硅灰石(wollastonite)-PPT精选文档
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硅灰石硅灰石属于链状偏硅酸盐,结晶结构决定了其性质,硅灰石的结晶平行于(100) 面的解离完全,平行于(001)和(102)的解理也较明显,所以即使是细小颗粒,也呈纤维状或针状。
由于其特殊的晶体形态,且同时具有很高的白度、良好的介电性能和较高的耐热性能,因而硅灰石广泛地应用于陶瓷、化工、冶金、造纸、塑料、涂料等领域经特殊粉体加工处理的硅灰石针状粉,经表面活化改性后,在橡胶、塑料、涂料中的用量正呈大幅上升趋势。
硅灰石理化性能煅烧高岭土高岭土系列产品的主要应用:(1)造纸工业:有较好的覆盖力和光泽度,使得涂层具有良好的松厚性和适印性。
主要应用于涂布纸、铜版纸、涂布白纸板、铸涂纸中。
(2)涂料工业:作为体质颜料和多功能添加剂代替立德粉和钛白粉10~20%,可适应任何涂料体系。
改善涂料贮存稳定性,涂刷性,抗吸潮性及抗冲击性等,改善颜料的抗浮色和发花性。
(3)塑料工业: A、电缆:改性煅烧高岭土具有极好的电绝缘性能(较高的体积电阻率)。
应用于电缆的绝缘护套,提高绝缘性能5 ~ 10倍。
特别是用于海底电缆,耐海水侵蚀,并提高绝缘性能。
B、农膜:改性煅烧高岭土对7 ~ 25μm波长的红外线具有阻隔作用,可使农膜内的夜间温度提高2 ~ 3℃。
同时,由于改性煅烧高岭土的加入,农膜棚中的直射射线减少,而散射射线增加,使农作物受光照均匀,有利于农作物的光合作用。
(4)橡胶工业:利用煤系高岭土特殊处理制作而成的硅铝炭黑,经过表面改性处理,可大大提高橡胶的补强效果,在汽车轮胎、EPDM等橡胶应用中,达到甚至在某些方面超过炭黑或白炭黑的补强性能。
(5)石化工业:在石油加工中,作催化剂使用。
具有较高的基质活性、较强的抗重金属污染能力、较好的催化活性和选择性。
也可用于农药作载体。
(6)陶瓷工业:可塑性、粘结性、烧结性能好,制品色白、致密、机械强度大,可用于高低压电瓷、各种陶瓷的坯体和釉料,亦用于各种耐火材料。
(7)环保工业:① 以高岭土为原料合成4A分子筛,可作为合成洗涤剂中的洗涤助剂,替代三聚磷酸钠,生产无磷洗衣粉,以减少磷对环境的污染。
硅灰石在陶瓷中的应用硅灰石是一种钙硅酸盐矿物,它是由英国矿物学家沃兰斯顿的名字所命名,沃兰斯顿Wollston即硅灰石的英文名字。
硅灰石在地球上分布很广,具有普遍的工业意义。
早在20世纪50年代起美国就开始利用天然硅灰石生产陶瓷釉面砖。
我国硅灰石资源比较丰富,自20世纪70年代在湖北省大冶地区发现优质储量大的硅灰石矿,后来又在福建、吉林、辽宁、安徽等地发现了硅灰石矿,为我国建筑陶瓷生产硅灰石-腊石-黏土系列的釉面砖提供了丰厚的基础。
近年来作为开发利用于建筑卫生陶瓷用原料,尤其是在用做低温快烧陶瓷原料方面颇受青睐,人们渐渐对它抱有较大的关注。
1、硅灰石的矿物特征:硅灰石一般产于石灰岩或大理岩与花岗岩相接触变质带内,常与透闪石相共生,二者容易混淆,但硅灰石质软,二透闪石性脆极容易折断。
另外在火成岩的富钙岩中也能够生成。
我国大冶出产的硅灰石矿物组成,硅灰石占75%以上,另外是钙铁石榴子石大约占15-02%左右,透辉石大约占5-10%,其次还有少量的蛋白石、石英、方解石及极微量的绿帘石、符山石、磁铁矿、黄铁矿等。
硅灰石由于其中的钙常被铁、锰、镁、锶以类质同相方式所取代,因此自然界中绝对纯的硅灰石较难找到。
硅灰石分为高温相与低温相两种,前者叫假硅灰石,属于三斜晶系呈假斜方系或假六方系晶体。
后者分为硅灰石三晶斜系与付硅灰石单斜晶系两种变体。
硅灰石的识别特征为外表呈白色或者带灰与浅红的白色,也有少量呈现肉红色,部分还有呈灰色、暗褐色或棕色。
硅灰石为三斜状晶体或柱状晶体,晶体粗大,普通长1-10厘米,最大的有达到80厘米的。
其集合体多为放射状、纤维状、致密块状等形态。
硅灰石呈玻璃光泽,有条痕白色。
其硬度为4.5-5.5莫氏硬度。
密度为2.8-2.9克/立方厘米。
硅灰石性脆且断口参差不齐,呈透明或半透明状。
硅灰石的熔点高达1540度,有杂质的情况下,熔点可以大大降低。
硅灰石的化学分子式为硫酸钙或氧化钙与二氧化硅形态。
陶瓷级硅灰石粉陶瓷级硅灰石粉是一种重要的原材料,在陶瓷工艺中起着重要的作用。
本文将从硅灰石的定义、性质、应用领域以及生产工艺等方面进行介绍。
一、硅灰石的定义与性质硅灰石,又称为方解石,是一种常见的矿石,化学组成为CaCO3。
它的晶体结构为正交晶系,晶胞中含有一个Ca2+离子和一个CO32-离子。
硅灰石的硬度为3.0-3.5,比重约为2.71 g/cm3。
二、硅灰石粉的制备方法硅灰石粉的制备主要有物理方法和化学方法两种。
物理方法主要通过矿石的破碎、研磨和分级等工序得到粉末。
而化学方法则是通过将硅灰石矿石进行煅烧、水解等反应得到粉末。
在陶瓷工艺中,常用的制备方法是物理方法,因为它能够更好地保留硅灰石的物理性质。
三、硅灰石粉在陶瓷工艺中的应用1. 增白剂:硅灰石粉可以增加陶瓷制品的白度,使其更加亮丽。
在制作白色陶瓷制品时,往往需要添加适量的硅灰石粉来提高白度。
2. 充填剂:硅灰石粉可以作为充填剂填充陶瓷制品的空隙,提高陶瓷制品的密实性和强度。
在制作高强度陶瓷制品时,常常需要添加硅灰石粉来增加其机械强度。
3. 稳定剂:硅灰石粉可以提高陶瓷制品的化学稳定性,使其更加耐腐蚀。
在制作化学耐腐蚀陶瓷制品时,通常需要添加硅灰石粉来提高其耐腐蚀性能。
4. 磨料:硅灰石粉可以作为磨料用于陶瓷制品的抛光和研磨过程。
在制作光洁度高的陶瓷制品时,常常需要使用硅灰石粉进行抛光处理。
四、硅灰石粉的生产工艺硅灰石粉的生产工艺主要包括矿石的选矿、破碎、研磨和分级等工序。
首先,通过选矿工艺将矿石中的杂质去除,得到纯净的硅灰石矿石。
然后,将硅灰石矿石进行破碎,得到适当大小的矿石颗粒。
接下来,通过研磨工艺将矿石颗粒进一步细磨,得到所需的硅灰石粉。
最后,通过分级工艺将硅灰石粉按照颗粒大小进行分类,得到符合要求的产品。
陶瓷级硅灰石粉是一种重要的陶瓷原材料,它广泛应用于陶瓷工艺中的增白、充填、稳定和磨料等方面。
通过物理方法制备的硅灰石粉可以保留其物理性质,而制备工艺主要包括选矿、破碎、研磨和分级等工序。
硅灰石一矿物概要硅灰石为链状偏硅酸盐矿物。
有高温、低温两种变体。
通常所说的硅灰石是指低温变体β-CaSi03,硅灰石矿石自然类型通常有夕卡岩型矿石和硅灰石-石英-方解石型矿石两类。
硅灰石矿石的结构构造通常也有两种:致密块状矿石具细粒花岗变晶或纤维变晶结构,致密块状构造,硅灰石呈细小粒状、柱状或纤维状集合体,个别极细粒致密者呈玉状;粗晶硅灰石矿石具纤维变晶结构,块状、似角砾状、巨斑状或条带状构造,硅灰石晶体粗大,呈板柱状,束状或放射状(菊花状)。
集合体呈纤维状、针状,亮白色或带浅灰、浅红的白色,有玻璃或珍珠光泽,纤维状者具丝绢光泽。
二可利用的产业领域硅灰石由于其独特的物理化学特性,在短短几十年的时间里,发展成一颇具规模的行业。
随着科技的进步和加工利用技术的不断发展,硅灰石在各个领域的应用必将不断拓展。
1)建筑陶瓷用硅灰石: 由于硅灰石具有热膨胀系数低,在低温条件下易与氧化硅、氧化铝共熔、不含化学结合水或碳酸盐以及具有针状晶形等特性,因此,用硅灰石作建筑陶瓷(主要是釉面砖)原料,能实现低温快速烧成,降低产品的收缩率和减少出现翘曲、开裂现象,并能提高坯体强度和压型质量,改善产品机械性能,从而达到节省能耗,提高产率,降低成本的目的。
2)冶金保护渣用硅灰石:主要用作生产颗粒板坯连铸、模铸保护渣和无碳保护渣的基料。
由于硅灰石成分稳定,因此使铸坯无缺陷,表面光洁。
3)油漆和涂料用硅灰石:由于硅灰石具有亮白色、针状颗粒形态及低的吸油性等特性,可生产优质白色和柔和浅色调的涂料,提高涂料的韧性和耐用性,保持涂料表面平整与良好的光泽以及抗洗刷和抗风化性能,还可减少涂料的吸油量并保持碱性,具有抗腐蚀能力。
4)电焊条用硅灰石:用硅灰石作电焊条药皮配料,能起助熔和造渣添加剂作用,抑制焊接时放电,减少飞溅,提高熔渣流动性,使焊缝成型整洁美观,增强机械强度。
5)石棉代用品:针状硅灰石粉由于其针状结构,而且无毒无害,可以部分替代石棉、玻璃纤维、纸浆等,且价格较为便宜。
硅灰石硅灰石属于链状偏硅酸盐,结晶结构决定了其性质,硅灰石的结晶平行于(100) 面的解离完全,平行于(001)和(102)的解理也较明显,所以即使是细小颗粒,也呈纤维状或针状。
由于其特殊的晶体形态,且同时具有很高的白度、良好的介电性能和较高的耐热性能,因而硅灰石广泛地应用于陶瓷、化工、冶金、造纸、塑料、涂料等领域经特殊粉体加工处理的硅灰石针状粉,经表面活化改性后,在橡胶、塑料、涂料中的用量正呈大幅上升趋势。
硅灰石理化性能煅烧高岭土高岭土系列产品的主要应用:(1)造纸工业:有较好的覆盖力和光泽度,使得涂层具有良好的松厚性和适印性。
主要应用于涂布纸、铜版纸、涂布白纸板、铸涂纸中。
(2)涂料工业:作为体质颜料和多功能添加剂代替立德粉和钛白粉10~20%,可适应任何涂料体系。
改善涂料贮存稳定性,涂刷性,抗吸潮性及抗冲击性等,改善颜料的抗浮色和发花性。
(3)塑料工业: A、电缆:改性煅烧高岭土具有极好的电绝缘性能(较高的体积电阻率)。
应用于电缆的绝缘护套,提高绝缘性能5 ~ 10倍。
特别是用于海底电缆,耐海水侵蚀,并提高绝缘性能。
B、农膜:改性煅烧高岭土对7 ~ 25μm波长的红外线具有阻隔作用,可使农膜内的夜间温度提高2 ~ 3℃。
同时,由于改性煅烧高岭土的加入,农膜棚中的直射射线减少,而散射射线增加,使农作物受光照均匀,有利于农作物的光合作用。
(4)橡胶工业:利用煤系高岭土特殊处理制作而成的硅铝炭黑,经过表面改性处理,可大大提高橡胶的补强效果,在汽车轮胎、EPDM等橡胶应用中,达到甚至在某些方面超过炭黑或白炭黑的补强性能。
(5)石化工业:在石油加工中,作催化剂使用。
具有较高的基质活性、较强的抗重金属污染能力、较好的催化活性和选择性。
也可用于农药作载体。
(6)陶瓷工业:可塑性、粘结性、烧结性能好,制品色白、致密、机械强度大,可用于高低压电瓷、各种陶瓷的坯体和釉料,亦用于各种耐火材料。
(7)环保工业:① 以高岭土为原料合成4A分子筛,可作为合成洗涤剂中的洗涤助剂,替代三聚磷酸钠,生产无磷洗衣粉,以减少磷对环境的污染。
Physical Properties of WollastoniteSpecific GravityThe specific gravity of pure wollastonite (triclinic) can be calculated based on unit cell parameters to be 2.96. Measured specific gravities typically fall in the following range: 2.87‐3.09. This variation is due to trace or minor amounts of various impurity ions such as aluminum, iron, magnesium, manganese, potassium and sodium, which substitute for calcium and distort the crystal lattice. The specific gravity of commercial wollastonite products is also affected by the content of impurity minerals such as calcite (s.g. of 2.70‐2.95), garnet (s.g. of 3.5‐3.8), diopside (s.g. of 3.2‐3.3), etc.Bulk DensityMixing, compounding, storing and shipping ground materials require knowledge of their apparent bulk densities. The bulk density of commercial wollastonite products depends primarily on their fineness and aspect ratio however; specific gravity, moisture content and test method can also play a role. The volume‐weight test consists of measuring the volume of a given weight of material under specified conditions, and then calculating the weight per unit volume. This is done in the “loose” condition (aerated) and in the “tapped” condition (compacted). Typical measured bulk densities for NYCO products are as follows:Loose Bulk Density, g/cc (lbs./cu.ft.) products vary from 0.20 to 1.23 (13 to 77)Tapped Bulk Density, g/cc (lbs./cu.ft.) products vary from 0.35 to 1.66 (22 to 104)In a related test, wollastonite is dispersed in water and the resulting suspension is then allowed to stand for a fixed period of time in a glass column. The height of the sediment is recorded. This is commonly referred to as “wet volume” and gives an indication of particle size, aspect ratio and settling characteristics. Given a similar particle size, a higher aspect ratio grade will typically have a greater sedimentation height.Bulk density can be important in applications where the powder performs certain functions such as in steel casting mold powders, where the powder itself must be thermally insulating.ColorWhen pure, the mineral is brilliantly white, but impurities even in trace amounts may color it cream, grey, pink, brown, or red. This color change is related to the presence of iron and other coloring ions. Color may be impacted by impurities on the crystal surface (deposited by the passage of ground water) or by impurities actually contained in the crystal structure.The luster is glassy to silky (vitreous to pearly). Lustre is important in applications such as plastics, paints and coatings as it in turn imparts luster to surface finishes.BrightnessThe dry brightness and whiteness of wollastonite are important in determining it’s suitability for certain filler and ceramic applications. Brightness is determined by measuring the reflectance of finely ground powder against a standard that is assigned a brightness of 100. Magnesium oxide and barium sulphate are the two standards used. G.E. Brightness, a term used in North America, refers to brightness measured with a General Electric reflectometer. Commercial wollastonite products usually have a G.E. Brightness ranging from 80 to 95. The Hunter method is also used to measure the brightness of wollastonite.Optical PropertiesTypical values for pure polymorphs of wollastonite are shown below.Optical Properties of Pure CaO:SiO2Structure αβγδα:z Β:y Signα wollastonite ‐ triclinic 1.618 1.630 1.6320.01439° 4°(‐)α Parawollastonite ‐ monoclinic 1.618 1.630 1.6320.01438° 0°(‐)Β Pseudowollastonite 1.610 1.611 1.6540.0449° ‐(+)The introduction of iron increases the refractive indices and the optic axial angle of wollastonite. In general, the effect of the entry of manganese is similar to that of iron.Melting PointThe melting point for pure wollastonite is generally accepted as being 1540 °C. The fluid temperature for commercially produced wollastonite is generally somewhat lower than this value. NYCO has found that for NYCO’s wollastonite products, the fluid temperature can be as low as 1380 °C.Melting point is important for end‐uses such as ceramics, metallurgical fluxes, and heat or fire‐resistance. The actual subject of melting point appears straightforward; however, it can be rather involved and complex including such things as Softening Point, Upper Plastic Deformation Point, Fluid Point, Fusion Range, Melt Rate, etc. Sometimes crystallization characteristics are just as important with a corresponding set of parameters (but generally different values) reached upon cooling. Unfortunately there are few standardized test procedures and test results can be easily influenced by such things as test method, particle size, bulk density, atmosphere, etc.Thermal ConductivityThermal conductivity measurements are specific to the application. Wollastonite is normally considered to have low thermal conductivity. As a reference, the coefficient of thermal conductivity is reported to be 2.70 ± 0.07 W/m °KFunctional fillers for plastics typically have low thermal conductivity however; wollastonite may be advantageous in these applications since relative to other fillers, it can increase thermal conductivity of the polymer matrix without deterioration of electrical insulating properties.In the continuous casting of steel, the steel is very near solidification and the mold powder must have good insulating properties. As liquid flux and partially molten flux are poor insulators, the unmelted layer of powder must provide the majority of the heat retention. Insulating properties of the powder are dependent upon thermal conductivity, bulk density, etc.Thermal ExpansionA characteristically low coefficient of thermal expansion combined with aspect ratio, impart high thermal shock resistance and dimensional stability in high temperature applications such as fire resistant board or refractory linings. The coefficient of linear expansion is generally accepted as being 6.5 x 10‐6 mm/mm/°C.Mechanical PropertiesThe limited information regarding the mechanical properties of wollastonite is indicated below:Form Elastic Modulus, GPa Young’s Modulus, 109psi Tensile Strength, MPa303‐53044‐722700‐4100 Wollastonite fibers (3‐150 µmdiameter)Electrical PropertiesWollastonite can be considered to be an insulator or non‐conductor of electricity. For pure wollastonite, the commonly accepted value for DC electrical conductivity is 1.5E‐11 mho/m.The dielectric permittivity of pure wollastonite is generally accepted as 8.60 @ 1MHz. Specific measurements of wollastonite rock sample are as follows:Relative Dielectric Permittivity & Loss TangentDescription 1kHz 10 kHz100 kHz 1 MHz Wollastonite (Mexico) 6.9 0.0152 6.8 0.0046 6.8 0.0078 6.9 0.0046The dielectric value of wollastonite in an epoxy formulation is 4.6, loss factor 10Δ = 1.0. For use in electrical ceramics, wollastonite provides a low loss dielectric crystalline phase which has proved useful in the production of high frequency electronic equipment.Being an insulator, wollastonite powders in their dry state are prone to static charge build‐up. Static charge can lead to material flow problems. Static discharge is a concern during transfers. Although wollastonite itself is not flammable, the proper grounding of wollastonite handling equipment is advisable particularly in areas containing other materials that may be explosive or flammable.Acicular StructureWollastonite is unique for its acicular or needle‐like structure which provides mechanical reinforcement is a multitude of applications. The structure also makes it a key ingredient in the replacement of asbestos. Being thermally stable, wollastonite fibers also impart high temperature stability to both organic resin and cement products.Mar & Scratch ResistanceGenerally, mar and scratch resistance is related to the wear resistance of a finished surface. Surface hardness is directly related to the wear resistance of a material. Compared to other functional fillers, wollastonite has a higher Mohs hardness (4.5). For example the hardness of talc is 1.0‐1.5 and calcite is 3.0. As a result, wollastonite filled applications typically have superior mar/scratch resistance.。