon.Third, the authors often do not provide a clear roadmap through the paper.7. In better writing, the side issues are dealt with in the following waysThey are relegated to Figure legends or Materials and Methods or clearly identified as side issues, so as not todistract the reader.8. Another problem faced by the readers is that when they seek to understand just the experiment was,they may findThe authors refer back to previous papers; these refer in turn to previous papers m a long chain.。
CHAPTER THREE1. 2. 3. 4. 5.The inflammation is characterized by red,swelling,fever,and pain.[E.44]Amaterial balance is based on the law of conservation of matter.[E.45]Coating thickness ranges from0.1mm to2mm.[E.46]The new medicine will expire in2years.[E.47]Gases differ from solids in that the former have greater compressibility than the latter.[E.48]6.The molecules continue to stay close together,but do not continue to retain a regularfixed arrangement.[E.49]7.These products tend to react with soap and detergents and produce soapscum.[E.50]8.With this software so available there seems little need for analysts to develop theirown programs.[E.51]9.To design is to formulate a plan for the satisfaction of a human need.[E.52]10.China's successful explosion of its first atom bomb caused tremendous repercussionthroughout the world.[E.53]11.The construction of a scientific theory may be compared to the preparation of aweather map at a central meteorological station.[E.54]12.In a similar wa y,in the theory of light,we use terms like"waves"and"particles"for the description and discussion of the results of experiments.[E.55]13.One of our ways for getting heat is by burning fuels.[E.56]14.An understanding of the laws of friction is important in the designing of modernmachines.[E.57]15.Heating water does not change its chemical composition.[E.58]16.This experiment is an absolute necessity in determining the best processingroute.[E.60]17.I am a stranger to the operation of electronic computer.[E.61]18.His experiment was a success.[E.62]19.I found a lot of difficulties to continue the experiment.[E.63]heat always passes by conduction from the 20.Whenever one body touches another,warmer to the colder.[E.68]21.This workpiece is not more elastic than that one.[E.69]22.In fission processes the fission fragments are very radioactive.[E.70]23.Glass is much more soluble than quartz.[E.71]24.This metal is less hard than that one.[E.72]25.The wide application of electronic computers affects tremendously the developmentof science and technology.[E.81]26.Earthquakes are closely related to faulting.[E.82]27.The electronic computeris chiefly characterized by accuracy and quick computation.[E.83]28.Gasoline is appreciably volatile.[E.84]29.It is demonstrated that dust is extremely hazardous.[E.85]30.The power plant supplies the inhabitants sixty li about with electricity.[E.86]31.The buildings around are mostly of modem construction.[E.87]32.The attractive force between the molecules is negligibly small.[E.88]33.All structural materials behave plastically above their elastic range.[E.89]34.These parts must be proportionally correct.[E.90]35.Chlorine is very active chemically.[E.91]36.Open the valve to let air in.[E.92]37.Their experiment has been over.[E.93]38.In this case the temperature in the furnace is up.[E.94]39.The frequency,wave length,and speed of sound are closely related.[E.106]40.The advantages of the recently developed composite materials are energy saving,performance efficient,corrosion resistant,long service time,and without environmental pollution.[E.107]41.Radiant,electrical and chemical energies can all be turned into heat.[E.108]42.The temperature needed for this processing is lower than that needed to melt themetal.[E.109]43.Oxidation will make metals rusty.[E.110]44.In rapid oxidation a flame is produced.[E.111]45.These principles will be illustrated by the following transition.[E.112]46.The best conductor has the least resistance and the poorest has the greatest.[E.113]47.Forces can be classified as internal and external.[E.114]48.Economic globalization has widened the gap between the North and the South andbetween the rich and the poor.[E.115]49.Matter can be changed into energy,and energy into matter.[E.116]50.The generation plant,transmission lines,and primary substations are shown abovethe dashed line;the load and distribution below the line.[E.117]51.Science demands men of great effort and complete devotion.[E.118]52.The new products will soon be put into use.[E.119]53.There are three larger injection machines in the workshop.[E.120]54.Note that the words“velocity"and"speed"require explanation.[E.121]55.A data processor can issue address and function codes.[E.122]56.Air is a mixture of gases.[E.123]57.For reasons the alternating current is more widely used than the direct current.[E.124]58.These early cars were slow,clumsy,and inefficient.[E.130]59.Science and technology are developing rapidly.[E.131]60.A new kind of computer----small,cheap,attention.[E.132]61.Inflation has now reached a serious level.[E.133]62.It must have been surprising to see a little girl working at a high table,surroundedby maps and ala kinds of instruments.[E.134]fine----is attracting increasing63.Heat from the sun stirs up the atmosphere,generating winds.[E.135]64.In general,all the metals are good conductors,with silver the best and copper thesecond.[E.136]65.In addition to theadvantages.[E.137]speed of erection,these types usually have other66.The level of a liquid rises as its temperature is increased and falls with a decrease intemperature.[E.198]67.The properties of alloys are much better than those of pure metals.[E.199]68.We must check the conclusion in practice,and should not blindly rely on such as wasreached merely by calculations.[E.200]69.Natural water is that which contains impurities.[E.201]70.Other substances,apart from organic ones,burn in air or oxygen.[E.202]71.An electric light bulb is a vacuum,and so is a radio tube.[E.203]72.A transversely stressed fillet weld can sustain higher loads than one stressedlongitudinally.[E.204]73.It takes more power to do a job in two minutes than it does to do the same job in twohours.[E.205]74.We tried in vain to measure the voltage.[E.224]75.Hardened steel is too hard and too brittle for many tools.[E.225]76.Ideal machines which would have an efficiency of100%should be free offriction.[E.226]77.The need for more potassium compounds than could be obtained from plants ledmen to search for other source of these important compounds.[E.227]78.In the absence of force,a body will either remain at rest or continue to move withconstant speed in a straight line.[E.228]79.The structure will prove weak in service.[E.229]80.The precision instrument must be kept free from dust.[E.230]81.The Theory of Relativity worked out by Einstein is above many people'scomprehension.[E.231]82.Better to do well than to say well.[E.233]83.The common gem materials tend to be less ductile and weaker.[E.234]84.As rubber electricity from passing through it,it is used as insulating material.[E.235]85.There are.many other energy sources in store.[E.236]86.In the high altitude snow and ice remain all year.[E.237]87.It was suggested that such devices should be designed and produced withoutdelay.[E.238]88.Sodium is never found uncombined in nature.[E.239]89.In this case we cannot but determine K first.[E.240]90.It's not eas to talk about Dolly in a world that doesn't share a uniform set of ethicalValues.[E.241]91.Such flight couldn't long escape notice.[E.242]92.Crystals do not melt until heated to a definite temperature.[E.243]earthser is the most powerful drilling machine,because there is nothing onwhich cannot be drilled by it.[E.244]94.Both of the instruments are not precision ones.[E.270]95.Both of the substances are not made up of carbons.[E.271]96.We are not familiar with both of the instruments.[E.272]97.Positive ions are not all alike and may differ in charge or weight.[E.273]98.An engine may not all ways do work at its rated horse-power.[E.274]99.Not everyone can be a mathematician,but in order to understand our modern world,it is necessary to know something about mathematics.[E.275]100.Digital oscilloscopes can not be often used in our experiments.[E.276]101.All metals do not conduct electricity equally well.[E.277]102.All these various losses,great as they are,do not in any way contradict the law of conservation of energy.[E.278]103.All the chemical energy of the fuel is not converted into heat.[E.279]104.All isotopes cannot be manufactured in this way.[E.280]105.Mercury,so small and close to the sun that its gases were quickly lost to space,is nearly airless.[E.282]106.The speed of the man-made satellite hardly changes at all.[E.283]107.Rarely do metals occur in nature in a pure form by themselves.[E.284]108.The US has well-developed and successful offensive command and control warfare(C2W),electronic warfare(EW),and other information(1W)capacities,but these can hardly be characterized as"strategic".[E.285]109.Barely any of our present batteries would be satisfactory enough to drive theelectric train fast and at a reasonable cost.[E.286]110.Scarcely ever does the common oyster contain a valuable pearl.[E.287]111.Workers can violate the safety rules on no conditions.[E.316]112.We shall consent to the designing plan under no circumstances.[E.317]113.He was not ready to believe something just because Aristotle said so.[E.318]114.The engine did not stop because the fuel was finished.[E.319]115.This electric motor does not work properly.[E.320]116.If iron is kept in air-free distilled water,its rusting is not so fast.[E.321]CHAPTER FIVE117.Being no cause to change the motion,line.[E.10]ing a transformer,voltage.[E.11]119.Solving (8),we have the following equation.[E.12]120.When iodine crystals are heated to 114°C,they melt,forming liquid iodine.[E.16]121.The propeller of an airplane forces air backward,developing thrust.[E.17]122.The base and acid neutralize each other,forming a new substance.[E.18]123.Electronic computer having many advantages cannot carry out creative work andreplace man.[E.19]124.Not having been discovered,many laws of nature actually exist in nature.[E.20]power at low voltage can be transformed into power at high a body can move uniformly and in a straight 125.The typical problem of circuit and network theory is to determine the currents causedby the application of a given voltage to given circuit or network.[E.33]126.The principle and method taken in the experiment give us goodmessage enlightenment.[E.34]127.The major advantages of the transistor as used in electronic circuits are light weight small space,low power consumption.[E.35]128.Radio continues to find wider application in science.[E.65]129.An electric current begins to flow through a coil,which is connected across a charged condenser.[E.66]130.A machine is just a mechanical device which makes it possible to do work more conveniently by changing the applied force in directions or in magnitude or both.[E.67]131.The basic action of an SCR is to switch power on very rapidly.[E.68]132.The function of a fuse is to protect a circuit.[E.69]133.Arc welding is to make metals together by means of an electric current.[E.70]134.The two contacts at the base of the lamp are to cant'current from the lamp holder.[E.71]135.Loss of control is most likely to occur on inductive loads.[E.86]136.These are liable to occur through hammering or working the metal,or through rapid cooling.[E.87]137.Up to now,copper alloys,according to CDA,have been more expensive to pressure die cast than aluminum and zinc,and a25%reduction in the cost of pressure die casting of copper alloys is expected with the new technique.[E.88]138.Circuit breakers are necessary to deenergize equipment either for normal operation or on the occurrence of short circuits.[E.89]139.We consider heat to be a form of energy.[E.90]140.Conductors allow electricity to pass through more or less freely.[E.91]141.It is to be emphasized that a source of electricity current is simply a device for causing electricity to move around a circuit.[E.92]142.Electricity makes a motor run.[E.93]143.Let F represent force.[E.94]144.Heat is considered to be a form of energy.[E.95]145.The thermal decomposition of ammonium carbamate can be made to occur by the following methods.[E.96]146.Insulators are used to confine a current to the desired path.[E.97]147.The fact that some bodies float on water and other liquids shows also that there exists a force acting against the lower surfaces sufficient to counteract their weight.[E.113]148.Some of the of the charge produces the sound and light which enable us to hear and see the spark.[E.116]149.The purpose is to transmit only a chrominance signal for color and a luminance signal that contains the monochrome information.[E.117]150.The physical dimension of the antenna determines the amount of inductance and capacity existing in the circuit and consequently the resonant frequency of the antenna system.[E.118]151.However,both the theory and the generation of FM are a good deal more complex to think about and visualize than those of AM.[E.119]152.The development greatly extends the range of applications and the reliability of the jet-type filter while retaining its other advantages.[E.120]CHAPTER SIX153.Day light comes from the sun,which is a mass of hot,glowing gas.[E.129]154.The concept of energy leads to the principle of the conservation of energy,which unifies a wide range of phenomena in the physical science.[E.130]155.Another kind of rectifier consists of a large pear-shaped glass bulb from which all the air has been removed.[E.131]156.If you deal with the younger age group,then you will see a lot of the acute infections such as herpes and trench mouth,which is due to bacteria and causes open sores between the teeth.[E.132]157.These waves,which are commonly called radio waves,travel with the velocity of Light.[E.133]158.ISDN is the name given to a network that is able to transmit and switch a wide variety of telecommunication services.[E.134]159.Sulfur melts at a temperature of112.8°C,where it changes to yellow liquid.[E.135] 160.The last big Alaskan earthquake created a tsunami,which could be felt1,500miles away.[E.136]161.The electricity is changed into the radio-frequency power which is then sent out in form of radio waves.[E.137]162.There are some materials which possess the power to conduct heat.[E.138]163.In a conductor there are a large number of electrons than move freely from atom to atom.[E.139]164.OSHA has qualified the noise level in industry which has become a major concern for many digital controls manufacturers.[E.140]165.The factory produced machine tools to which precision instruments were attached.[E.141]166.Good clocks have pendulums,which are automatically compensated for temperature changes.[E.142]167.Gases,the molecules of which are widely separated from one another,have greatcompressibility than liquids.[E.143]168.An improved design of such a large tower must be achieved which results in moreuniformed temperature distribution in it.[E.155]169.A body that contains only atoms with the same general properties is called anelement.[E.156]170.Such liquid fuel rockets as are now being used for space research have to carry theirown supply of oxygen.[E.157]171.Such propellers as we have recently designed for small ships are actually modeledon fish tails.[E.158]172.Many inventors followed the same principles as that French inventor had used in hisInvention.[E.159]173.A color transmission contains the same information as a black and whitetransmission.[E.160]174.Were there no transformers to adjust the voltage,long-distance transmission ofelectricity would be impossible.[E.184]175.Should there be urgent situations,press this red button to switch offelectricity.[E.185]176.The temperature at the sun's center is as high as 10,000,0000C.[E.186]177.The outer portion of the wheel may travel as fast as 600miles per hour.[E.187]178.The oxygen atom is nearly 16times heavier than the hydrogen atom.[E.188]179.Mercury weighs more than water by about 14times.[E.189]180.Solar cells are as different from so called solar heating panels as solid state physicsis from plumbing.[E.190]181.In such occasions we would rather increase the friction of the surface than deceaseit.[E.191]182.The loads which a structure is subjected to are divided into dead loads,thewhichinclude the weights of parts of the structure,and live loads.Which are due to the weights of people,movable equipment,etc.[E.245]183.The resistance of any length of a conducting wire is easily measured by finding the potential difference in volts between its ends when a known current is following.[E.246]184.Fuel cells are devices that when a fuel such as hydrogen or hydrogen-rich compounds and oxygen is supplied to materials arranged like the anode and cathode of a conventional battery,combine to convert chemical energy directly into electrical energy.[E.247]185.With the same number of protons,all nuclei of a given element may have different numbers of neutrons.[E.248]186.The unit of electrical energy is called the joule,which is equivalent to10exp(7) ergs.[E.249]187.The discovery that electrical currents can be produced by magnetism is extremely important in the field of electricity.[E.250]188.Grounding every circuit,however,makes the system susceptible to excessive currents should a short circuit develop between a live conductor and ground.[E.251]189.It is very interesting to note the differently chosen operating mechanism by the different manufacturers,in spite of fact that the operating mechanism has a major influence on the reliability of the circuit-breakers.[E.252]190.The construction of such a satellite is now believed to be quite realizable,its realization being supported with all the achievements of contemporary science,which have brought into being not only materials capable of withstanding severe stresses involved and high temperatures developed,but new technological processes as well.[E.253]191.Various machine parts can be washed very clean and will be as clean as new ones when they are treated by ultrasonic waves no matter how dirty and irregularlyshaped they may be.[E.254]CHAPTER SEVEN192.Theγ-rays are not affected by an electric field.[E.4]193.If the work piece is gabbed directly,it warps due to the body temperature.[E.5]194.If a body is acted on by a number of forces and still remains stationary,the body is said to be in equilibrium.[E.6]195.An oxidation number may be assigned to each atom in a substance by the application of simple rules.[E.7]196.The second group is composed of compounds derived from or related to benzene C6H6.[E.8]197.The crops were washed away by the flood.[E.9]198.The airplane is supported by the wings;it is propelled by the power plant;it is guided by its control surfaces.[E.10]199.This extraction rate was confirmed in batch tank tests.[E.11]200.Other advantages of our invention will be discussed in the following.[E.12]201.These problems must be solved before the test starts.[E.13]202.North China was hit by an unexpected heavy rain,which caused severe flooding.[E.14]203.The hypothesis was not accepted by most chemists until the1970s.[E.15]204.The first car driven by one of these engines was seen on the roads in1894.[E.16]。
Unlocking the Climate Puzzle解开气候之谜(1)Life has prospered on this planet for nearly four billion years. In that time, climate had fluctuated drastically, from ice ages lasting tens of thousands of years to epochs of steamy heat. With each change, sundry species have benefited and flourished.Others adapted, faltered， or died. Now, many experts believe， humans are imperiling their own ecological niche with the threat of global warming. The vaporous by—products of civilization， in the form of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide (C0₂), have trapped enough heat in the atmosphere to raise Earth's average surface air temperature a half degree Celsius (one degree Fahrenheit) during this century. If the trend continues， it could alter climate patterns worldwide-thawing glaciers， boosting sea level, scorching plains into deserts, and shifting vegetation zones。
1.For English is a killer. It is English that has killed off Cumbric, Cornish, Norn and Manx. There are still parts of these islands where sizeable communities speak languages that were there before English. Yet English is everywhere in everyday use and understood by all or virtually all, constituting such a threat to the three remaining Celtic languages, Irish, Scottish Gaelic, and Welsh... that their long-term future must be considered... very greatly at risk.因为英语是个杀手。
正是英语造成了康瑞克、康尼施、诺恩、曼科斯等语言的消亡。
在其中一部分岛上还有相当多的人使用在英语到来之前就已存在的语言。
然而，英语在日常生活中无处不在。
所有的人或几乎所有的人都懂英语。
英语对现存的凯尔特语——爱尔兰语、苏格兰盖尔语及威尔士语的威胁是如此之大，它们的未来岌岌可危。
2.He also associated such policies with a prejudice which he calls linguisticism (a condition parallel to racism and sexism). As Phillipson sees it, leading institutions and individuals within the predominantly "white" English-speaking world, have (by design or default) encouraged or at least tolerated—and certainly have not opposed—the hegemonic spread of English, a spread which began some three centuries ago as economic and colonial expansion.同时，他认为这些政策和他称之为语言歧视（和种族歧视、性别歧视的情况类似）的偏见密切相关。
Teach Predictions for 20101. Finally, Apple Unveils the TabletOfficially, Apple has never said a word about making a tablet computer. Yet for months, everyone in tech has been talking and writing and arguing about the Apple tablet as if it's already here. The product has already received more press than most products that actually exist. Bloggers debate its faults and flaws, its strengths and Shortcomings--such is life in the weird and wonderful world of Apple. And this does not happen by accident. Apple orchestrates this stuff. It did the same thing with the iPhone, remember? For a year before the prodtict was unveiled, rumors circulated and fake prototype photos popped up all over the place. Ifs all about creating hype, and wrapping a product in a cloud of mystery and drama, so that by the time you do unveil it people are dying to buy it just tosee what all the fuss is about.The great thing about Apple, however, is that usually the products live up to the hype. Certainly the iPhone has. Arguably, it is the single most important tech product of the past decade. Will the tabletbe as profound? We think it will be. Amazon's Kindle has pioneered the market for a portable reading device. But Kindle is far from perfect. Our bet is that Apple enters this space the way it did with the iPod and iPhone: it lets others do the pioneering work and make all the mistakes, then comes along with a product that blows the predecessors away. Better design. Better build quality. Better service. And a user interface experience that’s light years ahead of everyone else's on the planet.2. Murdoch Pulls out of GoogleThe biggest, most powerful, and once-thought-to-be indestructible print media outlets have arrived at their moment of reckoning. For a decade, the likes of the Los Angeles Times, The Washington Post, and The New York Times (not to mention innumerable other oudets), have offered up their best work on a silver, online platter-- for free. Look at where it got them. The first is in jeopardy of closing up shop, the Post has shuttered its domestic bureaus, and the Gray Ladys just eliminated some 100 newsroom jobs, the second such move in two years. Enter Rupert Murdoch, theoutspoken Aussie head of News Corp whose empire spans from the Times of London to the most august business publication in the United States, The Wall Street Journal. For months now, he has been ranting about the free consumption of news online. His radical idea? Murdoch wants to stop Google from indexing his sites, and he wants Microsoft to pay for the privilege instead. In other words, he wants someone to pay for the stuff his journalists produce.A chorus of bloggers is crying that the old man's thinking cuts against the force of history--namely, that information wants to be free, and that any future-minded company ignores that fact at its peril. Techdirt says the news baron is a hypocrite. Boing Boing says Murdoch's threat to block searches and shroud his sites with paywalls is nothing more than a bluff. Think again. This isn't a doddering old coot who doesn't get the Web. Murdoch is a savvy business-man who just might lead an industry back into the reality-based community. With billions in cash on hand, he can afford short-term losses as his properties experiment with strategies that do not involve the essential untenability of giving the product away. And once he proves that a news publication can poke Google in the eye and survive, others will follow suit. After all, if they don't, Murdoch may be the only one left standing.3. Malw Disrupts FacebookWhen it comes to malware, the law of gravity is this: the bad guys go where the money is. That's why threats to computer users have evolved from viruses to botnets and phishing attacks--each iteration is more likely to produce profit. How does a piece of malware make money, exactly? In a number of ways, from rifling through your files for bank-account information and credit-card numbers, to turning your computer into a spam factory. The follow-the-money rule also helps explain why there aren't many threats for *Mac computers. They may have some security advantages over PCs, but mostly their market share isn't big enough to be worth malware creatorg time. )It follows that as we conduct more of our lives online, malefactors will follow us there. And where is the biggest action on the Web today? Facebook, which just signed up its 350 millionth user and shows no sign of slowing down. Facebook has seen malware before; the latest threat is an especially virulent edition of the "Koobface" worm that has bedeviled the social network for months. It's going to get worse from here. Facebook has a team of smart engineers dedicated to keeping malicious activity off the site, but with the network ballooning in size, they'll need to redouble their defenses in even greater proportion.4. Starbucks Will Stalk YouPrivacy is so passe. We've become addicted to broadcasting our lives to the world, and the mobile phone is our greatest enabler. That's especially true now that GPS is a standard feature. And today's hottest startups are racing to become the ankle bracelet of choice, doing everything they can to track our every move and indulge our shout-it-from-the-rooftops exhibitionism. Location-aware services like Foursquare, which awards points every time you check into a bar or restaurant, have become staples among the early-adopter crowd. Meanwhile, Twitter6 has added geolocation to its service, meaning each tweet is like a thumbtack on the map of your daily travels. Rumors have it that Facebook, with its 350 million users, is heading in the same direction. It's only a matter of time before advertisers follow. You can almost hear the screams of joy coming from marketing departments nationwide: soon companies will be able to target their ad campaigns based not just on who you are, but where you are. Passing by a Starbucks? Your phone just offered you 10 percent off a peppermint latte!5. Movie Downloads Stall Blu-rayBlu-ray may have won the war with its rival, HD-DVD---but does anyone care? While consumers were waiting for the two formats to duke it out--nobody wanted to plunk down several hundred bucks on a losing technology--they discovered that downloading movies to their homes has matured into a great way to watch their favorite titles. A Harris Interactive poll in June found that only 7 percent of consumers without Blu-ray players planned on buying one in the next year. Whafs holding back a format that everyone agrees is showstoppingly gorgeous to watch? Money is a big part of it, of course. Getting video over the Internet through iTunes9 or Amazon Video on Demand can be much cheaper than purchasing physical copies. Sometimes the value is truly insane: all it costs to binge out on seasons one, two, and three of Friday Night Lights is $ 8.99. That's the price of the cheapest monthly subscription to Netflix, which allows unlimited streaming of some shows and movies to your PC, or to your big screen if you own an Xbox 360, PlayStation 3, newer TiVo, or a similar device,Yes, a Blu-ray disk provides better quality picture and sound. But as Wired magazine argued in a recent cover story, consumers are enjoying a "Good Enough Revolution" : we're nuts about MP3s, even if they sound kind of crappy, and we can't watch enough YouTube clips, even though they're pixellated and choppy. The feverish pursuit of top quality is no longer our only concern. Sometimes convenience matters more.6. Your Phone Replaces Your WalletDuring its most recent pledge drive, the popular public-radio program This American Life followed a familiar script, exhorting its users to chip in $10, $ 5, even just $1, to help pay for its weekly broadcast. The pitch wasn't new, but one of the payment methods was instead of heading to your computer and entering your credit-card information, you could simply send $ 5 to the show via text message. Long promised, never realized, mobile payments will finally take off in the U. S. in 2010. Already the sector is a beehive of activity, with companies like Zong and mPayy enabling cus tomers to pay for online purchases with only a phone number. Obopay, another mobilepayments company, received $ 35 million from Nokia in 2009, and it will have a wide rollout on that company's phones. Perhaps the best sign that the sector is poised for takeoff is that Twitter creator and tech superstar Jack Dorsey has set his sights on it. His new company, Square, launched in December, allows merchants to accept credit-card payments with cell phones. True, Square doesn't untether us from plastic just yet, but it's only a matter of time before "Cash or credit?" becomes "Cash or cell?"7. Facebook Goes PublicAt only 25 years old, Facebook's Mark Zuckerberg has turned his donn-room idea into a global empire. Might he identify with Alexander the Great, who wept at the size of his dominion because there were no more lands left to conquer? Not just yet: he can still take the company public. In November, the social-networking company took a major step toward that event by announcing that it was creating two classes of stock: one class suitable for sale in an initial public offering, and one that is vested with 10 times the voting power. An IPO under those conditions would flood the company with cash while keeping control firmly in Zuckerbergs hands. If that sounds familiar, it's because the strategy is the same one used by Google before it went public in 2004. Zuckerberg is as cutthroat and super-ambitious as he is socially awkward that is to say, very--and he would stand to become an actual billionaire, not just a virtual one. His Personal wealth has yo-yo'd in line with various private valuations of his company over the years. Facebook also announced this year that it is cash-flow positive, and a successful IPO would cement the site as a viable business, while archrival Twitter stillscrambles for a business model.8. Twitter Use FlatlinesTwitter is almost synonymous with explosive growth. But there are signs that 2009's darling of the Internet has already begun to level off, a reversal that would have seemed impossible not long ago. In February 2oo9, Nielsen Online reported that Twitter's 7 million unique visitors constituted more than 1,000 percent growth in just a year's time. Ashton Kutcher, after beating CNN to the million-follower mark in a neckand-neck race, began blasting past later milestones with ease. (He's now at 4.1 million followers. ) And when Oprah Winfrey embraced the service in April, Twitter's popularity simply hockey-sticked.There were skeptics all along-- Nielsen also reported last spring that 60 percent of Twitter users failed to return after one month but excitement about the new mediurm's potential made them easy to dismiss. Now the data have become difficult to ignore. Twitters U. S. traffic actually declined from September to October, according to a range of measures. We're by no means Twitter haters--here's proof--but it seems clear that the service is in for a period of modest performance, as sign-ups of new users are measured against better estimates of existing users who neglect their accounts. One of the things that has made Twitter so successful is its wide-open API; ironically, that same transparency can provide a reality check on the number of people who have let their accounts go totally dormant who began tweeting during the Oprah bubble, but turned out to be making just a short stop at the birdbath.9. Microsoft Pushes Out Steve BallmerBallmer's 10th anniversary as CEO of Mierosoft arrives in January, but ifs hard to imagine he'll be celebrating. Mierosoft stock has dropped by nearly 50 percent on his watch, lagging not just other teeh eompanies but even the Dow Jones industrial average. Distracted by the Windows Vista fiasco, Ballmer has missed every big new tech market of the past decade. Google won the race for Internet search and keyword advertising. Apple won in MP3 players and online music sales, and now holds the high ground in mobile phones, while Windows Mobile fades away. Microsoft's Zune music player is a dud. Bing, Microsoft's search engine, will never catch Google. Ballmer is said to be a brilliant guy, but he got a black eye for the way he blundered and blustered and finally botched an attempted acquisition of Yahoo. He's a screamer and a bit of a bully--not the easiest guy to work for. If Microsoft were any other company, this guy would be in trouble. But the catch is, Ballmer was put into the job by Microsoft founder Bill Gates, and the two have been pals since their undergraduate days at Harvard. If Gates wants to get rid of Ballmer, he' 11 have to craft some kind of graceful exit that lets his buddy save face. Another problem: there's no heir apparent on the management team. Nevertheless, investors must be getting restless. Soon they'll start calling for a shake-up.10. Google Faces Antitrust SuitThe Feds are already looking at Google on a variety of fronts. Its deal with book publishers has drawn scrutiny. In 2009 it was hassled by the Federal Trade Commission over possible anticompetitive connections because it shared two board members with Apple, a situation that got resolved when Google CEO Eric Schmidt quit Apple's board, and Arthur Levinson, an Apple board member, quit the Google board. Regulators freaked out again when Google tried to make a search partnership with Yahoo. Supposedly the Feds were ready to bring charges, but then Google walked away from the deal.After facing this scrutiny in the past year, Google has launched a kind of ongoing publicity campaign, wooing the media and hoping to convince people that it isn't really a big bad company. It likes to say that it's operating in a highly competitive field and that its users can leave with the click of a mouse. But the fact is, Google handles two thirds of all searches in the United States. Whether that can legally be defined as a "monopoly" and whether Google can be shown to have abused its powerful market position remains to be seen. But regulators here and/or in the European Union will find Google so tempting a target that they will not be able to resist bringing a case to find out.Addicts of the Information AgeAmong everybody from our leaders to our teenagers, no habit is spreading faster than being connected 24/7 via a smart phone.[2] Its penetration in the U.S. is estimated at 18%, and it seems that everywhere you turn, people are using their smart phones in new ways and in new places. Samsung recently estimated that it expects 500 million global smart-phone users by 2012. Actual phone calls are becoming extinct compared with handheld texts and email messages--whoever thought people would prefer typing to talking? But the evidence appears to say they do.[3"] This has also given rise to a group of people--the top 10% of smart-phone users--who just can't stop. They are the smartphoniacsI, the true addicts of the information age.[4] Here are five tell-tale2 traits of Smartphoniacs :Do they take their smart phones with them when they get up from the table to go to the restroom---and do they take an awful lot of trips there?Do you receive messages from them while you know they are driving (increasingly being harmed in state after state), or at midnight on Saturday night?Do they come up with excuses in the middle of a conversation to pull out their smart phone--something like "let me jot something you said down so I don't forget it", and then sneak a look at all their messages?Are they suffering from sprained or elongated thumbs?Do they openly use their smart phones in inappropriate places, such as first dates, at Rosh Hashanah4 or Christmas dinner, in hospital delivery rooms, or on job interviews?[5 ] If your "friend" fits four out of five of these, then he or she is a smartphoniac. If he fits only two or three of them, he is just another typical user who stays connected on the street, in meetings and at the movies.[6] As these devices pop up everywhere, there has been a recent spate of articles about smart-phone "manners"--as if using your phone when your boss, or your mother, is talking to you is just a matter of poor training on their part. I don't think your boss or your mom ever said "go ahead, text while I'm talking to you". So it's just not a matter of manners. Ifs much more the result of a deeper disconnect anxiety, an irrepressible fear that you will miss something if you put it away.[7] I once worked with a candidate for Senate who emailed me from the podiums during a debate. Many 'CEOs communicate today primarily from their smart phones. Hillary Clinton and Barack Obama used them on the campaign trail, while John MeCain didn't.[8] The famed red phone to call the Russian premier in the event of a national security emergency could now be replaced by a red smart phone. Imagine if the world's top leaders were all connected bysmart phones and they communicated directly and frequently about issues of mutual concern. It would revolutionize diplomacy.[9] But Smartphoniacs are an eclectic mix of the successful and powerful, busy professionals, teenagers and college students. All of them commtmicate incessantly.[10] In Korea, more than three in 10 youths who carry mobile phones are said to be addicted. In Germany, there are an estimated 380,000 texting addicts—folks who withdraw from the very family and friends their machines were supposed to connect them to. While there hasn't been a formal study of Smartphoniacs in America, we know that between the second quarter of 2007 and the second quarter of 2008, the North American smart-phone market grew 78.7%. About 139.3 million smart phones were sold world-wide last year, and half of U. S. smart-phone users report using their devices more today than they did just three months ago.[11] Last month, the National Texting Championship award and its $ 50,000 grand prize went to a 15-year-old who texts 500 times a day. A recent poll found that 42% of teens can text with their eyes closed. And based on other studies on the intensity of smart-phone use, we can guess that Smartphoniacs skew male, affluent and well-educated. Not since the television has any invention changed the lifestyle habits of Americans more than the smart phone. The recent movie Seven Pounds detailed the guilt of an executive who caused a fatal car crash because he emailed while driving.[12] To be sure, there are forces calling for temperance7. Some people refuse to date people who use smart phones. Many parents just say no. Legislators are getting into the act to protect public safety. But for the most part, Americans of every age and stage are wrapping themselves in apps, chcks and instantaneous communication as part of a social network. And some small but significant percentage of this group is going to take a one-way slide to the bottom, where the compulsion to use their smart phones is so strong that they can only hope their batteries last long enough to text a cry for help.[13] We're not far away from Smartphoniacs Anonymous or Mothers Against Smart Phones. We've been through this with TV, the Intemet and videogames. In the end it all works out and we successfully integrate them into our lives, even though we are never again the same. At least with smart phones, with all their usage counters, we will be able to tell who has recovered from the binges.。
