考博英语真题

军事科学院考博英语真题1、_______ your parents at home last week? [单选题] *A. IsB. WasC. AreD. Were(正确答案)2、—Is this Tony’s history book?—No, it isn’t ______.（）[单选题] *A. himB. his(正确答案)C. heD. himself3、The beautiful radio _______ me 30 dollars. [单选题] *A. spentB. paidC. cost(正确答案)D. took4、Henry lives happily with his three cats. _______ of them are part of his family. [单选题] *A. NoneB. BothC. All(正确答案)D. Neither5、It’s so nice to hear from her again. ______, we last met more than thirty year ago [单选题] *A. What ‘s wordB. That’s to sayC. Go aheadD. Believe it or not(正确答案)6、I _______ Zhang Hua in the bookstore last Sunday. [单选题] *A. meetB. meetingC. meetedD. met(正确答案)7、The story has _______ a lot of students in our class. [单选题] *A. attracted(正确答案)B. attackedC. appearedD. argued8、Either you or the president（）the prizes to these gifted winners at the meeting. [单选题] *A. is handing outB. are to hand outC. are handing outD. is to hand out(正确答案)9、The Chinese team are working hard _______ honors in the Olympic Games. [单选题] *A. to win(正确答案)B. winC. winningD. won10、Which animal do you like _______, a cat, a dog or a bird? [单选题] *A. very muchB. best(正确答案)C. betterD. well11、79．–Great party, Yes? ---Oh, Jimmy. It’s you!（C）, we last met more than 30 years ago. [单选题] *A. What’s moreB. That’s to sayC. Believe it or not (正确答案)D. In other words12、John and Jack had looked for the key, but _____ of them found it. [单选题] *A. noneB. neither(正确答案)C. bothD. either13、She spoke with a strong Scottish（）[单选题] *A. speechB. accent(正确答案)C.voiceD. sound14、Mrs. Black is on her way to England. She will _______ in London on Sunday afternoon. [单选A. reachB. attendC. arrive(正确答案)D. get15、The book is very _______. I’ve read it twice. [单选题] *A. interestB. interestedC. interesting(正确答案)D. interests16、It is my _______ to meet you here. [单选题] *A. pleasure(正确答案)B. pleaseC. pleasedD. pleasant17、His handwriting is better than _____. [单选题] *A. mine(正确答案)C. ID. me18、63．There will be? ? ? ? ??? water on the road after the heavy rain. [单选题] *A．too much(正确答案)B．much tooC．too manyD．many too19、Since we have _____ money left,we can't afford the expensive computer. [单选题] *A. a littleB. a fewC. little(正确答案)D. few20、—______ my surprise, Zhu Hui won the first prize in the speech contest. —But I think he could, because he kept practicing speaking.（）[单选题] *A. To(正确答案)B. AboutC. For21、I paint a lot of pictures. [单选题] *A. 评论B. 注意C. 悬挂D. 画(正确答案)22、The boy lost his（）and fell down on the ground when he was running after his brother. [单选题] *A. balance(正确答案)B. chanceC. placeD. memory23、They all choose me ______ our class monitor.（）[单选题] *A. as(正确答案)B. inC. withD. on24、( ) The salesgirls in Xiushui Market have set a good example______us in learning English. [单选题] *A. to(正确答案)B. forC. withD. on25、____ father is a worker. [单选题] *A.Mike's and Mary'sB. Mike and Mary's(正确答案)C. Mike's and MaryD. Mike and Marys'26、You must pay more attention to your pronunciation. [单选题] *A. 词汇B. 拼写C. 发音(正确答案)D. 语法27、You are getting too old for football.You had better _____tennis instead. [单选题] *A.take up(正确答案)B.take inC.take forD.take over28、Before leaving the village, he visited the old house _____ he spent his childhood. [单选题] *A in which(正确答案)B. whichC. to whichD at which29、Is there ____ for one more in the car? [单选题] *A. seatB. situationC. positionD. room(正确答案)30、Reading（）the lines, I dare say that the government are more worried than they admitted. [单选题] *A. behindB. between(正确答案)C. alongD. among。

General English Admission Test For Non-English MajorPh.D. program(Harbin Institute of Technology)Passage OneQuestions 1-7 are based on the following passage:According to a recent theory, Archean-age gold-quartz vein systems were formed over two billion years ago from magmatic fluids that originated from molten granitelike bodies deep beneath the surface of the Earth. This theory is contrary to the widely held view that the systems were deposited from metamorphic fluids, that is, from fluids that formed during the dehydration of wet sedimentary rocks. The recently developed theory has considerable practical importance. Most of the gold deposits discovered during the original gold rushes were exposed at the Earth’s surface and were found because they had shed trails of alluvial gold that were easily traced by simple prospecting methods. Although these same methods still leas to an occasional discovery, most deposits not yet discovered have gone undetected because they are buried and have no surface expression.The challenge in exploration is therefore to unravel the subsurface geology of an area and pinpoint the position of buried minerals. Methods widely used today include analysis of aerial images that yield abroad geological overview, geophysical techniques that provide data on the magnetic, electrical, and mineralogical properties of the rocks being investigated, and sensitive chemical tests that are able to detect : the subtle chemical halos that often envelop mineralization. However, none of these high-technology methods are of any value if the sites to which they are applied have never mineralized, and to maximize the chances of discovery the explorer must therefore pay particular attention to selecting the ground formations most likely to be mineralized. Such ground selection relies to varying degrees on conceptual models, which take into account theoretical studies of relevant factors.These models are constructed primarily from empirical observations of known mineral deposits and from theories of ore-forming processes. The explorer uses the models to identify those geological features that are critical to the formation of the mineralization being modeled, and then tries to select areas for exploration that exhibit as many of the critical features as possible.1. The author is primarily concerned with .A. advocating a return to an older methodology.B. explaining the importance of a recent theory.C. enumerating differences between two widely used methodsD. describing events leading to a discovery2. According to passage, the widely held view of Archean-age gold-quartz vein systems is that such systemsA were formed from metamorphic fluids.B originated in molten granitelike bodiesC were formed from alluvial depositsD generally have surface expression3. The passage implies that which of the following steps would bethe first performed by explorers who wish to maximize their chances of discovering gold?A Surveying several sites known to have been formed morethan two billion years ago.B Limiting exploration to sites known to have been formedform metamorphic fluid.C Using an appropriate conceptual model to select a site forfurther exploration.D Using geophysical methods to analyze rocks over a broadarea.4. Which of the following statements about discoveries of gold deposits is supported by information in the passage?A The number of gold discover made annually has increasedbetween the time of the original gold rushes and the presentB New discoveries of gold deposits are likely to be the resultof exploration techniques designed to locate buriedmineralizationC It is unlikely that newly discovered gold deposits will everyield as much as did those deposits discovered during theoriginal gold rushes.D Modern explorers are divided on the question of the utilityof simple prospecting methods as a source of newdiscoveries of gold deposits.5. It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following is easiest to detect?A A gold-quartz vein system originating in magma tic fluids.B A gold-quartz vein system originating in metamorphic fluids.C A gold deposit that is mixed with granite.D A gold deposit that has shed alluvial gold.6. The theory mentioned in line I relates to the conceptualmodels discussed in the passage in which of the followingways?A It may furnish a valid account of ore-forming processes,and hence, can support conceptual models that have greatpractical significance.B It suggests that certain geological formations, long believedto be mineralized, are in fact mineralized thus confirming current conceptual models.C. It suggests that there may not be enough similarity acrossArchean-age gold-quartz vein systems to warrant the formulation of conceptual models.D It corrects existing theories about the chemical halos ofgold deposits, and thus provides a basis for correcting current conceptual models.7. According to the passage methods of exploring for gold thatare widely used today are based on which of the following facts?A Most of the Earth’s remaining gold deposits are stillmolten.B Most of the Earth’s remaining gold deposits are exposedat the surface.C Most of the Earth’s remaining gold deposits are buriedand have no surface expressionD Only one type of gold deposit warrants exploration. sincethe other types of gold deposits are found in regions difficult to reachPassage TwoQuestions 8-15 are based on the following passage:In choosing a method for determining climatic conditions that existed in the past, paleoclimatologists invoke four principal criteria. First, the material—rocks, lakes, vegetation, etc.—on which the method relies must be widespread enough to provide plenty of information, since analysis of material that is rarely encountered will not permit correlation with other regions or with other periods of geological history. Second in the process of formation, the material must have received an environmental signal that reflects a change in climate and that can be deciphered by modern physical or chemical means. Third, at least some of the material must have retained the signal unaffected by subsequent changes in the environment. Fourth, it must be possible to determine the time at which the inferred climatic conditions held. This last criterion is more easily met in dating marine sediments, because dating of only a small number of layers in a marine sequence allows the age of other layers to be estimated fairly reliably by extrapolation and interpolation. By contrast, because sedimentation is much less continuous in continental regions, estimating the age of a continental bed from the known ages of beds above and below is more risky.One very old method used in the investigation of past climatic conditions involves the measurement of water levels in ancient lakes.In temperate regions, there are enough lakes for correlations between them to give us a tenable picture. In arid and semiarid regions, on the other hand, the small number of lakes and the great distances between them reduce the possibilities for correlation. Moreover, since lake levels are controlled by rates of evaporation as well as by precipitation, the interpretation of such levels is ambiguous. For instance, the fact that lake levels in the semiarid southwestern United States appear to have been higher during the last ice age than they are now was at one time attributed to increased precipitation. On the basis of snowline elevations, however, it has been concluded that the climate then was not necessarily wetter than it is now, but rather that both summers and winters were cooler, resulting in reduced evaporationAnother problematic method is to reconstruct former climates on the basis of pollen profiles. The type of vegetation in a specific region is determined by identifying and counting the various pollen grains found there. Although the relationship between vegetation and climate is not as direct as the relationship between climate and lake levels, the method often works well in the temperate zones. In arid and semiarid regions in which there is not much vegetation, however, small changes in one or a few plant types can change the picture traumatically, making accurate correlations between neighboring areas difficult to obtain.8. Which of the following statements about the difference betweenmarine and continental sedimentation is supported by information in the passage?A.Data provided by dating marine sedimentation is moreconsistent with researchers’ findings in other disciplines thanis data provided by dating continental sedimentation.B.It is easier to estimate the age of a layer in a sequence ofcontinental sedimentation than it is to estimate the age of alayer in a sequence of marine sedimentation.C.Marine sedimentation is much less widespread than continentalsedimentationD.Marine sedimentation is much more continuous than iscontinental sedimentation.9. Which of the following statements best describes the organization of the passage as a whole?A.The author describes a method for determining past climaticconditions and then offers specific examples of situations inwhich it has been used.B.The author discusses the method of dating marine andcontinental sequences and then explains how dating is moredifficult with lake levels than with pollen profiles.C.The author describes the common requirements of methodsfor determining past climatic conditions and then discusses examples of such methods.D.The author describes various ways of choosing a material fordetermining past climatic conditions and then discusses how two such methods have yielded contradictory data.10. It can be inferred from the passage that paleoclimatologistshave concluded which of the following on the basis of their study of snow-line elevations in the southwest6ern United States?A.There is usually more precipitation during an ice age because ofincreased amounts of evaporationB.There was less precipitation during the last ice age than there istoday.ke levels in the semiarid southwestern United States werelower during the last ice age than they are today.D.The high lake levels during the last ice age may have been aresult of less evapo9ration rather than more precipitation.11. Which of the following would be the most likely topic for aparagraph that logically continues the passage?A.The kinds of plants normally found in arid regions.B.The effect of variation in lake levels on pollen distribution.C.The material best suited to preserving signal of climaticchanges.D.A third method fro investigating past climatic conditions.12. the author discusses lake levels in the southwestern United States in order toA.illustrate the mechanics of the relationship between lake level,evaporation, and precipitationB.provide an example of the uncertainty involved in interpretinglake levels.C.Prove that there are not enough ancient lakes with which tomake accurate correlationsD.Explain the effects of increased rates of evaporation on levelsof precipitation.13. It can be inferred from the passage that an environmental signalfound in geological material would no be useful to paleoclimatologists if it .A.had to be interpreted by modern chemical meansB.reflected a change in climate rather than a long-term climaticconditionC.was incorporated into a material as the material was formingD.also reflected subsequent environmental changes.14. According to the passage the material used to determine pastclimatic conditions must be widespread for which of thefollowing reasons?Ⅰ.Paleoclimatologists need to make comparisons between periods of geological history.Ⅱ. Paleoclimatologists need to compare materials that have supporteda wide variety of vegetationⅢ. Paleoclimatologists need to make comparisons with data collected in other regions.A.I onlyB.ⅡonlyC.I and ⅡonlyD.I and Ⅲonly15. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage aboutthe study of past climates in arid and semiarid regions?A.It is sometimes more difficult to determine past climaticconditions in arid and semiarid regions than in temperateregionsB.Although in the past more research has been done ontemperate regions, paleoclimatologists have recently turnedtheir attention to arid and semiarid regions.C.Although more information about past climates can begathered in arid and semiarid than in temperate regions, datingthis information is more difficult.D.It is difficult to study the climatic history of arid and semiaridregions because their climates have tended to vary more thanthose of temperate regions.Passage ThreeQuestions 16-22 are based on the following passage:While there is no blueprint for transforming a largely government-controlled economy into a free one, the experience of the United Kingdom since 1979 clearly shows one approach that works: privatization, in which state-owned industries are sold to private companies. By 1979, the total borrowings and losses of state-owned industries were running at about ￡3 billion a year. By selling many of these industries, the government has decreased these borrowings and losses, gained over ￡34 billion from the sales, and now receives tax revenues from the newly privatized companies. Along with a dramatically improved overall economy, the government has been able to repay 12.5 percent of the net national debt over a two-year period.In fact privatization has not only rescued individual industries and a whole economy headed for disaster, but has also raised the level of performance in every area. At British Airways and British Gas, for example, productivity per employee has risen by 20 percent. At associated British Ports. labor d isruptions common in the 1970’s and early 1980’s have now virtually disappeared. At British Telecom,there is no longer a waiting list—as there always was before privatization—to have a telephone installed.Part of this improved productivity has come about because the employees of privatized industries were given the opportunity to buy shares in their own companies. They responded enthusiastically to the offer of shares; at British Aerospace 89 percent of the eligible work force bought shares; at Associated British Ports 90 percent; and at British Telecom 92 percent. When people have a personal stake in something, they think about it, care about it, work to make it prosper. At the National Freight Consortium, the new employee-owners grew so concerned about t heir company’s profits that during wage negotiations they actually pressed their union to lower its wage demands. Some economists have suggested that giving away free shares would provide a needed acceleration of the privatization process. Yet they miss Th omas Paine’s point that “what we obtain too cheap we esteem too lightly” In order for the far-ranging benefits of individual ownership to be achieved by owners, companies, and countries, employees and other individuals must make their own decisions to buy, and they must commit some of their own resources to the choice.16. According to the passage all of the following were benefits ofprivatizing state owned industries in the United KingdomEXCEPTA.Privatized industries paid taxes to the governmentB.The government gained revenue from selling state-ownedindustriesC.The government repaid some of its national debtD.Profits from industries that were still state-owned increased17. According to the passage, which of the following resulted inincreased productivity in companies that have been privatized?A.A large number of employees chose to purchase shares in theircompanies.B.Free shares were widely distributed to individual shareholders.C.The government ceased to regulate major industries.D.Unions conducted wage negotiations fro employees.18. It can be inferred from the passage that the author considers labor disruptions to beA.an inevitable problem in a weak national economyB.a positive sign of employee concern about a companyC.a predictor of employee reactions to a company’s offer to sellshares to themD.a deterrence to high performance levels in an industry.19. The passage supports which of the following statements aboutemployees buying shares in their won companies?A.At three different companies, approximately nine out ten of theworkers were eligible to buy shares in their companies.B.Approximately 90%of the eligible workers at three differentcompanies chose to buy shares in their companies. C.The opportunity to buy shares was discouraged by at least somelabor unions.panies that demonstrated the highest productivity were thefirst to allow their employees the opportunity to buy shares. 20. Which of the following statements is most consistent with the principle described in L25-26?A.A democratic government that decides it is inappropriate toown a particular industry has in no way abdicated its responsibilities as guardian of the public interest.B.The ideal way for a government to protect employee interests isto force companies to maintain their share of a competitive market without government subsidies.C.The failure to harness the power of self-interest is an importantreason that state-owned industries perform poorlyernments that want to implement privatization programsmust try to eliminate all resistance to the free-market system. 21. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage aboutthe privatization process in the United Kingdom?A.It depends to a potentially dangerous degree on individualownership of shares.B.It conforms in its mos t general outlines to Thomas Paine’sprescription for business ownership.C.It was originally conceived to include some giving away of freeshares.D.It is taking place more slowly than some economists suggest isnecessary.22. The quotation in L32-33 is most probably used to .A.counter a position that the author of the passage believes isincorrect.B.State a solution to a problem described in the previous sentence.C.Show how opponents of the viewpoint of the author of thepassage have supported their arguments.D.point out a paradox contained in a controversial viewpoint.Passage FourQuestions 23-30 are based on the following passage:Historians of women’s labor in the United States at first largely disregarded the story of female service workers—women earning wages in occupations such as salesclerk, domestic servant, and office secretary. These historians focused instead on factory work, primarily because it seemed so different from traditional,unpaid “women’s work ”in the home, and because the underlying economic forces of industrialism were presumed to be gender-blind and hence emancipation in effect. Unfortunately, emancipation has been less profound than expected, for not even industrial wage labor has escaped continued sex segregation in the workplace.To explain this unfinished revolution in the status of women, historians have recently begun to emphasize the way a prevailing definition of femininity often determines the kinds of work allocated to women, even when such allocation is inappropriate to new conditions. For instance, early textile-mill entrepreneurs, in justifying women’s employment in wage labor, made much of the assumption that women were by nature skillful at detailed tasks and patient in carrying out repetitive chores; the mill owners thus imported into the new industrial order hoary stereotypes associated with the homemaking activities they presumed to have been the purview of women. Because women accepted the more unattractive new industrial tasks more readily than did men, such jobs came to be regarded as female jobs. And employers, who assumed that women’s “real” aspirations were for marriage and family life, declined to pay women wages commensurate with those of men. Thus many lower-skilled, lower-paid, less secure jobs came to beperceived as “female.”More remarkable than the origin has been the persistence of such sex segregation in twentieth-century industry. Once an occupation came to be perceived as “female”, employers showed surprisingly little interest in changing that perception, even when higher profits beckoned. And despite the urgent need of the United States during the Second World War to mobilize its human resources fully, job segregation by sex characterized even he most important war industries. Moreover, once the war ended, employers quickly returned to men most of the “male” jobs that women had been permitted to master.23. According to the passage, job segregation by sex in the United States was.A.greatly diminlated by labor mobilization during the SecondWorld War.B.perpetuated by those textile-mill owners who argued in favorof women’s employment in wage laborC.one means by which women achieved greater job securityD.reluctantly challenged by employers except when theeconomic advantages were obvious24. According to the passage, historians of women’s laborfocused on factory work as a more promising area ofresearch than service-sector work because factory workA.involved the payment of higher wagesB.required skill in detailed tasksC.was assumed to be less characterized by sex segregationD.was more readily accepted by women than by men25. It can be inferred from the passage the early historians ofwomen’s labor in the United States paid little attention to women’s employment in the service sector of the economy becauseA.fewer women found employment in the service sector than infactory workB.the wages paid to workers in the service sector were muchmore short-term than in factory workC.women’s employment in the service sector tended to bemuch more short-term than in factory workD.employment in the service sector seemed to have much incommon with the unpaid work associated with homemaking 26. The passage supports which of the following statements aboutthe early mill owners mentioned in the second paragraph? A.They hoped that by creating relatively unattractive“female” jobs they would discourage women from losing interest in marriage and family life.B.They sought to increase the size of the available labor forceas a means to keep men’s wages low.C.They argued that women were inherently suited to do well inparticular kinds of factory workD.They felt guilty about disturbing the traditional division oflabor in family.27.It can be inferred from the passage that the “unfinishedrevolution” the author mentions in L11 refers to theA.entry of women into the industrial labor market.B.Development of a new definition of femininity unrelated tothe economic forces of industrialismC.Introduction of equal pay for equal work in all professionsD.Emancipation of women wage earners fromgender-determined job allocation28. The passage supports which of the following statements about hiring policies in the United States?A.After a crisis many formerly “male ”jobs are reclassified as“female” jobs.B.Industrial employers generally prefer to hire women withprevious experience as homemakersC.Post-Second World War hiring policies caused women to losemany of their wartime gains in employment opportunity.D.Even war industries during the Second World War werereluctant to hire women for factory work.29. Which of the following words best expresses the opinion ofthe author of the passage concerning the notion that womenare more skillful than men in carrying out details tasks?A.“patient” (line17)B.“repetitive” (line18)C.“hoary” (line19)D.“homemaking” (line19)30. Which of the following best describes the relationship of thefinal paragraph to the passage as a whole?A.The central idea is reinforced by the citation of evidence drawnfrom twentieth-century history.B.The central idea is restated in such a way as to form a transitionto a new topic for discussionC.The central idea is restated and juxtaposed with evidence thatmight appear to contradict it.D.A partial exception to the generalizations of the central idea isdismissed unimportant.Passage FiveQuestions 31-36 are based on the following passage:Two modes of argumentation have been used on behalf ofwomen’s emancipation in Western societies. Arguments in what could be called the “relational” feminist tradition maintain the doctrine of “equality in difference”, or equity as distinct for equality. They posit that biological distinctions between the sexes result in a necessary sexual division of labor in the family and throughout society and that women’s procreative labor is cu rrently undervalued by society, to the disadvantage of women. By contrast, the individualist feminist tradition emphasizes individual human rights and celebrates women’s quest for personal autonomy, while downplaying the importance of gender roles and minimizing discussion of childbearing and its attendant responsibilities.Before the late nineteenth century, these views coexisted within the feminist movement, often within the writings of the same individual. Between 1890and 1920, however, relational feminism, which had been the dominant strain in feminist thought, and which still predominates among European and non-western feminists, lost ground in England and the United States. Because the concept of individual rights was already well established in the Anglo-Saxon legal and political tradition, individualist feminism came to predominate in England-speaking countries. At the same time, the goals of the two approaches began to seem increasingly irreconcilable. Individualist feminists began to advocate a totally gender-blind system with equaleducational and economic opportunities outside the home should be available for all women, continued to emphasize women’s special contributions to society as homemakers and mothers; they demanded special treatment including protective legislation for women workers. State-sponsored maternity benefits, and paid compensation for housework.Relational arguments have a major pitfall: because they underline women’s physiological and psychological distinctiveness, they are often appropriated by political adversaries and used to endorse male privilege. But the individualist approach, by attacking gender roles, denying the significance of physiological difference, and condemning existing familial institutions as hopelessly patriarchal, has often simply treated as irrelevant the family roles important to many women. If the individualist framework, with its claim for women’s autonomy, could be harmonized with the family-oriented concerns of relational feminists, a more fruitful model for contemporary feminist politics could emerge.31. The author of the passage alludes to the well-established natureof the concept of individual rights in the Anglo-Saxon legal andpolitical tradition in order toA.illustrate the influence of individualist feminist thought on moregeneral intellectual trends in English history.B.Argue that feminism was already a part of the largerAnglo-Saxon intellectual tradition, even though this has often gone unnoticed by critics of women’s emancipationC.Explain the decline in individualist thinking among feminists innon-English-speaking countries.D.Help account for an increasing shift toward individualistfeminism among feminists in English-speaking countries.32. The passage suggests that the author of the passage believes which of the following?A.The predominance of individualist feminism inEnglish-speaking countries is a historical phenomenon, the causes of which have not yet been investigated.B.The individualist and relational feminist views are irreconcilable,given their theoretical differences concerning the foundations of society.C.A consensus concerning the direction of future feminist politicswill probably soon emerge, given the awareness among feminists of the need for cooperation among women.D.Political adversaries of feminism often misuse argumentspredicated on differences between the sexes to argue that the existing social system should be maintained.33. It can be inferred from the passage that the individualist。

Which of the following is NOT a common type of academic writing in doctoral studies?A. Research proposalsB. Lab reportsC. Creative short storiesD. Dissertation chaptersThe primary purpose of a literature review in a doctoral thesis is to:A. Summarize all existing research in the fieldB. Identify gaps and contribute to the research questionC. Provide detailed methods for future studiesD. Only discuss the most recent publicationsWhich of the following is an example of primary data in research?A. A summary of a previous studyB. Data collected through surveys conducted by the researcherC. A statistical report from a government agencyD. A book chapter written by an expert in the fieldIn academic writing, the use of passive voice is often preferred because it:A. Makes the text more engaging for readersB. Emphasizes the action rather than the doerC. Should always be avoided in formal writingD. Is easier to write in comparison to active voiceWhich of the following is NOT a characteristic of effective academic presentation slides?A. Minimal text and clutterB. Use of large and easily readable fontsC. Inclusion of detailed background information on every slideD. Clear and concise headingsWhen citing sources in academic writing, it is important to:A. Only cite sources that support your argumentB. Acknowledge the ideas and work of othersC. Avoid citing too many sources to make your argument strongerD. Paraphrase without citation to avoid plagiarismThe process of systematically searching for and evaluating research evidence is known as:A. Data analysisB. Literature reviewC. Research methodologyD. Systematic reviewWhich of the following is a key aspect of ethical research conduct?A. Manipulating data to support your hypothesisB. Obtaining informed consent from participantsC. Sharing research findings only with colleaguesD. Using any available data without permissionIn a research paper, the discussion section typically:A. Repeats the methods used in the studyB. Presents the raw data collectedC. Interprets the findings and relates them to existing literatureD. Outlines the future directions of the research field。

2023年医学考博英语真题及答案1、There _______ some milk in the glass. [单选题] *A. is(正确答案)B. areC. haveD. has2、We were caught in a traffic jam. By the time we arrived at the airport the plane _____. [单选题] *A. will take offB. would take offC. has taken offD. had taken off(正确答案)3、He was born in Canada, but he has made China his _______. [单选题] *A. familyB. addressC. houseD. home(正确答案)4、Sometimes Americans are said to be _____. [单选题] *A superficially friendB superficial friendC. superficial friendlyD. superficially friendly(正确答案)5、She’s _______ with her present _______ job. [单选题] *A. boring; boringB. bored; boredC. boring; boredD. bored; boring(正确答案)6、8．Turn right ________ Danba Road and walk ________ the road, then you will findMeilong Middle school. [单选题] *A．in...alongB．into...along (正确答案)C．in...onD．into...on7、Leave your key with a neighbor ___ you lock yourself out one day [单选题] *A. ever sinceB. even ifC. soon afterD. in case(正确答案)8、10．Mum, let me help you with your housework, so you ________ do it yourself. [单选题] * A．don’t need to(正确答案)B．need toC．don’t needD．need9、Betty works as a waitress to earn money for her education. [单选题] *A. 服务员(正确答案)B. 打字员C. 秘书D. 演员10、I like booking tickets online，because it is _______. [单选题] *A. boringB. confidentC. convenient(正确答案)D. expensive11、She was seen _____ that theatre just now. [单选题] *A. enteredB. enterC. to enter(正确答案)D. to be entering12、His new appointment takes（）from the beginning of next month. [单选题] *A. placeB. effect(正确答案)C. postD. office13、--Do you often go to the cinema _______ Sunday?--No, we _______. [单选题] *A. on; don’t(正确答案)B. on; aren’tC. in; doD. in; don’t14、Jeanne's necklace was _____ 500 francs at most. [单选题] *A. worthyB. costC. worth(正确答案)D. valuable15、It’s raining heavily outside. Don’t leave _______ it stops. [单选题] *A. whileB. sinceC. until(正确答案)D. when16、( ) You had your birthday party the other day,_________ [单选题] *A. hadn't you?B. had you?C. did you?D. didn't you?(正确答案)17、For more information, please _______ us as soon as possible. [单选题] *A. confidentB. confidenceC. contact(正确答案)D. concert18、If you do the same thing for a long time, you'll be tired of it. [单选题] *A. 试图B. 努力C. 厌倦(正确答案)D. 熟练19、Reading（）the lines, I dare say that the government are more worried than they admitted. [单选题] *A. behindB. between(正确答案)C. alongD. among20、You should finish your homework as soon as possible. [单选题] *A. 赶快地B. 尽能力C. 一...就D. 尽快地(正确答案)21、7．—________ is the Shanghai Wild Animal Park?—It’s 15km east of the Bund. [单选题] *A．WhoB．WhatC．WhenD．Where (正确答案)22、I should like to rent a house which is modern, comfortable and _____, in a quiet neighborhood. [单选题] *A.in allB. after allC. above all(正确答案)D. over all23、Don’t read in bed. It’s _______ your eyes. [单选题] *A. good atB. good forC. bad atD. bad for(正确答案)24、--Is that the correct spelling?--I don’t know. You can _______ in a dictionary [单选题] *A. look up itB. look it forC. look it up(正确答案)D. look for it25、I repeated my question several times. [单选题] *A. 到达B. 惊奇C. 重复(正确答案)D. 返回26、Was（）that I saw last night at the concert? [单选题] *A. it you(正确答案)B. not youC. youD. that yourself27、3．—Will you buy the black car?No, I won't. I will buya(n) ________ one because I don't have enough money. [单选题] *A．cheap(正确答案)B．expensiveC．highD．low28、This kind of banana tastes very _______. [单选题] *A. nice(正确答案)B. wellC. nicelyD. better29、Bill Gates is often thought to be the richest man in the world. _____, his personal life seems not luxury. [单选题] *A. MoreoverB. ThereforeC. However(正确答案)D. Besides30、____ is standing at the corner of the street. [单选题] *A. A policeB. The policeC. PoliceD. A policeman(正确答案)。

2023年全国医学博士英语考试真题及答案2023 National Medical Doctor English ExamSection I Multiple Choice Questions (40 points)Directions: For each of the following questions, select the best answer from the choices given.1. What is the primary function of the mitochondria?A. Protein synthesisB. Energy productionC. Cell divisionD. Waste elimination2. Which of the following is NOT a symptom of diabetes?A. Increased thirstB. Weight lossC. Frequent urinationD. Blurred vision3. Which organ is responsible for filtering blood and removing toxins?A. LiverB. PancreasC. KidneysD. Lungs4. Which type of white blood cell is responsible for allergic reactions?A. NeutrophilsB. BasophilsC. EosinophilsD. Monocytes5. What is the correct order of the phases of the cell cycle?A. G1, G2, S, MB. G2, M, S, G1C. S, M, G2, G1D. G1, S, G2, MSection II Short Answer Questions (40 points)Directions: Answer each of the following questions with a short essay.1. Explain the process of hemostasis and how it prevents excessive bleeding in the body.2. Describe the role of antibodies in the immune response and how they help the body fight off infections.3. Discuss the difference between a virus and a bacterium, including how each type of pathogen infects the body.4. Explain the function of the endocrine system and how it helps regulate various bodily functions.5. Describe the process of cellular respiration and how it produces energy for the body.Section III Case Study (20 points)Directions: Read the following case study and answer the questions that follow.Case Study: Mr. Smith, a 55-year-old male, presents to the emergency room with chest pain, shortness of breath, and sweating. His vital signs are as follows: heart rate 110 bpm, blood pressure 160/90 mmHg, respiratory rate 20 breaths/min, and oxygen saturation 92% on room air. An ECG shows ST-segment elevation in leads V2-V4.1. What condition is Mr. Smith likely experiencing, and what is the appropriate treatment?2. What is the significance of the ST-segment elevation on the ECG?3. What are the potential complications of this condition if left untreated?Answers:Section I:1. B. Energy production2. B. Weight loss3. C. Kidneys4. C. Eosinophils5. D. G1, S, G2, MSection II:1. Hemostasis is the process by which the body stops bleeding after injury. It involves vasoconstriction, platelet plug formation, and blood coagulation. These mechanisms prevent excessive blood loss, maintaining hemostasis in the body.2. Antibodies are proteins produced by the immune system in response to foreign invaders, such as bacteria and viruses. They bind to antigens on pathogens, marking them for destruction by other immune cells. This helps the body recognize and neutralize infections.3. A virus is a small infectious agent that can only replicate inside living cells, while a bacterium is a single-celled organism that can replicate outside of cells. Viruses inject their genetic material into host cells, hijacking their machinery to produce new viral particles, whereas bacteria reproduce by binary fission.4. The endocrine system consists of glands that secrete hormones to regulate bodily functions such as metabolism, growth, and reproduction. Hormones act as chemical messengers, traveling through the bloodstream to target organs and tissues, coordinating physiological processes.5. Cellular respiration is the process by which cells convert glucose into ATP, the energy currency of the body. It involves glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation, producing ATP through the breakdown of glucose in the presence of oxygen.Section III:1. Mr. Smith is likely experiencing a myocardial infarction, commonly known as a heart attack. The appropriate treatment includes immediate reperfusion therapy, such as thrombolytic medication or percutaneous coronary intervention, to restore blood flow to the heart muscle.2. ST-segment elevation on an ECG indicates myocardial ischemia or injury, suggesting acute coronary artery blockage in a specific region of the heart. It is a hallmark sign of a heart attack and requires urgent intervention to prevent further damage.3. Potential complications of a myocardial infarction include heart failure, arrhythmias, cardiogenic shock, and even death if left untreated. Prompt diagnosis and treatment are essential to improve outcomes and prevent long-term complications.Overall, the 2023 National Medical Doctor English Exam covers a wide range of topics in medicine and healthcare, testing candidates' knowledge and understanding of the human body, diseases, and medical interventions. Candidates are expected to demonstrate critical thinking skills, problem-solving abilities, and a strong foundation in medical science to succeed in the exam.。

博士学位英语考试真题及答案题目1：Which of the following statements is true about academic writing?A. It often uses informal language.B. It avoids using citations from other sources.C. It emphasizes clarity and precision.D. It does not require careful planning.答案：C题目2：The main purpose of a research paper is to ____.A. entertain the readerB. persuade the readerC. present new ideas or findingsD. describe personal experiences答案：C题目3：In academic writing, a citation is used to ____.A. add humor to the textB. support an argument with evidenceC. increase the word countD. make the text more creative答案：B题目4：When writing an abstract for a research paper, it is important to ____.A. include detailed experimental proceduresB. provide a summary of the main pointsC. discuss the limitations of the studyD. present personal opinions about the topic答案：B题目5：Plagiarism refers to the act of ____.A. copying someone else's work without proper citationB. using complex vocabulary to impress readersC. avoiding using citations in academic writingD. discussing personal opinions in a research paper答案：A题目6：In academic writing, a thesis statement is a sentence that ____.A. entertains the reader with a jokeB. presents the main argument or purpose of the paperC. provides background information about the topicD. discusses the limitations of previous research答案：B题目7：The passive voice is often used in academic writing to ____.A. sound more informalB. emphasize the actions of the subjectC. avoid mentioning who performed an actionD. make the text more creative答案：C题目8：Effective academic writing should be ____.A. vague and ambiguousB. concise and focusedC. full of unnecessary detailsD. written in a conversational style答案：B请注意，这些题目只是示例，并不代表真实的博士学位英语考试题目。

考博英语（词汇）历年真题试卷汇编60(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabularyStructure and V ocabulary1．______is supposed to be the essence of private enterprise.A．CompeteB．CompetitionC．CompetitiveD．Competence正确答案：B解析：competition n.竞争；比赛。

2．Because a degree from a good university is the means to a better job, education is one of the most______ areas in Japanese life.A．sophisticatedB．competitiveC．considerateD．superficial正确答案：B解析：competitive a.竞赛的，竞争的；(人)好竞争的；(价格)有竞争力的(如：competitive games；Important posts are filled by competitive examinations．Our firm offers you competitive prices．He is a competitive young man and has competitive spirit．)。

sophisticated a.(人)老练的，富有经验的：(机器、武器等)精密的，尖端的。

considerate(of／to)a.考虑周到的，体贴人的。

superficial a.肤浅的，浅薄的：表面的。

3．Unless my room is warmer tonight, I’m going to______ to the hotel manager.A．complainB．argueC．blameD．reason正确答案：A解析：complain vi．抱怨(句型：complain to sb．of／about sth．；complain that…)。

英语考博试题及答案一、词汇与结构（共20分）1. The _______ of the project will depend on the availability of funds.A) initiationB) implementationC) terminationD) qualification答案：B2. Despite his _______ efforts, he failed to convince the committee.A) trivialB) futileC) sincereD) superficial答案：C3. The _______ of the new policy has been widely discussed in the media.A) implicationsB) complicationsC) ramificationsD) repercussions答案：A4. She is a _______ of her father, showing great talent in music.A) descendantB) successorC) inheritorD) progeny答案：C5. The _______ of the old building was a significant event in the community.A) demolitionB) renovationC) constructionD) destruction答案：A二、阅读理解（共30分）阅读下列短文，然后回答问题。

Passage 1The rise of the internet has transformed the way we communicate, learn, and do business. It has opened up new opportunities and challenges for individuals and organizations alike.6. What is the main topic of the passage?A) The history of the internet.B) The impact of the internet on society.C) The technical aspects of the internet.D) The future of the internet.答案：B7. What does the author imply about the internet?A) It has only positive effects.B) It has both opportunities and challenges.C) It is a threat to traditional businesses.D) It is outdated and no longer relevant.答案：BPassage 2In recent years, there has been a growing interest in renewable energy sources due to environmental concerns and the need for sustainable development.8. What is the main reason for the interest in renewable energy?A) Economic benefits.B) Environmental concerns.C) Technological advancements.D) Government policies.答案：B9. What can be inferred from the passage?A) Renewable energy is widely adopted.B) Renewable energy is too expensive.C) There is a need for sustainable development.D) Environmental concerns are a recent issue.答案：C三、完形填空（共20分）阅读下面的短文，从短文后各题所给的四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。

厦门大学考博英语-1(总分100,考试时间90分钟)Ⅰ**prehensionPart AThere are three reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.If there is one thing scientists have to hear, it is that the game is over. Raised on the belief of an endless voyage of discovery, they recoil (畏缩) from the suggestion that most of the best things have already been located. If they have, today' s scientists can hope to contribute no more than a few grace notes to the symphony of science.A book to be published in Britain this week, The End of Science, argues persuasively that this is the case. Its author, John Horgan, is a senior writer for Scientific American magazine, who has interviewed many of today's leading scientists and science philosophers. The shock of realizing that science might be over came to him, he says, when he was talking to Oxford mathematician and physicist Sir Roger Penrose.The End of Science provoked a wave of denunciation (谴责) in the United States last year. "The reaction has been one of complete shock and disbelief," Mr. Horgan says.The real question is whether any remaining unsolved problems, of which there are plenty, lend themselves to universal solutions. If they do not, then the focus of scientific discovery is already narrowing. Since the triumphs of the 1960s--the genetic code, plate tectonics (板块构造税), and the microwave background radiation that went a long way towards proving the Big Bang--genuine scientific revolutions have been scarce. More scientists are now alive, spending more money on research, than ever. Yet most of the great discoveries of the 19th and 20th centuries were made before the appearance of state sponsorship, when the scientific enterprise was a fraction of its present size.Were the scientists who made these discoveries brighter than today's? That seems unlikely. A far more reasonable explanation is that fundamental science has already entered a period of diminished returns. "Look, don't get me wrong," says Mr. Horgan. "There are lots of important things still to study, and applied science and engineering can go on for ever. I hope we get a cure for cancer, and for mental disease, though there are few real signs of progress."1. The sentence "most of the best things have already been located" could mean ______ .A. most of the best things have already been changedB. most of the best things remain to be changedC. there have never been so many best things waiting to be discoveredD. most secrets of the world have already been discovered2. John Horgan ______ . Ⅰ. has published a book entitled The End of Science Ⅱ. has been working as an editor of Scientific American Ⅲ. has been working many years as a literary critic Ⅳ. is working as a science writerA. Ⅰand ⅡB. ⅠonlyC. Ⅰand ⅣD. Ⅰ,Ⅱand Ⅳ3. There have not been many genuine scientific revolutions in the past few decades becauseA. there have been decreased returns in the research of fundamental scienceB. there are too many important things for scientists to studyC. applied science and engineering take up too much time and energyD. today's scientists are not as intelligent as those in the past4. The term "the Big Bang" probably refers to ______ .A. the genetic code theoryB. a geological theoryC. a theory of the origin of the universeD. the origin and the power of atomic energy5. The best title of this passage can be ______ .A. Great Scientific Discoveries Will Never Be PossibleB. The Harsh Challenge Has to Be Met by Modem ScientistsC. The State Sponsorship and Scientific Enterprise Are All in VainD. The Chance for Great Scientific Discoveries Becomes ScarceAstronaut Jim Voss has enjoyed many memorable moments in his career, including three space flights and one space walk. But he recalls with special fondness a decidedly earthbound (为地球引力所束缚的) experience in the summer of 1980, when he participated in the NASA-ASEE Summer Faculty Fellowship Program. V oss, then a science teacher at West Point, was assigned to the Marshall Space Flight Center's propulsion (推进) lab in Alabama to analyze why a hydraulic fuel pump seal on the space shuttle was working so well when previous seals had failed. It was a seemingly tiny problem among the **plexities of running the space program. Yet it was important to NASA because any crack in the seal could have led to destructive results for the astronauts who relied on them."I worked a bit with NASA engineers," says Voss, "but I did it mostly by analysis". I used a handheld calculator, not a computer, to do a thermodynamic(热力学的)analysis." At the end of the summer, he, like the other NASA-ASEE fellows working at Marshall, summarized his findings in a formal presentation and detailed paper. It was a valuable moment for V oss because the ASEE program gave him added understanding of NASA, deepened his desire to fly in space, and intensified his application for astronaut status."It was not an easy process. V oss was actually passed over when he first applied for the astronaut program in 1978. Over the next nine years he reapplied repeatedly, and was finally accepted in 1987. Since then he has participated in three space missions. The 50-year-old Army officer, who lives in Houston, is now in training for a four-month mission as a crew member on the International Space Station starting in July 2000.Voss says the ASEE program is wonderful for all involved. "It brings in people from theacademic world and gives NASA a special property for a particular period of time. It brings some fresh eyes and fresh ideas to NASA, and establishes a link with our colleges and universities," V oss explains. "There's an exchange of information and an exchange of perspectives that is very important."For the academic side, V oss says, the ASEE program also "brings institutions of higher learning more insight into new technology. We give them an opportunity to work on real-world problems and take it back to the classroom".6. Why was the hydraulic fuel pump seal important for the space shuttle?A. Because previous seals all failed.B. Because it was **plex in running the space program.C. Because great care has to be taken of the hydraulic fuel pump sealing.D. Because any crack in the seals would cause disastrous results for the astronauts.7. The great significance of V oss' findings lies in ______. Ⅰ．strengthening his determination to join in space flights Ⅱ. furthering his understanding of NASA Ⅲ. consolidating his astronaut status in NASA programsA. ⅠonlyB. ⅡonlyC. Ⅰ,Ⅱand m all includedD. ⅠandⅡonly8. How many flights will V oss have finished if his four-month mission starting in July 2000 ends up successfully?A. Three.B. Two.C. Four.D. Five.9.10. What does V oss want to stress in the last paragraph?A. The technological significance of the program.B. The educational significance of the program.C. The philosophical significance of the program.D. The historical significance of the program.The current emergency in Mexico City that has taken over our lives is nothing. I could ever have imagined for me or my children. We are living in an environmental crisis, an air-pollution emergency of unprecedented severity. What it really means is that just to breathe here is to play a dangerous game with your health.As patents, what terrorizes us most are reports that children are at higher risk because they breathe more times per minute. What more can we do to protect them and ourselves? Our pediatrician's (儿科医师的) medical recommendation was simple: abandon the city permanently. We are foreigners and we are among the small minority that can afford to leave. We arc here because of my husband's work. We are fascinated by Mexico--its history and rich culture. We know that for us, this is a temporary danger. However, we cannot stand for much longer the fear we feel for our boys. We cannot stop them from breathing.But for millions, there is no choice. Their lives, their jobs, their futures depend on being here. Thousands of Mexicans arrive each day in this city, desperate for economic opportunities. Thousands more are born here each day. Entire families work in the streets and practically live there. It is a familiar sight: as parents hawk goods at stoplights, their children play in the grassy highway dividers, breathing exhaust fumes. I feel **plaining about my personal situation; wewon't be here long enough for our children to form the impression that skies are colored only gray. And yet the government cannot do what it must to end this problem. For any country, especially a developing Third World economy like Mexico, the idea of barring from the capital city enough cars, closing enough factories and spending the necessary billions on public transportation is simply not an option. So when things get bad, as in the current emergency, Mexico takes half measures--prohibiting some more cars from circulating, stopping some factories from producing--that even its own officials concede aren't adequate.The word "emergency" implies the unusual. But when daily life itself is an emergency, the concept loses its meaning. It is human nature to try to adapt to that which we cannot change or to mislead ourselves into believing we can adapt.11. According to the passage, the current emergency in Mexico City refers to ______ .A. serious air pollutionB. economic crisisC. unemploymentD. natural disaster12. Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the passage?A. Kids are in greater danger than grown-ups in Mexico City.B. The author is not a native Mexican.C. The author's husband is a pediatrician.D. The Mexican history and culture appeal to the author.13. The word "hawk" (Paragraph 3) most probably means ______ .A. sellB. transportC. placeD. deliver14. The Mexican government takes half measures to solve the pollution problem because ______ .A. Mexican economy depends very much on cars and factoriesB. it is not wise enough to come up with effective measuresC. Mexicans are able to adapt themselves to the current emergencyD. Mexicans enjoy playing dangerous games with their health15. The purpose of the passage is to ______ .A. describe the harmful air pollutionB. explain the way to prevent air pollutionC. show the worries about the air pollutionD. recommend a method to avoid air pollutionPart BThe passage below summarizes the main points of the passage. Read the summary and then select the best word or phrase from the box blow, according to the passage. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.Every morning, Allie wakes up and accompanies her friend to the washroom. She turns on the light, soaps up a washcloth, and begins cleaning her friend's face. Is Anie an extremely **panion? Yes! Allie is a capuchin monkey who helps her disabled friend perform everyday tasks.Monkeys like Allie are just one of many kinds of animals that help improve--or even save--human lives. But not all animals are suited to do every job. Certain animals are "hired" forspecific jobs based on their traits, or characteristics. By using different methods of conditioning (training animals to act in a particular way in response to a stimulus, or signal), humans can teach animals toper form extraordinary tasks.Throughout history, humans have relied on animals' traits to get certain jobs done. For example, compared with humans, dogs are "far superior at tracking down odors", says Marian Bailey, an animal behaviorist at Henderson State University in Arkansas. That's because dogs have million of olfactory receptors, or smell nerves, in their noses.For that reason, hunters used dogs to track down prey even in ancient Egypt. Today, dogs my be employed to sniff out illegal substances in school lockers or earthquake victims buried beneath the rabble of the collapsed building or highway.Primates may not be good sinffers, but they can certainly lend a helping hand--or two. Monkeys are perfect helpmates for quadriplegics, people paralyzed from the neck down who are unable to use their own hands (and legs). Like humans, explains Bailey monkeys have opposable thumbs--thumbs that face the hand's other fingers--so monkeys can pick up objects. Capuchins learn to open doors, clean up spills, and unscrew bottle tops. They can even get a sandwich out of the refrigerator and load your favorite tape into the VCR.And speaking of VCRs, animals are even helping scientists make a videotape. Jennifer Hurley, an animal researcher at the Long Marine Lab in Santa Cruz, California, is training two sea lions to carry video cameras on their backs to record the natural behavior of whales.So how do you get an animal employee to do its job? The answer, career-training. Trainers teach the animals to obey their instructions through a process called conditioning.Most trainers condition animals by using positive reinforcement, rewarding an animal for doing something correctly, says animal behaviorist Bailey. For example, trainers teach their dogs how to sniff out drugs by hiding a towel with the smell of drags. "Dogs love to retrieve objects so the towel becomes a reward", says Morris Berkowitz, who heads up a canine drug-sniffing program in New York.After repeating this game of hide-and-seek many times, the dog begins to "associate the odor with a reward", says Berkowitz. When he gives **mand, or stimulus, the dog seeks cot drags (it's like learning to study hard for a tests in order to get a good grade as a reward.)At "Helping Hands--Monkey Helpers for the Disabled", capuchin monkeys are trained twice before being teamed with a disabled human. First, monkeys are placed with a foster family to become socialized to people. For five years, families help the monkeys adapt to a human environment, so the monkeys will trust and enjoy being around people.Taking the monkeys in when they're four to six weeks old is important, says Bailey. "That's when monkeys normally become socialized to other monkeys," she says.Second, trainers at Helping Hands train the monkeys to perform specific tasks to assist a particular person. For example, a monkey may be trained to scratch an itch, or slip a floppy disc into a computer dive. Trainers reward the monkeys by using positive reinforcement, such as food, drinks.Allie is a capuchin 16 who helps her disabled friend perform everyday tasks. Allie is a(n) 17 of many animals who can be 18 to do certain jobs. Besides monkeys, 19 and sea lions can also give people a helping 20 .Dogs are good at 21 down prey and sniffing out 22 and 23 because they havemillions of 24 in their nose Monkeys are good helper for the 25 , who cannot look after themselves. Sea lions can help scientists to record the 26 of whales because they :can 27 to the deep ocean. In addition, 28 are part of whales' natural environment, which makes the video more 29 .But animals cannot do the jobs 30 training. The main process of training is called 31 , which uses 32 . During the training, trainers 33 an animal for doing something 34 . For monkeys, the positive reinforcement can 35 a year before they are qualified for their jobs.16.17.18.19.20.21.22.23.24.25.26.27.28.29.30.31.32.33.34.35.Ⅱ Short Question AnswerRead the following passage and then give short answers to the following five questions.Today's worker is no longer willing to work in an authoritarian and dehumanizing environment. Workers want meaning in their work and balance in their lives. They want opportunities to contribute and to know how their work is effective. Employees want to work for organizations that respect them as individuals. They also want to know that they are working for an **pany that acts in a socially and environmentally responsible manner.Today, and in the future, companies must design work so that employees can take responsibility and be rewarded appropriately. By changing altitudes, and conditions in the workplace, organizations can help make work more meaningful.Repetitive factory routines and office work that simply moves paper from in-box to out-box are mindless task that destroy motivation and productivity. Research has shown that mental challenge is closely related to job satisfaction. Too little challenge in the work, as in completely automated tasks, generally leads to boredom and lowered satisfaction. on the other hand, too much challenge may lead to failure and frustration. Thus success or achievement in reaching an accepted standard of competence is an important factor in job satisfaction, today's workers want to be a valued part of the whole. They want to know that their work is important and how it fits into the corporate strategy. They want to know not only how the work they do affects others and the organization's goals, but how the/as individuals can make an impact. Employees will contribute their knowledge enthusiastically in a corporate culture that values the individual. The profitability of a company is related to the quality and efforts of its workers. Therefore, a direct relationship between job performance and reward makes work more meaningful. Compaq Computers, for example, has an unusually low turnover rate among its employees. Like **panies in **puter field, Compaq expects its people to work long and hard to achieve big results quickly. In **panies an atmosphere of constant push would inspire people to seek employment with less pressure somewhere else. Instead, high quality people stay with Compaq. **pany's culture emphasizes individual responsibility for results and high respect for individuals, Compaq benefits from creating opportunities for employees to perform to the vast of their potential and to be rewarded for their achievements.36. What is an **pany?37. What kinds of work will kill job satisfaction?38. What may happen if there is too much challenge in one's job?39. on what condition does high turnover of employees occur?40. How do employees contribute to the profitability under the corporate culture of Compaq Computers?ⅢV ocabulary and StructureFor each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE that **pletes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answersheet with a single line through th41. "Better late than never" is a ______ that is very familiar to most English speakers.A. plauditB. plenaryC. plentyD. platitude42. Professor Smith and Professor Brown will ______ in presenting the series of lectures on American literature.A. alterB. alternateC. substituteD. exchange43. The facts have proved that they all have the ______ of solving practical problems.A. capabilityB. abilityC. capacityD. power44. In order to prevent stress from being set up in the metal, expansion joints are fitted which ______ the stress by allowing the pipe to expand or contract freely.A. relieveB. reconcileC. reclaimD. rectify45. The people of the village fought for the right to ______ cattle on the grassland.A. grazeB. grinC. graspD. grope46. I think the charge for overloaded luggage is excessive in ______ to its size.A. dimensionB. rateC. percentageD. proportion47. My panic was ______ and ceased when I began to have my class.A. transientB. permanentC. trivialD. contemporary48. He raised his eyebrows and stuck his head forward and ______ it in a single nod, a gesture boy, used then for O. K. when they were pleased.A. shruggedB. tuggedC. jerkedD. twisted49. The children like to ______ the new English teacher, who has a noticeable manner of walking.A. take outB. take overC. take downD. take off50. Cancer of the liver, if malicious, in ordinary ______ , will surely lead to death.A. fashionB. mannerC. practiceD. parlance51. They **pletely ______ by the heavy rain.A. drenchedB. drownedC. parchedD. merged52. The professor found himself constantly ______ the question: How could anyone do these things?A. presidingB. poringC. ponderingD. presuming53. This is not the right ______ to ask for my help; I am far too busy even to listen!A. momentB. situationC. opportunityD. circumstance54. A(n) ______ sentence is of doubtful meaning because it can be interpreted in more than one way.A. affirmativeB. unanimousC. negativeD. ambiguous55. The magician's talk creates a(n) ______ of attention so that the audience does not see how he does his tricks.A. diversionB. derivationC. disorderD. interference56. The ______ has left for the Antarctic and it **e back in six months.A. expeditionB. executionC. exploration 'D. delegation57. His plan is not practical and is ______ to failure.A. expectedB. doomedC. dueD. predicted58. The rain was very heavy and ______ the land was flooded.A. consequentlyB. continuouslyC. constantlyD. consistently59. After investigation it was proved that the ______ letter was written by a teacher.A. anonymousB. simultaneousC. spontaneousD. homogeneous60. It is not as difficult to store information as it is to ______ it quickly when it is wanted again.A. representB. retainC. restoreD. retrieve61. This book is about how these basic beliefs and values affect important ______ of American life.A. facetsB. formatsC. formulasD. fashions62. His thoughts were ______ from the painful topic by the sudden arrival of a close friend.A. dissuadedB. distractedC. discernedD. discounted63. The deputy managers, one of whom is ______ by each party, shall assist the general manager in his duties.A. nominatedB. summonedC. calledD. named64. The simplest animals are those whose bodies are simplest in structure and which do the things done by all living animals, such as eating, breathing, moving and feeling, in the most ______ way.A. bizarreB. primitiveC. advantageousD. unique65. Some people want only real flowers on their tables while others like to have ______ ones.A. fashionableB. syntheticC. falseD. artificial66. From the hill top we can see horses are ______ here and there in the pasture.A. gazingB. bitingC. lickingD. devouring67. She strongly ______ the government's hypocrisy in dealing with the Israeli-Palestine issue.A. denouncedB. impeachedC. renouncedD. degraded68. He ______ a hasty meal before going on with his thesis.A. snatchedB. scratchedC. scrapedD. seized69. The landlady fired the servant who ______ household funds for her own rise.A. robbedB. pocketedC. muggedD. clenched70. At last the policemen used tear gas to ______ the demonstrators.A. disperseB. dispatchC. disappearD. vanish71. The economic recession has meant that job ______ is a rare thing.A. securityB. safetyC. protectionD. secureness72. Grain production in the world is ______ ,but still millions go hungry.A. soaringB. staggeringC. shrinkingD. suspending73. These charming girls are the ______ of equal pay for men and women.A. advocatesB. adventurerC. successorsD. predecessors74. Many people nowadays save money to ______ for their old age.A. caterB. supplyC. provideD. equip75. The lack of money and facilities depressed and ______ them a lot.A. frustratedB. flatteredC. distractedD. diverted76. Some crops are relatively high yielders and could be planted in preference to others to ______ the food supply.A. enhanceB. curbC. disruptD. heighten77. They waited in the ______ for the front door to open.A. porchB. porchC. thresholdD. inlet78. She had recently left a job and had helped herself to copies of **pany's client data, which she intended to ______ in starting her own business.A. dwell onB. come uponC. base onD. draw upon79. All of us were impressed by her ______ complexion.A. fluffyB. floralC. floridD. fluid80. We don't know if the story is tree, but we'll try our best to ______ it.A. verifyB. justifyC. amplifyD. rectifyⅣ TranslationRead the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese. Real estate, in broad definition, is land and everything made permanently a part thereof, and the nature and extent of one's interest therein. In law, the word real, as it relates to property, means land as distinguished from personal property; and estate is defined as the interest one has in property.Real estate may be acquired, owned, and conveyed (or transferred) by individuals; business corporations; charitable, religious, educational, fraternal, and various other nonprofit corporations; fiduciaries, such as trustees and executors; partnerships; and generally by any legal entity as determined and defined by the laws of the various states of the US Limitations are established in connection with sales of real estate by minors, incompetents, and certain types of corporations, and generally in cases involving some form of legal disability or lack of capacity.(82) In such instances, it is necessary in some jurisdictions to make application to the courts for permission to sell, in other jurisdictions such transfers are governed by statute.(83) Real property is generally acquired by purchase, by descent and devise, or by gift. When acquired by purchase, a deed is given by the seller, or grantor, to the purchaser, or grantee.The deed contains a legal description of the property conveyed. It must be drawn, executed, and acknowledged in proper form to be entitled to record. (84)It is customary for the seller and the purchaser to enter into a contract, at which time the purchaser makes a deposit on account of the purchase price.(85) The purchaser engages an attorney or a **pany to search the title to the property. The **pany ensures that the seller can convey clear title, the transaction is then closed.81.82.83.84.85.V WritingWrite an essay of no less than 200 words on the topic given below.1. Good management can help the organization achieve its desired results. This is particularly true of the management of an organization full of scientists and research workers. What is your idea about a good management or a good manager of such a group of people?。

考博英语-613(总分98.5,考试时间90分钟)Part Ⅱ V ocabulary1. By dint of much practice, he became ______ and was able to sign his name with either hand.A. practicalB. trickyC. ambiguousD. ambidextrous2. Henry David Thoreau used to ramble through the woods before he wrote his most famous book Walden (1854).A. roamB. lingerC. wonderD. browse3. His inability to learn foreign languages was a(n) obstacle to his career.A. barrierB. excessC. carrierD. impulse4. Because he is ______ , we cannot predict what course he will follow at any moment.A. incoherentB. quietC. capriciousD. harmful5. How are we going to ______ the Party's birthday?A. celebrateB. appreciateC. concentrateD. praise6. Some people criticize family doctors for ______ too many medicines for minor illnesses.[A] prescribing [B] ordering [C] advising [D] delivering7. It is the first of several agreements United States hopes to reach as it attempts to reduce, labor costs by $5.8 billion and ______ bankruptcy.A. dispelB. revertC. transferD. avert8. In the experiment we kept a watchful eye ______ the developments and recorded every detail.[A] in [B] at [C] for [D] on9.10. There has been an increase in attendance at lectures ______ by the World Affairs Council, which brings international issues to public attention.A. developedB. sponsoredC. advancedD. promoted11. She claims to be very learned in biochemistry, but in fact ______ she knows about it is all sadly out of date.A. so littleB. that muchC. what littleD. how much12. ______ **ing Thursday, it will be too late to enroll of the course.A. As ofB. As forC. As toD. As on13. Digging the garden with a spade is a very ______ task. I am exhausted after such two-hour's work.A. industriousB. manualC. conscientiousD. laborious14. The retired engineer plunked down $50,100 in cash for a midsize Mercedes as a present for his wife—a purchase______with money made in the stock the week before.A. paid offB. paid throughC. paid outD. paid for15. No one **e up with an easy solution to the government's predicament—labor ______ which is caused by the wars.[A] decline [B] vacancy [C] rarity [D] shortage16. In the past most pilots have been men, but today the number of women ______ this field is climbing.A. shammingB. devotingC. registeringD. pursuing17. The school authority ______ against students' smoking both in the classrooms and at home.A. resolvedB. determinedC. bannedD. prohibited18. She______his invitation to dinner as she was on a diet.A. inclinedB. declinedC. deniedD. disinclined19. Mr. White brought a countercharge against you because you had______ him for smuggling several pieces of antiques and cultural relics.A. chargedB. indictedC. accusedD. prosecuted20. No other newspaper columnist has managed as yet to rival Ann Landers' popularity in terms of readership.A. thoughB. in spite of thisC. evenD. so far21. It is strictly ______ that access to confidential documents is denied to all but a few.A. securedB. forbiddenC. regulatedD. determined22. There is a real possibility that these animals could be frightened, ______ a sudden loud noise.A. being thereB. there having beenC. there wasD. should there be23.24. He likes to swim ______.A. and playing footballB. and he also likes playing footballC. and to play footballD. and he likes to play football25.26. If excellent work results in frequent pay increases or promotions, the workers will have greater ______ to produce.A. incentiveB. initiativeC. instructionD. instinct27.28. The prison guards were armed and ready to shoot if ______ in any way.[A] incurred [B] provoked [C] poked [D] intervened29.30. The official was arrested for inability to ______ all his fortune he has enjoyed.A. clarifyB. intensifyC. verifyD. justifyPart Ⅲ Reading ComprehensionPassage OneThe table before which we sit may be, as the scientist maintains, composed of dancing atoms, but it does not reveal itself to us as anything of the kind, and it is not with dancing atoms but a solid and motionless object that we live.So remote is this "real" table--and most of the other "realities" with which science deals--that it cannot be discussed in terms which have any human value, and though it may receive out purely intellectual credence it cannot be woven into the pattern of life as it is led, in contradistinction to life as we attempt to think about it. Vibrations in the either are so totally unlike, let us say, the color purple that the gulf between them cannot be bridged, and they are, to all intents and purposes, not one but two separate things of which the second and less "real" must be the most significant for us. And just as the sensation which has led us to attribute an objective reality to a nonexistent thing which we call "purple" is more important for human life than the conception of vibrations of a certain frequency, so too the belief in God, however ill founded, has been more important in the life of man than the germ theory of decay, however true the latter may he.We may, if we like, speak of consequence, as certain mystics love to do, of the different levels or orders of truth. We may adopt what is essentially a Platonist trick of thought and insist upon postulating the existence of external realities which correspond to the needs and modes of human feeling and which, so we may insist, have their being is some part of the universe unreachable by science. But to do so is to make an unwarrantable assumption and to be guilty of the metaphysical fallacy of failing to distinguish between a truth of feeling and that other sort of truth which is described as a "truth of correspondence," and it is better perhaps, at least for those of us who have grown up in an age of scientific thought, to steer clear of such confusions and to rest content with the admission that, though the universe with which science deals is the real universe, yet we do not and cannot have any but fleeting and imperfect contacts with it ; that the most important part of our lives-our sensations, emotions, desires, and aspirations-takes place in a universe of illusionswhich science can attenuate or destroy, but which it is powerless to enrich.31. According to this passage, a scientist would conceive of a "table" as being ______.A. a solid motionless objectB. certain characteristic vibrations in "ether"C. a form fixed in space and timeD. a mass of atoms on motion32. By "objective reality" the author means ______.A. scientific realityB. a phenomenon we can directly experienceC. reality colored by emotionD. a symbolic existence33. The author suggests that in order to bridge the puzzling schism between scientific truth and the world of illusions, the reader should ______.A. try to rid himself of his world of illusionB. accept his world as being one of illusionC. apply the scientific methodD. establish a truth of correspondence34. The topic of this selection is ______.A. the distortion of reality by scienceB. the confusion caused by emotionsC. Platonic and contemporary views of truthD. the place of scientific truth in our lives35. Judging from the ideas and tone of the selection, one may reasonably guess that the author is ______.A. a humanistB. a pantheistC. a nuclear physicistD. a doctorPassage TwoThe multi-billion-dollar Western pop music industry is under fire. It is being blamed by the United Nations for the dramatic rise in drug abuse worldwide. "The most worrisome development is a culture of drag-friendliness that seems to be gaining prominence (显著), "said the UN's 13-member International Narcotics Control Board in a report released in late February 1998.The 74-page study says that pop music, as a global industry, is by far the most influential trend-setter for young people of most cultures. "Some lyrics advocate the smoking of marijuana (大麻) or taking other drugs, and certain pop stars make statements and set examples as if the use of drugs for non-medicinal purposes were a normal and acceptable part of a person's lifestyle, "the study says.Surprisingly, says the Board, the effect of drug-friendly pop music seems to survive despite the occasional shock of death by overdose (过量用药). "Such incidents tend to be seen as an occasionto mourn the loss of a role model, and not an opportunity to confront the deadly effect of 'recreational' drug use," it notes. Since the 1970s, several internationally famous singers and movie stars-including Elvis Presley, Janice Joplin, John Belushi, Jimi Hendrix, Jonathan Melvin and Andy Gibbs-have died of either drug abuse or drug related illnesses. With the globalization of popular music, messages tolerating or promoting drug abuse are now reaching beyond their countries of origin. "In most countries, the names of certain pop stars have become familiar to the members of every household," the study says.The UN study also blames the media for its description of certain drug issues-especially the use of marijuana and issues of liberalization and legalization-which encourages, rather than prevents, drug abuse. "Over the last years, we have seen how drug abuse is increasingly regarded as being acceptable or even attractive," says Hamid Ghodse, president of the Board. "Powerful pressure groups run political campaigns aimed at legalizing controlled drags," he says. Ghodse also points out that all these developments have created an environment which is tolerant of or even favorable to drug abuse and spoils international drug prevention efforts currently underway.The present study, he says, focuses on the issue of demand reduction and prevention within an environment that has become tolerant of drug abuse. The Board calls on governments to do their legal and moral duties, and to act against the pro-drug messages of the youth culture to which young people increasingly are being exposed.36. Which of the following statements does the author tend to agree with?A. The use of drugs for non-medicinal purposes is an acceptable part of a person's lifestyle.B. The spreading of pop music may cause the drug abuse to go beyond the boundaries of the country.C. No efforts have been made to prevent the spreading of drug abuse.D. The governments have no ability to act against the pro-drug messages of the youth culture.37. The italicized phrase "under fire" (Par. 1, sentence 1) means ______.A. in an urgent situationB. facing some problemsC. being criticizedD. quite popular38. Under the influence of drug-friendly pop music, what might the youth think of the death of some pop stars caused by overdose?A. They tend to mourn the pop stars as role models.B. They are shocked to know even pop stars may abuse drugs.C. They try to confront the deadly effect of "recreational" drug use.D. They may stop abusing the drugs.39. Which of the following is not mentioned in the passage as a factor that has contributed to creating an environment tolerant of or even favorable to drug abuse?A. The spreading of pop music.B. The media.C. Political campaigns run by powerful pressure groups.D. The low price of some drugs,40. The pop music ______.A. has a great influence on young people of most culturesB. only appeals to a small number of young peopleC. is not a profitable industryD. is the 0nly culprit (罪魁祸首) responsible for drug amusePassage Three**. airlines could slash 70,000 more jobs if there were war with Iraq and the U.S. government did not give the industry, more help, the biggest domestic carriers said on Tuesday.The Air Transport Association, which represents major airlines, said in a report on airline finances that its members would take aggressive steps to counter any sharp drop in travel demand and an increase in costs caused by an Iraqi war.Big airlines are seeking government assistance to stem rising fuel costs and ease taxes that are contributing to losses that soared to more than $10 billion in 2002.The industry outlined a "most likely" scenario if war broke out, saying that reduced demand and higher costs due to a conflict lasting 90 days would cost it $4 billion in lost revenue. Without a conflict, losses would still be expected to reach almost $7 billion for the year."The nation's air carders will continue to do all we can, but we fear that the consequences of this war will be severe," James May, president and chief executive of the air transport group, told a news conference.May restated the industry's belief that war could prompt more bankruptcies or force some financially fragile carders into liquidation. Recovery would take several years and ticket prices would have to fall further to spur demand.US Airways Group Inc. and UAL Corp's United Airlines are in Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection, and some industry experts believe that AMR Corp's American Airlines, the world's biggest carrier could follow later this year.Airlines expect overall traffic volume during a second Gulf conflict would fall more sharply than it did during the 1991 war, when it declined 8 percent after fighting began.The airlines based their assessment on a slide of more than 20 percent in advance bookings for overseas travel after the U. S. government elevated its domestic terror alert status from yellow to orange in early February.Jet fuel has more than doubled in price from a year ago to, $1.30 a gallon recently. Fuel is the second-largest expense after labor for an airline. An increase of one penny a gallon costs the industry an estimated $180 million annually.41. U.S. airlines would have to suffer the following losses if there were war with Iraq except that ______.A. the industry would have to lose $180 million revenue each year with one gallon of jet fuel increasing one penny on saleB. the overall traffic volume is expected to drop at least over eight percent, which took place during the first gulf warC. the U. S. government refuses to give the main **panies any essential financial sup- portonce the war broke outD. it would take a few years to get the prewar ticket prices resumed and then to spur the passengers' riving demand42. The countermeasures the nation's main air carriers would take to prevent any sharp drop in travel demand may include ______.Ⅰ. seeking government financial assistanceⅡ. asking for low tax rateⅢ. promoting more bankruptcies and forcing some weak **panies into liquidationA. ⅠonlyB. Ⅰand ⅡC. Ⅰand ⅢD. Ⅱand Ⅲ43. The sentence "... AMR, Corp's American Airlines, the world's biggest carder, could follow later this year" ( Paragraph 7) can best be restated as ______.A. it would also seek bankruptcy protectionB. it would have to spur its passengers' demand for ticketsC. it would have to take aggressive steps to avoid bankruptcyD. it would call for more financial subsidy from the government for its survival44. The phrase "force some financially fragile carries into liquidation" (Paragraph 6 ) may probably mean ______.A. compel them to reduce their flightB. make them do nothing but to declare bankruptcyC. push them to be destroyedD. bring them into a liquid state45. From the passage we can conclude that ______A. the writer intends to show his strong anti-war positionB. the writer tells what the American air transportation industry would have to worry about in facing the war against IraqC. the writer shows deep sympathy for the sufferings the war would bring to Iraqi peopleD. the writer wants to show indignation against George Bush' s position on Iraqi problem Passage FourCharm is the ultimate weapon, the supreme seduction, against which there are few defenses. If you've got it, you need almost nothing else, neither money, looks, nor pedigree. (41) It is a gift, only given to give away, and the more used the more there is. It is also a climate of behavior set for perpetual summer and controlled by taste and tact.Real charm is dynamic, an enveloping spell which mysteriously enslaves the senses. It is an inner light, fed on reservoirs of benevolence which well up like a thermal spring. It is unconscious, often nothing but the wish to please, and cannot be turned on and off at will.(42) You recognize charm by the felling you get in its presence. You know who has it. But can you get it, too? Probably, you can't, because it's a quickness of spirit, an originality of touch you have to be born with. Or it's something that grows naturally out of another quality, like the simple desire to make people happy. Certainly, charm is not a question of learning tricks, like wrinkling your nose, or having a laugh in your voice, or gaily tossing your hair out of your dancing eyes. (43)Such signs, to the nervous, are ominous warnings which may well send him streaking for cove. On the other hand, there is an antenna, a built-in awareness of others, which most people have, and which care can nourish.But in a study of charm, what else does one look for? Apart from the ability to listen-rarest of all human virtues and most difficult to sustain without vagueness-apart form warmth, sensitivity, and the power to please, what else is there visible? (44) A generosity, I suppose, which makes no demands, a transaction which strikes no bargains which doesn't hold itself back till you've filled up a test-card making it clear that you've worth the trouble. Charm can't withhold, but spends itself willingly on young and old alike, on the poor, the ugly, the dim, the boring, on the last fat man in **er. (45) It reveals also in a sense of ease, in casual but perfect manners, and often in a physical grace which springs less from an accident of youth than from a confident serenity of mind. Any person with this is more than just a popular fellow, he is also a social healer.46.47.48.49.50.Passage FiveA number of researchers have examined the variables/strategies that affect students' learning English as a second language. This report identifies some of the learner variables/ strategies used by two students in a Hong Kong Technical Institute. The instruments for data collection included observation, interviews and questionnaires. The findings are discussed and some implications highlighted.What makes a "good" language learner "good", and what makes a "poor" language learner "poor"? What does this imply for the teaching of language in the Hong Kong context? These are the central questions of this assignment. The existing body of research attributes the differences between language learners to learner variables and learner strategies. Learner variables include such things as differences in personality, motivation, style, aptitude and age (Ellis, 1986: Chap. 5) and strategies refer to "techniques, approaches, or deliberate actions that students take in order to facilitate the learning and recall of both linguistic and content area information" (Chabot, 1987: 71). It is important to note here that what we are considering is not the fact that language learners do and can learn, but why there should be such variations in speed of learning, ability to use the target language, and in achieving examination grades, areas which generally lead to the classification of students as being either "good" or "poor".Learner variables and strategies have been the focus of a number of research projects, (O'Malley et al, 1985, Oxford, 1989). However, to the best of my knowledge, this area has not been researched in Hong Kong classrooms. Since I am a teacher of English working in Hong Kong, gleaning a little of what learner variables and strategies seem to work for local studentsseems to be a fruitful area of research.In discussing learner variables and strategies, we have to keep in mind the arbitrary nature of actually identifying these aspects. As the existing research points out, it is not possible to observe directly qualities such as aptitude, motivation and anxiety. (Oxford, 1986). We cannot look inside the mind of a language learner and find out what strategies, if any, they are using. These strategies are not visible processes. Also, as Naiman and his colleagues (1978) point out, no single learning strategy, cognitive style or learner characteristic is sufficient to explain success in language learning. The factors must be considered simultaneously to discover how they affect success or failure in particular language learning situation.Bearing these constraints in mind, the aim of this assignment is to develop two small scale studies of the language learners attempting to gain an overall idea of what strategies are in use and what variables seem to make a difference to Hong Kong students.51. In Paragraph 2 "learner variables" and "strategies" are defined by reference to other writers ______.A. because these writers are authorities in the field and these are recognized as important conceptsB. because these writers are authorities in the field and these are recognized as important definitionsC. because the present author is not sure what these terms meanD. because the present author wishes to redefine the scope of research in this area52. The main point of Paragraph 2 is ______.A. to define technical termsB. to define terms and scope of the studyC. to outline the main sections of the reportD. to summarize the area to be covered in the article53. In Paragraph 3 the writer uses the phrase "to the best of my knowledge..." because ______.A. she has good knowledge of this areaB. she is not sure if the area has been researched in Hong KongC. she thinks the area has been researched in Hong KongD. she does not wish to take responsibility for any omissions in the bibliography54. The reference to "Naiman and his colleagues (1978)" in Paragraph 4 is made ______.A. to point out the advantages of an analytical approachB. to point out that language learning strategies can be identifiedC. to point out that different learners learn differentlyD. to point out the uniqueness of language learning situations55. The main point of Paragraph 5 is ______.A. to describe the existing research in the fieldB. to point out the limits of research in this areaC. to describe learning strategies identified as soD. to summarize the scope of the present article56. According to this passage, research in this area is characterized as ______.A. empirically observableB. often impossible to observe directlyC. poorly defined in the research literature to dateD. easier to theorize about than to carry out directlyPart Ⅳ ClozeIn the past few decades, remarkable findings have been made in ethology, the study of animal social behavior. Earlier scientists had (21) that nonhuman social life was almost totally instinctive or fixed by genetics. Much more careful observation has shown that (22) variation occurs among the social ties of most species, showing that learning is a part of social life. That is, the (23) are not solely fixed by the genes (24) , the learn ing that occurs is often at an early age in a process that is called imprinting. Imprinting is clearly (25) instinctive, but it is not quite like the learning of humans; it is something in between the two. An illustration best (26) the nature of imprinting. Once, biologists thought that ducklings followed the mother duck because of instincts. Now we know that, shortly (27) they hatch, ducklings fix (28) any object about the size of a duck and will henceforth follow it. So ducklings may follow a basketball or a briefcase if these are (29) for the mother duck at the time when imprinting occurs. Thus, social ties can be considera bly (30) , even ones that have a considerable base (31) by genetics.Even among the social insects something like imprinting (32) influence social behav ior. For example, biologists once thought **municated with others purely (33) in stinct. But, in examining a "dance" that bees do to indicate the distance and direction of a pollen source, observers found that bees raised in isolation could **municate effec tively. At a higher level, the genetic base seems to be much more for an all-purpose learn ing rather than the more specific responses of imprinting. Chimpanzees, for instance, gen erally (34) very good mother but Jane Goodali reports that some chimps carry the infant upside down or (35) fail to nurture the young.57. A. than B. before C. when D. after58. A. on B. with C. in D. within59. A. appropriated B. substituted C. assigned D. distributed60. A. varied B. deviated C. differed D. altered61. A. fashioned B. modified C. influenced D. affected62. A. may B. should C. must D. can63. A. by B. out of C. from D. through64. A. prove B. make C. turn D. create65. A. otherwise B. still C. yet D. even66. A. assumed B. adopted C. believed D. surmised67. A. considerate B. considered C. considerable D. considering68. A. statues B. statuses C. statutes D. statures69. A. What's more B. Hence C. But D. However70. A. not B. only C. but D. solely71. A. clarifies B. classifies C. defines D. outlinesPart Ⅴ Translation72. “我的英语有多好?”对任何学习英语的人来说是最重要的一个问题。