“Frost' After Apple-picking摘罢苹果(英语学习)

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一、殖民主义时期The Literature of Colonial America1．船长约翰·史密斯Captain John Smith 美国第一位作家《自殖民地第一次在弗吉尼亚垦荒以来发生的各种事件的真实介绍》“A True Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia Since the First Planting of That Colony”《弗吉尼亚地图，附：一个乡村的描述》“A Map of Virginia: with a Description of the Country”《弗吉尼亚通史》“General History of Virginia”2．威廉·布拉德福德William Bradford 普利茅斯第一任首长《普利茅斯开发历史》“The History of Plymouth Plantation”3．约翰·温思罗普John Winthrop 波士顿第一任首长《新英格兰历史》“The History of New England”4．罗杰·威廉姆斯Roger Williams –The Patriarch of New England《开启美国语言的钥匙》”A Key into the Language of America”或叫《美洲新英格兰部分土著居民语言指南》Or “A Help to the Language of the Natives in That Part of America Called New England ”5．安妮·布莱德斯特Anne Bradstreet《在美洲诞生的第十个谬斯》”The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America”二、理性和革命时期文学The Literature of Reason and Revolution1。

f开头的摘苹果单词：
Fruit picking：水果采摘，通常指手工采摘成熟的水果（水果可以指苹果）。

附：摘苹果的单词通常与采摘或收获有关，以下是一些相关的英文单词：
1. **Pick** -采摘，通常用于指手工选择并采集水果，如“pick apples”。

2. **Harvest** 收获，指收集成熟的水果或农作物。

3. **Pickle** -腌制，虽然不直接指摘苹果，但有时用于描述将苹果制成腌制品。

4. **Cultivate** -培育，指种植和照料，以期望作物成熟。

5. **Gather** -收集，指聚集或搜集某物，可以用于采摘水果。

6. **Pruning** -修剪，指去除植物的枝叶，以促进果实的生长和采摘。

7. **Picking** -挑选，指选择优质的水果进行采摘。

8. **Horticulture** -园艺，指植物种植的科学，包括水果树的栽培。

9. **Fruit picking** -水果采摘，通常指手工采摘成熟的水果。

10. **Bagging** -装袋，将采摘的水果装入袋子以便运输。

作家作品Naturalism1、Stephen Crane斯蒂芬·克莱恩1871-1900 战争小说之父Maggie: A Girl of the Streets《街头女郎麦琪》（美国文学史上首次站在同情立场上描写受辱妇女的悲惨命运）, a pioneering work of sociological naturalism；关于南北战争的The Red Badge of Courage《红色英勇勋章》，奠定了他在美国文坛上不可动摇的地位；优秀短篇小说集The Open Boat《海上扁舟》和blue hotel 《蓝色旅馆》; wounds in the rain 《雨中的伤痕》The Bride Comes to Yellow Sky《新娘来到黄天镇》2、Theodore Dreiser西奥多·德莱塞1871-1945美国文学史上最杰出的现实主义小说家，一位以探索充满磨难的现实生活着称的美国自然主义作家.Sister Carrie《嘉莉妹妹》，真实再现了当时美国社会;Jennie Gerhardt《珍妮姑娘》，被称为《嘉莉妹妹》的姐妹篇;Trilogy of Desire欲望三部曲（Financer金融家,The Titan巨人,The Stoic斯多噶）;An American Tragedy《美国悲剧》是德莱赛成就最高的作品，是人们清晰地看到了美国社会的真实情况，“至今依然具有巨大的现实意义”在《美国悲剧》中，Dreiser intended to tell us that it is the social pressure that makes Clyde's downfall inevitable. Clyde's tragedy is a tragedy that depends upon the American social system which encouraged people to pursue the "dream of success" at all costs.1、Naturalism emphasized heredity and environment as important deterministic forces shaping individualized characters who were presented in special and detailed circumstances.2. The effect of Darwinist idea of "survival of the fittest" was shattering. It is not surprising to find in Dreiser's fiction a world of jungle, where “kill or to be killed” was the law.Dreiser's Writing Features:✓As a naturalist writer, Dreiser stressed determinism in his novels which deals with everyday life, often with its sordid side.✓As a naturalist, he developed the capacity for photographic and relentless (无情的) observation, thereby truthfully reflecting the society and people of his time.✓His narrative method is natural and free from artifice.Modern Poetry3、Robert Frost罗伯特·弗罗斯特1874-196320世纪最受欢迎的美国诗人, 美国文学中的桂冠诗人田园诗；自然诗☐He used symbols from everyday country life to express his deep ideas. His graceful and traditional poetic style is highly appreciated in the country.A Boy's Will少年心愿and North of Boston波士顿之北were published and highly acclaimed in England. Mending Wall修墙,After Apple-picking摘苹果之后;Mountain Interval山间The Road Not taken没有选择的道路;New Hampshire 《新罕布什尔West-running Brook西流的溪涧;A Further Range 又一片牧场;A Witness Tree一株作证的树a masque of reason《理智的假面具》a masque of mercy慈悲的假面具complete poems诗歌全集a steeple bush尖塔丛林The Analysis of “The Road Not Taken”1.when confronted with important decisions which one must make in life, one must accept theconsequences, for he will not have a chance to go back.2.He encourages people to try things new and choose the road less traveled by. At the same time,he expresses the regrets that one can not choose two at the same time.3.The poem is written in iambic pentameter with the rhyme scheme ABAAB4.Symbolism is used as a very effective writing technique.4、Ezra Pound艾兹拉·庞德1885-1972Imagism1) With a spirit of revolt against conventions, imagism was anti-romantic and anti-Victorian.2) Imagism produced free verse without imposing a rhythmical pattern.3) Imagism tried to record objective observations of an object or a situation without interpretation or comment by the poet (creating an image). It calls for brief language, and pinpoints the precise picture in as few words as possible.美国著名诗人，意象派的代表人物。

Figurative LanguageFigurative language uses "figures of speech" - a way of saying something other than the literal meaning of the words. For example, "All the world's a stage" Frost often referred to them simply as "figures." Frost said, "Every poem I write is figurative in two senses. It will have figures in it, of course; but it's also a figure in itself - a figure for something, and it's made so that you can get more than one figure out of it." Cook Voices p235Metaphor A figure of speech in which a comparison is made between two things essentially unalike. To Frost, metaphor is really what poetry is all about. He is notably a poet of metaphors more than anything else. This is so important, we should hear directly from the poet. Frost said," Poetry begins in trivial metaphors, pretty metaphors, 'grace metaphors,' and goes on to the profoundest thinking that we have. Poetry provides the one permissible way of saying one thing and meaning another. People say, 'Why don't you say what you mean?' We never do that, do we, being all of us too much poets. We like to talk in parables and in hints and in indirections - whether from diffidence or from some other instinct". ... Excerpt from an essay entitled "Education by Poetry" by Robert Frost.Examples:The Silken Tent. A woman is admired for her strength and beauty, like a silken tent. Note the strength of the silk and cedar.Putting in the Seed. The planting of seed in the garden, in springtime is like making love.Devotion. The passive but ever-changing shore and the persistent energetic ocean are like a devoted couple.To Earthward. The stages of love are like stepping stones to death.All Revelation. A view of a geode crystal is like the mind probing the universe. Simile A figure of speech in which a comparison is expressed by the specific use of a word or phrase such as: like, as, than, seems or Frost's favorite "as if,"Examples:Mending Wall: like an old-stone savage armedStars: like some snow-white/ Minerva's snow-white marble eyesGoing for Water: We ran as if to meet the moon ---- we paused / like gnomes Birches: Like girls on hands and knees that throw their hairHyla Brook: Like ghost of sleigh bellsSymbol A thing (could be an object, person, situation or action) which stands for something else more abstract. For example our flag is the symbol of our country. The use of symbols in Frost's poetry is less obvious. Frost was not known as a Symbolist. Actually, the Symbolists were a late 19th century movement reacting against realism. Frost rebelled against this movement and preferred to use metaphors. There are certain signature images that become symbols when we look at Frost's complete work.Flowers, stars, dark woods and spring (the water kind) are consistent symbols in Frost's poetry and should be noted here. As with many other poetic devices, Frost had his own way of keeping the rule and breaking the rule.Frost said, "If my poetry has to have a name, I'd prefer to call it Emblemism," not "Symbolism," which is all too likely to clog up and kill a poem." Burnshaw p283 Examples:The Road Not Taken: the forked road represents choices in life. The road in this poem is a text book example of a symbol.Rose Pogonias: Early in Frost's poetry, flowers become a symbol for the beloved, his wife Elinor.Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening: even though there is no one overt symbol in the poem, the entire journey can represent life's journey. "Dark woods" also become a powerful recurring symbol in Frost.The Pasture and Directive. Spring (as in water spring) is very meaningful in Frost's poetry. Spring represents origin or source, almost in a Proustian sense. Other variations include "brook" Hyla Brook and West-Running Brook. Water often deals with an emotional state.Come In: "But no, I was out for stars." The star is one of the chief symbolic images in Frost's poetry.Personification A type of metaphor in which distinct human qualities, e.g., honesty, emotion, volition, etc., are attributed to an animal, object or idea.Examples:My November Guest: the guest is Sorrow, personified as a woman dearly loved who walks with him.Mowing: the scythe whispersRange-Finding: the spider sullenly withdrawsTree at my Window: the tree watches him sleep; it has tongues talking aloudStorm Fear: the wind works and whispers, the cold creeps, the whole storm is personified (Table)Apostrophe 【修辞学】顿呼法〔叙述中忽然对不在场的第三者所发出的直接呼语；或对无生命物发出呼唤A figure of speech in which someone absent or dead OR something nonhuman is addressed as if it were alive and present.Examples:Take Something Like a Star: the poem begins, "O Star," He addresses the star throughout the poem.Tree at my Window: He addresses the tree throughout: "Tree at my window, window tree."Mending Wall: speaking to the stones that make up the barrier, he says, "Stay where you are until our backs are turned!"Synecdoche 提喻法；举隅法〔以局部代表全部和以全部喻指部分，例如用roof表示整个house, 用the army表示某一个soldier〕。

美国文学部分(American Literature)一．独立革命前后的文学（The Literature Around the Revolution of Independence）1．本章考核知识点和考核要求：1)．殖民地时期的文学的特点2)．主要的作家、其概况及其代表作品2．独立革命前后时期的主要作家本杰明·富兰克林Benjamin Franklin本杰明·富兰克林，散文家、科学家、社会活动家，曾参与起草“独立宣言”。

《穷查理历书》Poor Richard’s Almanack《致富之道》The Way to Wealth《自传》The Autobiography托马斯·潘恩Thomas Paine托马斯·潘恩，散文家、政治家、报刊撰稿人。

《税务员问题》The Case of the Officers of Excise《常识》Common Sense《美国危机》American Crisis《人的权利》Rights of Man《专制体制的崩溃》Downfall of Despotism《理性时代》The Age of Reason菲利普·弗伦诺Philip Freneau菲利普·弗伦诺，著名的“革命诗人”。

《蒸蒸日上的美洲》“The Rising Glory of America”《英国囚船》“The British Prison Ship”《纪念美国勇士》同类诗中最佳“To the Memory of the Brave Americans”《野生的金银花》“The Wild Honeysuckle”《印第安人殡葬地》“The Indian Burying Ground”二．美国浪漫主义文学（American Romanticism）1．本章考核知识点和考核要求：1)．美国浪漫主义文学产生的社会历史及文化背景2)．主要作家的创作思想、艺术特色及其代表作品的主题结构、人物刻画和语言风格3)．清教主义、超验主义、象征主义、自由诗等名词的解释2.美国浪漫主义时期的主要作家华盛顿·欧文Washington Irving华盛顿·欧文，美国著名小说家，被称为“美国文学之父”.《瑞普·凡·温可尔》Rip Van Winkle《纽约外史》A History of New York《见闻札记》The Sketch Book《睡谷的传说》The Legend of Sleepy Hollow詹姆斯·费尼莫尔·库珀James Fenimore Cooper詹姆斯·费尼莫尔·库珀开创了以《皮裹腿故事集》为代表的边疆传奇小说，其中最为重要的一部是《最后的莫西干人》。

文学导论作者与作品：Plato柏拉图——The Republic 《理想国》Giovanni Boccaccio薄伽丘——Decameron 《十日谈》M.D.Cervantes塞万提斯——Don Quixote de la Mancha 《堂吉诃德》Francois Rabelais拉伯雷——Gargantua and Pantagruel 《巨人传》William Congreve威廉.康格里夫——Incognita：Or,Love and Duty Reconciled《隐姓埋名》Daniel Defoe笛福——Robinson Crusoe《鲁宾逊漂流记》Nathaniel Hawthorne霍桑——The Scarlet Letter《红字》Young Goodman Brown 《好小伙布朗》Herman Melville赫尔曼.梅尔维尔——Moby-Dick《鲸》（《莫比-迪克》）Aristotle亚里士多德——Poetics《诗学》Washington Irving欧文——Rip Van Winkle《拮取花温》William Faulkner福克纳——A Rose for Emily《献给Emily的一朵玫瑰》John Updike厄普代克——A&PJack London杰克伦敦——Call of the Wild《野性的呼唤》George Orwell奥威尔——Animal Farm《动物庄园》F.Scott Fitzgerald斯科特.菲茨杰拉德——The Great Gatsby《了不起的盖茨比》J.D.Salinger塞林格——The Catcher in the Rye《麦田里的守望者》E.M.Forster福斯特——Aspects of the NovelCharles Dickens狄更斯——Great Expectations《远大前程》（《孤星血泪》）Kate Chopin——The Story of an HourCharlotte Bront夏洛特.勃朗特——Jane Eyre《简爱》Thomas Hardy托马斯.哈代——The Poor Man and the Lady《穷人和妇人》Desperate Remedies《绝望的补救措施》Under the Greenwood Tree《绿茵树下》The Hand of Ethebeta Far from the Madding Crowd 《远离尘嚣》The Return of the Native《还乡》The Woodlanders The Mayor of Casterbridge《布卡卡斯特桥》Tess of the D’Urbervilles《苔丝》Jude the Obscure《无名英雄》The Winter Words《冬天的话》Charles Dickens狄更斯——David Copperfield《大卫.科波菲尔》Little Dorritt《小杜丽》The Pickwick Papers《匹克威克传》Oliver Twist《雾都孤儿》Nicholas Nickleby《尼古拉斯.尼克贝》The Old Curiosity Shop《老古玩店》Bleak House 《荒凉山庄》Hard Times《艰难时世》 A Tale of Two Cities《双城记》Great Expectations《远大前程》Nathaniel Hawthorne霍桑——Twice-Told Tales《再讲一遍的故事》Mosses from an Old Manse《古宅青苔》(it includes some of his best short stories:Young Goodman Brown《好小伙布朗》,The Celestial Railroad,Rappaccini’s Daughter《拉伯西尼医生的女儿) The Scarlet Letter《红字》The House of the Seven Gables《带七个尖顶的阁楼》The Blithedale Romance《福谷传奇》The Marble Faun《玉石人像》The Life of Franklin Pierce Our Old HomeWilliam Faulkner福克纳——A Rose for Emily The Marble Faun《大理石牧神》Soldier’s Pay《士兵的报酬》Sartoris《沙多里斯》The Sound and the Fury《喧哗与骚动》As I Lay Dying《我弥留之际》Sanctuary《圣殿》Light in August 《八月之光》Absalom!Absalom!《押沙龙，押沙龙！》The Unvanquished《不败者》The Hamlet《村子》Go Down Moses《去吧，摩西》Intruder in the Dust 《坟墓的闯入者》Knight’s Gambit Requiem for a Nun《修女安魂曲》 A Fable 《寓言》The Town《镇》The Mansion《大宅》The Reivers《掠夺者》William Shakespeare莎士比亚——Sonnet 18十四行诗The Comedy of Errors 《错误的喜剧》The Taming of the Shrew《驯悍记》A Midsummer Night’s Dream 《仲夏夜之梦》The Merchant of Venice《威尼斯商人》The Twelfth Night《第十二夜》As You Like It《皆大欢喜》Romeo and Juliet《罗密欧与朱丽叶》Julius Caesar《朱利叶斯.凯撒》Hamlet《哈姆雷特》King Lear《李尔王》Macbeth 《麦克白》Othello《奥赛罗》T he Winter’s Tale《冬天的故事》The Tempest 《暴风雨》Robert Frost弗罗斯特——A Boy’s Will《少年的意志》North of Boston《波士顿以北》Mountain Interval《山间》New Hampshire《新罕布什尔》Collected Poems 《诗歌选集》A Further Range《又一片牧场》 A Witness Tree《一颗作证的树》Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening《雪夜林边小驻》Mending Wall《修墙》Birches《白桦树》After Apple-picking《摘苹果之后》The Road Not Taken《未选择的路》名词解释：一、What is literature?Literature is imatation, is function, is an expression of emotions.二、What is fiction?It is a vague and general term for any literary narrative which is an account of imagined or invented events instead of something that in fact happened. The world of fiction is a world of the possible or the probable, rather than the actual.三、Elements of fiction.1、Plot: is the plan, design, arrangement and organization of interrelated events and characters in such a way as to induce curiosity and suspense in the reader.It is an intellectual formulation about the relations among the incident and is, therefore, a guiding principle for the author and an ordering control for the reader.故事是按时间顺序安排的事件的叙述，情节也是事件的叙述，重点在因果关系上。