钻孔机机械外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译

Mechanical engineering1.The porfile of mechanical engineeringEngingeering is a branch of mechanical engineerig,itstudies mechanical and power generation especially power and movement.2.The history of mechanical engineering18th century later periods,the steam engine invention hasprovided a main power fountainhead for the industrialrevolution,enormously impelled each kind of mechznicalbiting.Thus,an important branch of a newEngineering –separated from the civil engineering tools andmachines on the branch-developed together with Birmingham andthe establishment of the Associantion of Mechanical Engineersin 1847 had been officially recognized.The mechanicalengineering already mainly used in by trial and error methodmechanic application technological development into professional engineer the scientific method of which in theresearch,the design and the realm of production used .From themost broad perspective,thedemend continuously to enhance theefficiencey of mechanical engineers improve the quality of work,and asked him to accept the history of the high degreeof education and training.Machine operation to stress not only economic but also infrastructure costs to an absolute minimun.3.The field of mechanical engineeringThe commodity machinery development in the develop country,in the high level material life very great degree is decided each kind of which can realize in the mechanical engineering.Mechanical engineers unceasingly will invent the machine next life to produce the commodity,unceasingly will develop the accuracy and the complexity more and more high machine tools produces the machine.The main clues of the mechanical development is:In order to enhance the excellent in quality and reasonable in price produce to increase the precision as well as to reduce the production cost.This three requirements promoted the complex control system development.The most successful machine manufacture is its machine and the control system close fusion,whether such control system is essentially mechanical or electronic.The modernized car engin production transmission line(conveyer belt)is a series of complex productions craft mechanization very good example.The people are in the process of development in order to enable further automation of the production machinery ,the use of a computer to store and handle largevolumes of data,the data is a multifunctional machine tools necessary for the production of spare parts.One of the objectives is to fully automated production workshop,threerotation,but only one officer per day to operate.The development of production for mechanical machinery must have adequate power supply.Steam engine first provided the heat to generate power using practical methods in the old human,wind and hydropower,an increase of engin .New mechanical engineering industry is one of the challenges faced by the initial increase thermal effciency and power,which is as big steam turbine and the development of joint steam boilers basically achieved.20th century,turbine generators to provide impetus has been sustained and rapid growth,while thermal efficiency is steady growth,and large power plants per kW capital consumption is also declining.Finally,mechanical engineers have nuclear energy.This requires the application of nuclear energy particularly high reliability and security, which requires solving many new rge power plants and the nuclear power plant control systems have become highly complex electroonics,fluid,electricity,water and mechanical parts networks All in all areas related to the mechanical engineers.Small internal combustion engine,both to the type(petrol and diesel machines)or rotary-type(gas turbines and Mong Kerr machine),as well as their broad application in the field of transport should also due to mechanical enginerrs.Throughout the transport,both in the air and space,or in the terrestrial and marine,mechanial engineers created a variety of equipment and power devices to their increasing cooperation with electrical engineers,especially in the development of appropration control systems.Mechanical engineers in the development of military weapons technology and civil war ,needs a similar,though its purpose is to enhance rather than destroy their productivity.However.War needs a lot of resources to make the area of techonlogy,many have a far-reaching development in peacetime efficiency.Jet aircraft and nuclear reactors are well known examples.The Biological engineering,mechanical engineering biotechnology is a relatively new and different areas,it provides for the replacement of the machine or increase the body functions as well as for medical equipment.Artficial limbs have been developed and have such a strong movement and touch response function of the human body.In the development of artificial organ transplant is rapid,complex cardiac machines and similar equipment to enable increasingly complexsurgery,and injuries and ill patients life functions can be sustained.Someenviromental control mechanical engineers through the initial efforts to drainage or irrigation pumping to the land and to mine and ventilation to control the human environment.Modern refrigeration and air-conditioning plant commonaly used reverse heat engine,where the heat from the engine from cold places to more external heat.Many mechanical engineering products,as well as other leading technology development city have side effects on the environment,producingnoise,water and air pollution caused,destroyed land and landscape.Improve productivity and diver too fast in the commodity,that the renewable natural forces keep pace.For mechanical engineers and others,environmental control is rapidly developing area,which includes a possible development and production of small quantities of pollutants machine sequnce,and the development of new equipment and teachnology has been to reduce and eliminate pollution.4.The role of mechanical engineeringThere are four generic mechanical engineers in common to the above all domains function.The 1st function is the understanding and the research mechanical sciencefoundation.It includes the power and movement of the relationship dynamics For example,in the vibration and movement of the relationship;Automaticcontrol;Study of the various forms of heart,energy,power relations between the thermodynamic;Fluidflows; Heat transfer; Lubricant;And material properties.The 2nd function will be conducts the research,thedesing and the development,this function in turn attempts to carry on the essential change to satisfy current and the future needs.This not only calls for a clear understanding of mechanical science,and have to break down into basic elements of a complex system capacity.But also the need for synthetic and innovative inventions.The 3rd function is produces the product and the power,includeplan,operation and maintenance.Its goal lies in the maintenance either enhances the enterprise or the organization longer-tern and survivabilaty prestige at the same time,produces the greatest value by the least investments and the consumption.The 4th function is mechanical engineer’s coordinated function,including the management,theconsultation,as well as carries on the market marking in certain situation.In all these function,one kind unceasingly to use thescience for a long time the method,but is not traditional or the intuition method tendency,this is a mechanical engineering skill aspect which unceasingly grows.These new rationalization means typical names include:The operations research,the engineering economics,the logical law problem analysis(is called PABLA) However,creativity is not rationalization.As in other areas,in mechanicalengineering, to take unexpected and important way to bring about a new capacity,still has a personal,markedcharacteristice.5.The design of mechanical engineeringThe design of mechanical is the design has the mechanical property the thing or the system,suchas:the instrument and the measuring appliance in very many situations,the machine design must use the knowledge of discipline the and so on mathematics,materials science and mechanics.Mechanical engineering desginincludeing all mechanical desgin,but it was a study,because it also includes all the branches of mechsnicalengineering,such as thermodynamics all hydrodynamics in the basic disciplines needed,in the mechanical engineering design of the initial stude or mechanical design.Designstages.The entire desgin process from start to finish,in the process,a demand that is designed forit and decided to do the start.After a lot of repetition,the final meet this demand by the end of the design procees and the plan.Designconsiderations.Sometimes in a system is to decide which parts needs intensity parts of geometric shapes and size an important factor in this context that we must consider that the intensity is an important factor in the design.When we use expression design considerations,we design parts that may affect the entire system design features.In the circumstances specified in the design,usually for a series of such functions must be taken into account.Howeever,to correct purposes,we should recognize that,in many cases the design of important design considerations are not calculated or test can determine the components or systems.Especiallystudents,wheen in need to make important decisions in the design and conduct of any operation that can not be the case,they are often confused.These are not special,they occur every day,imagine,forexample,a medical laboratory in the mechanical design,from marketing perspective,people have high expectations from the strength and relevance of impression.Thick,and heavy parts installed together:to produce a solid impression machines.And sometimes machinery and spare parts from the design style is the point and not theother point of view.Our purpose is to make those you do not be misled to believe that every design decision will need reasonable mathematical methods.Manufacturing refers to the raw meterials into finished products in the enterprise.Create three distinct phases.Theyare:input,processingexprot.The first phase includes the production of all products in line with market needs essential.First there must be the demand for the product,the necessary materials,while also needs such as energy,time,human knowledge and technology resourcess . Finall,the need for funds to obtain all the other resources. Lose one stage after the second phase of the resources of the processes to be distributed.Processing of raw materials into finished products of these processes.To complete the design,based on the design,and then develop plans.Plan implemented through various production processes.Management of resources and processes to ensure efficiency and productivity.Forexample,we must carefully manage resources to ensure proper use of funds.Finally,people are talking about the product market was cast.Stage is the final stage of exporting finished or stage.Once finished just purchased,it must be delivered to the users.According to productperformance,installation and may have to conduct further debugging in addition,someproducts,especially those very complex products User training is necessary.6.The processes of materials and maunfacturingHere said engineering materials into two main categories:metals and non-ferrous,high-performance alloys and power metals.Non-metallic futher divided into plastice,syntheticrubber,composite materials and ceramics.It said the production proccess is divided into several major process,includingshape,forging,casting/founding,heattreatment,fixed/connections ,measurement/ quality control and materalcutting.These processes can be further divide into each other’s craft.Various stages of the development of the manufacturing industry Over the years,the manufacturing process has four distinct stages of development, despite the overlap.These stages are:The first phase is artisanal,the second Phase is mechanization.The third phase is automation the forth Phase is integrated.When mankind initial processing of raw materials into finished products will be,they use manual processes.Each with their hands and what are the tools manusllyproduced.This is totally integrated production take shape.A person needsindentification,collectionmaterials,the design of a product to meet that demand,the production of such products and use it.From beginning to end,everything is focused on doing the work of the human ter in the industrial revolution introduced mechanized production process,people began to use machines to complete the work accomplished previously manual. This led to the specialization.Specialization in turn reduce the manufacture of integrated factors.In this stage of development,manufacturing workers can see their production as a whole represent a specific piece of the part of the production process.Onecan not say that their work is how to cope with the entire production process,or how they were loaded onto a production of parts finished.Development of manufacting processes is the next phase of the selection process automation.This is a computer-controlled machinery and processes.At this stage,automation island began to emerge in the workshop lane.Each island represents a clear production process or a group of processes.Although these automated isolated island within the island did raise the productivity of indivdualprocesses,but the overall productivity are often not change.This is because the island is not caught in other automated production process middle,but not synchronous withthem .The ultimate result is the efficient working fast parked through automated processes,but is part of the stagnation in wages down,causingbottlenecks.To better understand this problem,you can imagine the traffic in the peak driving a red light from the red Service Department to the next scene. Occasionally you will find a lot less cars,more than being slow-moving vehicles,but the results can be found by the next red light Brance.In short you real effect was to accelerate the speed of a red Department obstruction offset.If you and other drivers can change your speed and red light simultaneously.Will advance faster.Then,all cars will be consistent,sommthoperation,the final everyone forward faster.In the workshop where the demand for stable synchronization of streamlined production,and promoted integration of manufacturing development.This is a still evolving technology.Fully integrated in the circumstances,is a computer-controllrd machinery and processing.integrated is completed through computer.For example in the preceding paragraph simulation problems,the computer will allow all road vehicles compatible with the change in red.So that everyone can steady traffic.Scientific analysis of movement,timing and mechanics ofthe disciplines is that it is composed of two pater:statics and dynamics.Statics analyzed static system that is in the system,the time is not taken into account,research and analysis over time and dynamics of the system change.Dynameics from the two componets.Euler in 1775 will be the first time two different branches: Rigid body movement studies can conveniently divided into two parts:geometric and mechanics.The first part is without taking into account the reasons for the downward movement study rigid body from a designated location to another point of the movement,and must use the formula to reflect the actual,the formula would determine the rigid body every point position. Therefore,this study only on the geometry and,morespecifically,on the entities from excision.Obviously,the first part of the school and was part of a mechanical separation from the principles of dynamics to study movement,which is more than the two parts together into a lot easier.Dynamics of the two parts are subsequently divided into two separate disciplines,kinematic and dynamics,a study of movement and the movement strength.Therefore,the primary issue is the design of mechanical systems understand its kinematic.Kinematic studies movement,rather than a study ofits impact.In a more precise kinematic studies position,displacement,rotation, speed,velocity and acceleration of disciplines,foresample,or planets orbiting research campaing is a paradigm.In the above quotation content should be pay attention that the content of the Euler dynamics into kinematic and rigid body dynamics is based on the assumption that they are based on research.In this very important basis to allow for the treatment of two separate disciplines.For soft body,soft body shape and even their own soft objects in the campaign depends on the role of power in their possession.In such cases,should also study the power and movement,and therefore to a large extent the analysis of the increased complexity.Fortunately, despite the real machine parts may be involved are more or less the design of machines,usually with heavy material designed to bend down to the lowest parts.Therefore,when the kinematic analysis of the performance of machines,it is often assumed that bend is negligible,spare parts are hard,but when the load is known,in the end analysis engine,re-engineering parts to confirm this assnmption.机械工程1.机械工程简介机械工程是工程学的一个分支，它研究机械和动力的产，尤其是力和动力。

钻井设备及工具序号名称英文1海水泥浆seawater mud2开钻spud in3（井架大门处）坡板ramp4(卡瓦)锥形座slip socket bowl5（内管）注水泥管柱stinger strings6（刹把）调节螺栓adjusting bole7（刹带的）平衡杠equalizing yoke 820"“ L”型接头type "l" connector9TOTCO承托环TOTCO ring baffle plate 10安全带safty -strap(belt)11安全接头safety jont12安全卡瓦safety clamp(slips) 13安全开关safety switch14安全网safety net15安全限位档块safety stop16扳手加长套筒nigger-head17般土bentonite18饱和盐水泥降saturated salt-water mud 19泵冲pump stroke20泵冲stoke21泵冲数传感器pump stoke sensor 22泵冲数计数器pump stroke counter 23泵冲数指示器pump stroke indicator 24泵入水泥塞pump down plug25泵速pump speed26泵效pump efficiency27泵压pump pressure28壁钩wall hook29壁厚wall thickness30扁锉flat(round,square)file 31扁嘴钳flat bit tongs32变换接头crossover joint(x/o) 33变压器transformer34表层套管surface casing35表观黏度apparent viscosity 36表面活性剂interface level indicator 37宾汉模型bingham model38不漏no leak39不锈钢stainless steel40侧钻side tracking41插人头stinger42插入式注水泥stab-in cementing43柴油engine oil44柴油机diesel engine45常闭阀normal close valve46常开阀normal open valve47超载overload48车床lathe49沉砂bottom fill50沉砂池setting pit51承托环retaining ring (support ring) 52吃水线draft line53迟到时间log time54冲管wash pipe55冲刷井段wash out section56抽吸swabbing57抽吸压力swab pressure58绸化时间thicking time59出口outlet60初切力initial gel-strength61初探井exploratory well62除垢剂degasser efficiency63除气器degasser64除砂（泥）器desander(desilter)65储能器accumulator66储气筒gas holdre(tank)67传动链条driving chain68传真facsimile69吹扫作业blow job70吹压压力blowing pressure71垂深vertical depth72锤子hammer73磁力打捞工具lubrication hole74刺坏erode out75从动轴driven shaft76错扣thread alternating77打好背钳back up attachment78打捞杯junk sub79打捞工具fishing tool80打捞公锥fishing nipple81打捞公锥fishing tap(taper)82打捞钩fishing hook83打捞管柱fishing string84打捞颈fishing neck85打捞矛fishing spear86打捞母锥fishing socket87打捞头fishing head88打捞震击器fishing jars89打捞爪junk catcher90打捞作业sishing operation91打字机typewriter92大钩hook93大钩弹簧hook spring94大钩负荷hook load95大钩位置hook position96大门gate97大钳tong98大钳搭绞部位tong space99大钳刻痕tong mark100大钳扭矩tong torque101大钳平衡器tong bucket102大钳牙板tong dies103大鼠洞rat hole104带帽螺栓nut bolt105待命stand-by106待命费stand-by rate107戴纳钻具dyna-drill108单根吊卡single join elevator 109单闸阀防喷器single ran type preventer 110担架stretcher111淡水fresh water112挡泥板mud guard113导档齿轮reverse gear114导管conductor115倒大绳slip drilling line 116倒开门吊卡side door elevator 117倒扣back off118倒扣工具reversing tool119低固相泥浆low solid mud 120低压管线locking flange 121底塞bottom piug 122地层formation 123地层测试formation test 124地层水formation wter 125电传打字电报telex126电传打字机teletype127电动机electrical motor 128电焊条welding electrode 129电话telephone 130电机，马达motor131吊车crane132吊耳、吊环eye plate133吊卡elevator134吊卡耳环elevator link 135吊卡-卡盘elevator-spider 136吊索sling137调节阀regulator valve 138调节泥浆mud conditioning 139蝶阀butterfly valve 140钉子nail141顶（底）塞top(bottom) plug 142定位浮标locating buoy 143定向井directional well 144定向钻井directional drilling 145动力扳手power wrench 146动力大钳power tong 147动力供应设备power supply unit 148动力卡瓦power slip 149短起下short trip 150短钻杆pup pipe joint 151对扣台（下套管用）stabbing board 152钝钻头分级dull bit grading 153鹅颈管goose neck pipe 154额定流量rated flow 155发电机generator 156阀，凡尔valve157阀弹簧valve spring 158阀盖，阀帽valve bonnet159阀杆valve lever160阀门valve161阀密封valve seal162阀面valve face163阀箱，闸室chamber gate164法兰flange165凡尔体valve body166凡尔座balve cup(seat)167反循环reverse circulation168反循环打捞篮reverse circulation junk basket 169反循环阀reverse circulation valve 170反循环接头pump-out reversing sub 171反循环孔reverse circulation port 172方保接头kelly pretective sub173方补心kelly bushing174方入kelly down175方入kelly in176方入深度kelly dowm depth177方余kelly up178方钻杆考克kelly cock179方钻杆旋转短节kelly spinner180防毒面具gas mask181防喷bolwout control182防喷器blow-out preventer183防喷器控制盘BOP control pannel184防喷器平台BOP deck185防喷设备blowout control equipment 186防喷演习BOP drill187房间，寝室chamber188放压管线relief line189非磁钻铤non-magnetic drilling collar 190分级箍DV collar191分级注水泥squeeze cementing192分离器seperator193风速表anemometer194扶正器stabilizer195浮阀float valve196浮箍floating collar197浮鞋float shoe198腐蚀corrosion199缸套line reeving200钢圈ring gasket201钢丝绳打捞钩spud spear202高压管线hagh pressure line 203割大绳cut off drilling line 204隔膜泵membrane pump 205工具钢tool steel206工具接头tool joint207工作救生衣work life jacket208工作压力working pressure 209公扣pin210功能测验function test211狗腿dog leg212狗腿率dog leg ratio213固井泵cenmenting pump 214固井管线cementing line215固井配方cementing formulation 216固井失败cement failure217固井质量检查cementing bond log 218固相含量solid content219刮管器casing scraper220关井shut-in221关井套压shut-in casing pressure 222关井钻杆压力shut-in drill pipe pressure 223管内压降pressure loss in pipe 224管钳slide tongs225贯眼钻杆接头full hole joint226惯性inertia227惯性刹车inertia brake228灌泥浆管线fill up line229灌注泵charge pump230硅酸盐水泥portland cement 231滚筒drum232滚筒高速（低速）drum hight air clutch 233滚筒离合器drum clutch234滚筒容量drum capacity235锅炉boiler236海上offshore237海水淡化装置swawater distillation unit 238海水管线seawater line239侯凝wait on cementing 240猴台monkey board241厚壁钻杆heavy wall drill pipe 242虎钳vice(=vise)243护丝thread protector 244滑车装绳数lifting sub245滑扣thread slipping246滑轮pulley247划眼reaming248环空流速annular velocity 249环形BOP annular BOP250缓冲罐pressure snubbling tank 251缓凝剂retarder252回压back pressure253混合泵mixing pump254混合漏斗mixing hopper255活塞piston256活塞杆piston rod257活塞皮碗piston up258机械钻速penetration rate259急救设备first-aid equipment 260急救箱first-aid kit261挤水泥squeeze cement262计时器、秒表timer263计算尺slide rule264记录record265记录纸recording paper266加热盘管heating coil267加油孔lube oil pump268加重材料weighting materials 269加重钻杆heavey weight drill pipe 270甲板deck271减震器shock absorber272剪切闸板防喷器blind shear ram preventer 273键槽卡钻key-seating sticking 274键槽破坏器key seat reamer275降失水剂filtration-reducing agent 276交流电驱动alternating current drive 277绞车draw works278绞车电机drawworks motor279绞盘、绞机windlass280搅拌器agitator281接触井底on bottom282接头sub283接头，单根joint284接线盒rosette285节流阀choke valve286节流阀、阻流器choke287节流阀位置指示器choke position indicator 288近钻头扶正器near-bit stabilizer 289进气管admission pipe 290井底压力bottom-hole pressure 291井架derrick292井架大门v-door293井口甲板cellar deck294井口喇叭管bell nipple295井口流压well head flow pressure 296井口装置well-head equipment 297井喷blowout298井位well location299井斜测量deviation survey 300井眼尺寸hole size301井眼纠斜hole straightening 302井涌kick303静压static pressure304救生服survival suit305救生圈life buoy306救生艇lifeboat307救生衣life jacket308卷尺tape measure309卡点sticking point310卡点测定仪free point indicator 311卡盘spider312卡钳callipers313卡瓦slip314卡瓦补心slip bushing315卡瓦槽slip groove316卡瓦打捞筒slip socket317卡瓦牙slip insert318卡瓦牙板slip dog319卡钻sticking320开泵循环下放wash dowm321开口扳手open-ended spanner 322开眼器hole opener323开眼钻头spudding bit324开钻泥浆spud mud325可变载荷variable load326可控硅thyristor327可膨胀式救生阀inflatable liferaft328可移动式1211灭火器portable 1211 extinguisher 329空气包air chamber330空气离合器drum low air clutch 331空压机compressor332空载、空车no load333控制井涌kick control334控制钻进control drilling335快速联结quikck connection 336捞砂滚筒sand reel337老虎钳bench vise338冷凝器condenser339冷却水泵cooling-water pump 340离合器clutch341离开井底off-bottom342立根盒容量setback capacity343立管stand pipe344链chain345链钳chain pipe tong346链钳chain tong347两通阀two way valve348临界速度critical velocity349灵敏度sensitivity350灵敏指针vernier351领眼钻头pilot bit352流量计flowing meter353流量警报器flow alarm354流量指示器flowing indicator 355流压flowing pressure356硫化氢气体检测系统H2S gas detection system 357笼式打捞篮junk basket358漏斗粘度计funnel viscometer359漏失实验leak-offtest360漏油oil leak361螺钉screw362螺帽nut363螺栓bolt364螺丝刀screw driver365螺旋钻铤spiral drill collar366裸眼open hole367马达油motor oil368盲板防喷器blind ram preventer 369锚anchor370锚泊系统mooring system371锚头cat-head372锚头绳cat line373锚头绳爪cat line grip374锚头轴cat shaft375铆钉river376梅花扳手ring spanner377母扣box378内管注水泥inner string cementing 379内卡钳internal callipers380内平钻杆接头internal flush joint 381内外加厚internal external upset 382内岩心筒inner core barrel383耐磨补心wear bushing384耐油橡胶oil resistant gom385泥包ball up386泥饼filter cake387泥浆泵mud pump388泥浆泵安全阀mud relieg valve389泥浆比重计mud balance390泥浆槽mud ditch391泥浆池mut pit392泥浆池测定演习pit drill393泥浆处理材料mud conditioning materials 394泥浆返出管线mud rutern line395泥浆计量罐trip-tank396泥浆量mud volume397泥浆流量计mud flow meter398泥浆录井mud logging399泥浆枪 mud gun400泥浆清洁器mud cleaner401泥浆体积指示器mud volume indicator 402泥浆添加剂mean tide level403泥浆液位计pit level meter404泥浆中的气gas in mud405泥浆柱mud additive406泥浆柱mud column407泥线mud line408泥质砂岩shaly sand409镊子nipper410爬杆boom411排出阀discharge valve412排出管线discharge line413排气孔vent hole414排烟管engine exhaust line415盘根盒stuffing box416旁通by-pass417旁通塞by-pass plug418抛锚船anchor boat419泡沫灭火系统foam fire extinguishing sysem 420疲劳极限fatigue limit421平地铣鞋flat bottom mill422平均潮面mean sea level423平均海平面maximum speed424评估井evaluation well425启动（泵）start ip(pump)426起阀座器valve seat grab427起下钻trip428起下钻时间tripping time429气层gas reservoir430气动工具pneumatic tool431气动绞车air-operated hoist432气管线air line433气含量gas content434气焊torch435气侵gas cut436气显示gas showing437气压表air pressure gauge438气压计barometer439钳头tong head440钳子pincers441潜水泵submerged pump442浅层气shallow gas443桥塞bridge plug444撬杠pinch bar445请病假sick leave446球阀ball valve447驱动轴drive shaft448取心筒鞋core barrel shoe449取心爪core basket450取心钻头core bit451燃油（柴油）fuel(diesel oil)452绕性接头flexible joint453热交换器heat exchanger454人孔、检修孔manhole455人孔盖manhole cover456乳化剂emulsifying agent457入井工具down hole tool458入口inlet459软（绳）梯rope laddre460软地层soft formation461润滑油泵low pressure line462三通tee463三牙轮钻头three-cone bit464扫线用管线blow line465刹把brake level(brake handle) 466刹带brake line (brake staple) 467砂轮机grinder468砂桥sand bridge469筛布screen cloth470上扣过紧overtonging471上扣猫头make out catchead 472上提，遇卡overpull473烧碱caustic soda474升船jacking475升降室jack house476升降系统jacking system477生产层套管production casing478生活水（淡水）portable water (fresh water)479绳套、接环eye splice480失水fluid loss481失水测定仪filtration test apparatus482事故troubles483试运转、试车test run484试纸test paper485收发报机transceiver486手动阀manual valve487手钳子pliers488手提式CO2灭火器CO2 hand-portable fire-extingusisher 489手提式干粉灭火器portable dry powder fire extinguisher 490手摇钻manual drill491甩钻杆lay down the drill pipe492双端螺栓stud493双母接头box-box connection494双头螺栓stud bolt495双闸板防喷器double ram type preventer 496水击water hammer497水龙带hose498水龙头swivel499水泥cement500水泥冲洗cement flush501水泥串槽cement channeling502水泥回堵plugging back503水泥浆cement slurry504水泥胶结cement bond505水泥面top of the cement506水泥塞cement plug507水泥伞cement basket508水泥头cementing head509水泥阻流环cement retainer510水平仪level511水位报警器liquid level alarm512水眼nozzle513水眼尺寸nozzle size514水眼效率nozzle efficiency515丝扣thread516丝扣油thread dope517司钻监视器driller's monitor518司钻控制台driller's console519死绳dead line520死绳固定器dead line anchor521死绳固定器膜片dead line diaphragm 522四通阀four-way valve523松开捞矛releasing spear524苏打soda525塑料plastics526塑性黏度plastic viscosity527缩径井眼tight hole528锁紧法兰lock bolt529锁紧螺栓liner530太平门fire escape531坍塌sloughing ,caving 532逃生呼吸器escape bresthing apparatus 533套管程序casing program534套管尺寸casing size535套管打捞矛casing spear536套管打捞筒casing bowl537套管大钳casing tong538套管吊卡casing elevator539套管隔刀casing cutter540套管接箍casing coupling541套管卡瓦casing slip542套管平台casing monkey board 543套管四通casing spool544套管头casing head545套管鞋casing shoe546套管悬挂器casing hanger547套筒扳手socket548梯形扣buttress549梯子laddre550提伸短节listing plug551天车crown block552天车防碰装置crown block protector 553天车防碰装置crown block saver 554天车梁crown block beam 555停工时间down time556通风设备rrentilation557通井wiper trip558通径drifting559通径规drift mandrel560拖航灯navigation lights561拖缆towing line562脱扣thread off563外部割刀external cutter564外卡钳external cutter565外岩心筒outer core barrel566弯管knee pipe567危险品danderous objects568尾管liner569尾水behind water570卫生水管线sanitary line571位置指示器position indicator572温度计thermometer573涡磁刹车eddy current brake 574无返出no return575无缝钢管seamless pipe576吸入阀suction valve577吸入管线suctionline578铣具milling tool579铣鞋millingshoe580下入工具running tool581下套管run casing582先行水ahead water583消防报警系统fire alarm system584消防服fireman's suit585消防斧fire hatchet586消防管线fire line587消防面罩fire mask588消防演习fire drill589消音器ato-muffler590销子pin591小鼠洞mouse hole592卸扣猫头magnetic fishing tool 593卸扣液缸hydraulic break-out cylinder 594卸载unload595信号、信号灯lantern596絮凝作用flocculation597旋塞阀plug valve598循环circulation599循环池active tank600压舱水ballast water601压差卡钻differential pressure sticking 602压井kill well603压井管线kill line604压力表pressure gauge605压力试验pressure test606压载preloading607压载水preload water608牙轮cone609牙轮打捞器cone fisher610牙轮卡死cone lock611牙嵌离合器jaw cluth612岩心烘箱core drying oven613岩心取样coring sample614岩心爪core catcher615岩心爪外套core catecher case616阳离子表面活性剂cationic surface active agent 617液动阀hydraulic valve618液动试压泵hydraulic (press)test pump 619液压泵hydraulic pump620液压大钳hydraulic tibg621液压绞车hydraulic-powered winch 622液压锚头hydraulic catwork623液压油箱hydraulic reserviur 624翼状扶正器wing stabilizer625应急牙嵌离合器emergency jaw clutch 626硬地层hard formation627油层压力oil reservoir pressure 628油尺oil-level dipstick629油封oil seal630油柜oil tank631油基泥浆oil-base mud632油漆刷paint brush633油位oil level634油位检查丝堵oil level check plug 635油压表oil pressure guage636油页岩oil shale637游动滑车traveling block638运转时间running time639晕船sea sick640造扣thread making641造斜器whip stock642增稠剂viscosifier643闸门阀gate valve644粘土泥浆clay base mud645障碍灯obstruction light646照明lighting647针形阀needle valve648振动筛shalc shaker649震击器jar650正规钻杆接头regular tool joint651直流电驱动direct current drive652直升机平台helicopter port653值班船stand-by boat654止回阀、回压凡尔check valve655指梁finger board656指示灯、标志灯marker lamp657指重表weight indicator658中间套管intermediate casing659中文名称English name660钟摆钻具组合pendulum bottom hole assembly 661重晶石barite662轴shaft663转盘rotary table664转盘大补心master bushing665转盘电机rotary table motor666转盘风机rotary table motor blower 667转盘高度table height668转盘扭矩table torque669转盘扭矩表rotary torque indicator670转盘转速fotary speed671转盘转速表rotary speed indicator672桩腿leg673装卸防喷器BOP handling674自动灌浆浮鞋fill-up float shoe675自动螺母扳手nut spinner676阻流管汇choke-line manifold677阻流管线choke line678钻杆drill pipe679钻杆防喷器drilling stem valve 680钻杆刮泥器drill pipe wiper681钻杆卡瓦drill pipe slip682钻刚内防喷器intermnal blowout preventer 683钻进承包商drilling contractor684钻进时间drilling hours685钻进突变drilling break686钻井报表drilling report687钻井成本drilling cost688钻井程序drilling preogram689钻井大绳drilling line(workline) 690钻井日报drilling daily report 691钻井水drilling water692钻井作业drilling operation693钻具组合drilling assembly694钻台rig floor695钻铤drill collar696钻铤卡瓦drill collar slip697钻头bit698钻头IADC编码bit IADC code699钻头成本bit cost700钻头齿bit teeth701钻头规bit gauge702钻头进尺bit footage703钻头类型bit type704钻头磨损bit wear705钻头时间bit time706钻头寿命bit lift707钻头位置bit position708钻头系列号bit series number709钻头直径bit diameter710钻头装卸器bit breaker711钻压weight on bit712钻柱drill string713最小速度maximum pressure 714左旋“J”型槽left-hand J-slot715作业者operator716作业指令working instruction 717坐卡瓦setting slip。

机械类外文文献及翻译(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)原文：GEAR AND SHAFT INTRODUCTIONAbstract:The important position of the wheel gear and shaft can't falter in traditional machine and modern machines.The wheel gear and shafts mainly install the direction that delivers the dint at the principal axis box. The passing to process to make them can is divided into many model numbers, using for many situations respectively. So we must be the multilayers to the understanding of the wheel gear and shaft in many ways .Key words: Wheel gear; ShaftIn the force analysis of spur gears, the forces are assumed to act in a single plane. We shall study gears in which the forces have three dimensions. The reason for this, in the case of helical gears, is that the teeth are not parallel to the axis of rotation. And in the case ofbevel gears, the rotational axes are not parallel to each other. There are also other reasons, as we shall learn.Helical gears are used to transmit motion between parallel shafts. The helix angle is the same on each gear, but one gear must have a right-hand helix and the other a left-hand helix. The shape of the tooth is an involute helicoid. If a piece of paper cut in the shape of a parallelogram is wrapped around a cylinder, the angular edge of the paper becomes a helix. If we unwind this paper, each point on the angular edge generates an involute curve. The surface obtained when every point on the edge generates an involute is called an involute helicoid.The initial contact of spur-gear teeth is a line extending all the way across the face of the tooth. The initial contact of helical gear teeth is a point, which changes into a line as the teeth come into more engagement. In spur gears the line of contact is parallel to the axis of the rotation; in helical gears, the line is diagonal across the face of the tooth. It is this gradual of the teeth and the smooth transfer of load from one tooth to another, which give helical gears the ability to transmit heavy loads at high speeds. Helical gears subject the shaft bearings to both radial and thrust loads. When the thrust loads become high or are objectionable for other reasons, it may be desirable to use double helical gears. A double helical gear (herringbone) is equivalent to two helical gears of opposite hand, mounted side by side on the same shaft. They develop opposite thrust reactions and thus cancel out the thrust load. When two or more single helical gears are mounted on the same shaft, the hand of the gears should be selected so as to produce the minimum thrust load.Crossed-helical, or spiral, gears are those in which the shaft centerlines are neither parallel nor intersecting. The teeth of crossed-helical fears have point contact with each other, which changes to line contact as the gears wear in. For this reason they will carry out very small loads and are mainly for instrumental applications, and are definitely not recommended for use in the transmission of power. There is on difference between a crossed heli : cal gear and a helical gear until they are mounted in mesh with each other. They are manufactured in the same way. A pair of meshed crossed helical gears usually have the same hand; that is ,a right-hand driver goes with a right-hand driven. In the design of crossed-helical gears, the minimum sliding velocity is obtained when the helix angle areequal. However, when the helix angle are not equal, the gear with the larger helix angle should be used as the driver if both gears have the same hand.Worm gears are similar to crossed helical gears. The pinion or worm has a small number of teeth, usually one to four, and since they completely wrap around the pitch cylinder they are called threads. Its mating gear is called a worm gear, which is not a true helical gear. A worm and worm gear are used to provide a high angular-velocity reduction between nonintersecting shafts which are usually at right angle. The worm gear is not a helical gear because its face is made concave to fit the curvature of the worm in order to provide line contact instead of point contact. However, a disadvantage of worm gearing is the high sliding velocities across the teeth, the same as with crossed helical gears.Worm gearing are either single or double enveloping. A single-enveloping gearing is onein which the gear wraps around or partially encloses the worm.. A gearing in which each element partially encloses the other is, of course, a double-enveloping worm gearing. The important difference between the two is that area contact exists between the teeth of double-enveloping gears while only line contact between those of single-enveloping gears. The worm and worm gear of a set have the same hand of helix as for crossed helical gears, but the helix angles are usually quite different. The helix angle on the worm is generally quite large, and that on the gear very small. Because of this, it is usual to specify the lead angle on the worm, which is the complement of the worm helix angle, and the helix angle on the gear; the two angles are equal for a 0-deg. Shaft angle.When gears are to be used to transmit motion between intersecting shaft, some of bevel gear is required. Although bevel gear are usually made for a shaft angle of 0 deg. They may be produced for almost any shaft angle. The teeth may be cast, milled, or generated. Only the generated teeth may be classed as accurate. In a typical bevel gear mounting, one of the gear is often mounted outboard of the bearing. This means that shaft deflection can be more pronounced and have a greater effect on the contact of teeth. Another difficulty, which occurs in predicting the stress in bevel-gear teeth, is the fact the teeth are tapered.Straight bevel gears are easy to design and simple to manufacture and give very good results in service if they are mounted accurately and positively. As in the case of squr gears, however, they become noisy at higher values of the pitch-line velocity. In these cases it is often go : od design practice to go to the spiral bevel gear, which is the bevel counterpart of thehelical gear. As in the case of helical gears, spiral bevel gears give a much smoother tooth action than straight bevel gears, and hence are useful where high speed are encountered.It is frequently desirable, as in the case of automotive differential applications, to have gearing similar to bevel gears but with the shaft offset. Such gears are called hypoid gears because their pitch surfaces are hyperboloids of revolution. The tooth action between such gears is a combination of rolling and sliding along a straight line and has much in common with that of worm gears.A shaft is a rotating or stationary member, usually of circular cross section, having mounted upon it such elementsas gears, pulleys, flywheels, cranks, sprockets, and other power-transmission elements. Shaft may be subjected to bending, tension, compression, or torsional loads, acting singly or in combination with one another. When they are combined, one may expect to find both static and fatigue strength to be important design considerations, since a single shaft may be subjected to static stresses, completely reversed, and repeated stresses, all acting at the same time.The word “shaft” covers numerous v ariations, such as axles and spindles. Anaxle is a shaft, wither stationary or rotating, nor subjected to torsion load. A shirt rotating shaft is often called a spindle.When either the lateral or the torsional deflection of a shaft must be held to close limits, the shaft must be sized on the basis of deflection before analyzing the stresses. The reason for this is that, if the shaft is made stiff enough so that the deflection is not too large, it is probable that the resulting stresses will be safe. But by no means should the designer assume that they are safe; it is almost always necessary to calculate them so that he knows they are within acceptable limits. Whenever possible, the power-transmission elements, such as gears or pullets, should be located close to the supporting bearings, This reduces the bending moment, and hence the deflection and bending stress.Although the von Mises-Hencky-Goodman method is difficult to use in design of shaft, it probably comes closest to predicting actual failure. Thus it is a good way of checking a shaft that has already been designed or of discovering why a particular shaft has failed in service. Furthermore, there are a considerable number of shaft-design problems in which the dimension are pretty well limited by other considerations, such as rigidity, and it is only necessary for the designer to discover something about the fillet sizes, heat-treatment,and surface finish and whether or not shot peening is necessary in order to achieve the required life and reliability.Because of the similarity of their functions, clutches and brakes are treated together. In a simplified dynamic representation of a friction clutch, or brake, two in : ertias I and I traveling at the respective angular velocities W and W, one of which may be zero in the case of brake, are to be brought to the same speed by engaging the clutch or brake. Slippage occurs because the two elements are running at different speeds and energy is dissipated during actuation, resulting in a temperature rise. In analyzing the performance of these devices we shall be interested in the actuating force, the torque transmitted, the energy loss and the temperature rise. The torque transmitted is related to the actuating force, the coefficient of friction, and the geometry of the clutch or brake. This is problem in static, which will have to be studied separately for eath geometric configuration. However, temperature rise is related to energy loss and can be studied without regard to the type of brake or clutch because the geometry of interest is the heat-dissipating surfaces. The various types of clutches and brakes may be classified as fllows:. Rim type with internally expanding shoes. Rim type with externally contracting shoes. Band type. Disk or axial type. Cone type. Miscellaneous typeThe analysis of all type of friction clutches and brakes use the same general procedure. The following step are necessary:. Assume or determine the distribution of pressure on the frictional surfaces.. Find a relation between the maximum pressure and the pressure at any point. Apply the condition of statical equilibrium to find (a) the actuating force, (b) the torque, and (c) the support reactions.Miscellaneous clutches include several types, such as the positive-contact clutches, overload-release clutches, overrunning clutches, magnetic fluid clutches, and others.A positive-contact clutch consists of a shift lever and two jaws. The greatest differences between the various types of positive clutches are concerned with the design of the jaws. To provide a longer period of time for shift action during engagement, the jaws may be ratchet-shaped, or gear-tooth-shaped. Sometimes a great many teeth or jaws are used, and they may be cut either circumferentially, so that they engage by cylindrical mating, or on the faces of the mating elements.Although positive clutches are not used to the extent of the frictional-contact type, they do have important applications where synchronous operation is required.Devices such as linear drives or motor-operated screw drivers must run to definite limit and then come to a stop. An overload-release type of clutch is required for these applications. These clutches are usually spring-loaded so as to release at a predetermined toque. The clicking sound which is heard when the overload point is reached is considered to be a desirable signal.An overrunning clutch or coupling permits the driven member of a machine to “freewheel” or “overrun” bec ause the driver is stopped or because another source of power increase the speed of the driven. This : type of clutch usually uses rollers or balls mounted between an outer sleeve and an inner member having flats machined around the periphery. Driving action is obtained by wedging the rollers between the sleeve and the flats. The clutch is therefore equivalent to a pawl and ratchet with an infinite number of teeth.Magnetic fluid clutch or brake is a relatively new development which has two parallel magnetic plates. Between these plates is a lubricated magnetic powder mixture. An electromagnetic coil is inserted somewhere in the magnetic circuit. By varying the excitation to this coil, the shearing strength of the magnetic fluid mixture may be accurately controlled. Thus any condition from a full slip to a frozen lockup may be obtained.齿轮和轴的介绍摘要:在传统机械和现代机械中齿轮和轴的重要地位是不可动摇的。

钻机英文翻译常用语Rig model- 钻机型号Max. hook load- 最大钩载Wireline syste 大绳Dia. оf drilling wireline 大绳直径Drawworks rated input power 绞车额定功率Shift of drawworks 绞车档位Hoisting speed of drawworks 大钩起升速度Opening dia. оf rotary table 转盘直径Drilling pump rated power/ quantity 泥浆泵额定功率和数量Mast type 井架形式Mast available height 井架有效高度Stand capacity (5" drill pipe) 立根容量（5寸钻杆）Drill flooor area (Length х Width)钻台面积（长*宽）Clear height under rotary beam 从地面到转盘梁的净空高Air tank capacity 储气罐体积Main generator set rated pow er х quantity柴油机发电机功率和数量Auxiliary Generator Set 辅助发电机组Drilling fluid manifold bore size/rated pressure 泥浆管汇直径、额定压力Total capacity of mud tank 泥浆罐总容积Drawworks motor power/quantity 绞车电机功率和数量Rotary table motor power/quantity 转盘电机功率和数量Mud pump motor power/quantity 泥浆泵电机功率和数量Automatic driller motor and quantity 自动送钻电机功率和数量Mast 井架Mast effective height 工作高度Stands capacity on racking board (5” drill pipe 28m stand)二层台容量（5寸钻杆，28米钻柱）Assembling height of racking board 二层台高度Mast accessory 二层台配件Casing stabling board 套管扶正台Substructure type 底座型号Max. static hook load 转盘梁最大扭矩Max.static setback load 立根盒额定载荷The total load of stand and max.static hook load 立根盒容量Drill floor height 钻台标准高度Drill floor area 钻台面积Clear height from the bottom of rotary beam to ground 从转盘梁底面到地面的净空高Setback capacity (5" drill pipe) 钻杆容积（5寸钻杆）Substructure accessory 底座附件Raising rope 起升大绳Cat walk and pipe rack 猫道和钻杆架BOP trolley 防喷器移动装置Drawworks 绞车Rated input power 额定输入功率Max. fast line pull 钢丝绳最大拉力Wireline diameter 钢丝绳直径Shift：4+4RVF，Stepless speed regulation 绞车档位：4正4负，无级变速Drum 滚筒Drawworks body 绞车主体Main hydraulic disc brake 液压盘式主刹车Electro-magnetic eddy auxiliary braking system 电磁涡流辅助刹车系统Circulating water-colling system 循环水冷系统Drawworks driving DC motor 绞车传动电机Automatic Driller motor 自动送钻电机Automatic Driller Unit 自动送钻装置Crown block 天车Max.static load 最大静态钩载Qty. of sheave 滑轮数量OD of main sheave 滑轮外径Traveling block 游车Max.static load 最大静态载荷Qty. of sheave 滑轮数量Hook 大钩Max dead load 最大静态载荷Dead line anchor 死绳固定器Drilling wireline Accord with API 9A Spec 钻井钢丝绳，符合API Spec 9A标准Wireline spooler 倒绳机RT system 旋转系统Rotary 转盘Max static load 最大静态载荷Вore diameter传动直径Мax rev最大回转速度Gear ration 传动比Мeasu rement 外部尺寸Transmission box of rotary table（including gearbox，universal shaft，ect）转盘传动箱（含减速箱、万向轴等）DC motor 直流电机额定功率RT bushing 转盘补芯Master bushing 主补芯5 1/4” roller bushing, squre driving滚子方补芯5 1/4”,四销驱动3 1/2”roller bushing, squre driving滚子方补芯3 1/2 ”, 四销驱动。

Northcott,W.H.A treatise on lathes and turning: simple, mechanical, and ornament-al[M].London:Longmans,Green,2010:104-112.Drilling and boring(Excerpts)Flat articles are most conveniently driven by the face-plate,and long articles by the screwed chuck.The manner of attaching work to the former depends altogether upon the shape of the article,and no description will give an idea of all the methods employed.The operator will very frequently have to devise means for attaching his work,but this is not at all difficult.Any means may be employed that will not twist or strain the article,or in revolvingcome in the way of the lathe-bed or tools.A set of bolts of various lengths and with T-heads will be veryuseful,and a set of four of the clamps at Fig.129 are exceedinglyconvenient.In using these,the work is held against the face-plate andthe bolts of the clamps are put into its most convenient slots.Thesmall screw is adjusted so as to raise the end of each clamp,rathermore than the thickness of the work off the face-plate,the large bolt being then tightened in all the four clamps,the work is pinched at four places between the face-plate and the ends of the clamps.It is generally necessary to bore holes as nearly as possible concentric with the rest of the work;for instance,when the article is a spur wheel or a pulley,it is necessary that the hole should be made concentric or true with the teeth of the wheel,or the face of the pulley;so that when the hole is made on driving the article,on a mandril the rim will run true,and will not require much to be turned off it,or more from one side than from another.When certain parts of articles have to remain unturned,it is a good plan to chuck the work true with those portions,without regarding those parts which have to be turned;so that ,when these points are rendered true by turning the whole article is nearly concentric.As the surface of the plate is quite true,it is evident that the surface of the article,or those points of the surface which are against the face-plate,will run true when the hole is bored and the work put on to the mandril.But there is no such guarantee that any part of the edge of the article will be true;it is therefore necessary,before tightening the bolts finally,to set the edge or rim true,in the same manner as when centering a piece of iron.That is,a piece of chalk is held against the work in motion,and,as those parts showing the chalk are the farthest from the centre,a tap with a hammer or mallet is given the article at those points,to drive them nearerthe centre of the lathe.This is repeated until the chalk touches either all round,or at opposite points,when the clamp bolts may be tightened and the boring commenced.When articles have to be true with their inside edges,it is evident that this operation must be reversed.Wherever the chalk shows,those points must be hammered away from the centre.It is a difficult matter for one pair of hands to hold work against the face-plate whilst putting in the bolts for fastening it on in place.Workmen are in the habit of keeping it temporarily in place by forcing it against the face-plate by the boring bit or drill and the centre of the moving headstock.This practice cannot altogether be recommended,as,besides a direct tendency to damage the points of the drill and of the centre,it is a very frequent occurrence for the whole—the work and drill to—come down with a run on to the lathe-bed or to the ground;and this leads to serious damage to all things concerned,as the workman will readily admit if his toes happen to be between the work and the ground.Other more careful workmen—if the work have a rough hole through it already—fasten the work temporarily to the face-plate by means of a bolt,screwing into the centre hole of the lathe-spindle,and a piece of straight iron with a hole through it,for a cross piece to span the hole.This practice is certainly all that can be desired,so far as both safety and convenience go;but it has one objection—the screwing and unscrewing of this bolt are apt to damage or wear the centre hole,and cause the centre to fit slackly.Probably the best plan,when chucking heavy work,is,either to put a block of woo-d of the right height under the work,or to remove the face-plate from the lathe,and lay it horizontal,with its face upwards,when the work may be fastened to it with ease and convenience.When the work is properly chucked,it is set in motion,and the place where the hole is to be commenced should be trued up.The boring-rest is then put in place,just in front of the work;care being taken not to put it near enough for the bolts in revolving to strike against it.There are two holes in this boring-rest;one—the large one—is for the boring bits,the small one is for the drills.One of these holes is placed just opposite the centre of the work,and the proper drill or bit is put through it;the other end of the bits is furnished with a centre mark,into which the centre of the moving headstock must be placed,and the cutting edge of the drill forced into the revolving work,by moving the hand-wheel and forcing out the screw.The rectangular hole in the boring-rest only prevents the bit from revolving;besides this,it has to be kept steady,especially at the commencement of the hole.If the hole be a small one,the boring-wrench is put on over the drill,and the other end of the lever forced down bythe workman's left hand.When the hole is a large one,the pressure thus obtained is not enough;but a larger lever of the same sort is then used,and a good heavy weight hung on to its end,and kept there whilst the bit is cutting its way through the hole.If the article be of wrought iron or steel,the cutting edge of the bit must be kept moist with soapsuds or soda-water;but with brass and cast-iron this is not required.In cutting large holes out of the solid,all the material cannot be removed by one instrument.A small drill must first be sent through,to be followed by a series of others,each taking an increasing cut,until the required size of the hole is nearly obtained,when the last bit should be carefully sent through;but it must not be made to take so heavy a cut as the bits preceding it.In taking a series of heavy cuts at the hole,the metal composing the—article especially if cast-iron or brass—will be rendered rather hot by the friction;it is,therefore,a good plan to allow the article to cool before passing through the finishing or last bit.If this be not done,and the hole is finished whilst the surrounding metal is hot,it will be found that when the metal has cooled,the finishing bit is unable to enter again owing to the contraction of the metal.It may,however,happen that the spindle to work into the hole has been made rather under the standard size.In this case it will be advisable to take advantage of this expansion and contraction of the metal,and make it subservient to our purpose,by boring the last cut but one with a dull bit,and taking a heavy cut.The metal will then be made very hot and the hole will expand;so that if the finishing bit be then quickly passed through the result will be that when the metal cools the hole will again contract,and form a closer fit with the spindle previously turned too small.These little facts are small in themselves;;but,by bearing them in mind,they may frequently be turned to useful account.It is scarcely necessary to observe that,in all cases,care must be taken not to exceed a certain heat,or to allow the work to get hot enough to lower the temper of the tool.Long cylindrical or other shaped articles,through which a holeis required,cannot be conveniently attached to the face-plate;andtherefore,for these articles,the screwed or bell-chuck, Fig.121,isused.The chuck being put on the lathe-spindle,the article isinserted between the screws,which are then screwed down to encompass and tightly hold it.The beginner will,probably,have some little difficulty in adjusting these screws so as to hold the work true;but the matter is much simplified by trueing the inside set of screws first,and afterwards adjusting the outside ones.These screws should be set down tight enough to prevent the article slipping or moving about;but if when the hole is made the material will be thin,care should be taken not to set the screws down tighter than necessary,as otherwise the metal will be compressed,and the hole rendered out of shape in their neighbourhood.When the articles to be drilled are too long for this chuck alone,the ends are turned up true for an inch or two;and one end is then chucked true,and held between the outside set only of the screws of the chuck,whilst the other end is supported by being run in the die-stay.This is fastened to the lathe-bed,at the proper place,and a wooden or metal bearing,having a hole the same size as the end of the work,is put into the V's,and adjusted so as to bring the centre of the work in the line of lathe-centres.The lathe isthen set in motion,and the hole drilled in the usual manner.For these long articles the best tool I know of is the D-bit,shown at Fig.124.Thistool is not half so much used as it ought to be,and,when used it is in conjunction with several other drills,and in such a roundabout manner that very few have patience touse it at all.These other drills are,however quite unnecessary after the D-bit is once started.The best manner of proceeding is as follows:First,place the boring-rest in position,and with an ordinary drill,of the same size as the D-bit,drill out a recess about1/8 or 1/4 of an inch in depth;remove the boring-rest,place the centre mark at the endof the D-bit,against the centre of the headstock,and screw up carefully until the drill isin-to cut;the hole may then be bored through with ease and the certainty of its being true.The drill must be kept well lubricated with soda-water and oil,and occasionally removed,and the hole cleared of shavings.If the hole be more than a foot long,it will be better to drill it half from each end;and,if great truth be required,two of these drills should be used as in the other cases,As in long holes it is rather difficult to keep drills well moistened,the workman will find it a good plan to have a small syringe,and inject or squirt the lubricant into the hole with force;by so doing,not only will the drill be kept wet,but the shavings will,in a great measure,be washed out and the hole cleared.On comparing the D form of drill with others,it will be found that the cutting edge is only equal to half the diameter of the hole;at the same time the drill stem is strong and well able to stand torsional strain,to which drills are mostly subject.In the ordinary drill,the cutting edge is equal to about one and a half diameters of the hole,whilst the stem is not nearly so well calculated to bear the strain.It therefore appears reasonable to conclude that the D-bit is better adapted than the others to cut a long hole out of the solid,or indeed to cut a long hole out at all;and this is found to be the case.I have had considerable practice with this drill,and have so much confidence in its powers that I would undertake,with it alone,to drill a one-inch hole through a shaft thirty orforty feet long.Holes required to be very smooth and straight,or require to be very slightly enlarged,are ground on a lead or copper lap,Fig.128.Also in the of articles which have been hardened or case hardened,the action of the fire is sure to have had a effect uponthe hole.In some cases the hole is bent;in others,the surface is rather blistered;in all cases it is rendered somewhat rough.All imperfections are removed by grinding the holeon a lap.The method of using these laps is very simple:they are put between the lathe-centres,and driven by a lathe-carrier in the ordinary way.The laps'surface is covered with a coat of fine emery powder and oil;the former may be caused to stick tothe lead by being slightly forced into it by a few taps with a hammer.The hole is then put on the lap,which is set in rapid rotation,and the article moved up and down;and,being prevented from moving around with the lap,the inside of the hole is ground by the adhering emery.The emery and oil must be continually replenished,and the surface of the lap kept moist with it,as,if allowed to get dry,the two surfaces will bind or cling to each other,and abrasion will result.If the article be heavy,precaution should be taken of turning it over,so as to grind every portion of the hole alike;otherwise the weight of the article,pressing all on one side of the hole,will cause it to be ground more on that side than the others,and the hole will be rendered non-circular.Care must also be taken to keep the middle of the lap well supplied with emery,and not to grind one end or the two ends of the hole larger than the middle.This,however,is a very common occurrence,and requires some little address to get over.Where practicable,it is also advisable to reverse the direction the lathe occasionally,as sometimes,in lapping out a hole,the hole will draw itself onwards,and the workman's whole force will be insufficient to prevent its tightening itself on and binding.In this case,the best way is to either let the work go around with the lap,and to immediately stop the lathe and drive the work back with a mallet before it gets cool and contracts firmly on to the lap;or to reverse the direction of the lathe,when the hole will generally run back of its own accord,unless it is gone on too far and become tight.It is sometimes a very difficult matter to get work off a lap when the grinding surfaces have allowed to get dry and to abrade themselves.威廉·亨利·诺斯考特.论车床和车削：简单，机械，装饰[M].伦敦：朗文公司，2010:104-112.钻和镗（摘录）平的制品最方便的驱动是通过面板，长的制品用螺纹卡盘。

毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译系部：专业：姓名：学号：外文出处：English For Electromechanical(用外文写)Engineering附件：1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。

附件1：外文资料翻译译文机床机床是用于切削金属的机器。

工业上使用的机床要数车床、钻床和铣床最为重要。

其它类型的金属切削机床在金属切削加工方面不及这三种机床应用广泛。

车床通常被称为所有类型机床的始祖。

为了进行车削，当工件旋转经过刀具时，车床用一把单刃刀具切除金属。

用车削可以加工各种圆柱型的工件，如：轴、齿轮坯、皮带轮和丝杠轴。

镗削加工可以用来扩大和精加工定位精度很高的孔。

钻削是由旋转的钻头完成的。

大多数金属的钻削由麻花钻来完成。

用来进行钻削加工的机床称为钻床。

铰孔和攻螺纹也归类为钻削过程。

铰孔是从已经钻好的孔上再切除少量的金属。

攻螺纹是在内孔上加工出螺纹，以使螺钉或螺栓旋进孔内。

铣削由旋转的、多切削刃的铣刀来完成。

铣刀有多种类型和尺寸。

有些铣刀只有两个切削刃，而有些则有多达三十或更多的切削刃。

铣刀根据使用的刀具不同能加工平面、斜面、沟槽、齿轮轮齿和其它外形轮廓。

牛头刨床和龙门刨床用单刃刀具来加工平面。

用牛头刨床进行加工时，刀具在机床上往复运动，而工件朝向刀具自动进给。

在用龙门刨床进行加工时，工件安装在工作台上，工作台往复经过刀具而切除金属。

工作台每完成一个行程刀具自动向工件进给一个小的进给量。

磨削利用磨粒来完成切削工作。

根据加工要求，磨削可分为精密磨削和非精密磨削。

精密磨削用于公差小和非常光洁的表面，非精密磨削用于在精度要求不高的地方切除多余的金属。

车床车床是用来从圆形工件表面切除金属的机床，工件安装在车床的两个顶尖之间，并绕顶尖轴线旋转。

车削工件时，车刀沿着工件的旋转轴线平行移动或与工件的旋转轴线成一斜角移动，将工件表面的金属切除。

车刀的这种位移称为进给。

车刀装夹在刀架上，刀架则固定在溜板上。

溜板是使刀具沿所需方向进行进给的机构。

机床工具——机械类外文文献翻译、中英文翻译本文旨在对机床工具的相关外文文献进行翻译，并提供中英文对照。

以下是翻译内容：1. 文献标题：Machine Tools in the Manufacturing Industry机床工具在制造业中的应用2. 文献摘要：摘要内容省略3. 引言：引言内容省略4. 机床工具的定义和分类4.1 定义机床工具是指用于加工金属、塑料等材料的机械设备。

它们可以通过切削、打孔、钻孔等方式来改变工件的形状和尺寸。

机床工具在制造业中扮演着重要的角色，是生产加工的关键设备之一。

4.2 分类机床工具根据加工方式和功能可以分为多种类型，包括但不限于：- 钻床：用于钻孔和打孔的机床工具。

- 铣床：用于平面和曲面的加工，常用于零件的修整和切割。

- 车床：用于旋转对称零件的加工，可进行螺纹加工。

- 磨床：用于零件的磨削，获得更高的平滑度和精度。

- 刨床：用于平面的加工，可进行切削和修整。

- 冲床：用于冲压工艺，可用于冲孔和冲剪。

5. 机床工具的应用和发展趋势5.1 应用机床工具广泛应用于制造业的各个领域，包括汽车制造、航空航天、电子设备、家电等。

它们在产品加工、零部件制造和整体生产中起着关键作用。

5.2 发展趋势随着科技的不断进步，机床工具也在不断发展和创新。

以下是一些机床工具的发展趋势：- 数控机床：采用数字控制技术，提高加工效率和精度。

- 智能机床：结合人工智能和自动化技术，实现智能化生产和优化生产流程。

- 柔性机床：具有多功能和快速转换能力，适应不同产品和加工需求。

- 环保机床：注重节能和环境友好，减少废料和排放。

- 精密机床：追求更高的精度和平滑度，满足特殊加工要求。

6. 结论：结论内容省略以上是对机床工具的相关外文文献进行的翻译，提供了中英文对照。

机床工具在制造业中具有重要作用，并且随着科技的发展，机床工具的应用和发展也呈现出新的趋势和特点。

钻井平台主要设备英语词汇翻译钻井平台主要设备一. 钻井设备 (Drilling Equipment):Drawworks 钻井绞车Rotary Table 转盘Bushing 补心Top Drive System (TDS) 顶驱Swivel 水龙头Crown Block 天车Traveling Block 游车Hook 大钩Derrick 井架Pipe Spinning Wrench 钻杆气动扳手Ezy-Torq 液压猫头Elmagco Brake 涡磁刹车Pipe handling Equipment 钻杆移动设备Iron roughneck 铁钻工Pipe Racking System 钻杆排放系统Drill String 钻柱Drilling Sub 钻井短节Fishing Tool 打捞工具Power Tong 动力大钳Air Winch (air tugger) 气动绞车Crown-O-Matic (Crown Saver) 防碰天车二. 泥浆系统 (Mud System)Mud Pump 泥浆泵Shale shaker 振动筛Mud Cleaner 泥浆清洁器Desilter 除泥器Desander 除砂器Degasser 除气器Centrifuge 离心机Mud Agitator 泥浆搅拌器Mud Mixing System 泥浆混合系统Centrifugal Pump 离心泵Standpipe Manifold 立管管汇Rotary Hose 水龙带Bulk Air System and Tank 吹灰系统和灰罐三. 井控设备 (Well Control Equipment):Ram Type Preventor 闸板防喷器Annular Type Preventor 万能防喷器BOP Stack 防喷器组Gate Valve 闸阀Choke and Kill Manifold 阻流压井管汇Remotely Operated Panel 远程控制面板Choke Control Panel 阻流控制面板BOP Handling Equipment 防喷器搬运设备Diverter 转喷器四. 海事系统 (Marine System)Ballast System 压载系统Bilge System 污水系统Vent 通风口, 通气口Air Supply Fan 供气扇Mooring System 锚泊系统Communication Equipment 通讯系统Jacking System 升降系统Skidding System 井架滑移系统Windlass 锚机Anchor 锚Pendant 短索Buoy 浮标Lifting and Handling Equipment 起吊和搬运设备五. 机房 (Engine Room)Diesel Engine 柴油机Emergency Generator 应急发电机Water Maker (desalinization unit) 造淡机Air Compressor 空气压缩机Boiler 锅炉Air-conditioning System 空调系统Sea Water Service Pump 海水供给系统Piping System 管汇系统Generator 发电机Transformer 变压器DC Motor 直流马达AC Motor 交流马达六. 安全设备 (Safety Equipment)Fire Control System 消防控制系统Fire Detection System 火情探测系统CO2 System 二氧化碳系统Fixed Fire Extinguishing System 固定消防系统Portable Extinguisher 移动灭火器Fire-Fight Equipment 消防设备Foam System 泡沫系统Lifeboat 救生艇(Inflatable) Life Raft (气涨式)救生筏Davit 吊艇架Escape Routes 逃生路线Breathing Apparatus 呼吸器Life Buoy 救生圈Gas Detection System 气体探测系统Helicopter Facility 直升机设施Sick-Bay (Hospital) 医务室Pollution Control 防污控制七. 其他 ( Others)Cementing Unit 固井装置Well Testing Equipment 试油设备Mud Logging Unit 泥浆录井房Wire Logging Unit 电测装置ROV 潜水器Meter 米Foot 英尺Inch 英寸Supply Boat (supply vessel) 供应船Standby boat 值班船Day (night) Shift 白(夜)班Crew Change 倒班Crew 船员, 队员, 井队Position 岗位Draft (draught) 吃水Air Gap 空气间隙, 气隙Penetration (桩腿插桩)入泥Evacuation 撤离Rig (Drilling rig) 钻机, 钻井船。

中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)原文：Drilling and Milling MachinesUpright drilling machines or drill presses are available in a variety of sizes and types, and are equipped with a sufficient range of apindle speeds and automatic feeds to fit the neds of most industries. Speed ranges on a typical machine are from 76 to 2025 rpm., with drill feed from 0.002 to 0.020 in.per revolution of the spindle.Radial drilling machines are used to drill workpieces that are too largeor cumbersome to conveniently move. The spindle with the speed and feed changing mechanism is mounted on the radial arm; by combining the movement of the radial arm around column and the movement of the spindle assembly along the arm, it is possible to align the spindle and the drill to any position within reach of the machine. For work that is too large to conveniently support on the base, the spindle assembly can be swung out over the floor and the workpiece set on the beside the machine.Plain radial drilling machines provide only for vertical movement of the spindle; universal machines allow the spindle to swivel about an axis normal to the radial arm and the radial arm to rotate about a horizontal axis, thus permitting drilling at any angle.A multispindle drilling machine has one or more heads that drive the spindles through universal joints and telescoping splined shafts. All spindles are usually driven by the same motor and fed simultaneously to drill the desired number of holes. In most machines each spindle is held in an adjustable plate so that it can be moved relative to the others. The area covered by adjacent spindles overlap so that the machine can be set to drill holes at any location within its range.The milling operation involves metal removal with a rotating cutter. It includes removal of metal from the surface of a workspiece, enlarging holes, and form cutting, such as threads and gear teeth.Within an knee and column type of milling machine the column is themain supporting member for the other components, and includes the base containing the drive motor, the spindle, and the cutters. The cutter is mounted on an arbor held in the spindle, and supported on its outer extremity by a bearing in the overarm. The knee is held on the column in dovetail slots, the saddle is fastened to the knee in dovetail slots, and the table is attached to the saddle. Thus, the build-up the knee and column machine provides three motions relative to the cutter. A four motion may be provided by swiveling the table around a vertical axis provided on the saddle.Fixed-bed milling machines are designed to provide more rigidity than the knee and column type. The table is mounted directly on the machine base, which provides the rigidity necessary for absorbing heavy cutting load, and allows only longitudinal motion to the table. Vertical motion is obtained by moving the entire cutting head.Tracer milling is characterized by coordinated or synchronized movements of either the paths of the cutter and tracing elements, or the paths of the workpiece and model. In a typical tracer mill the tracing finger follow the shape of the master pattern, and the cutter heads duplicate the tracer motion.The following are general design considerations for milling:1. Wherever possible, the part should be designed so that a maximum number of surfaces can be milled from one setting.2. Design for the use of multiple cutters to mill several surfaces simultaneously.3. The largest flat surface will be milled first, so that all dimensions are best referred to such surface.4. Square inside corners are not possible, since the cutter rotates.Grinding Machines and Special Metal-removal ProcessRandom point-cutting tools include abrasives in the shape of a wheel, bonded to a belt, a stick, or simply suspended in liquid. The grinding process is of extreme importance in production work for several reasons.1.It is most common method for cutting hardened tool steel or other heat-treated steel. Parts are first machined in the un-heat-treated condition, and then ground to the desired dimensions and surface finish.2.It can provide surface finish to 0.5µm without extreme cost.3.The grinding operation can assure accurate dimensions in a relatively short time, since machines are built to provide motions in increments of ten-thousandths of an inch, instead of thousandths as is common in other machines.4.Extremely small and thin parts can be finished by this method, since light pressure is used and the tendency for the part to deflect away from the cutter is minimized.On a cylindrical grinding machine the grinding wheel rotates between 5500 and 6500 rpm., while the work rotates between 60 and 125 rpm... The depth of cut is controlled by moving the wheel head, which includes both the wheel and its drive motor. Coolants are provided to reduce heat distortion and to remove chips and abrasive dust.Material removal from ductile materials can be accomplished by using a tool which is harder than the workpiece. However during Word War Ⅱ the widespread use of materials which were as hard or harder than cutting tools created a demand for new material-removal methods. Since then a number of processes have been developed which, although relatively slow and costly, can effectively remove excess material in a precise and repeatable fashion. There are two types of processes. The first type is based on electrical phenomena and is used primarily for hard materials; the second depends upon chemical dissolution.Chemical milling is controlled etching process using strong alkaline or acid etchants. Aluminum, titanium, magnesium, and steel are the principal metals processed by this method. The area to remain untouched by the etchant are masked with a protective coating. For example, the entire part may be dipped in the masking material and the mask removed from those areas to be etched, or a chemically resistant prescribed time, after which the part is rinsed in cold water, the masking removed, the part inspected, and thoroughly cleaned.There are certain disadvantages to consider. Metal will erode equally in all directions, so that walls of the etched section will have a radius equal to the depth of etch. A second disadvantage is that a better finish is obtained on surfaces parallel to the direction of rolling of a sheet than on surface perpendicular to the direction of rolling. This can be compared to the surface obtained when working wood parallel to, or across the grain.A third disadvantage, not unique with this process, is the warpage that will occur in thin, previously stressed sections etched on just one side.Chemical milling, however, has many advantages over conventional metal-removal methods. There is no warpage of heavy sections such as forgings or extrusions when the etchant is applied simultaneously to all sides for reduction of section thickness. In conventional milling only one side can be worked at a time, and frequent turning of a part is necessary to prevent warpage. Chemical milling can be applied to parts of irregular shape where conventional milling may be very difficult. Light-weight construction can be obtained with chemical milling by the elimination of welding, riveting, and stiffeners; parts can be contoured to distribute the load in the most suitable manner. As an example of the potential savings of this process, as compared to machine milling, one company reports that the cost of removing aluminum by chem.-milling is $0.27 per pound as compared to $1.00 per pound by conventional milling. The rate of metal removal for chem.-milling is 0.001in. for aluminum.Electric-discharge machining is a process in which an electrical potential is impressed between the workpiece and the tool, and the current, emanating from a point source on the workpoiece, flows to the tool in the form of a spark. The forces that accomplish the metal removal are within the workpiece proper and, as a result, it is not necessary to construct the unit to withstand the heavy pressures and loads prevalent with conventional machining methods.The frequency of the electrical discharge ranges from 20,00 cps (cycles per second) for rough machining, to 50,000 cps for finishing such items as hardened tools and dies. The current may vary from 50 amp, during rough machining, to as low as 0.5 amp, during finishing. The process is currently applied to the machining of single-point tools, form tools, milling cutters, broaches, and die cavities. It is also applicable to the removal of broken drills, taps, and studs without damaging the workpiece in which the broken tool is imbedded. Other uses are the machining of oil holes in a hardened part, and the machining of small safety-wire holes in the heads of special alloy bolts, such as titanium.The ultrasonic machining process is applied to both conducting and non-conducting material, and relies entirely upon abrasive action for metal removal. The workpiece is submerged in slurry of finely fivided abrasive particles in a vehicle such as water. The tool is coupled to an oscillator and vibrates at frequencies between 15,000 and 30,000 cps. Thevibrating tool cavitates the liquid, and the force drives the abrasive into the surface of the workpiece to remove metal chips which are carried away by the liquid. The acceleration given the abrasive grains is as much as 100,000 times the acceleration of gravity, providing a smooth and rapid cutting force.Introduction of MachiningMachining as a shape-producing method is the most universally used and the most important of all manufacturing processes. Machining is a shape-producing process in which a power-driven device causes material to be removed in chip form. Most machining is done with equipment that supports both the work piece and cutting tool although in some cases portable equipment is used with unsupported workpiece.Low setup cost for small quantities. Machining has tow applications in manufacturing. For casting, forging, and pressworking, each specific shape to be p5roduced, even one part, nearly always has a high tooling cost. The shapes that may be produced, even one part, nearly always has a high tooling cost. The shapes that may be produced by welding depend to a large degree on the shapes of raw material that are available. By making use of generally high cost equipment but without special tooling, it is possible, bu machining, to start with nearly any form of any material, so long as the exterior dimensions are great enough, and produce any desiredshape from any material. Therefore, machining is usually the preferred method for producing one or a few parts, even when the design of the part would logically lead to casting, forging or pressworking if a high quantity were to be produced.Close accuracies, good finishes. The second application for machining is based on the high accuracies and surface finishes possible. Many of the parts machined in low quantities would be produced with lower but acceptable tolerances if produced in high quantities by some other process. On the other hand, many pars are given shapes by some high quantity deformation process and machined only on selected surfaces where high accuracies are needed. Internal threads, for example, are seldom produced by any means other than machining and small holes in pressworked parts may be machined following the pressworking operations.钻床和铣削直式钻床或钻孔式印刷机可用于各种尺寸和种类，它能安装轴速度的足够范围和自动运转以适应大多工业的要求。