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Chapter 3 LexiconTime periods: two classesTeaching contents:definition of a wordThe formation of wordsTeaching aims and requirementsLearn by heart:1. The classifications of morphemes, such as free morpheme and bound morpheme, stem, root, inflectional affix and derivational affix.2. Two ways of word-formation such as inflections and derivations.Know:1. The definition of morphemes, free morphemes, bound morphemes, stem, root, affix, inflection and derivation and so on.2. Two different fields of morphology, including inflectional morphology and derivational morphology.Understand:1. Definition of a word2. The classifications of word according to different aspects3. The formation of wordsTeaching focus and difficulties:Focus：1. The definition of morphemes, free morphemes, bound morphemes, stem, root, affix, inflection and derivation and so on.2. The classifications of morphemes, such as free morpheme and bound morpheme, stem, root, inflectional affix and derivational affix.3. Two ways of word-formation such as inflections and derivations.Difficulty:1. Classification of morphemes2. Inflection and derivations.1. Review what we have learned in last chapter, and ask some students to answer the following questions: (5m)1) How are English consonants classified2) How are English Vowels classified3) What are phonemes and allophones2. Study Definition of a wordA word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.Zhang Weiyou (1999)a minimum free formStability --internal structure (can’t rearrange)relative uninterruptibility --internal structure (can’t insert) Classification of words(1)Basic word stock & non-basic vocabularyContent words & functional wordsNative words & borrowed wordsVariable words & invariable wordsOpen-class words & closed-class wordsTraditional parts of speech & additional four categoriesClassification of words (2)Variable words & invariable words (variability)—variable words: the words whose form is changeable, words which might appear in different inflective and derivative forms, v. n.—invariable words: the words whose form is unchangeable, words which usually occur in the same form such as: since, in, for, of, at, on Classification of words (3)Open-class words & closed-class words (membership)--open-class words: membership is unlimited, n. v. (economic words, scientific words.)--closed-class words: membership is comparatively limited. Pronouns, conj, prep. Articles.Classification of words (4)Traditional parts of speech & additional four categoriesTraditional parts of speech:N. v. adj. Adv. Prep. Conj.Additional four categoriesParticles : 小品词infinite maker ‘to’, negative maker ‘not’, subor dinate units in verbal phrases.Auxiliaries: 助词(助动词、情态动词)Pro-form 代词形式 pro-v. pro-adj.. He likes the animal, so do i.. The desk is white, so is the chair.Determiners 限定词‘the’, ‘a’, ‘some’, ‘all’. ‘all the beautiful Chinese girls’,3. Study The formation of word1) Ask the students to skip over this section and find out the answers to the following questions:a. What is morphologyb. What is morpheme What is the biggest difference between morpheme and phonemec. How can we classify morphemes2) 3.2.1 MorphologyDefinition: the study of word-formation, or the internal structure of words, or the rules by which words are formed from smaller components: morphemes.For example:Verbs are formed by adding –ify to either an adjective (adj.) or a noun (n.)在形容詞或名詞加-ify變成動詞*simple (adj.) simplify (v) 簡化*quality (n) qualify (v)使具有資格*identity (n) identify (v) 認出MorphemesThe most basic element of meaning is traditionally called morpheme.The smallest meaningful components of words..: boyish孩子氣的;男孩似的boy, -ish (two morphemes)3) 3.2.2 Types of morphemes (1)Those that may constitute words by themselves,自由形式的詞素本身就是一個詞，可以單獨使用.: boy, girl, table, nation.Free morphemes PK Bound morphemesThose that cannot occur alone,Bound morpheme includes two types: roots and affixes..: -s in dogs, -ed in worked, dis- in dislike, un- in unable.A certain affix here refers to an inflectional affix: grammatical endingsTypes of morphemes (2)Root: the part left when all the affixes are removed 词根Stem: the part left when a certain affix is removed 词干Affix: the part which is attached to other words; usually bound morphemes 词缀.: friend as in unfriendliness.Roots may be:Free: those that can stand by themselves,.: black+board; nation+-al; orbound: those that cannot stand by themselves,.: -ceive in receive, perceive, conceive.Affix: normally divided into:Prefix (dis-, un-) prefixes occur at the beginning of a word.suffix (-en, -ify) at the endinfix (foot-feet) in the middlePrefix 前綴mis- 誤 mistake 誤解over- 過分 overdo 做得過分Prefixed modify the meaning of the stem, but usually do not change the part of speech of the original word.Exceptions are the prefixes be-, and en(m)-.Added to adjectives or nouns they turn the words into verbs.Suffixes modify the meaning of the original word and in many cases change its part of speech.Accordingly, there are noun-forming suffixes, adjective-forming suffixes, adverb-forming suffixes, and verb-forming suffixes.-er teacher, writer-ician “...(專)家,...工作者” electrician電工-bility “能力” possibility可能性-hood “時期” childhood幼年時期,童年時期-age “(人生的)某一時期” orphanage孤兒-ary (adj) elementary基本的, secondary第二位的-ful (adj) beautiful美麗的, delightful愉悅的, sorrowful悲傷的-en (V 使..) weaken使變弱 , darken, deepen-ize (v …化) modernize使現代化-ly (adj+ -ly=adv n + -ly= adj) slowly慢慢地, friendly友善的-ward (往…方向) forward(adv)往前, eastward往東Stem: a morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an inflectional affix may be added,.: friend+-s; write+-ing, possibility+-es.A stem can be a bound root, a free morpheme, or a derived form itself..:*toler- (root) + affix –ate: tolerate忍受*quick (free morpheme) + affix –ly: quickly *careless (a derived form) + affix lessInflectional affix: Bound morphemes which are for the most part purely grammatical markers, signifying such concepts as tense, number, case etc..: -ed, -s, -erHe had regular features. 他五官端正。
課程提綱課程名稱：語言學概論任課教師：孟智君課程性質：院考試課學分： 4教材：《新編簡明英語語言學教程》Chapter 3. MorphologyMorphology(形態學) refers to the study of the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.1. Morphology◆Open class and Closed class⑴Open class words(開放詞類) — content words(實詞) of a language to which we can regularly add new words, such as nouns, adjectives, verbs, and adverbs, e.g.beatnik (a member of the Beat Generation), hacker, email, Internet; 做秀, 粉絲, 閃客in Chinese⑵Closed class words(封閉詞類)— grammatical or functional words(功能詞), such as conjunction, articles, preposition and pronouns.◆Morpheme: the minimal unit of meaningMorpheme(詞素) — a meaningful linguistic unit consisting of a word, such as man, or a word element, such a –ed in walked, that cannot be divided into smaller meaningful parts.★Words are composed of morphemes. Words may consist of one morpheme or more morphemes, e.g.1-morpheme boy, desire2-morpheme boy + ish, desir(e) + able3-morpheme boy + ish + ness, desir(e) + abl(e) + ity4-morpheme gentle + man + li + ness, un + desir(e) + abl(e) + ity5-morpheme un + gentle + man + li + ness6-morpheme anti + dis + establish + ment + ari + an + ism2. Affix◆Affix(詞綴) — a word element, such as a prefix or suffix, which can only occur attached to a base, stem, or root.◇Prefix(前綴) — morphemes that occur only before others, e.g. un-, dis-, anti-, ir-, etc.◇Suffix(後綴) — morphemes that occur only after others, e.g. –ful, -er, -ish, -ness, -able, -tive, -tion, etc.3. Free morpheme and Bound morphemeFree morpheme(自由詞素) is one that may constitute a word (free form) by itself, such as bed, tree, sing, dance, etc.Bound morpheme (粘著詞素) is one that may appear with at least one other morpheme. They cannot stand by themselves, such as –s in dogs, -al in notional, dis-in disclose, -ed in recorded, etc.4. AllomorphSome morphemes have a single form in all contexts, such as dog, bark, cat, etc. In other instances, there may be some variation, that is, a morpheme may have alternate shapes or phonetic forms. They are said to be the allomorphs(詞素變體) of the morpheme.◆For example, the plural morpheme may be represented by:map — maps [s] dog — dogs [z]watch — watches [I z] mouse — mice [a I]ox — oxen [n] tooth — teeth [i:]sheep — sheep [Φ]★Each of the underlined part is called an allomorph of plural morpheme. In morphemic transcription, morphemes in the abstract notion are put between braces like { }. The above can be expressed in the form of{ -s ~ -z ~ -iz ~ -ai ~ -i: ~ -n ~ -Φ }5. Derivational morpheme and Inflectional morphemeDerivational morpheme(派生詞素)— the morphemes which change the category, or grammatical class of wordse.g. modern — modern ize, length — length en, fool — fool ish, etc.Inflectional morphemes(屈折詞素) — the morphemes which are for the most part purely grammatical markers, signifying such concepts as tense (態), number (數), case (格) and so on; they never change their syntactic category, never add any lexical meaninge.g. ⑴number: table — table s, apple — apple s, car — car s⑵person, finiteness and aspect (體): talk — talk s — talk ing — talk ed⑶case: John — John’s◆Some other termRoot(詞根) — part of the word left when all the affixes (inflectional and derivational) are removed, e.g.desire in desirable, care in carefully, nation in internationalism, believe in unbelievable …Stem(詞幹) — part of a word-form which remains when all inflectional affixes have been removed, e.g.undesirable in undesirablesBase(詞基) — any form to which affixes of any kind can be added. This means any stem and root can be termed as a base.◆The difference between root, stem and base◇ A base can be added by both inflectional and derivational affixes while a stem can be added only by inflectional affixes.◇ A base is derivationally analyzable while a root cannot be further analyzed. In the word undesirable, undesire can be a base, but the root of this word should be desire.◇Root, stem and base can be the same form, such as desire in desired. Undesirable in undesirables is either a stem or base; desirable in undesirable is only a base.6. Morphological rulesThey are the rules that govern the formation of words, e.g. the “un- + —” rule.un + Adjective = not Adjectivee.g.un fair, un thinkable, un acceptable◆Productive Morphological Rules (能產性形態學規律) — the morphological rules that can used quite freely to form new words7. Compounds◆Compounding (stringing words together) is another way to form new words, e.g.land + lady = landladyrain + bow = rainbowunder + take = undertakeplay + ground = playground◆Noun compoundsX1X2Compound Patternwind + mill = windmill N + Nday + break = daybreakN + Vhair + cut = haircutcall + girl = call-girlV + Nplay + boy = playboy◆Verb compoundsX1X2Compound Patternbrain + wash = brainwashlip + read = lip-readN + Vbaby + sit = babysit◆Adjective compoundsX1X2Compound Patternman + eating = maneating N + V ingheart + felt = heartfelt N + V edduty + free = dutyfree N + Akind + heart(ed) = kindheartedA + N edabsent + mind(ed) = absentminded◆Preposition compoundsX1X2Compound Patternin + to = intoP + Pthrough + out = throughoutwhere + by = whereby Adv + P◆Some point about compounds⑴When the two words are in the same grammatical category, the compound will be in this category.e.g.N1: post, N2: box →N: postboxN1: land, N2: lady →N: landladyA1: icy, A2: cold →A: icy-coldA1: blue, A2: black →A: blue-black⑵When the two words fall into different categories, the class of the second or final word will be the grammatical category of compound.e.g.N1: head, A1: strong →A: headstrongV1: pick, N1: pocket →N: pickpocketException:N1: hair, V1: cut →N(1): haircut⑶Compounds have different stress patterns from the non-compounded word sequence.e.g.redcoat (Compound) ≠ red coat (Phrase)greenhouse (Compound) ≠ green house (Phrase)⑷The meaning of a compound is not always the sum of the meanings of its parts.。
Chapter 3 Morphology 形态学1.Definition 定义Morphology is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.形态学是语法学的一个分支，它研究的是单词的内在结构及单词的构成规则。
The aim of morphology is to find out these rules。
形态学的任务就是要找出这些规则（单词构成的规则）。
Morphology is divided into two sub-branches：inflectional morphology and lexical or derivational morphology. The former studies the inflections and the latter the study of word-formation.形态学可以划分两个分支：屈折形态学和词汇形态学（也叫派生形态学).前者研究的是单词的屈折变化，后者研究的是构词法。
2.Morpheme 词素2.1Morpheme： the smallest meaningful unit of language词素:语言中最小的意义单位Just as a phoneme is the basic unit in the study of phonology, so is a morpheme the basic unit in the study of morphology。
正如音位是音系学研究中的基本单位一样,词素是形态学研究中的基本单位。
Monomorphemic words 单词素单词2.2Types of morphemes 词素的类型2.2.1Free morphemes 自由词素The morphemes that are independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves are called free morphemes。
