ASTM D412硫化橡胶和热塑性弹性体拉伸试验方法

橡胶制品常用测试方法及标准Company Document number：WTUT-WT88Y-W8BBGB-BWYTT-199981.胶料硫化特性GB/T 9869—1997橡胶胶料硫化特性的测定（圆盘振荡硫化仪法）GB/T 16584—1996橡胶用无转子硫化仪测定硫化特性ISO 3417:1991橡胶—硫化特性的测定——用摆振式圆盘硫化计ASTM D2084-2001用振动圆盘硫化计测定橡胶硫化特性的试验方法ASTM D5289-1995（2001）橡胶性能—使用无转子流变仪测量硫化作用的试验方法DIN 53529-4:1991橡胶—硫化特性的测定——用带转子的硫化计测定交联特性2．未硫化橡胶门尼粘度GB/T —2000未硫化橡胶用圆盘剪切粘度计进行测定—第1部分：门尼粘度的测定GB/T 1233—1992橡胶胶料初期硫化特性的测定—门尼粘度计法ISO 289-1:2005未硫化橡胶——用剪切圆盘型黏度计—第一部分：门尼黏度的测定ISO 289-2-1994未硫化橡胶——用剪切圆盘型黏度计测定—第二部分：预硫化特性的测定ASTM D1646-2004橡胶粘度应力松驰及硫化特性（门尼粘度计）的试验方法JIS K6300-1:2001未硫化橡胶-物理特性-第1部分:用门尼粘度计测定粘度及预硫化时间的方法3.橡胶拉伸性能GB/T528—1998硫化橡胶或热塑性橡胶拉伸应力应变性能的测定ISO37:2005硫化或热塑性橡胶——拉伸应力应变特性的测定ASTMD412-1998（2002）硫化橡胶、热塑性弹性材料拉伸强度试验方法JIS K6251:1993硫化橡胶的拉伸试验方法DIN 53504-1994硫化橡胶的拉伸试验方法4.橡胶撕裂性能GB/T 529—1999硫化橡胶或热塑性橡胶撕裂强度的测定（裤形、直角形和新月形试样）ISO 34-1:2004硫化或热塑性橡胶—撕裂强度的测定-第一部分：裤形、直角形和新月形试片ASTM D624-2000通用硫化橡胶及热塑性弹性体抗撕裂强度的试验方法JIS K6252:2001硫化橡胶及热塑性橡胶撕裂强度的计算方法5.橡胶硬度GB/T 531—1999橡胶袖珍硬度计压入硬度试验方法GB/T6031—1998硫化橡胶或热塑性橡胶硬度的测定（10—100IRHD）ISO 7619-1:2004硫化或热塑性橡胶——压痕硬度的测定——第一部分：硬度计法（邵式硬度）ISO 7619-2:2004硫化或热塑性橡胶——压痕硬度的测定——第二部分：IRHD袖珍计法ASTM D2240-2004用硬度计测定橡胶硬度的试验方法ASTM D1415-1988（2004）橡胶特性—国际硬度的试验方法JIS K6253:1997硫化橡胶及热塑性橡胶的硬度试验方法DIN 53505-2000橡胶试验邵式A和D的硬度试验6.压缩永久变形性能GB/T 7759—1996硫化橡胶、热塑性橡胶在常温、高温和低温下压缩永久变形测定ISO 815:1991硫化橡胶、热塑性橡胶在常温、高温和低温下压缩永久变形测定ASTM D395-2003橡胶性能的试验方法压缩永久变形JIS K6262:1997硫化橡胶及热塑性橡胶压缩永久变形试验方法7.橡胶的回弹性GB/T 1681—1991硫化橡胶回弹性的测定ISO 4662:1986硫化橡胶回弹性的测定ASTM D1054-2002用回跳摆锤法测定橡胶弹性的实验方法JIS K6255:1996硫化橡胶及热塑性橡胶的回弹性试验方法DIN 53512-2000硫化橡胶回弹性的测定8.橡胶低温特性GB/T 1682—1994硫化橡胶低温脆性的测定—单试样法GB/T 15256-1994硫化橡胶低温脆性的测定（多试样法）GB/T 7758—2002硫化橡胶低温特性的测定温度回缩法（TR试验）ISO 2921:2005硫化橡胶—低温特性—温度回升缩TR）试验ASTM D1329-2002天然橡胶特性的评定—橡胶的低温回缩试验方法（TR试验法）ASTM D 746-2004用冲击法测定塑料及弹性材料的脆化温度的试验方法ASTM D 2137-2005弹性材料脆化温度的试验方法JIS K 6261-1997硫化橡胶及热塑性橡胶的低温试验方法9.橡胶热空气老化性能GB/T 3512—2001硫化橡胶或热塑性橡胶热空气加速老化和耐热试验ISO188-1998硫化或热塑性橡胶——加速老化和耐热试验ASTM D573-2004用热空气箱对橡胶损蚀的试验方法DIN 53508-2000硫化橡胶—加速老化试验JIS K 6257-2003硫化橡胶或热塑性橡胶热空气老化10. 橡胶耐臭氧老化性能GB/T 7762—2003硫化橡胶或热塑性橡胶耐臭氧龟裂静态拉伸试验GB/T 13642-1992硫化橡胶耐臭氧老化试验动态拉伸试验法ASTM D518-1999橡胶损坏性-表面裂开的试验方法ASTM D1149-1999橡胶在小室中臭氧龟裂ASTM D1171-1999橡胶在小室中臭氧龟裂（三角形试样）ASTM D 3395-1999橡胶变质—在小室中动态臭氧碎裂的试验方法DIN53509-1-2001橡胶试验抗臭氧龟裂稳定性的测定第一部分：静应力JIS K6259-2004硫化橡胶或热塑性橡胶耐臭氧性能的测定11.橡胶耐介质GB/T 1690—2006硫化橡胶或热塑性橡胶耐液体试验方法ISO 1817:2005硫化橡胶液体影响的测定ASTM D471-1998液体对橡胶性能影响的试验方法JIS K6258-2003液体对硫化橡胶或热塑性弹性体影响的测定12. 橡胶对金属粘附性与腐蚀性GB/T 19243-2003硫化橡胶与有机材料接触污染的试验ASTM D925-1988（2000）橡胶特性—表面的着色性（接触、色移及扩散）的试验方法13.橡胶燃烧性能GB/T 10707-89橡胶的燃烧性能（氧指数法）GB/T 13488-92橡胶的燃烧性能（垂直燃烧法）UL 94-1996橡胶燃烧性能14. 橡胶磨耗性GB/T1689—1998硫化橡胶耐磨性能的测定（用阿克隆磨耗机GB/T9867—1988硫化橡胶耐磨性能的测定（旋转辊筒式磨耗机法）ASTM D5963-2004硫化橡胶耐磨性能的测定（旋转辊筒式磨耗机法）15.橡胶电性能GB/T 1692—1992硫化橡胶绝缘电阻率GB/T 1693—1981（1989）硫化橡胶工频介电常数和介质损耗角正切值的测定方法GB/T 1694—1981（1989）高频介电常数和介质损耗角正切值GB/T 1695—2005工频击穿介电强度和耐电压的测定方法GB/T 2439—2001硫化橡胶或热塑性橡胶导电性能和耗散性能电阻率的测定。

ASTMD412硫化橡胶和热塑性弹性体拉伸试验方法试样的制备是ASTMD412试验的第一步。

根据标准规定，试样是通过轮廓刀或模具从材料中剪切得到的。

试样的形状可以是圆形、矩形或带状，具体尺寸和形状应符合标准要求。

在进行拉伸试验之前，试样应先进行热处理。

这是为了消除内部应力和降低试样的应变率。

热处理的条件包括温度和时间，具体取决于材料的类型和特性。

标准要求在140°C的恒温槽中热处理试样。

拉伸试验仪是进行ASTM D412试验的关键设备。

该设备通常包括一个固定夹具和一个可移动夹具，试样被夹在两个夹具之间。

试样应在标准规定的环境条件下进行拉伸，常见的测试速度是500 mm/min。

在试验期间，试样的拉伸行为将会监测并记录下来。

试验中最重要的参数是载荷和延伸度。

载荷是材料抵抗拉伸的力，延伸度是试样在拉伸过程中的变形程度。

这些参数将用来计算材料的拉伸强度、延伸率以及应变硬化指数等。

通过ASTMD412试验，可以评估材料的拉伸性能。

拉伸强度是材料抵抗拉伸的能力，是在试样断裂前所能达到的最大载荷。

延伸率是测量试样在拉伸过程中的变形程度，可以衡量弹性和延展性。

应变硬化指数是衡量材料的应变硬化能力，可以确定材料的形变能力。

总之，ASTMD412试验方法是一种用于评估硫化橡胶和热塑性弹性体拉伸性能的标准方法。

通过该方法，可以获得材料在拉伸应力下的延伸性、弹性和破坏性能。

这些数据可以用来进行材料性能评估和比较，并用于优化材料设计和应用。

Specimens may be in the shape of dumbbells,rings or straight pieces of uniform cross-sectional area.4.2Measurements for tensile stress,tensile stress at a given elongation,tensile strength,yield point,and ultimate elonga-tion are made on specimens that have not been prestressed. Tensile stress,yield point,and tensile strength are based on the original cross-sectional area of a uniform cross-section of the specimen.4.3Measurement of tensile set is made after a previously unstressed specimen has been extended and allowed to retract by a prescribed procedure.Measurement of“set after break”is also described.5.Significance and Use5.1All materials and products covered by these test meth-ods must withstand tensile forces for adequate performance in certain applications.These test methods allow for the measure-ment of such tensile properties.However,tensile properties alone may not directly relate to the total end use performance of the product because of the wide range of potential perfor-mance requirements in actual use.5.2Tensile properties depend both on the material and the conditions of test(extension rate,temperature,humidity,speci-men geometry,pretest conditioning,etc.);therefore materials should be compared only when tested under the same condi-tions.5.3Temperature and rate of extension may have substantial effects on tensile properties and therefore should be controlled. These effects will vary depending on the type of material being tested.5.4Tensile set represents residual deformation which is partly permanent and partly recoverable after stretching and retraction.For this reason,the periods of extension and recovery(and other conditions of test)must be controlled to obtain comparable results.6.Apparatus6.1Testing Machine—Tension tests shall be made on a power driven machine equipped to produce a uniform rate of grip separation of500650mm/min(2062in./min)for a distance of at least750mm(30in.)(see Note1).The testing machine shall have both a suitable dynamometer and an indicating or recording system for measuring the applied force within62%.If the capacity range cannot be changed for a test (as in the case of pendulum dynamometers)the applied force at break shall be measured within62%of the full scale value, and the smallest tensile force measured shall be accurate to within10%.If the dynamometer is of the compensating type for measuring tensile stress directly,means shall be provided to adjust for the cross-sectional area of the specimen.The response of the recorder shall be sufficiently rapid that the applied force is measured with the requisite accuracy during the extension of the specimen to rupture.If the testing machine is not equipped with a recorder,a device shall be provided that indicates,after rupture,the maximum force applied during extension.Testing machine systems shall be capable of mea-suring elongation of the test specimen in minimum increments of10%.N OTE2—A rate of elongation of10006100mm/min(4064in./min)may be used and notation of the speed made in the report.In case of dispute,the test shall be repeated and the rate of elongation shall be at500 650mm/min(2062in./min).6.2Test Chamber for Elevated and Low Temperatures—The test chamber shall conform with the following requirements: 6.2.1Air shall be circulated through the chamber at a velocity of1to2m/s(3.3to6.6ft/s)at the location of the grips or spindles and specimens maintained within2°C(3.6°F)of the specified temperature.6.2.2A calibrated sensing device shall be located near the grips or spindles for measuring the actual temperature.6.2.3The chamber shall be vented to an exhaust system or to the outside atmosphere to remove fumes liberated at high temperatures.6.2.4Provisions shall be made for suspending specimens vertically near the grips or spindles for conditioning prior to test.The specimens shall not touch each other or the sides of the chamber except for momentary contact when agitated by the circulating air.6.2.5Fast acting grips suitable for manipulation at high or low temperatures may be provided to permit placing dumbbells or straight specimens in the grips in the shortest time possible to minimize any change in temperature of the chamber.6.2.6The dynamometer shall be suitable for use at the temperature of test or it shall be thermally insulated from the chamber.6.2.7Provision shall be made for measuring the elongation of specimens in the chamber.If a scale is used to measure the extension between the bench-marks,the scale shall be located parallel and close to the grip path during specimen extension and shall be controlled from outside the chamber.6.3Dial Micrometer—The dial micrometer shall conform to the requirements of Practice D3767(Method A).For ring specimens,see14.10of these test methods.6.4Apparatus for Tensile Set Test—The testing machine described in6.1or an apparatus similar to that shown in Fig.1 may be used.A stop watch or other suitable timing device measuring in minute intervals for at least30min,shall be provided.A scale or other device shall be provided for measuring tensile set to within1%.7.Selection of Test Specimens7.1Consider the following information in making selec-tions:7.1.1Since anisotropy or grain directionality due toflow introduced during processing and preparation may have an influence on tensile properties,dumbbell or straight specimens should be cut so the lengthwise direction of the specimen is parallel to the grain direction when this direction is known. Ring specimens normally give an average of with and across the grain properties.7.1.2Unless otherwise noted,thermoplastic rubber or ther-moplastic elastomer specimens,or both,are to be cut from injection molded sheets or plaques with a thickness of3.06 0.3mm.Specimens of other thickness will not necessarily give comparable results.Specimens are to be tested in directions both parallel and perpendicular to the direction offlow in the mold.Sheet or plaque dimensions must be sufficient to do this.7.1.3Ring specimens enable elongations to be measuredbygrip separation,but the elongation across the radial width ofthe ring specimens is not uniform.To minimize this effect thewidth of the ring specimens must be small compared to thediameter.7.1.4Straight specimens tend to break in the grips if normalextension-to-break testing is conducted and should be usedonly when it is not feasible to prepare another type ofspecimen.For obtaining non-rupture stress-strain or materialmodulus properties,straight specimens are quite useful.7.1.5The size of specimen type used will be determined bythe material,test equipment and the sample or piece availablefor test.A longer specimen may be used for rubbers having lowultimate elongation to improve precision of elongation mea-surement.8.Calibration of the Testing Machine 8.1Calibrate the testing machine in accordance with Proce-dure A of Practice E 4.If the dynamometer is of the strain-gage type,calibrate the tester at one or more forces in addition to the requirements in Sections 7and 18of Practice E 4.Testers having pendulum dynamometers may be calibrated as follows:8.1.1Place one end of a dumbbell specimen in the upper grip of the testing machine.8.1.2Remove the lower grip from the machine and attach it,by means of the gripping mechanism to the dumbbell specimen in the upper grip.8.1.3Attach a hook to the lower end of the lower specimen grip mechanism.8.1.4Suspend a known mass from the hook of thelowerFIG.1Apparatus for Tensile SetTestspecimen grip mechanism in such a way as to permit the mass assembly to temporarily rest on the lower testing machine grip framework or holder(see Note2).8.1.5Start the grip separation motor or mechanism,as in normal testing,and allow it to run until the mass is freely suspended by the specimen in the upper grip.8.1.6If the dial or scale does not indicate the force applied (or its equivalent in stress for a compensating type tester) within specified tolerance,thoroughly inspect the testing ma-chine for malfunction(for example,excess friction in bearings and other moving parts).Ensure that the mass of the lower grip mechanism and the hook are included as part of the known mass.8.1.7After machine friction or other malfunction has been removed,recalibrate the testing machine at a minimum of three points using known masses to produce forces of approximately 10,20and50%of capacity.If pawls or rachets are used during routine testing,use them for calibration.Check for friction in the head by calibrating with the pawls up.N OTE3—It is advisable to provide a means for preventing the known mass from falling to thefloor in case the dumbbell should break.8.2A rapid approximate calibration of the testing machine may be obtained by using a spring calibration device.9.Test Temperature9.1Unless otherwise specified,the standard temperature for testing shall be2362°C(73.463.6°F).Specimens shall be conditioned for at least3h when the test temperature is23°C (73.4°F).If the material is affected by moisture,maintain the relative humidity at5065%and condition the specimens for at least24h prior to testing.When testing at any other temperature is required use one of the temperatures listed in Practice D1349.9.2For testing at temperatures above23°C(73.4°F)preheat specimens for1062min for Method A and for662min for Method B(see Note3).Place each specimen in the test chamber at intervals ahead of testing so that all specimens of a series will be in the chamber the same length of time.The preheat time at elevated temperatures must be limited to avoid additional vulcanization or thermal aging.N OTE4—Precaution:In addition to other precautions,suitable heat or cold resistant gloves should be worn for arm and hand protection when testing at other than23°C(73.4°F).A mask for the face is very desirable for high temperature testing to prevent the inhalation of toxic fumes when the door of the chamber is open.9.3For testing at temperatures below23°C(73.4°F)condi-tion the specimens at least10min prior to testing.TEST METHOD A—DUMBBELL AND STRAIGHTSPECIMENS10.Apparatus10.1Die—The shape and dimensions of the die for prepar-ing dumbbell specimens shall conform with those shown in Fig. 2.The inside faces in the reduced section shall be perpendicular to the plane formed by the cutting edges and polished for a distance of at least5mm(0.2in.)from the cutting edge.The die shall at all times be sharp and free of nicks(see Note4).N OTE5—The condition of the die may be determined by investigating the rupture point on any series of broken(ruptured)specimens.Remove such specimens from the grips of the testing machine,stack the joined-together specimens on top of each other,and note if there is any tendency for tensile breaks to occur at the same position on each of the specimens. Rupture consistently at the same place indicates that the die may be dull, nicked,or bent at that location.10.2Bench Marker—The two marks placed on the speci-men and used to measure elongation or strain are called“bench marks”(see Note5).The bench marker shall consist of a base plate containing two raised parallel projections.The surfaces of the raised projections(parallel to the plane of the base plate) are ground smooth in the same plane.The raised projection marking surfaces shall be between0.05and0.08mm(0.002 and0.003in.)wide and at least15mm(0.6in.)long.The angles between the parallel marking surfaces and the sides of the projections shall be at least75°.The distance between the centers of the two parallel projections or marking surfaces shall be within1%of the required or target bench mark distance.A handle attached to the back or top of the bench marker base plate is normally a part of the bench marker.N OTE6—If a contact extensometer is used to measure elongation, bench marks are not necessary.10.3Ink Applicator—Aflat unyielding surface(hardwood, metal,or plastic)shall be used to apply either ink or powder to the bench marker.The ink or powder shall adhere to the specimen,have no deteriorating effect on the specimen and be of contrasting color to that of the specimen.10.4Grips—The testing machine shall have two grips,one of which shall be connected to the dynamometer.10.4.1Grips for testing dumbbell specimens shall tighten automatically and exert a uniform pressure across the gripping surfaces,increasing as the tension increases in order to prevent slippage and to favor failure of the specimen in the straight reduced section.Constant pressure pneumatic type grips also are satisfactory.At the end of each grip a positioning device is recommended for inserting specimens to the same depth in the grip and for alignment with the direction of pull.10.4.2Grips for testing straight specimens shall be constant pressure pneumatic,wedged,or toggle type designed to trans-mit the applied gripping force over the entire width of the gripped specimen.11.Specimens11.1Dumbbell Specimens—Whenever possible,the test specimens shall be injection molded or cut from aflat sheet not less than1.3mm(0.05in.)nor more than3.3mm(0.13in.) thick and of a size which will permit cutting a specimen by one of the standard methods(see Practice D3182).Sheets may be prepared directly by processing or fromfinished articles by cutting and buffing.If obtained from a manufactured article, the specimen shall be free of surface roughness,fabric layers, etc.in accordance with the procedure described in Practice D3183.All specimens shall be cut so that the lengthwise portion of the specimens is parallel to the grain unless otherwise specified.In the case of sheets prepared in accor-dance with Practice D3182,the specimen shall be2.060.2 mm(0.0860.008in.)thick died out in the direction of the e Die C,Fig.2(unless otherwise noted)to cutthespecimens from the sheet with a single impact stroke (hand ormachine)to ensure smooth cut surfaces.11.1.1Marking Dumbbell Specimens —Dumbbell speci-mens shall be marked with the bench marker described in 10.2,with no tension on the specimens at the time of marking.Marksshall be placed on the reduced section,equidistant from itscenter and perpendicular to the longitudinal axis.The betweenbench mark distance shall be as follows:for Die C or Die D ofFig.2,25.0060.25mm (1.0060.01in.);for any other Dieof Fig.2,50.0060.5mm (2.0060.02in.).11.1.2Measuring Thickness of Dumbbell Specimens —Three measurements shall be made for the thickness,one at thecenter and one at each end of the reduced section.The medianof the three measurements shall be used as the thickness incalculating the cross sectional area.Specimens with a differ-ence between the maximum and the minimum thickness exceeding 0.08mm (0.003in.),shall be discarded.The width of the specimen shall be taken as the distance between the cutting edges of the die in the restricted section.11.2Straight Specimens —Straight specimens may be pre-pared if it is not practical to cut either a dumbbell or a ring specimen as in the case of a narrow strip,small tubing or narrow electrical insulation material.These specimens shall be of sufficient length to permit their insertion in the grips used for the test.Bench marks shall be placed on the specimens as described for dumbbell specimens in 11.1.1.To determine the cross sectional area of straight specimens in the form of tubes,the mass,length,and density of the specimen may be required.The cross sectional area shall be calculated from these mea-surements asfollows:FIG.2Standard Dies for Cutting DumbbellSpecimensA 5M /DL (1)where:A =cross-sectional area,cm 2,M =mass,g,D =density,g/cm 3,and L =length,cm.N OTE 7—A in square inches =A (cm 2)30.155.12.Procedure12.1Determination of Tensile Stress,Tensile Strength andYield Point —Place the dumbbell or straight specimen in thegrips of the testing machine,using care to adjust the specimensymmetrically to distribute tension uniformly over the crosssection.This avoids complications that prevent the maximumstrength of the material from being evaluated.Unless otherwisespecified,the rate of grip separation shall be 500650mm/min(2062in./min)(see Note 7).Start the machine and note thedistance between the bench marks,taking care to avoidparallax.Record the force at the elongation(s)specified for thetest and at the time of rupture.The elongation measurement ismade preferably through the use of an extensometer,anautographic mechanism or a spark mechanism.At rupture,measure and record the elongation to the nearest 10%.SeeSection 13for calculations.N OTE 8—For materials having a yield point (yield strain)under 20%elongation when tested at 500650mm/min (2062in./min),the rate ofelongation shall be reduced to 5065mm/min (2.060.2in./min).If thematerial still has a yield point (strain)under 20%elongation,the rate shall be reduced to 560.5mm/min (0.260.002in./min).The actual rate of separation shall be reported.12.2Determination of Tensile Set —Place the specimen in the grips of the testing machine described in 6.1or the apparatus shown in Fig.1,and adjust symmetrically so as to distribute the tension uniformly over the cross section.Sepa-rate the grips at a rate of speed as uniformly as possible,that requires 15s to reach the specified elongation.Hold the specimen at the specified elongation for 10min,release quickly without allowing it to snap back and allow the specimen to rest for 10min.At the end of the 10min rest period,measure the distance between the bench marks to the nearest 1%of the original between bench mark e a stop watch for the timing operations.See Section 13for calculations.12.3Determination of Set-After-Break —Ten minutes after a specimen is broken in a normal tensile strength test,carefully fit the two pieces together so that they are in good contact over the full area of the break.Measure the distance between the bench marks.See Section 13for calculations.13.Calculation 13.1Calculate the tensile stress at any specified elongation as follows:T ~xxx !5F ~xxx !/A (2)where:Dimensions of Standard Dumbbell Dies A (Metric Units)DimensionUnits Tolerance Die A Die B Die C Die D Die E Die F Amm 61252525161616Bmm max 404040303030Cmm min 140140115100125125Dmm 66B 323232323232D-Emm 61131313131313Fmm 62383819193838Gmm 61141414141414Hmm 62252525161616Lmm 62595933335959Wmm 60.05,–0.001266336Zmm 61131313131313A Dies whose dimensions are expressed in metric units are not exactly the same as dies whose dimensions are expressed in U.S.customary units.Dies dimensioned in metric units are intended for use with apparatus calibrated in metric units.B For dies used in clicking machines it is preferable that this tolerance be 60.5mm.FIG.2a (continued)Dimensions of Standard Dumbbell Dies A (U.S.Customary Units)DimensionUnits Tolerance Die A Die B Die C Die D Die E Die F Ain.60.041110.620.620.62Bin.max 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.2 1.2 1.2Cin.min 5.5 5.5 4.5455Din.60.25B 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25D-Ein.60.040.50.50.50.50.50.5Fin.60.08 1.5 1.50.750.75 1.5 1.5Gin.60.040.560.560.560.560.560.56Hin.60.081110.630.630.63Lin.60.08 2.32 2.32 1.31 1.31 2.32 2.32Win.60.002,–0.0000.5000.2500.2500.1250.1250.250Zin.60.040.50.50.50.50.50.5ADies whose dimensions are expressed in metric units are not exactly the same as dies whose dimensions are expressed in U.S.customary units.B For dies used in clicking machines it is preferable that this tolerance by 60.02in.FIG.2b(continued)T(xxx)=tensile stress at(xxx)%elongation,MPa(lbf/ in.2),F(xxx)=force at specified elongation,MN or(lbf),andA=cross-sectional area of unstrained specimen,m2 (in.2).13.2Calculate the yield stress as follows:Y~stress!5F~y!/A(3) where:Y(stress)=yield stress,that stress level where the yield point occurs,MPa(lbf/in.2),F(y)=magnitude of force at the yield point,MN(lbf), andA=cross-sectional area of unstrained specimen,m2 (in.2).13.3Evaluate the yield strain as that strain or elongation magnitude,where the rate of change of stress with respect to strain,goes through a zero value.13.4Calculate the tensile strength as follows:TS5F~BE!/A(4) where:TS=tensile strength,the stress at rupture,MPa(lbf/ in.2),F(BE)=the force magnitude at rupture,MN(lbf),andA=cross-sectional area of unstrained specimen,m2 (in.2).13.5Calculate the elongation(at any degree of extension)as follows:E5100@L–L~o!#/L~o!(5) where:E=the elongation in percent(of original bench mark distance),L=observed distance between bench marks on the extended specimen,andL(o)=original distance between bench marks(use same units for L and L(o)).13.6The breaking or ultimate elongation is evaluated when L is equal to the distance between bench marks at the point of specimen rupture.13.7Calculate the tensile set,by using Eq5,where L is equal to the distance between bench marks after the10min retraction period.13.8Test Result—A test result is the median of three individual test measurement values for any of the measured properties as described above,for routine testing.There are two exceptions to this and for these exceptions a total offive specimens(measurements)shall be tested and the test result reported as the median offive.13.8.1Exception1—If one or two of the three measured values do not meet specified requirement values when testing for compliance with specifications.13.8.2Exception2—If referee tests are being conducted.TEST METHOD B—CUT RING SPECIMENS 14.Apparatus14.1Cutter—A typical ring cutter assembly is illustrated in Fig. 3.This is used for cutting rings fromflat sheets by mounting the upper shaft portion of the cutter in a rotating housing that can be lowered onto a sheet held by the rubber holding plate as shown in Fig.4.14.1.1Blade Depth Gage—This gage consists of a cylin-drical disk having a thickness of at least0.5mm(0.02in.) greater than the thickness of the rubber to be cut and a diameter less than the inside diameter of the specimen used for adjusting the protrusion of the blades from the body of the cutter.See Fig.3.14.2Rubber Holding Plate—The apparatus for holding the sheet during cutting shall have plane parallel upper and lower surfaces and shall be a rigid polymeric material(hard rubber, polyurethane,polymethylmethacrylate)with holes approxi-mately1.5mm(0.06in.)in diameter spaced6or7mm(0.24 or0.32in.)apart across the central region of the plate.All the holes shall connect to a central internal cavity which can be maintained at a reduced pressure for holding the sheet in place due to atmospheric pressure.Fig.4illustrates the design of an apparatus for holding standard sheets(approximately1503 15032mm)during cutting.14.3Source of Reduced Pressure—Any device such as a vacuum pump that can maintain an absolute pressure below10 kPa(0.1atm)in the holding plate central cavity.14.4Soap Solution—A mild soap solution shall be used on the specimen sheet to lubricate the cutting blades.14.5Cutter Rotator—A precision drill press or other suit-able machine capable of rotating the cutter at an angular speed of at least30rad/s(approximately300r/min)during cutting shall be used.The cutter rotator device shall be mounted on a horizontal base and have a vertical support orientation for the shaft that rotates the spindle and cutter.The run-out of the rotating spindle shall not exceed0.01mm(0.004in.).14.6Indexing Table—A milling table or other device with typical x-y motions shall be provided for positioning the sheet and holder with respect to the spindle of the cutter rotating device.14.7Tensile Testing Machine—A machine as specified in 6.1shall be provided.14.8Test Fixture—A testfixture as shown in Fig.5shall be provided for testing the ring specimens.The testing machine shall be calibrated as outlined in Section8.14.9Test Chamber—A chamber for testing at high and low temperatures shall be provided as specified in6.2.14.9.1Thefixtures specified in14.8are satisfactory for testing at other than room temperature.However at extreme temperatures,a suitable lubricant shall be used to lubricate the spindle bearings.14.9.2The dynamometer shall be suitable for use at the temperature of test or thermally insulated from the chamber.14.10Dial Micrometer—A dial micrometer shall be pro-vided that conforms to the requirements of Practice D3767.14.10.1The base of the micrometer used to measure the radial width shall consist of an upper cylindrical surface(with its axis oriented in a horizontal direction)at least12mm(0.5 in.)long and15.560.5mm(0.6160.02in.)in diameter.To accommodate small diameter rings that approach the15.5mm (0.61in.)diameter of the base and to avoid any ring extension in placing the ring on the base,the bottom half ofthecylindrical surface may be truncated at the cylinder centerline,that is,a half cylinder shape.This permits placing small rings on the upper cylindrical surface without interference fit prob-lems.Curved feet on the end of the dial micrometer shaft to fit the curvature of the ring(s),may be used.15.Ring Specimen15.1ASTM Cut Rings —Two types of cut ring specimens may be used.Unless otherwise specified,the Type 1ring specimen shall be used.15.1.1Ring Dimensions :mm in.Type 1Circumference (inside)50.060.01 2.060.004Diameter (inside)15.9260.0030.63760.001Radial width 1.060.010.04060.0004Thickness,minimum 1.00.040maximum 3.30.13Type 2Circumference mean 100.060.2 4.060.0004Diameter (inside)29.860.06 1.1960.0001Radial width 2.060.020.0860.0008Thickness,minimum 1.00.04maximum 3.30.1315.2ISO Cut Rings —The normal size and the small sizering specimens in ISO 37have the following dimensions given in mm.See ISO 37for specific testing procedures for these rings.Normal Small Diameter,inside44.660.2mm 8.060.1mm Diameter,outside52.660.2mm 10.060.1mm Thickness 4.060.2mm 1.060.1mmN OTE 1—Dimension C to be 2mm (0.08in.)less than the inside diameter of the ring.FIG.3Typical Ring CutterAssembly15.3Rings Cut from Tubing —The dimensions of the ring specimen(s)depend on the diameter and wall thickness of the tubing and should be specified in the product specification.15.4Preparation of Cut Ring Specimens —Place the blades in the slots of the cutter and adjust the blade depth using the blade depth gage.Place the cutter in the drill press and adjust the spindle or table so that the bottom of the blade holder is about 13mm (0.5in.)above the surface of the holding plate.Set the stop on the vertical travel of the spindle so that the tipsof the cutting blades just penetrate the surface of the plate.Place the sheet on the holding plate and reduce the pressure in the cavity to 10kPa (0.1atm)or less.Lubricate the sheet with mild soap solution.Lower the cutter at a steady rate until it reaches the stop.Be sure that the blade holder does not contact the sheet.If necessary,readjust the blade depth.Return the spindle to its original position and repeat the operation on another sheet.15.5Preparation of Ring Specimens from Tubing —Place the tubing on a mandrel preferably slightly larger than the inner diameter of the tubing.Rotate the mandrel and tubing inaDimensionmm in.Dimension mm in.A1787.0F 190.75B152 6.0G 230.90C89 3.5H 1.50.062D2299.0E 60.25FIG.4Rubber HoldingPlateFIG.5Assembly,Ring Tensile TestFixturelathe.Cut ring specimens to the desired axial length by means of a knife or razor blade held in the tool post of the y thin wall tubingflat and cut ring specimens with a die or cutting mechanism having two parallel blades.15.6Ring Dimension Measurements:15.6.1Circumference—The inside circumference can be determined by a stepped cone or by“go-no go”gages.Do not use any stress in excess of that needed to overcome any ellipticity of the ring specimen.The mean circumference is obtained by adding to the value for the inside circumference, the product of the radial width and p(3.14).15.6.2Radial Width—The radial width is measured at three locations distributed around the circumference using the mi-crometer described in14.10.15.6.3Thickness—For cut rings,the thickness of the disk cut from the inside of the ring is measured with a micrometer described in Practice D3767.15.6.4Cross-Sectional Area—The cross-sectional area is calculated from the median of three measurements of radial width and thickness.For thin wall tubing,the area is calculated from the axial length of the cut section and wall thickness.16.Procedure16.1Determination of Tensile Stress,Tensile Strength, Breaking(Ultimate)Elongation and Yield Point—In testing ring specimens,lubricate the surface of the spindle with a suitable lubricant,such a mineral oil or silicone oil.Select one with documented assurance that it does not interact or affect the material being tested.The initial setting of the distance between the spindle centers may be calculated and adjusted according to the following equation:IS5@C~TS!–C~SP!#/2(6) where:IS=initial separation of spindle centers,mm(in.),C(TS)=circumference of test specimen,inside circumfer-ence for Type1rings,mean circumference forType2rings,mm(in.),andC(SP)=circumference of either(one)spindle,mm(in.). Unless otherwise specified the rate of spindle separation shall be500650mm/min(2062in./min)(see Notes7and 8).Start the test machine and record the force and correspond-ing distance between the spindles.At rupture,measure and record the ultimate(breaking)elongation and the tensile(force) strength.See Section17for calculations.N OTE9—When using the small ISO ring,the rate of spindle separation shall be100610mm/min(460.4in./min).16.2Tests at Temperatures Other than Standard—Use the test chamber described in6.2and observe the precautionary statement in Note2.For tests at temperatures above23°C (73.4°F),preheat the specimens662min at the test temperature.For below room temperature tests cool the speci-mens at the test temperature for at least10min prior to test. Use test temperatures prescribed in Practice D1349.Place each specimen in the test chamber at intervals such that the recommendations of9.2are followed.17.Calculation17.1Stress-strain properties for ring specimens are in gen-eral calculated in the same manner as for dumbbell and straight specimens with one important exception.Extending a ring specimen generates a nonuniform stress(or strain)field across the width(as viewed from left to right)of each leg of the ring. The initial inside dimension(circumference)is less than the outside dimension(circumference),therefore for any extension of the grips,the inside strain(or stress)is greater than the outside strain(or stress)because of the differences in the initial (unstrained)dimensions.17.2The following options are used to calculate stress at a specified elongation(strain)and breaking or ultimate elonga-tion.17.2.1Stress at a Specified Elongation—The mean circum-ference of the ring is used for determining the elongation.The rationale for this choice is that the mean circumference best represents the average strain in each leg of the ring.17.2.2Ultimate(Breaking)Elongation—This is calculated on the basis of the inside circumference since this represents the maximum strain(stress)in each leg of the ring.This location is the most probable site for the initiation of the rupture process that occurs at break.17.3Calculate the tensile stress at any specified elongation by using Eq2in13.1.17.3.1The elongation to be used to evaluate the force as specified in Eq2(13.1),is calculated as follows:E5200@L/MC~TS!#(7) where:E=elongation(specified),percent,L=increase in grip separation at specified elonga-tion,mm(in.),andMC(TS)=mean circumference of test specimen,mm(in.).17.3.2The grip separation for any specified elongation can be found by rearranging Eq7,as given below:L5E3MC~TS!/200(8) 17.4Calculate the yield stress by using Eq3in13.2. 17.5Evaluate the yield strain as given in13.3.Since yield strain may be considered to be an average bulk property of any material,use the mean circumference for this evaluation. 17.6Calculate the tensile strength by using Eq4in13.4.17.7Calculate the breaking or ultimate elongation as fol-lows(see Notes9and10):E5200/@L/IC~TS!#(9) where:E=breaking or ultimate elongation,percent,L=increase in grip separation at break,mm(in.),and IC(TS)=inside circumference of ring test specimen,mm (in.).17.8The inside circumference is used for both types of rings,see15.1.1for e the inside diameter to calculate the inside circumference for Type2rings.N OTE10—Eq8,Eq9,and10are applicable only if the initial setting of the spindle centers is adjusted in accordance with Eq7.N OTE11—The user of these test method should be aware that because of the different dimensions used in calculating(1)stress at a specified elongation(less than the ultimate elongation)and(2)the ultimate (breaking)elongation(see20.1and20.2),it is possible that a stress at a specified elongation,slightly less(4to5%)than the ultimateelongation。

1.胶料硫化特性GB/T9869—1997橡胶胶料硫化特性的测定圆盘振荡硫化仪法GB/T16584—1996橡胶用无转子硫化仪测定硫化特性ISO3417:1991橡胶—硫化特性的测定——用摆振式圆盘硫化计ASTMD2084-2001用振动圆盘硫化计测定橡胶硫化特性的试验方法ASTMD5289-19952001橡胶性能—使用无转子流变仪测量硫化作用的试验方法DIN53529-4:1991橡胶—硫化特性的测定——用带转子的硫化计测定交联特性2．未硫化橡胶门尼粘度GB/T1232.1—2000未硫化橡胶用圆盘剪切粘度计进行测定—第1部分：门尼粘度的测定GB/T1233—1992橡胶胶料初期硫化特性的测定—门尼粘度计法ISO289-1:2005未硫化橡胶——用剪切圆盘型黏度计—第一部分：门尼黏度的测定ISO289-2-1994未硫化橡胶——用剪切圆盘型黏度计测定—第二部分：预硫化特性的测定ASTMD1646-2004橡胶粘度应力松驰及硫化特性门尼粘度计的试验方法JISK6300-1:2001未硫化橡胶-物理特性-第1部分:用门尼粘度计测定粘度及预硫化时间的方法3.橡胶拉伸性能GB/T528—1998硫化橡胶或热塑性橡胶拉伸应力应变性能的测定ISO37:2005硫化或热塑性橡胶——拉伸应力应变特性的测定ASTMD412-19982002硫化橡胶、热塑性弹性材料拉伸强度试验方法JISK6251:1993硫化橡胶的拉伸试验方法DIN53504-1994硫化橡胶的拉伸试验方法4.橡胶撕裂性能GB/T529—1999硫化橡胶或热塑性橡胶撕裂强度的测定裤形、直角形和新月形试样ISO34-1:2004硫化或热塑性橡胶—撕裂强度的测定-第一部分：裤形、直角形和新月形试片ASTMD624-2000通用硫化橡胶及热塑性弹性体抗撕裂强度的试验方法JISK6252:2001硫化橡胶及热塑性橡胶撕裂强度的计算方法5.橡胶硬度GB/T531—1999橡胶袖珍硬度计压入硬度试验方法GB/T6031—1998硫化橡胶或热塑性橡胶硬度的测定10—100IRHDISO7619-1:2004硫化或热塑性橡胶——压痕硬度的测定——第一部分：硬度计法邵式硬度ISO7619-2:2004硫化或热塑性橡胶——压痕硬度的测定——第二部分：IRHD袖珍计法ASTMD2240-2004用硬度计测定橡胶硬度的试验方法ASTMD1415-19882004橡胶特性—国际硬度的试验方法JISK6253:1997硫化橡胶及热塑性橡胶的硬度试验方法DIN53505-2000橡胶试验邵式A和D的硬度试验6.压缩永久变形性能GB/T7759—1996硫化橡胶、热塑性橡胶在常温、高温和低温下压缩永久变形测定ISO815:1991硫化橡胶、热塑性橡胶在常温、高温和低温下压缩永久变形测定ASTMD395-2003橡胶性能的试验方法压缩永久变形JISK6262:1997硫化橡胶及热塑性橡胶压缩永久变形试验方法7.橡胶的回弹性GB/T1681—1991硫化橡胶回弹性的测定ISO4662:1986硫化橡胶回弹性的测定ASTMD1054-2002用回跳摆锤法测定橡胶弹性的实验方法JISK6255:1996硫化橡胶及热塑性橡胶的回弹性试验方法DIN53512-2000硫化橡胶回弹性的测定8.橡胶低温特性GB/T1682—1994硫化橡胶低温脆性的测定—单试样法GB/T15256-1994硫化橡胶低温脆性的测定多试样法GB/T7758—2002硫化橡胶低温特性的测定温度回缩法TR试验ISO2921:2005硫化橡胶—低温特性—温度回升缩TR试验ASTMD1329-2002天然橡胶特性的评定—橡胶的低温回缩试验方法TR试验法ASTMD746-2004用冲击法测定塑料及弹性材料的脆化温度的试验方法ASTMD2137-2005弹性材料脆化温度的试验方法JISK6261-1997硫化橡胶及热塑性橡胶的低温试验方法9.橡胶热空气老化性能GB/T3512—2001硫化橡胶或热塑性橡胶热空气加速老化和耐热试验ISO188-1998硫化或热塑性橡胶——加速老化和耐热试验ASTMD573-2004用热空气箱对橡胶损蚀的试验方法DIN53508-2000硫化橡胶—加速老化试验JISK6257-2003硫化橡胶或热塑性橡胶热空气老化10.橡胶耐臭氧老化性能GB/T7762—2003硫化橡胶或热塑性橡胶耐臭氧龟裂静态拉伸试验GB/T13642-1992硫化橡胶耐臭氧老化试验动态拉伸试验法ASTMD518-1999橡胶损坏性-表面裂开的试验方法ASTMD1149-1999橡胶在小室中臭氧龟裂ASTMD1171-1999橡胶在小室中臭氧龟裂三角形试样ASTMD3395-1999橡胶变质—在小室中动态臭氧碎裂的试验方法DIN53509-1-2001橡胶试验抗臭氧龟裂稳定性的测定第一部分：静应力JISK6259-2004硫化橡胶或热塑性橡胶耐臭氧性能的测定11.橡胶耐介质GB/T1690—2006硫化橡胶或热塑性橡胶耐液体试验方法ISO1817:2005硫化橡胶液体影响的测定ASTMD471-1998液体对橡胶性能影响的试验方法JISK6258-2003液体对硫化橡胶或热塑性弹性体影响的测定12.橡胶对金属粘附性与腐蚀性GB/T19243-2003硫化橡胶与有机材料接触污染的试验ASTMD925-19882000橡胶特性—表面的着色性接触、色移及扩散的试验方法13.橡胶燃烧性能GB/T10707-89橡胶的燃烧性能氧指数法GB/T13488-92橡胶的燃烧性能垂直燃烧法UL94-1996橡胶燃烧性能14.橡胶磨耗性GB/T1689—1998硫化橡胶耐磨性能的测定用阿克隆磨耗机GB/T9867—1988硫化橡胶耐磨性能的测定旋转辊筒式磨耗机法ASTMD5963-2004硫化橡胶耐磨性能的测定旋转辊筒式磨耗机法15.橡胶电性能GB/T1692—1992硫化橡胶绝缘电阻率GB/T1693—19811989硫化橡胶工频介电常数和介质损耗角正切值的测定方法GB/T1694—19811989高频介电常数和介质损耗角正切值GB/T1695—2005工频击穿介电强度和耐电压的测定方法GB/T2439—2001硫化橡胶或热塑性橡胶导电性能和耗散性能电阻率的测定。

A S T M D2000–98 C(出版日期1999-11-24,汽车工程师学会同意,SAE推荐J200)汽车橡胶产品分类系统标准*11.范围1.1本分类系统把用于汽车的橡胶产品(但不限于此)列表示出硫化橡胶（天然胶，再生胶,合成胶,单一或混合胶）的特性.注1.本分类系统可用于其他工业的需要,就象SAE的钢号一样.但必须记住:本系统服务于汽车工业.使用时请用最新版本.1.2本分类系统的前提是:所有橡胶制品的性质可以划分入特有的材料牌号.这些牌号被由基于耐热老化的TYPE(类别)和基于耐油溶胀CLASSES(等级),结合描述附加要求的值,从而建, 3.目的3.1本分类目录的目的是给工程师选择实际的,可行的橡胶材料,并进一步提供一个简单的”Line—Call—Out”规定材料牌号的方法.3.2本分类系统被发展成允许未来的橡胶材料增加叙述值,而不必完全重组分类系统,且方便结合未来的新试验方法,以保持与工业需求的改进同步.4.类别(Type)和等级(Class)4.1前缀字符“M”用于表示分类系统基于国际单位制(SI).注3“Call –out”不用字符”M”,他参考早先出版与1980年的”英寸—磅”制.4.2橡胶材料以类别(耐热)和等级(耐液)为基础进行设计.类别和等级用字母表示,见表1,表2和9.1中的图.4.3类别(Type)基于拉伸强度变化不大于±30%，伸长率变化不大于-50%，在相应的温度下保持70h，硬度（变化）不超过15点. 在该温度下决定这些材料的类型.按表1.4.4等级(Class)基于材料耐液性,是在ASTM 3号油中浸润70h,保持表1规定的温度,除非所有ASTM 2号和3号油相似,但不相同.4.4.2由于其溶胀性不同,且可能影响化合物分类,IRM 902和IRM 903 代用ASTM 2号和3号油尚未确认.5.3验次数作为试验方法的一部分见表4.如果有第二位数,他表示试验温度,见表5.如果要用3位数,它们要用一个短划分开,例如-10;B4-10;F1-11等.b D1171的耐气候试验,历时6周.试验地区和季节由采购方和供方协商;c 用D1171的暴露于臭氧室的试验方法B;d ASTM 2号油和3号油已不能长期使用,他们分别被IRM 902号油和903号油代替,见e 应该用蒸馏水.除非取消酒精,应该用加水的方法增加体积.当确定拉伸强度,延伸率和硬度变化时,在样品被浸润后,实验室充3/4水,30分钟后确定.在蒸馏水中冷却,取消丙酮.f 等量的蒸馏水和Reagant牌乙烯乙二醇.除非取消酒精,用增加水的方法配制.在确定改变拉伸强度,延伸率和硬度变化时,在样品被浸润后,试验管充3/4水.30分钟后确定. 在蒸馏水中冷却,取消丙酮g 规定的试验方法.7.基本要求7.1表6中规定的物理性能基本要求是基于按可用的ASTM试验方法在标准实验室中准备的样品和试验获得的值.从产品上取得试验样品的试验结果与上述标准试样的结果可能不一样.注5.当从产品上按D3183取标准试块时,如果采购方和供方协商同意,偏差达10%(仅指拉伸强度和延伸率)是允许的.这种偏差的允许是由于在产品上取样时,和做拉伸强度及延伸率试验时,对材料,编织物,颗粒和buffing檫净效应的共识.当出现加工方法的困难或从产品上取得适当的试验的困难时,采购方和供方可以协商可接受的偏差.这可以由比较标准试样的试验结果和这些由实际零件上取样的试验结果进行比较来确定.7.2给出每一个硬度和拉伸强度及适当的延伸率的可用材料列在表的适当的部位.而且对于类型和等级,基本的加热和油老化要有一个值的重复.此外,规定了压缩变形的值和保证正确硫化的基本要求.8.后缀要求值必须规定.注6.例如,用后缀字符和号码有A14和EO34, 后缀A(表3)说明耐热, 后缀1(表4)规定试验按D573方法,70h, 后缀 4 (英文误写为A)表示试验温度为100℃.与此类似,EO34表示用ASTM 3号油按试验方法D471温度100℃,70h.*3. 表6中,拉伸值为每平方英寸—磅.*4. ASTM将不会长期使用.他已被IRM 903油代替.见4,4.1.8.2 除非在”line-call-out”中规定后缀要求,基本要求总是适宜的.表6 弹性材料基本的和补充的(前缀)要求a ASTM 3号油已不再能长期使用,他已被IRM 903油代替.见4.4.1 表6 续在本例中,耐热和耐液的基本要求由前缀来代表.然而,未作为前缀包括进去的,805压缩变形的基本要求未被代表,因而符合表6中的规定.10.试验方法试验方法列于表4中.11.取样和检查.11.1除非另有规定,应同时检查同一材料的全部产品的成分.11.2当要求符合本分类系统规范时,供方应在采购方下单时,做出足够多的样品来满足要求的试验.试验样品按7.1准备.样品应注意具有相同的硫化,具有同样的化学成分.↑该要求是可用的，也具有这些特性，但值尚未建立.B , ASTM 3号油已不能长期使用,他已被IRM 903油代替.见4.4.1↑该要求是可用的，也具有这些特性，但值尚未建立.B , ASTM 3号油已不能长期使用,他已被IRM 903油代替.见4.4.1↑该要求是可用的，也具有这些特性，但值尚未建立.B , ASTM 3号油已不能长期使用,他已被IRM 903油代替.见4.4.1↑该要求是可用的，也具有这些特性，但值尚未建立.次级(Grade)1仅基本特性,无后缀要求.↑该要求是可用的，也具有这些特性，但值尚未建立.B , ASTM 3号油已不能长期使用,他已被IRM 903油代替.见4.4.1次级(Grade)1仅基本特性,无后缀要求.↑要求是可行的,且有这些特性的材料是可用的,但尚未建立其值.b ASTM 3号油已不能长期使用,他已被IRM 903油代替.见4.4.1c 在硫化时被结合到金属上的材料可用,由于在用的化合物范围很宽,结合多种用途的需要,未示出其值. 试验方法D429,应由供方和用户同意.↑本要求是可行的,材料性能是可达到的,但其值尚未建立.* 译者注:此处疑为h,不应是g,可能原文有错b 后缀K31指示,材料应无表面处理,化合物成分是或可能成为有害于黏结. ↑本要求是可行的,材料性能是可达到的,但其值尚未建立.↑本要求是可行的,材料性能是可达到的,但其值尚未建立.b ASTM 3号油已不能长期使用,他已被IRM 903油代替.见4.4.1↑本要求是可行的,材料性能是可达到的,但其值尚未建立.c 后缀K31指示,材料应无表面处理,化合物成分是或可能成为有害于黏结.HK材料b 服务液No.101—di-2乙基己基sebacate 99.5％质量,phenothiazine 0.5％质量c SAE No.2液,混合7700是从AKZO Nobel公司购买的.该公司地址:5 Livingstone Avenue ,Debbs Ferry, NY10522,1-800-666-1200.附录(非强制性信息)X1 聚合物型号(TYPE)和等级(CLASS)的用法X1.1 本附录的目的是帮助D2000—SAE J200的用户,但不构成系统的一部分.表X1.1所列分类系统D2000-SAE J200定义(type 和class)以及聚合物的type通常用于符合材料要求(type 和class).本表不企图限制,其他聚合物可以用于同样规范.。

名称：D 412—98a(2002年重新批准)硫化橡胶和热塑性弹性体——拉伸性能的标准实验方法希望采用本标准使用者在进行实验时，参照英文版本一起使用以便对译文提出建议并准确进行实验。

因此凡出现与英文版本相冲突，则以英文版本为准。

本标准已被国防部代理机构批准使用。

注释——9.2部分于2003.1被更新。

1. 范围1.1 这些方法是用来评估硫化橡胶和热塑性弹性体拉伸性能的程序。

这些方法不适用硬橡胶和相似硬度、低延伸率材料。

方法如下：方法A——哑铃状和直片状试样方法B——剪切环形状试样（不适用）注释1——这两种不同的方法不会产生同样的结果。

1.2 在本实验中，数值的表达不管是以SI还是非SI为单位，都认为是标准的。

在每一系统中数值可能不是等同的，因此必须单独使用每一系统，而不要合并这些数值。

1.3本标准没有对所有的安全问题进行详细的描述。

建立一个合适的安全和健康规则和决定其应用规则限制是使用者的责任。

2. 参考资料2.1 ASTM 标准：D 1349 橡胶标准实验温度准则D 1566 与橡胶相关的术语D 3182 混合标准化合物和准备标准硫化橡胶片的材料，设备和程序准则D 3183 实验用产品片准备准则D 3767 橡胶尺寸测量准则D 4483 橡胶和黑烟末工业中标准实验方法的测量精度准则E 4 实验机器力检查准则2.2 ASTM 附件：剪切环形试样,方法B (D 412)2.3 ISO 标准：ISO 37 硫化橡胶，热缩性橡胶张应力性能3.1 术语3.1 定义3.1.1 张力设置——在试样被伸展之后所保留的延长长度，允许以规定方式缩进，以占原始长度的百分比来表达。

（D 1566）3.1.2 破裂后张力设置——通过把两破裂的哑铃体橡胶片破裂点放在一起进行测量。

（D 1566）3.1.3 抗拉强度——施加给试样使其破裂的张应力。

（D 1566）3.1.4 张应力——伸展试样的力。

（D 1566）3.1.5 一定延伸率的张应力——使试样均匀横截面伸展到给定延伸时所需要的力。

ASTM D2000 – 98C(出版日期1999-11-24,汽车工程师学会同意,SAE推荐J200)汽车橡胶产品分类系统标准*11.范围1.1本分类系统把用于汽车的橡胶产品(但不限于此)列表示出硫化橡胶（天然胶，再生胶,合成胶,单一或混合胶）的特性.注1.本分类系统可用于其他工业的需要,就象SAE的钢号一样.但必须记住:本系统服务于汽车工业.使用时请用最新版本.1.2本分类系统的前提是:所有橡胶制品的性质可以划分入特有的材料牌号.这些牌号被由基于耐热老化的TYPE(类别)和基于耐油溶胀CLASSES(等级),结合描述附加要求的值,从而建立基本的LEVELS(水平),这些值允许全面描述所有弹性材料的质量.1.3对于一件特殊产品,如果本分类系统的早先版本与具体规范有抵触,则以新版本为准.注2.当橡胶产品用于未被本分类系统描述的非常特殊用途,采购方应首先与供方磋商,建立适宜的特性,试验方法和规范试验界限.1.4在S1(译者注:国际单位)单元中陈述的值被视为标准.2.参考文件.2.1ASTM标准D395 橡胶性能试验方法----压缩变形;*2D412 硫化橡胶,热塑橡胶和热塑性弹性体试验方法—拉伸;*2D429 橡胶性能试验方法----与硬底层黏结;*2D430 橡胶老化试验方法-----动态寿命;*2D471 橡胶性能试验方法----液体效应; *2D573 橡胶试验方法----空气炉中老化; *2D575 橡胶压缩特性试验方法; *2D624 常规硫化橡胶和热塑性弹性体的撕裂强度试验方法; *2D865 橡胶试验方法----空气中热老化; *2D925 橡胶性能试验方法----表面瑕疵(接触,移动和扩散); *2D945 压缩或剪切中橡胶性能的试验方法(机械示波器); *2D1053 橡胶性能试验方法----低温硬化：柔性的聚合物和涂织物; *2D1171 橡胶老化试验方法----表面臭氧裂纹,室内和室外(三角试样) *2D1329 评价橡胶性能的试验方法---- 低温回弹(TR试验); *2D1349 橡胶实践----试验温度标准; *2D1418 橡胶和橡胶乳液的实践----术语; *2D2137 橡胶性能试验方法----柔性聚合物和涂织物的脆性点; *2D2240 橡胶性能试验方法----硬度; *2D3183 橡胶实践----用产品上取样的试样准备; *2D5964 橡胶实践----IRM902和IRM903替代ASTM 2号油和ASTM 3号油. *23.目的3.1本分类目录的目的是给工程师选择实际的,可行的橡胶材料,并进一步提供一个简单的”Line—Call—Out”规定材料牌号的方法.3.2本分类系统被发展成允许未来的橡胶材料增加叙述值,而不必完全重组分类系统,且方便结合未来的新试验方法,以保持与工业需求的改进同步.4.类别(Type)和等级(Class)4.1前缀字符“M”用于表示分类系统基于国际单位制(SI).注3“Call –out”不用字符”M”,他参考早先出版与1980年的”英寸—磅”制.4.2橡胶材料以类别(耐热)和等级(耐液)为基础进行设计.类别和等级用字母表示,见表1,表2和9.1中的图.4.3类别(Type)基于拉伸强度变化不大于±30%，伸长率变化不大于-50%，在相应的温度下保持70h，硬度（变化）不超过15点. 在该温度下决定这些材料的类型.按表1.4.4等级(Class)基于材料耐液性,是在ASTM 3号油中浸润70h,保持表1规定的温度,除非所有最高温度是150℃(稳定性上限),每个等级溶账的极限见表2.4.4.1在实践D5964 中ASTM 2号和3号油已分别被IRM902和IRM903油代替.这些油与ASTM 2号和3号油相似,但不相同.4.4.2由于其溶胀性不同,且可能影响化合物分类,IRM 902和IRM 903 代用ASTM 2号和3号油尚未确认.表1表24.4.3溶胀范围的选择被理解为由等级建立的一些商务化合物可以期望的值.事实上,材料的类型和等级列表于表6.在基本要求下,指示商业上可用的材料符合耐热和耐液的要求.4.5牌号字符后面总规定有一个3位数,规定其硬度和拉伸强度,例如505,其中第一位数表示硬度,例如5表示50±5,6表示60±5,后2位数表示最小拉伸强度,例如05表示5Mpa,14表示14Mpa.可用材料所要的硬度和拉伸强度的相对关系可从7.2节表6中获得.5.品级(Grade)号,后缀字符和数字5.1 品级(Grade)号因为基本要求并不能充分描述全部必要的要求,规定设立一个系列的前缀—品级号,描述偏离或附加要求. 品级号1,规定仅表示基本要求.除1以外的品级号表示偏离或附加要求,并列于”可用的前缀品级”,在表6中基本要求下的最后一列. 品级号A作为材料前缀写在类别和等级的前面(见9.1).5.2 后缀字符后缀字符可以和他们的含义一起使用.见表3.。

硫化胶高温拉伸强度和拉断伸长率的测定-概述说明以及解释1.引言1.1 概述硫化胶是一种具有良好弹性和耐热性能的材料，广泛应用于汽车轮胎、橡胶管等领域。

在高温环境下，硫化胶的拉伸强度和拉断伸长率是评估其性能的重要指标。

然而，由于高温环境会对硫化胶的结构和性能产生影响，因此准确测定硫化胶在高温条件下的拉伸强度和拉断伸长率是必要的。

本文主要通过实验方法来测定硫化胶在高温条件下的拉伸强度和拉断伸长率，并对结果进行分析和解读。

首先，我们将介绍实验所使用的硫化胶样品和试验设备，然后详细描述实验方法和步骤。

通过对不同温度下硫化胶样品的拉伸实验，我们可以得到相应的拉伸强度和拉断伸长率数据。

在结果与分析部分，我们将对实验结果进行统计和对比分析，探讨不同因素对硫化胶高温拉伸强度和拉断伸长率的影响。

可能的影响因素包括温度、硫化剂类型和添加剂等。

通过深入分析，我们希望能够揭示这些因素对硫化胶性能的具体影响机制。

最后，本文将总结硫化胶高温拉伸强度和拉断伸长率的测定结果，并归纳出影响因素的主要结论。

这对于优化硫化胶配方、提高产品性能和实际应用具有重要意义。

希望本文的研究能够为相关领域的科研人员和工程师提供有益的参考和启发。

1.2 文章结构文章结构部分的内容可以根据以下思路编写：文章结构部分主要是对整篇文章的组织形式和内容安排进行介绍，目的是为读者提供一个概览，帮助读者更好地理解文章的内容结构。

本文的结构主要包括引言、正文和结论三个部分。

引言部分是文章的开篇，用于引出论文的研究背景、目的和意义。

在本文中，引言部分将概述硫化胶高温拉伸强度和拉断伸长率的测定的重要性，并简要介绍文章的研究背景和目的。

正文部分是文章的核心内容，详细介绍了硫化胶高温拉伸强度和拉断伸长率的测定方法、实验结果及其分析。

本文的正文部分分为两个小节，分别介绍了硫化胶高温拉伸强度的测定和硫化胶高温拉断伸长率的测定，每个小节又分为实验方法和结果与分析两个子小节。

D412-98a硫化橡胶和热塑性弹性体的标准测试方法――拉伸应力1．范围1．1这个测试方法包括以下的用于估计硫化热固性橡胶和热塑性弹性体的拉伸性能的程序。

这些方法在硬橡胶和硬度相似的，低延伸率的材料方面是不适用的。

这些方法如下：测试方法A －亚玲状的和直截面的试样。

测试方法B －剪成环状的试样。

备注1――这两种不同的方法会产生不同的结果。

1.2这些用国际单位制或者是非国际单位制表示的数值应该被认为是这个标准分开的规范化。

在每一个系统的这些数值是不用精确相等；因此每一个系统必须独立使用，不能把数字混合。

1.3这个标准并不是为了引起在使用过程中的所有的安全重视，这只是一个对这个标准的使用者责任，使他建立一个恰当的安全和健康的操作规程和决定调整优先使用方法的适用性。

2. 参考文献2.1 ASTM标准：D 1349橡胶实践――测试的标准温度。

D 1566与橡胶有关的术语D 3128橡胶实践――混合标准化合物和预先准备标准的硫化片材料，设备和过程。

D 3183橡胶实践――从产品上才下来的用于测试目的预先准备好的片材。

D 3767橡胶实践――尺寸的测量D 4483橡胶和碳黑工业在测试方法标准上的决定精度的实践。

E 4测试机器上的力的校验2.2 ASTM附件圆环形的试样，B方法（D412）2.3 ISO 37硫化和热塑性性橡胶，拉伸应力特性的决定方法。

3. 专业术语3.1定义：3.1.1压缩形变――样品被拉伸后回复到特定的形状后剩下的延长率，用于与原来长度的比值的百分比计算。

（D 1566）3.1.2 断裂后的压缩形变――一种身长率的测试方法，是通过把在一点处断裂的两个哑铃状的片放好再测量它的身长率。

3.1.3 拉伸强度――把一个样品拉断时的的最大的拉伸应力。

（D 1566）3.1.4 拉伸应力――拉伸一个试样时的应力。

（D 1566）3.1.5 在给定身长率下的拉伸应力――把有相同截面积的试样拉伸到一个给定的伸长率时的应力。