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英语。
在3月份之前，我已经用《一本单词》将考研单词背了一遍，我个人觉得这本书很有用，不是让你记住单词，是单词的词性与用法。
3-6月看蛋核英语的视频背单词+长难句解析。
7-9月我开始买了《木糖英语真题手译版》，最早几年的题型太老了，失去的价值，我把他作为长难句解析，一句一句的分析，用本子记下来后对答案，过程会很痛苦，但是这样四五年的真题后你会突然发现你都看得懂了。
开学后我开始刷第二遍真题阅读+背作文。
等到11月份的时候，我才开始关注新题型+完形填空，同样看的蛋核英语的视频，把前面的新题型+完型做了两遍。
以上大家都可以搜索到相关的微信公众号。
政治课的复习，大家基本上是站在同一起跑线上的，不需要太多的基础，只要复习一下过线没问题，进一步讲只要功夫下到位，政治单科过70分也是概率很大的。
其实考研过程中，政治的复习性价比（得分/时间）最高，而且不用开始的太早， 10月份开始就足够了。
政治最重要的是大纲解析，当时我报了个政治考研班，是李凡老师主讲的，个人感觉还不错，考研班的作用就是为你指明复习方向，至于最后结果如何还是要看个人的努力。
在刚开始复习政治时，一般用《政治新时器》，不需要看课本，因为课本上的知识太多太杂了，这时候为避免枯燥，大家可以在网上下载些视频看，这样就学起来轻松多了而且比较容易理解（网上一般是上年的，大可去听，因为每年的知识点变化不大，特别是哲学），之后做些选择题强化知识点，大题进入冲刺阶段再做。
专业课：首先大致浏览一遍课本，自己做一个大纲出来，大标题小标题小小标题这样，第一遍可以不细看，但要有个印象，知道书大概讲的是什么，分几章，每章又在说什么，建立一个知识框架出来。
第二遍开始仔仔细细地看课本，把这个知识框架逐步逐步地填满，不能有知识上的盲点，如果看书看不明白，就去问在校授课的专业课老师，老师会慈爱地给你详细解答。
可以自己根据书本内容做笔记，做完笔记印象更深刻。
第三遍再返回去扫一下课本，可以结合真题去针对性地复习，真题的答案试着自己去总结，有个自己的答题思路是最好的。
兰州大学考博英语真题及其精解1.This rock has to be_______in order to build a road.A.blastedB.exploredC.hiredD.maintained2.He did not go to the party last night,which_______her feelings deeply.A.woundedB.injuredC.hurtD.injury3.When they returned to the river,they found that the boat had _______away.A.framedB.frostedC.frownedD.floated4.If you need further information,please_______our office.A.constantB.constructC.contactD.contain5.During the war,many soldiers were killed not by_______,but by disease.A.bulledtsB.devilC.bibleD.depth6.We watched the ship until it became only a_______in the distance.A.pointB.jarC.stoveD.dot7.The English proverb‘_______the rod and spoil the child’means that if you deep from punishing the child,you will spoil its character.Geng duo yuan xiao wan zheng kao bo ying yu zhen ti ji qi jie xi qing lian xi quan guo mian fei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiu qi ba,huo jia zi xun qq:qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi.A.ruleB.rugC.clapD.spare8.The_______was only sentenced to pay a fine of$10,000.A.wormB.trialC.tubeD.criminal9.Higher education in China is free but the_______for entrance is strong.parisonB.consequencepetitionD.crawl10.The light is too_______for me to read.I can not stand any more.A.ridB.ripeC.soupD.dim11.The water_______from the tap and damaged all the books in my study.A.sprayedB.puzzledC.inclinedD.exported12.In the United States,Congress makes the laws and the President _______them.A.ordersB.conquersC.executesD.hedges13.She is too_______to answer questions in the class.A.eagleB.coughC.eagerD.couch14.We enjoy seeing the glorious_______of the rising sun.A.beamsB.beansC.beefD.beer15.In the_______English reading course,the students have to read a lot.A.extensiveB.mechanicalC.mercuryD.opera16.He gave up his study in college in_______.A.bundleB.butcherC.ashD.despair17.Several people_______the car accident.A.witnessedB.provedC.swallowedD.drugged18.They will_______the project with the necessary funds.A.referB.relateC.furnaceD.furnish19.I took it for_______that you wouldn’t come here again.A.grandB.tameC.grantedD.thumb20.He was sent to London on a special_______.A.missingB.missileC.missionD.mistress21.This light shelf is strong enough to_______all the books here.A.wipeB.waxC.surveyD.sustain22.The_______Court is the highest court in the United States.A.VitalB.ThunderC.ReverseD.Supreme23.Our university has an international student exchange_______ with the University of Wyoming in the United States.A.processionB.provisionC.professionD.program24.He________of me the best way to go.A.investigatedB.inquiredC.frightenedD.resorted25.Mr.White tried to_______this job through the influence of his father.A.harnessB.fetchC.curseD.obtain26.The police dog finally found the_______of the prisoners of war.A.steepB.resolutionC.porterD.trail27.As the only_______in the small village,he not only fixedthe furniture but also made furniture for the villagers.A.symbolB.sourceC.panD.carpenter28.A big crowd gathered around the bus,almost_______the traffic.A.affectingB.blockingC.creatingD.mating29.As far as I see,this book has its own_______.A.meritB.signalC.visibleD.swift30.This tree is too_______to be planted in this area.A.tremendousB.vigorousC.shyD.tender31.This product is_______to change without notice.A.despiteB.evilC.subjectD.crust32.I don’t know how he can_______himself for such conduct.A.justifyB.locateC.rearD.swear33.The stolen watch has been_______to its owner.A.retiredB.pitchedC.restoredD.cured34.It is_______cold this winter in Xi’an.A.considerablyB.tightC.navalD.moreover35.It has been my_______to meet with this accident.A.journalB.reductionC.affectD.fate36.Her smile_______her secret even though she didn’t admit the fact.A.reviewedB.reversedC.respondedD.revealed37.He________that he could finish the job without any help.A.designedB.headedC.claimedD.preserved38.Professor Li_______his success to his mother.A.ownsB.ruinsC.owesD.roars39.The election_______for the State governor has begun this year.A.campaignB.boltC.hellD.immense40.Anyone without_______illness can do this simple job.dB.mindC.mentalD.mend41.Glass may_______at high temperature.A.profitB.pronounceC.stingD.melt42.Silver_______electricity far better than other materials.A.equipsB.strikesC.cracksD.conducts43.Everyone is encouraged to_______food or clothing for those who suffered a great deal in the flood.A.attributeB.distributeC.contributeD.drift44.White teeth are a sharp_______to black skin.A.contentB.contractC.contrastD.contain45.Tom is_______about photography.He spends nearly all his money on it.A.justiceB.innocentC.fierceD.crazy46.We need help from the other countries.But we do not_______ on others for support.A.engageB.leanC.stripD.multiply47.We will_______the plan because of the cost.A.councilB.journalC.dampD.oppose48.Our train is_______at Shanghai at seven o’clock this evening.A.dueB.crystalC.cushionD.cooperation49.Her voice was_______in the noise.A.filledB.entertainedC.enormousD.drowned50.He is very_______in his family and never does anything against his wife.A.henceB.possessC.outerD.humble答案：1.A2.C3.D4.C5.A6.D7.D8.D9.C10.D11.A12.C13.C14.A15.A 16.D17.A18.D19.C20.C21.D22.D23.D24.B25.D26.D27.D28.B29.A 30.D31.C32.A33.C34.A35.D36.D37.C38.C39.A40.C41.D42.D43.C 44.C45.D46.B47.D48.A49.D50.D本文由“育明考博”整理编辑。
兰州大学811自然地理学参考书目自然地理学是一门研究地球表层自然环境的学科，它包括地貌、水文、气候、草原、土壤等多个方面。
在兰州大学811自然地理学教学中，提供了丰富的参考书目，以帮助学生深入理解自然地理学的知识。
以下是兰州大学811自然地理学课程的参考书目，希望可以对学有兴趣的同学们有所帮助：1.《自然地理学》（第3版）：作者M.J.de Smith、M.F.Goodchild和P.A.Longley。
本书系统全面地介绍了自然地理学的基本理论、研究方法和应用实践，包括地理信息系统（GIS）、地图学和地理建模等内容，是自然地理学入门的经典教材之一。
2.《地貌学导论》（第4版）：作者J.E.Thornes。
这本书主要介绍了地貌学的基本概念、理论和研究方法，涵盖了地貌形成的基本原理、地表过程和地形演变等内容，适合深入学习地貌学的同学阅读。
3.《水文学导论》（第2版）：作者D.R.Maidment。
本书系统阐述了水文学的基本理论和实践技术，包括水文循环、水文观测和水文模型等内容，对于学习水文学的同学具有重要参考价值。
4.《自然地理学概论》（第8版）：作者J.E.Chambers、A.A.Dunn和R.O.Ehrenberg。
这本书是自然地理学概论的经典教材，内容涵盖了气候学、植被学、土壤学、水文学等多个方面，适合作为自然地理学课程的辅助教材。
5.《草地学导论》（第2版）：作者J.R.Brown和P.C.Mulholland。
该书系统介绍了草地学的基本概念和研究方法，包括草地生态系统、植物多样性和草地恢复等内容，对于对草地生态感兴趣的同学极具参考意义。
以上是兰州大学811自然地理学课程的参考书目，这些经典教材涵盖了自然地理学课程的核心知识，对于深入学习自然地理学理论与实践具有重要的借鉴意义。
希望同学们能够在课程学习中积极阅读这些书目，加强对自然地理学知识的理解和掌握，为将来的学术研究和实践应用打下坚实的基础。
兰州大学2000年硕士研究生入学考试试题自然地理学一. 解释下列概念(30分)日的距离及其意义臭氧层及其意义成冰作用夷平面腐殖质及其作用生态位二. 论述地球自转和公转个有那些意义(20分)三. 简介垂直地带性(15分)四. 试论西部大开发(35分)兰州大学2001年硕士研究生入学考试试题自然地理学一. 解释下列概念(20分)回归年山谷风断头河砖红壤生物群落二. 阐释下列现象(30分)1. 北半球夏季为什么纬度越高白昼越长?2. 山地降水与山下孰多?3. 既然有暖低压冷高压之说,为何在副热带形成高压而在副极地形成低压?4. 在同一河段,两岸越老的阶地看上去相距越远,是否意味着河水越来越小?5. 极地动物有什么特征,为什么?三. 试为百科全书写一条目----地带性规律(20分)四. 写一篇科学论文----论中国西北干旱区地理的基本特征(30分)兰州大学2002年硕士研究生入学考试试题自然地理学一. 阐释以下概念(40分)宇宙大洋中脊第四纪对流层化学风化终碛垅侵蚀基准面腐殖质泰加林生境二. 回答下列问题(30分)1. 地球公转有何意义2. 副热带高压和副极地低压是如何形成的?3. 对地域分异及其机理进行论述.三. 各抒己见,一展才华----人类面临怎样的生存环境危机?人地关系究竟如何协调?(避免俗套) (30分)兰州大学2003年硕士研究生入学考试试题自然地理学一. 名词解释(40分)1风化壳2全球水分循环3陆地生态系统4生物多样性5反气旋二. 简答题(60分)1. 简述海底扩张学说的主要内容.2. 简述地理环境中地貌因子的作用.3. 简述侵蚀基准面,气候变迁以及构造运动如何影响河流阶地的形成过程.三. 论述题(50分)1. 论述土壤圈在全球地理环境系统中的地位和作用.2. 论述自然地理环境的地球分异规律的内涵,尺度,以及相互间的联系.兰州大学2004年硕士研究生入学考试试题自然地理学一. 名词解释(40分)土壤圈地理信息系统全球变化热带气旋夷平面二. 问答题(60分)1我国季风气候特点及其形成过程2我国暖温带的特点及其形成过程3黄土高原的特点及其形成过程三. 论述题(任选两题,50分)1. 我国地域分异规律的特点及其形成过程.2. 全球变暖对我国地理环境未来发展趋势的影响.3. 青藏高原的隆起过程及其环境效应.兰州大学2005年硕士研究生入学考试试题自然地理学一．概念填空(50分，每空2分)1. 由于研究背景的差别和学术观点不同，地理学在其自身发展过程中形成了若干不同的研究传统和学派，主要学派有:_________，_________，_________，_________和_________。
兰州大学2005年招收攻读博士学位研究生英语考试试题Section Ⅰ (20%)1.Hemp, a barsh, stiff fiber, comes from a plant that grows in both hotand mild climates.A. rigidB. stickyC. denseD. woven2. At least six times since the end of the last ice age, the MississippiRiver has dramatically altered its course.A. unfortunatelyB. radicallyC. steadilyD. incvitably3. The Depreasion years of 1930`s brought with them the notion of jobsharing to spread available work around; the workweek dropped to modem low for the United Statesof 35 hours.A. conceptB. pictureC. noticeD. program4. The longest unbroken border in the world is that between Canada andThe United States.A. reciprocalB. incessantC. uninterruptedD. enduring5. A major chatacteristic of parliament government is the fusion ofexecutive and legislative powers in one body.A. alignmentB. fixingC. strengthD. union6. New York is a shopper`s paradise whether one wants to spend afortune in elegant department stores or rifle though goods displayed on street barrows.A. turn one`s back onB. walk casually alongC. search carefully forD. to look quickly over7. The role of the performing artist is to interpret, not alter, the notes ona printed sheet of music.A. reproduceB. omitC. changeD. compose8. Within minutes, as my guide predicted, a beggar accosted me.A. insultedB. intinddatedC. approached and addressedD. asked fou money9. The stories of Sarah Onne Jewerr are considered by many to be moreauthentically regional than those of Bret Harte.A. genuinelyB. blatantlyC. intentionallyD. thoroughly10. With the down of space exploration, the notion that atmosphericconditions on Earth may be unique in the solar system was strengthened.A. continuationB. beginningC. expansionD. outcome11. When a flounder first hatches, it looks like a typical fish.A. emerges from the eggB. maturesC. swims aboutD. rises from the bottom12. Many movies receive disparaging reviews from film experts and yetbecome extremely successful.A. lengthyB. authoritativeC. negativeD. uninteresting13. A vein is a depoait of mineral matter that has filled a fault or seamin a rock.A. a caveB. a crackC. an indentationD. a hole14. During the late 1860`s, thirty-three whaling ships were trapped in aice floe off Alaska and had to be abandoned.A. protectedB. overturnedC. given upD. towed away15. There are numerous manuals available with instructions on how tofix a bicycle.A. steerB. controlC. rideD. repair16. Because he was unaware of the new limit, he was stopped andwarned for speeding.A. ignorantB. obstinateC. IntricateD. adjacent17. The strait is a difficult stretch of water, too perilous for small ferriesto cross.A. surgingB. riskyC. narrowD. windy18. The initial sounds of words are frequently stressed.A. alphabeticalB. vowelC. hardD. beginning19. Weather forecasers must know as much as possible about the stateof the atmosphere.A. organizationB. locationC. conditionD. composition20. A kiin is a type of oven in which clay is fired so that it hardens intoform of ceramic material.A . lightenced B. repairedC. meltedD. bakedSectionⅡ(20%)21. no two people think exactly alike, there will always bedisagreement, but disagreement should not always be avoided; it can be healthy if handled creatively.A. WhyB. There areC. BecauseD. That22. Until the eighteenth century , charcoal was used in blastlurnaces, as well as in glassmaking, blacksmithing, and metalworking.A. the chief fuel wasB. what the chief fuelC. the chief fuel thatD. the chief fuel23. The early cultures of the genus Homo were generally byregular use of stone tools and by a hunting gathering economy.A. well-knownB. admittedC. distinguishedD. condidered24. Mamufacturing is Canada`s most important economic activity,17 percent of the workforce.A. engagesB. engagingC. and to engageD. that it engages25. Railway industry must the growing demands for carryingfreight and passengers.A. keep pace withB. keep a pace withC. keep paces togetherD. follow the pace of26. In war time, pigeons to fly as fast as 75 miles an hour andto cover distances of 500 to 600 miles.A. are to be knownB. have been knownC. are supposed to have knownD. usually know27. The American frontier the relatively unsettled regions ofthe United States, usually found in the western part of the country.A. included inB. make up ofC. includingD. consisted of28. In carlier times there were more sheep in the South of New Zealandthan in the North; now, with increasing attention to cross-bred flocks, the reverse .A. being trueB. being the caseC. are trueD. is the case29. Most people would agree that, our age exceeds all previous ages inknowledge, there has been no increase in wisdom.A. respectiveB. relatedC. correspondingD. consistent30. Statuses are marzelous human inventions that to getalong with one another and to determine where we “fit” in society.A. enable usB. make us capableC. give us powerD. we are able31. Tidiness means keeping things out of sight and availablewhen wanted.A. so thatB. alsoC. soD. yet32. A few years ago a brand of bread to dieters with themessage that there were fewer calories in every slice.A. was offeredB. had offeredC. was offeredD. being offered33. The business institutes have more prestige in American society thanany other organization the government.A. including ofB. to includeC. includedD. including34. that life began billions of years ago in the water..A. It is believedB. In the beliefC. The beliefD. Believing35. as food additives ,antioxidants prevent fats and oilsfrom becoming rancid when exposed to air, and thus extend their shelf life.A. While usedB. When usingC. When usedD. Using36. As regards the development of moral standards in the growing child,is very important in parental tasching.A. firmnessB. consistencyC. harmonyD. correlation37. John was the only one who knew how to cook because he hadin the kitchen when he was a boy.A. helped withB. helped upC. helped outD. helped himself38. Methods of measuring mass, time, and distance are ofhuman culture.A. among the oldest skillsB. they are among the oldest skillsC. what among the oldest skillsD. the skills that among the oldest39. The first glass factory the North American continentwas started in Jamostown, Virginia, in 1607.A. was established onB. being establishedC. established onD. that established it40. The notion that students are not sufficiently involved in theireducation is for the recent surge of support for undergraduate research.A. reason thatB. one reasonC. the reason whichD. reasonPart Two Translation (40%)Section Ⅰ (From English into Chinese)Directions Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese.(20%)I lost my sight when I was four years old by falling off a box car in a freight yard in Atlantic City and landing on my head. Now I am thirty-two, I can vaguely remember the brightness of sunshine and what colorred is. It would be wonderful to see again, but a calamity can do strange things to people. (1) It occurred to me the other day that I might no t have come to love life as I do if I hadn`t been blind. I believe in life now. I am not so sure that I would have believe in it so deeply, otherwise. I don`t mean that I would prefer to go without my eyes. I simply mean that the loss of them made me appreciate the more what I had left.Life, I believe, asks a continuous series of adjustments to reality. (2) The more readily a person is able to make these adjustments, the more meaningful his own private world would become. The adjustment is never easy. I was bewildered and afraid. But I was lucky. My parents and my teachers saw something in me – a potential to live, you might call it – and they made me want to fight it out with blindness.The hardest lesson I had to learn was to believe in myself. That was basic. If I hadn`t been able to do that, I would have collapsed and become a chair rocker on the front porch for the rest of my life. When I say belief in myself I am not talking about simply the kind of self- confidence that helps me down an unfamiliar staircase alone. That is part of it. But I mean something bigger than that a assurance I am, despite imperfections, a real, positive person; (3) that somewhere in the sweeping intricate pattern of people there is a special place where I can make myself fit.It took me years to discover and strengthen this assurance. It had to start with the most elementary things. Once a man gave me an indoorbaseball. I thought he was mocking me and I was hurt. “I can`t use this,” I said. “Take it with you, and roll it around,” he urged me. The words stuck in my head. By rolling the ball I could hear where it went. (4) This gave me an idea how to achieve a goal I had thought impossible playing baseball. At Philadephia`s Overbrook School for the Blind I invented a successful variation of baseball. We called it ground ball.All my life I have set ahead of me a series of goals and then tried to reach them, one at a time. I had to learn my limitations. (5) It was no good to try for something I knew at the start was wildly out of reach because that only invited the bitterness of failure. I would fail sometimes anyway but on the average I made progress.Section Ⅱ (From Chinese into English)Directions: Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into English (20%)盼头（6）细娃盼过年，大人盼开春。
博士专业英语试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. The term "sustainability" refers to the ability to endure over the long haul.A) TrueB) False2. Which of the following is not a characteristic of sustainable development?A) Economic growthB) Environmental protectionC) Social equityD) Unlimited resource consumption3. The phrase "paradigm shift" in academic writing often refers to:A) A change in the weatherB) A fundamental change in approach or underlying assumptionsC) A minor adjustment in perspectiveD) A change in political leadership4. The concept of "ecosystem services" is associated with which field of study?A) EconomicsB) EcologyC) SociologyD) Political science5. In the context of climate change, "mitigation" refers to:A) Adapting to the effects of climate changeB) Reducing greenhouse gas emissionsC) Planting more treesD) Moving populations to less affected areas6. The term "peer review" in academic publishing is a process where:A) Authors review each other's workB) Journal editors review all submissionsC) Experts in the field evaluate and critique manuscriptsD) The public reviews and comments on published articles7. Which of the following is not a type of renewable energy?A) Solar powerB) Wind powerC) Nuclear powerD) Hydroelectric power8. The "Kyoto Protocol" is an international treaty linked to:A) Biodiversity conservationB) Climate changeC) International tradeD) Space exploration9. "Circular economy" is a model of production and consumption that:A) Encourages the use of non-renewable resourcesB) Minimizes waste and promotes recyclingC) Focuses on mass production and consumptionD) Ignores the environmental impact of production10. The "Precautionary Principle" in environmental policy suggests that:A) Action should be taken only after full scientific certainty is achievedB) Scientific uncertainty should not be used as a reason to postpone measures to prevent harmC) Environmental policies should be based solely on economic considerationsD) Environmental harm should be accepted as a cost of economic growth二、填空题（每题1分，共10分）11. The process of converting light energy into chemical energy in plants is known as __________.12. The greenhouse effect is primarily caused by the accumulation of __________ gases in the atmosphere.13. In a __________ economy, the goal is to minimize waste and make the most of resources.14. The term "biodiversity" refers to the variety of life in all its forms and levels of __________.15. The __________ Principle states that it is better to be safe than sorry when it comes to potential harm to the environment.16. The __________ is a global environmental facility that provides grants for projects that benefit the global environment.17. The __________ is a set of international rules for the trade and use of hazardous chemicals and pesticides.18. "Eco-friendly" products are designed to have the leastpossible __________ on the environment.19. The __________ is a measure of the total amount of greenhouse gases emitted directly or indirectly by human activities.20. The __________ is a branch of environmental science concerned with the study of the total environment of a given area, both physical and biological.三、简答题（每题5分，共30分）21. Define the term "sustainable development" and explain its three main pillars.22. What are the key components of the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)?23. Describe the role of "stakeholders" in the context of corporate social responsibility (CSR).24. Explain the concept of "ecological footprint" and why it is important for environmental conservation.四、论述题（每题25分，共50分）25. Discuss the challenges and opportunities associated with the transition to a low-carbon economy.26. Critically evaluate the effectiveness of international environmental agreements in addressing global environmental issues.五、翻译题（共30分）27. Translate the following paragraph from English to Chinese (15 points):"Environmental degradation, loss of biodiversity, and climate change are three of the most pressing challenges facing humanity today. The need for sustainable solutionsthat balance economic growth, social development, and environmental protection is more urgent than ever."28. Translate the following paragraph from Chinese to English (15 points):"可持续发展是指在不损害后代满足其需求的能力的前提下，满足当代人的需求。
1、兰州大学自然地理学考研历年真题2、以下为我们整理的兰大自然地理全套资料的部分目录：3、GIS遥感地理学考研中心，由武大、南师、北师、地理所、南大相关名校地学专业研究生学长学姐创办，专业为大家提供GIS、遥感、自然地理学、人文地理学考研资料。
欢迎大家一起交流。
淘宝店网址：/拍拍网:/771843105/2013年自然地理考研群：2351414622013年人文地理考研群：2526899452013年GIS遥感考研交流群：2526911234、展示1——部分真题答案展示简述云南省省会——昆明被称为“春城”的自然地理原因答题思路：考查教材知识的应用和对实际问题的分析能力。
昆明因为夏无酷暑、冬无严寒，四季如春，年温差小而被称为“春城”。
注意，本题不但要答出其特殊气候的形成原因，也要简单叙述气候特征。
参考答案要点：（1）冬季不冷，对于西方干暖气流的控制和高原地形对北方冷空气的阻滞冬季，中纬度的西风带南移，由于青藏高原的屏障作用，西风气流分成两支，分别绕过青藏高原的南北两侧，昆明位于东南侧，正好位于南支西风急流的控制之下．在高空南支西风急流的引导下，近地面主要盛行的是来自较低纬度的大陆内部的西方干暖气流。
在此气流控制下，晴朗、暖和、干燥成为昆明冬季天气的主要特点。
其次，云贵高原地势相对较高，大致呈由西向东平缓倾斜之势。
北方冷空气南下，受云贵高原地形阻滞，难以影响到（强冷空气除外）昆明一带。
冷空气前锋与西方干暖气流相遇在昆明与贵阳之间形成昆明准静止锋，以贵阳为代表的云贵高原以东地区，在昆明佳静止锋的冷空气一侧云雾笼罩，阴雨冷湿。
即“天无三日晴”；而以昆明为代表的云贵高原以西地区在干暖气流的控制下，碧空如洗。
蔚蓝色的天空对太阳辐射的削弱作用小，使得达到地面的太阳辐射量相对就比同纬度附近的贵阳要多，所以昆明冬季月平均气温比贵阳高出6℃左右。
可见昆明冬季不冷，阳光明媚。
（2）夏季不热，得益于较高的海拔和雨热同期昆明平均海拔1891米，随着海拔增高气温要降低，每上升100米气温下降0.6℃，所以夏季昆明与同纬度的桂林相比要低一些。
博士生英语考试真题试卷一、词汇与语法（共10题）1. The new discovery ______ a significant impact on the field of medicine.A. makes.B. has.C. gives.D. takes.答案：B。
解析：“have an impact on...”是固定搭配，表示“对……有影响”，这里主语是“the new discovery”，为第三人称单数，所以用“has”。
2. She was so ______ in her work that she didn't notice the time passing.A. absorbed.B. attracted.C. drawn.D. concentrated.答案：A。
解析：“be absorbed in...”是固定短语，意为“专心于……”；“be attracted to...”表示“被……吸引”；“concentrate on”（集中精力于），这里需要用“absorbed”。
3. It is essential that every student ______ a good command of English.A. has.B. had.C. have.D. will have.答案：C。
解析：在“It is essential that...”句型中，从句要用虚拟语气，即“should + 动词原形”，“should”可以省略，所以这里用“have”。
4. The committee ______ of fifteen members.A. consists.B. composes.C. makes up.D. is made up.答案：A。
解析：“consist of”表示“由……组成”，主动形式；“be made up of”也表示“由……组成”，但为被动形式；“compose”的用法是“be composed of”，这里主语是“the committee”，所以用“consists”。
兰州大学管理学院管理学2000——2023年年西方经济学2000——2023年年，2023年年（2023年年为回忆版）文学院古代汉语和现代汉语2023年年古代汉语2002——2023年年文学概论2000——2002，2004——2023年年现代汉语2002现代汉语和语言学概论2003——2023年年语言学概论2000——2002中国文学2023年年中国文学史2000——2023年年（注：2002，2003年试卷名称为“中国古代文学史”）中国现代文学史2002——2003文学理论和外国文学2023年年文学概论和外国文学2023年年比较文学与世界文学2002——2003汉语言文字学2000——2001新闻与传扬学院传扬学原理1999——2023年年（1999——2004有答案）新闻理论(含中国新闻事业史) 1999——2023年年，2023年年（1999——2004有答案）新闻写作1999——2002历史文化学院第 1 页/共 6 页民族学概论2003——2023年年民族学原理2000——2001世界近现代史1995——2023年年中国古代史2000——2023年年中国近现代史1994——2023年年中国历史文选2002——2023年年中国少数民族史2003——2023年年经济学院高级微观与宏观经济学2023年年西方经济学2000——2023年年，2023年年（2023年年为回忆版）发展经济学2000——2023年年金融学综合（含货币银行学、国际金融学）2023年年政治经济学（资、社）2000——2023年年中国近现代经济史(含中国近代经济史、中华人民共和国经济史)2023年年法学院法理学2003——2023年年法理学（复试）2004国际公法（复试）2004——2023年年国际经济法2023年年环境与资源保护法2002——2023年年经济法2001——2023年年民法2001——2002民法（复试）2004——2023年年民商法2003——2023年年民事诉讼法（复试）2004——2023年年宪法与行政法学2023年年宪法（复试）2004刑法2004——2023年年刑事诉讼法（复试）2004——2023年年行政法2002行政法与行政诉讼法2004——2023年年外国语学院二外德语2002——2023年年二外法语2002——2023年年二外日语2001，2003（2001有答案）翻译与写作2004——2023年年英美文学2001——2023年年英语语言学2002——2023年年哲学社会学院科学思想史2004——2023年年马克思主义哲学2004——2023年年西方哲学史2000——2023年年中国哲学史2000——2023年年社会调查主意2002——2023年年（注：2004年试卷共2页，缺第2页）社会学理论2023年年社会学概论2002——2023年年社会学专业2004年复试（笔试）试题政治与行政学院国际政治学2002——2023年年，2023年年（注：2023年年试卷为回忆版）马克思主义发展史2002——2023年年政治学原理2002——2023年年，2023年年科学社会主义原理2004第 3 页/共 6 页教诲学院高等教诲学2002教诲基本理论（含中外教诲史）2003——2023年年教诲心理学2002心理学2003——2023年年中外教诲史2002数学与统计学院高等代数2001——2023年年，2023年年（答案有：2023年年）数学分析1999——2023年年，2023年年（答案有：2023年年）物理科学与技术学院半导体物理1998——2000，2002——2023年年高等数学(物理类)2001——2023年年固体物理2003——2023年年量子力学(含原子物理学)2001——2023年年原子核物理(含核物理实验主意)2003——2023年年信息科学与工程学院高等数学(物理类)2001——2023年年电子线路（含线性电路、数字电路与逻辑设计）2000——2023年年计算机组成原理2002数据结构A2002操作系统2002数据结构A(含操作系统)2003——2023年年数据结构（含操作系统、计算机组成原理）2023年年数据结构B(含计算机组成原理)2003——2023年年化学化工学院分析化学（含无机化学）2001——2002，2001——2002答案化工原理2023年年，2023年年答案（其中2023年年答案缺第3页）无机化学1993——1998，2001，2001答案（其中2001答案缺页）无机及分析化学1999——2000，2002——2023年年，2002——2023年年答案物理化学1993——2004，2001——2004答案物理化学A2023年年，2023年年答案物理化学B2023年年，2023年年答案有机化学1993——2023年年，2001——2023年年答案（其中2023年年年的试卷缺第一页）生命科学学院分子生物学2003——2023年年普通动物学（含脊椎动物学、无脊椎动物学）2002——2023年年普通微生物学2004——2023年年生理学2002——2023年年生态学(含种群生态学、群落生态学、生态系统生态学)2002——2023年年生物化学(含有机化学)2002——2023年年，2023年年细胞生物学2003——2023年年，2023年年遗传学(含分子遗传学)2002——2023年年植物生物学（含植物生理学）2002——2023年年，2023年年资源环境学院天然地理学2000——2023年年高等数学（地学类）2000——2023年年环境学概论2002——2023年年普通地质学2001——2023年年岩石学(沉积岩和岩浆岩)2000——2023年年第 5 页/共 6 页遥感与地理信息系统2002——2023年年草地农业科技学院普通生态学2003——2023年年土壤学2023年年植物生理学2003——2023年年大气科学学院高等数学(物理类)2001——2023年年土木工程与力学学院（无此试卷）艺术学院（无此试卷）医学院（原兰州医学院）病理生理学2001病理学2001——2004（其中2001年有两种）生理学1997——2000，2023年年。
兰州大学自然地理考研考研经验我是一二级兰大自然地理学新生。
去年考试总成绩399，数学145专业课124，英语和政治都是六十多分。
我将我的经验分为两部分，写下来供大家分享。
首先，我想综述一下我对考研的看法。
第一考研和学习的区别考试和学习不一样。
学习可能要看书理解思考等等，应付考试只要会做题就行了。
所以大家要多做题。
第二效率为先我个人觉得效率作用大于时间。
我每天早晨都是九点多起床的，⊙﹏⊙b汗，可是我看书效率很高。
我一般都是一个人拿着书和杯子，不知不觉时间就过去了。
这里给学弟学妹们一个建议，特别是学妹，看书的时候不要玩别的，少带一点东西过去。
有的学妹把书、手机、p3、吃的、喝的、玩的、男朋友女朋友都带着了，一晚上就玩他们了，那还有时间看书啊。
第三理解大于背书背书会让你考到高分，可是对很多男生来说，背书实在太痛苦了。
所以我选择理解。
我把自然地理学那本书看了十多遍，不要诧异，当你理解了，一天绝对可以看一边。
第四关于答题我希望大家能深入解题。
答题时要发散思维。
把自己答案提高一个档次，写出题目之外的简见解。
比如去年的考题，人地关系。
可以先写任何协调人地关系，在结合全球变化谈一谈应对全球变化时人地和谐的重要性。
第五如何调节心态考研战线一般拉得都很长。
每天都坚持看八个小时书几乎不可能的。
很多同学中间都有看不下去书的经历。
所以大家又学会调剂、放松。
适当的玩能够提高看书效率。
不想看书的时候不要逼着自己看，看书的实惠就要全神贯注，真去把效率提到最高。
可是如果你每天都不想看书那就每有办法了。
然后结合各科，谈谈我是如何看书的。
第一数学我重点看了同济版的高等数学。
然后做真题。
个人觉得兰大数学和数二差不多。
数学，首先当然是做题。
有一条很重要，没有数学功底的最好不要考需要考数学的专业。
很多同学吃这个亏，认为自己一年可以学好数学。
最好不要挑战自己的极限。
我是一个爱好数学的人，平时我做了很多数学题，所以我考145.第二专业课我重点看了伍光和的自然地理学。
