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Rabies virus infection An update

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JournalofNeuroVirology,9:253–258,2003c󰀁2003Taylor&FrancisISSN1355-0284/03$12.00+.00DOI:

10.1080/13550280390193975

Rabiesvirusinfection:Anupdate

AlanCJackson

DepartmentsofMedicineandMicrobiologyandImmunology,Queen’sUniversity,Kingston,Ontario,Canada

Therearestillmanyunansweredquestionsinthepathogenesisofrabies,butrecentprogresshasbeenmade.Duringmostofthelongincubationperiodofrabies,theviruslikelyremainsclosethesiteofviralentry.Centripetalspreadtothecentralnervoussystemandspreadwithinthecentralnervoussystemoccurbyfastaxonaltransport.Neuronaldysfunction,ratherthanneuronaldeath,isresponsiblefortheclinicalfeaturesandfataloutcomeinnaturalrabies.Recentworkhaschangedourperspectiveontheecologyofrabiesvirusunderparticularcircumstancesincertainspecies.Hopefully,advancesinourunderstandingofrabiespathogenesiswillleadtoadvancesinthetreatmentofthisdreadeddisease.JournalofNeuroVirology(2003)9,253–258.

Keywords:apoptosis;axonaltransport;CNSinfection;encephalitis;geneexpression;neuralapoptosis;neuronalapoptosis;neuronaldysfunction;neu-ronotropism;neuropathogenesis;neurotransmitters;neurotropism;neuroviru-lence;pathogenesis;rabies;rabiesvirus;rhabdovirus;viralpathogenesis;viralreceptor;virulence;virus

Introduction

Rabiesisnormallyarapidlyfatalneurologicaldis-

easeandtodatetherapeuticeffortsinhumanshave

provedfutileexceptinrarecasesinwhichrabiesvac-

cinewasadministeredpriortotheonsetofclinical

disease(Jackson,2002a;Jacksonetal,2003).Abetter

understandingofrabiespathogenesismaybehelpful

inmakingfutureadvancesintherapy.Inthisreview,

selectedtopicsinthepathogenesisofrabies,includ-

ingtheeventsatthesiteofviralentry,transportof

rabiesvirustothecentralnervoussystem(CNS),neu-

ronaldysfunctionanddeath,andnonfataloutcomeof

infectionwillbediscussed.Acomprehensivereview

onrabiespathogenesishasrecentlybeenpublished

(Jackson,2002b).

Eventsatthesiteofviralentry

Thereisalongandvariableincubationperiodinhu-

manandanimalrabies,usuallylasting20to90days,

butsometimesitlastslongerthan1year(Smithetal,

AddresscorrespondencetoDr.AlanC.Jackson,KingstonGen-eralHospital,Connell725,76StuartStreet,Kingston,Ontario,CanadaK7L2V7.E-mail:jacksona@post.queensu.caReceived19August2002;revised8October2002;accepted9October2002.1991).Althoughthereisuncertaintyaboutthepre-

ciseeventsduringthisincubationperiod,adelay

inthemovementofrabiesviruslikelyoccursatthe

siteofviralentryorinoculation.Thebestexperimen-

talanimalstudiestodate,examiningtheeventsthat

takeplaceduringtheincubationperiod,wereper-

formedinstripedskunksusingaCanadianisolate

ofstreetrabiesvirusobtainedfromskunksalivary

glands(Charltonetal,1997).Studiesperformedus-

ingreversetranscriptase–polymerasechainreaction

(RT-PCR)amplificationshowedthatviralgenomic

RNAwasfrequentlypresentintheinoculatedmus-

cle(foundinfourofnineskunks),butnotinei-

therspinalgangliaorthespinalcord,whenskunks

weresacrificed62to64dayspostinoculation.Im-

munohistochemicalstudiesperformedpriortothe

developmentofclinicaldiseaseshowedevidenceof

infectionofextrafusalmusclefibersandoccasional

fibrocytesatthesiteofinoculation.Althoughitis

unclear,theinfectionofmusclefibersmaybeacrit-

icalpathogeneticstepforthevirustogainaccessto

theperipheralnervoussystem.Rabiesvirusbindsto

nicotinicacetylcholinereceptorsattheneuromuscu-

larjunction(Lentzetal,1982),andrecentstudies

usingnerve-musclecoculturesindicatethattheneu-

romuscularjunctionisthemajorsiteofentryinto

neurons(Lewisetal,2000).Twoadditionalputative

rabiesvirusreceptorshaverecentlybeenreported:

theneuralcelladhesionmolecule(Thoulouzeetal,Rabiesvirusinfection254ACJackson

1998)andthep75neurotrophicreceptor(Tuffereau

etal,1998).Theneuralcelladhesionmoleculeisex-

pressedinthreemajorisoformsandexpressionoc-

cursinadultmuscleandattheneuromuscularjunc-

tion(Moscosoetal,1998;Polo-Paradaetal,2001).

Studiesinrodentmodelswithfixedrabiesvirus

strainsindicatethatrabiesvirusiscapableofdirect

entryintoperipheralnerveswithoutareplicativecy-

cleinextraneuralcells,whichisassociatedwitha

shortincubationperiod(Shankaretal,1991;Jackson,

2002b).Thismechanismofviralentrymayrarelyoc-

curundernaturalconditions,suchasaftermultiple

bitestotheheadandneck,associatedwithveryshort

incubationperiods.Studiesinthehighlysusceptible

sucklinghamstermodelalsoshowedearlyinfection

inneuromuscularandneurotendinalspindles(Mur-

phyetal,1973),butinvolvementofthesestructures

hasnotbeendemonstratedinmorenaturalmodels

withlongincubationperiods.

Thevastmajorityofhumanrabiescasesthatoccur

withoutahistoryofanexposurearethoughttobe

duetounrecognizedorforgottenbites,andmolecu-

larcharacterizationoftherabiesvirusvariantshas

indicatedthatintheUnitedStatestheyaremostfre-

quentlyfrombats,particularlysilver-hairedbatsand

easternpipistrellebats(Noahetal,1998).Experimen-

合集下载

广东省外观健康犬携带狂犬病毒情况调查结果分析

广东省外观健康犬携带狂犬病毒情况调查结果分析

广东省外观健康犬携带狂犬病毒情况调查结果分析

谷文喜;袁洁;陈晶;颜瑾;邓小玲;柯昌文;何剑锋

【摘 要】In order to understand the infection rate of healthy appearance

domestic dogs with rabies in Guangdong Province, brain samples from

healthy appearance domestic dogs were collected and detected by direct

immunofluorescence assay (DFA). Then the positive samples by DFA were

further detected by nest RT-PCR and MIT. The positive samples detected

by RT-PCR were sequenced with a part of N gene. There were two positive

samples in 1833 and the positive rate was 0. 11%. The sequences of N

gene of two positives were identical, with the homogeny of 99. 7% on

nucleotide level, and they belonged to Ly-ssavirus genotype I. Thus dogs

infected with rabies virus were found in Guangdong Province and this

study showed that these virus had a close genetic relationship with the

狗狂犬病临床症状及预防

狗狂犬病临床症状及预防

Summarize and reviews | 综述与专论

142 ·2020.210 引言狂犬病又被称为疯狗病、恐水病，是一种危害巨大的人畜共患病，典型的特点是潜伏期长、致死率高，出现临床症状后，通常不需要治疗，致死率高达100%，发病后，患病后主要表现为狂躁不安、行动异常，主动攻击人畜，最后全身或者局部麻痹，犬、猫、人是狂犬病毒侵染的主要群体，被患病动物接触或者被患病动物咬伤后，唾液中的狂犬病毒会通过伤口侵入到机体引发感染，临床上表现为进行性几乎不可逆性的脑脊髓炎，临床上表现为害怕饮水、怕风、兴奋不安，颈部肌肉痉挛，进行性的瘫痪，发病过程很快，大多在出现临床症状3～5 d后死亡，最长的10 d左右。狂犬病是目前为止致死率最高的人畜共患病。防范该种疾病的发生流行，需要广大群众全面了解狂犬病，树立良好的卫生习惯和科学防疫理念，注重提高成狗的身体抵抗能力，切断病毒的传播渠道，确保人和狗的安全。1 广州白云区狗狂犬病防治现状广州白云区的宠物犬养殖数量不断增加，由于很多犬科的动物被遗弃，使得辖区范围内的野生犬的数量显著增多，给狂犬病毒的传播流行提供条件。狂犬病毒一旦在辖区范围内传播流行，很可能会引发群体感染，甚至会造成严重的死亡。白云区农业农村局多次携手区动物卫生监督所，深入各街道、诊疗机构调研狂犬病免疫工作开展情况，并印发关于狂犬病强制免疫专项工作方案的通知。辖区内18个街道市民可携带犬只到指定的动物诊疗机构实施免疫，免费提供疫苗，市民只需交付注射疫苗的费用。人和、太和、江高及钟落潭4个镇畜保员上门对农村犬免费注射狂犬病疫苗，财政另外对畜保员免疫人工费进行补助。截止到2019年年底，广州白云区犬只数量超过4万，记录在案的野犬超过3万多只，尤其是很多农村地区的养殖户不注重做好犬科动物的免疫工作，在户外活动，接触外界环境频繁，经常会进食一些死亡野生动物的脏器组织和肉类，由于动物来源不明，易造成病毒携带病毒传播，威胁当地的公共秩序安全。截止到2019年10月，共免疫接种4万多只犬，发放宣传资料上万份。该部门还坚持服务群众宗旨，做好组作者简介：叶盛恒（1985-），男，广东，硕士研究生，兽医师，从事动物防疫检疫工作。狗狂犬病临床症状及预防叶盛恒（广东省广州市白云区动物卫生监督所，广州 510470）摘要：狂犬病是由狂犬病毒感染引发的一种人畜共患病，也叫疯狗病。狂犬病毒会对人的中枢神经产生严重的侵害，让人的意识混乱狂躁不安。狗狂犬病目前没有针对性的药物，发病后致死率高达100%。犬科类动物和猫科类动物是该种病毒的主要传播群体，野生动物中蝙蝠、臭鼬、狼和浣熊等也可成为传染源。需要掌握辖区范围内狂犬病的发生动态，并在掌握该类疾病流行特点，临床表现的基础上，构建针对性的防治措施，控制狂犬病的发生流行。关键词：狗狂犬病；发生；防治措施中图分类号：Ｓ８５８．２９２ 文献标识码：Ｂ ｄｏｉ：１０．３９６９／ｊ．ｉｓｓｎ．２０９６－３６３７．２０２０．２１．０６８Clinical Symptoms and Prevention of Dog RabiesYe Shengheng （Animal Health Supervision Office of Baiyun District，Guangzhou City，Guangdong Province，Guangzhou 510470，China）Abstract：Rabies is an infection caused by the zoonosis virus，also known as mad dog disease．The rabies virus can produce the serious harm to the human central nervous system，lets the human consciousness confusion to be agitated．At present，there is no specific drug for rabies in dogs， and the mortality rate is as high as 100%．Canids and cats are the main transmission groups of the virus，and wild animals such as bats，skunks，wolves and raccoons can also become a source of infection．In order to control the occurrence and prevalence of rabies，it is necessary to master the occurrence and dynamics of rabies in the area under our jurisdiction，and to construct the corresponding prevention and treatment measures on the basis of mastering the epidemic characteristics and clinical manifestations of the disease．Key words：dog rabies，occurrence，control measures

传染病防治法中英对照

传染病防治法中英对照

中华人民共和国传染病防治法

Law of the PRC on the Prevention and Treatment of Infectious Diseases 第一条 为了预防、控制和消除传染病的发生与流行，保障人体健康，制定本法。

Article 1. This Law is enacted in order to prevent, control and eliminate the occurrence and

epidemic of infectious diseases and to ensure the health of the people.

第二条国家对传染病实行预防为主的方针，防治结合，分类管理。

Article 2. The state shall implement a policy of putting the emphasis on prevention, combining

prevention with treatment and classified management with respect to infectious diseases.

第三条本法规定管理的传染病分为甲类、乙类和丙类。

Article 3. The infectious diseases governed by this Law shall be divided into Classes A, B, and C.

甲类传染病是指：鼠疫、霍乱。

A Class infectious diseases shall include plague and cholera.

乙类传染病是指：病毒性肝炎、细菌性和阿米巴性痢疾、伤寒和副伤寒、艾滋病、淋 病、梅毒、脊髓灰质炎、麻疹、百日咳、白喉、流行性脑脊髓膜炎、猩红热、流行性出血 热、狂犬病、钩端螺旋体病、布鲁氏菌病、炭疽、流行性和地方性斑疹伤寒、流行性乙型 脑炎、黑热病、疟疾、登革热。

中华人民共和国进境动物检疫疫病名录-中华人民共和国农业农村部 、中华人民共和国海关总署公告第256号

中华人民共和国进境动物检疫疫病名录-中华人民共和国农业农村部 、中华人民共和国海关总署公告第256号

中华人民共和国进境动物检疫疫病名录

制定机关 农业农村部,中华人民共和国海关总署

公布日期 2020.01.15

施行日期 2020.01.15

文号 中华人民共和国农业农村部 、中华人民共和国海关总署公告第256号

主题类别 动植物检疫

效力等级 部门规范性文件

时效性 现行有效

正文：

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

中华人民共和国农业农村部 中华人民共和国海关总署公告

第256号

为防范动物传染病、寄生虫病传入，保护我国畜牧业及渔业生产安全、动物源性食品安全和公共卫生安全，根据《中华人民共和国动物防疫法》《中华人民共和国进出境动植物检疫法》等法律法规，农业农村部会同海关总署组织修订了《中华人民共和国进境动物检疫疫病名录》（以下简称《名录》），现予以发布。该《名录》自发布之日起生效，2013年11月28日发布的《中华人民共和国进境动物检疫疫病名录》（农业部、国家质量监督检验检疫总局联合公告第2013号）同时废止。

农业农村部和海关总署将在风险评估的基础上对《名录》实施动态调整。

特此公告。

农业农村部

海关总署

2020年1月15日

附件：中华人民共和国进境动物检疫疫病名录

附件 中华人民共和国进境动物检疫疫病名录

List of Quarantine Diseases for the Animals Imported to the People’s Republic of China

一类传染病、寄生虫病（16种）

List A diseases

口蹄疫Infection with foot and mouth disease virus