计算机专业英语书籍

Unit 1A computer system consists of hardware system and software system. The hardware of the computer is usually divided into three major parts or three primary subsystems: the CPU, the memory subsystem, and the I/O subsystem.The CPU performs many operations and controls computer. The memory subsystem is used to store program being executed by the CPU, along with the program’s data. The I/O subsystem allows the CPU to interact with input and output devices such as the keyboard and monitor of a personal computer. The components of the computer are connected to the buses.The part of the computer that performs the bulk of data processing operations is called the central processing unit and is referred to as the CPU. In microcomputer, it is often called the microprocessor. The CPU is made up of three major parts: control unit, ALU, and register set.Memory is also known as internal memory or main memory. It refers to the circuits in the computer that hold whatever programs and data are available for immediate use by the CPU.I/O subsystem includes I/O devices and interface. There are a wide variety of I/O devices, such as mouse, printer, sensor, disk, and so on. Input-output interface provides a method for transferring information between internal storage and external I/O devices. Peripherals connected to a computer need special communication links for interfacing them with the CPU. The purpose of the communication link is to resolve the differences that exist between the central computer and each peripheral.Unit 3(a) A program is a list of instructions or statements for directing the computer to perform a required data processing task. Programming is a multistep process for creating that list of instructions.(b) It is important to understand the difference between a class and an object of that class. A class is simply a specification for creating objects. Thus, a single class may create multiple objects.(c) Java is an object-oriented, network-friendly high-lever programming language that allows programmers to build applications that can run on almost any operating system.(e) Programming involves a great deal of creativity. The design is guide to the function or purpose of each component, but the programmer has great flexibility in implementing the design as code. No matter what language is used, each program component involves at least three major aspects: control structures, algorithms, and data structures.Unit 4The software system can be divided into two broad categories: application software and system software. Application software consists of the program for performing tasks particular to the machine’s utilization. In contrast to application software, system software comprises a large number of programs. These programs start up the computer and function as the principle coordinator of all hardware components and application software. Without system software loaded into RAM of your computer, your hardware and application software are useless.System software can be grouped into three basic parts: operating system, utility software, and language translators. The majority of an installation’s utility software consists of programs for performing activities that are fundamental to computer installations yet not included in the operating system. In a sense, utility software consists of software units that extend the capabilities of the operating system.A computer’s OS is the main collection of programs that manage its activities. The primary chores of an OS are management and control. The OS ensures that all actions requested by a user are valid and processed in an orderly fashion. It also manages the computer system’s resources to perform these operations with efficiency and consistency.Application software is the software designed to help you solve problems specific to business or perform specific business tasks. Application software then is the layer of software closest to you. Basically, there are four categories of application software: productivity software, business and specialty software, entertainment software and education/reference software.Unit 5A computer network is often classified as being either a local area network (LAN), a metropolitan area network (WAN), or a wide area network (WAN). The connection of two or more networks is called an internetwork. The worldwide Internet is a well-known example of an internetwork.LANs are privately owned networks within a single building or campus of up to a few kilometers in size. They are widely used to connect personal computers and workstations in company offices and factories to share resources and exchange information.In general, a given LAN will use only one type of transmission medium. Various topologies are possible for LANs. The most common LAN topologies are bus, ring and star.A MAN is basically a bigger version of a LAN and normally uses similar technology. MAN is designed to extend over an entire city. It may be a single network such as a cable television network, or it may be a means of connecting a number of LANs into a large network so that resources may be shared LAN-to-LAN as well as device-to-device. For example, a company can use a MAN to connect the LANs in all of its offices throughout a city.A WAN spans a large geographical area that may comprise a country, a continent, or even the world. It provides long-distance transmission of data, voice, image, and video information over large geographical area.In contrast to LANs, WANs may utilize public leased, or private communication devices, usually in combinations, and can therefore span an unlimited number of miles.Unit 6Transmission media are used to transfer messages over a network. For instance, the transmission media used in a network may be a privately owned set of cables, the public phone lines, or a satellite system. Transmission media can either be wired or wireless.The three types of wired media most commonly used to carry messages are twisted-pair wire, coaxial cable, and fiber-optic cable. One of the most successful developments in transmission media in recent years has been fiber optics. Fiber-optic cable is commonly used for the high-speed backbone lines of a network, or for Internet infrastructure.Wireless transmission media have become especially popular in recent years. They support communications in situations in which physical wiring is impractical or inconvenient, as well as facilitate mobility. Wireless media are commonly used to connect devices to a network, to share information between computers, to connect wireless mice to a computer, and for handheld PCs, wireless phones, and other mobile devices. Radio signals transferred through the air are the heart of most types of wireless media. In addition to conventional broadcast radio application, the microwave, cellular, and satellite transmission media also use radio signals to transmit data.Radio transmissions require the use of a transmitter to send the radio signals through the air. A receiver (usually containing some type of antenna) accepts the date at the other end. When a device functions as both a receiver and transmitter, it is commonly called a transceiver or transmitter-receiver.Unit 7(a) Since many database systems users are not computer trained, developers hide the complexity from users through several levels of abstraction, to simplify user’s int eractions with the system: physical level, logical level, and view level.(b) A database schema is specified by a set of definitions expressed by a special language called a data-definition language (DDL). The result of compilation of DDL statements is a set of tables that is stored in a special file called data dictionary, or data directory.(c) The structured query language (SQL) is the most widely used and standard query language for relational database management systems. It is a kind of non-procedural language.(d) An entity is a “thing” or “object” in the real world that is distinguishable from other objects. For example, each person is an entity, and bank accounts can be considered to be entities. Entities are described in a database by a set of attributes.(e) Data warehouse is one of the newest and hottest buzzwords and concepts in the IT field and the business environment.A data warehouse is a logical collection of information——gathered from many different operational databases——that supports business analysis activities and decision-making tasks.Unit 9(a) AI is currently being applied in business in the form of knowledge systems, which use human knowledge to solve problems. The most popular type of knowledge-based system is the expert system. An expert system is a computer program that attempts to represent the knowledge of human experts in the form of heuristics. The term heuristic is derived from the same Greek root as the word eureka, which means “to discover”.(b) The user interface enables the manager to enter instructions and information into the expert system and to receive information from it. The instructions specify the parameters that guide the expert system through its reasoning processing. The information is in the form of values assigned to certain variables.(c) The knowledge base contains both facts that describe the problem area and knowledge representation techniques that describe how the facts fit together in a logical manner. The term problem domain is used to describe the problem area.(d) An expert system, also called a knowledge-based system, is an artificial intelligence system that applies reasoning capabilities to reach a conclusion. Expert systems are excellent for diagnostic and prescriptive problems.(e) The DSS is not intended to replace the manager. The computer can be applied to the structured portion of the problem, but the manager is responsible for the unstructured portion——applying judgment or intuition and conducting analyses.1。

《基于新信息技术的计算机英语》unit3operatings摘要：I.引言- 介绍计算机英语的概念- 强调学习计算机英语的重要性II.计算机英语的起源和发展- 计算机英语的起源- 计算机英语的发展过程III.计算机英语的分类- 硬件英语- 软件英语- 网络英语IV.计算机英语的应用领域- 计算机科学领域- 信息技术领域- 商业领域V.学习计算机英语的方法- 学习计算机英语的基本原则- 推荐的学习资源和工具- 实践计算机英语的方法VI.结论- 总结计算机英语的重要性- 鼓励学习计算机英语正文：随着科技的快速发展，计算机英语已经成为了现代社会不可或缺的一部分。

计算机英语，顾名思义，是指与计算机相关的英语词汇和术语。

它在计算机科学、信息技术和商业领域等方面有着广泛的应用。

学习计算机英语不仅有助于提高我们的专业素养，还能拓宽我们的国际视野。

计算机英语的起源可以追溯到20 世纪40 年代，当时计算机刚刚问世，相关的英语词汇和术语开始逐渐形成。

随着计算机技术的不断发展，计算机英语也得到了迅速的推广和应用。

如今，计算机英语已经成为了国际通用的一种语言，为全球范围内的信息交流和技术合作提供了便利。

计算机英语可以分为硬件英语、软件英语和网络英语三个部分。

硬件英语主要涉及计算机硬件方面的词汇，如处理器、内存、硬盘等；软件英语则涉及计算机软件方面的词汇，如编程语言、操作系统、应用软件等；网络英语则涉及计算机网络方面的词汇，如互联网、局域网、网络安全等。

计算机英语在许多领域都有着广泛的应用。

在计算机科学领域，研究人员需要使用计算机英语来撰写论文、报告和交流研究成果；在信息技术领域，计算机英语被用于开发软件、配置网络设备以及解决技术问题；在商业领域，计算机英语在市场营销、客户服务和项目管理等方面也发挥着重要作用。

学习计算机英语并非一蹴而就的事情，需要我们遵循一定的学习原则，并付出时间和努力。

首先，学习计算机英语要遵循从易到难、从基础到专业的原则，逐步扩大知识面。

Unit 4 Majors and Subjects / Why Is a Computer So Powerful课后习题答案（Keys to Task 4）1.Oral practice.Work in pairs and exchange the information about your majors and subjects.Omitted.2.Point out the conjunctions used in the following sentences.(1)When(2)If(3)and(4)and(5)but3.Choose the best answer from the given choices.(1) A(2) C(3) B(4) C(5) A习题册答案（Keys to the exercise book）Part One: Vocabulary 词汇用所给的词或短语的正确形式填空。

Part A1.favorite2.not only, but also3.interesting4.overcomemunicatePart B1.powerful2.carry out3.error4.dependable5.outputPart Two: Grammar & Function 语法与功能1.在右列中找出可与左列对应的句子。

(1) E(2) D(3) A(4) B(5) C2.从A、B、C、D选项中选择正确答案。

(1) C(2) D(3) C(4) C(5) C(6) D(7) C(8) A(9) B(10) CPart Three: Translation 翻译1.将下列短语翻译成英文。

(1)not only intelligent but also diligent(2)international language(3)overcome difficulties(4)billions of(5)information flow(6)error-free results2.将下列句子翻译成中文。

计算机专业推荐书目计算机专业推荐书目(一)一、思想类读物：1. 《通灵芯片:计算机运作的简单原理》(美国) 丹尼尔·希利斯著，以通俗易懂的方式阐述计算机的构造与原理;2. 《逻辑的引擎》作者：(美)马丁·戴维斯著，从十七世纪的莱布尼茨之梦起始，讲述计算机背后的逻辑原理及其主人公的故事，非常精彩!3. 《编程珠玑》作者：(美)本特利(Bentley，J.)著，看似简单的东西，也能挖掘出珍珠般的光彩。

4. 《Unix 编程艺术》作者： Eric S. Raymond 。

阐述软件设计的原则与方法，很有参考价值，不过要读懂的话可能需要一定的功力。

5. 《计算机科学概论》(Computer Science An Overview 9th)(美)J.Glenn Brookshear 著，关于计算机导引的上佳英文入门读物。

计算机专业推荐书目(二)二、基础课程类读物：1. 《The C Programming Language》(第2版) 作者：(美)Brian W.Kernighan, Dennis M.Ritchie 著， C编程必读，简洁扼要;我就是通过这本书开始消除对“字符串”处理的恐惧感的。

2. 《操作系统：精髓与设计原理》(第五版) 作者：(美)William Stallings 著，操作系统的推荐教程，阐述详尽得当。

3. 《数据结构基础》(C语言版) 作者：霍罗维兹(Ellis Horowitz) ，萨尼 (Sartaj Sahni) , 安德尔森-费里德 (Susan Anderson-Freed) ，数据结构的推荐读物，建议读英文版。

4. 《算法分析与设计基础》作者：(美)莱维丁，算法入门的推荐读物，讲解清晰而不失深度。

当需要轻松阅读理解其思想时读这本，当需要深入理解算法分析时，建议阅读《算法导论》，最好两本都有，相得益彰。

5. 《数据库系统概念》(第5版) ，作者： Abraham Silberschatz, Henry F.Korth, S.Sudarshan 著，杨冬青，马秀莉，唐世渭译。

教材名称：《计算机专业英语》主编：来永春出版时间：电子教案via prep. 通过,经过 wireless adj. 无线的 physical adj.物理的 classify v. 分类 geographical adj. 地理的 local adj. 地方的,当地的 Ethernet n. 以太网 FDDI 光纤分布式数据接口 Metropolitan adj. 首都的,大城市的 topology n. 拓扑结构 peer-to-peer 对等网络 privilege n. 特权 potential n. 潜能,潜力 mesh n. 网孔,网丝 hierarchical adj. 分等级的 geometrical adj. 几何的,几何学的 Step 2. Introduction of training target 1 In this part, our target is to improve the speed of reading professional articles and the comprehension ability of the reader. 2.We have marked specialized vocabulary key words in some paragraphs so that the reader can quickly grasp the main idea of the sentences and paragraphs. Step 3. Leading in a short introduction to Foundation of Network Computer networks are data communication systems made up of hardware and software. A network is a collection of computers and devices connected together via communication devices such as cable telephone lines, modems, or other means Step 4. Analyzing the structure of the complex sentences 1 When your computer is connected to computer network, users can share resources, such as hardware devices, software programs, data, and information. 2. Networks are often classified according to their geographical extent: LAN, MAN, WAN. 3. There are five major topologies in use today: Bus, Ring, Star, Tree, and Mesh. Each is used for specific network types, although some network types can use more than one topology. Step 5. Memorizing and mastering the following key sentences in the text. 1. A typical LAN spans a small area like a single building or a small campus and operates between 10 Mbps and 2 Gbps. 2. Ethernet and FDDI are examples of standard LANs.3. MAN is a bigger version of a LAN in a city, it is smaller than aWAN but larger than a LAN.4. WAN is sometimes called long haul network, providing communication over long distance.5. Usually WANs operate at slower speeds than LANs, and have much greater delay between connections.6. The Internet can be correctly regarded as the largest WAN in existence.5分钟5分钟15分钟45分钟。

第1章计算机基础第一部分阅读和翻译A部分计算机发展史1. 简介虽然计算机在现在人们的生活中起着重要的作用，但是曾经计算机并不存在于这个世界。

了解计算机的发展历史以及计算机经历了多少个发展阶段可以帮助我们更好的了解计算机究竟是多么复杂和具有创新性的一项发明。

不像大多数设备，计算机是少数几种没有一个明确发明者的发明。

在整个计算机的发展历程中，许多人将他们自己的发明创造添加进计算机的需求列表从而使得计算机可以运作。

这其中一些发明是不同类型的计算机，还有一些是使计算机可以更长远的发展。

2. 起步可能计算机的历史中最有重大意义的年份就是1936年。

就是在这一年地一台“计算机”问世了。

它是由Konrad Zuse创造并命名为Z1计算机。

这台计算机成为第一台计算机是因为它是第一个具有完全可编程性的系统。

[1] 虽然也有其它设备在这之前出现，但是没有一台设备具有使其区别于其它电子设备的计算能力。

但是直到1942年，才有一家企业看到计算机领域存在的利润和机遇。

这个公司由John Atanasoff和Clifford Berry所有和经营，名叫美国广播公司计算机ABC computers。

两年后，哈佛一号计算机问世，进一步推动了计算机科学的发展。

在接下来的几年间，全世界的发明者都开始投入更多的精力到计算机的研发以及如何提升计算机的性能中来。

这接下来的十年晶体管被提出使用并像在许多其他系统中一样成为ENIAC（电子数字积分）1型计算机内部工作器件中最重要的部分。

ENIAC1型计算机可能是最有趣的系统之一，它需要20,000真空管来运转。

它是一台笨重庞大的机器，但是它是研发使计算机更小更快的变革的开端。

计算机的时代在国际商用机器公司或称为IBM公司于1953年介入计算机工业领域后彻底地改变了。

在整个计算机历史中，这家公司都在公共和私人新型系统和服务器的发展上做出了重要的贡献。

这在计算机历史上第一次真正引入了竞争迹象，从而促使计算机更快更好地发展。

8.1 The Internet: Technology Background分组交换。

分组交换是传输数据的一种方法，“分组”的数据信息包；当路径可用时，经过不同的通信路径发送；当到达目的地后，-switching techniques were expensive and wasted available communications capacity—the然而，这些“专用的”线路——不论是否有数据输送都需要维持线路。

由于字间的停顿和组装时的延70%的时间内没有得到充分利用，而这两种因素都增加寻找和连接线路所需的时间第一本关于分组交换的著作是由Leonard Kleinrock于1964年所著，由于使用分组交换技术，网络的通信能力提15里提1500 里——而汽车没有太大的改变!在分组交换的网络中，信息首先被分解为许多信息包。

每个信(开始点)和目的地地址、以及顺序信息和错误控制信息。

在分组网络中，信息包,而是在计算机与计算机之间旅行直到它们到达目的地。

这些计算机叫做路由器。

路由器它将组成因特网的成千上万个不同计算机网络互相联接起来，并在信息包旅行时将它们的分组交换不需要一个专用线路，但是可以利用几百条线路中任何可用的空闲能力。

分组交换几乎充。

尽管分组交换是通信能力的一个巨大进步,但对于将数字信息分解为信息包、将它们传, 然后重新组装为原来的信息，还没有一种公认的方法。

这就像有了一个生产邮票的系统,而没有邮政)一样。

回答了在因特网上用信息包做什么和如何处理信息包的问题。

TCP指传输控制协议，IP表示网际协议。

次序化、压缩和检查错误的规则。

它也可以限定传输速度和网上设备显示它们已停止接收信息的方法。

协议既可以通过硬件也可通过软件来实现。

TCP/IP(传输控制协议/网际协议)通过被称为(在下文描述)。

TCP(传输控制协议)是用来在网上传输数据的公认协议。

TCP(传输控制,处理信息包在传输点的组装和在接收端的重新组装。

Unit 1单词：〖Ex. 3〗根据下面的英文解释，写出相应的英文词汇（使用学过的单词、词组或缩略语）〖Ex. 5〗把下列短文翻译成中文系统面板和普通键盘有专门控制键，你可以使用这些控制键实现主要的多媒体功能：观相片、听音乐和看电影。

面板还有为看电视和阅读电视指南而设的快速启动按钮。

Ex. 9〗用that从句做宾语将下面汉语译成英语你应该知道，你不仅仅能读取磁盘上的数据，也能够往上面写新的信息1. You should know that you can not only read data from the disk but also write new information to it.你应该意识到，软盘容纳不了多少数据2. You should realize that floppies do not hold too much data.我们计算机老实说，USB要比火线慢多了3. Our computer teacher said that USB is much slower than Firewire.我认为CPU主要责任是执行指令4. I think/believe that the CPU is primarily responsible for executing instructions.Unit 2单词〖Ex. 3〗根据下面的英文解释，写出相应的英文词汇（使用学过的单词、词组或缩略语）Unit 3〖Ex. 3〗根据下面的英文解释，写出相应的英文词汇（使用学过的单词、词组或缩略语）Unit 4单词〖Ex. 3〗根据下面的英文解释，写出相应的英文词汇（使用学过的单词、词组或缩略语）Unit 5单词〖Ex. 3〗根据下面的英文解释，写出相应的英文词汇（使用学过的单词、词组或缩略语）〖Ex. 5〗把下列短文翻译成中文佳能打印机有五种样式，价格从$80 到$500不等，满足了任何想打印相片用户的需求。

计算机经典书籍推荐计算机经典书籍推荐（一）计算机是现代社会不可或缺的重要工具，而计算机技术的发展更是推动了人类社会的进步。

计算机经典书籍作为计算机领域最为精华的阅读材料，不仅有助于对计算机技术有更深入的理解，也有助于开拓视野，拓宽思维，对于提高自身技术水平和职业发展都非常有帮助。

下面，我将为大家推荐几本我认为计算机领域经典不倒的好书。

1.《计算机程序设计艺术》《计算机程序设计艺术》（The Art of Computer Programming）是由计算机科学先驱Donald E. Knuth所著的一系列书籍。

该书以无与伦比的深度和广度向读者展示了当代计算机科学的最前沿理论和技术，是所有计算机科学专业学生和研究人员必读的经典之作。

这一套书籍由7卷组成，涵盖了算法基础、信息结构、排序与搜索、组合算法等方面。

2.《算法导论》《算法导论》（Introduction to Algorithms）是由Thomas H. Cormen、Charles E. Leiserson、Ronald L. Rivest和Clifford Stein合著的一本经典教材，旨在帮助学生们理解计算机科学的基本算法原理和应用。

该书包含各种算法的详细介绍，范围从基本算法，如排序和搜索，到更复杂的算法，如动态规划和图算法。

该书还提供了丰富的习题和解答，方便读者进行实践锻炼。

3.《深入理解计算机系统》《深入理解计算机系统》（Computer Systems: A Programmer's Perspective）是由Randal E. Bryant和David R. O'Hallaron所著的一本经典的计算机科学教材。

该书旨在帮助学生和程序员深入理解计算机系统中的各种主要组件，包括处理器、存储器、操作系统和网络协议等。

该书的风格简洁明了，并有很多实例和练习，易于理解和实践。

以上三本书籍是计算机领域的经典著作，值得每个计算机爱好者和专业人士阅读。

Computer HardwareContentsz Careers in ITz TEXT A The Organization of Computer System Unit z TEXT B Input and Output z Writing Training z Translation Tips zLegendary Stories in ITTASK I Careers in ITCareers: Computer TechnicianComputer technicians repair and install computer components. They may work on everything from personal computers and mainframe servers to printers. Some computer technicians are responsible for setting up and maintaining computer networks. Experienced computer technicians may work with computer engineers to diagnose problems and run routine maintenance on complex systems. Job growth is expected in this field as computer equipment becomes more complicated and technology expands.Employers look for those with certification in computer repair or associate degrees from vocational schools. Employment usually begins with training, but most employers expect applicants to have prior technical experience. Computer technicians also can expect to continue their education to keep up with technological changes. Good communication skills are important in this field. Dialogue: Practice with Your PartnerTom: Hi, Jerry. You look so upset. What’s up?Jerry:I think computers are supposed to make our lives more convenient. But it seems like I spend half my time waiting for it to do something.Unit 2计算机专业英语·18·Tom:Why is it so slow? How much RAM do you have? Jerry:I think I have 128 Megs.Tom:That’s your problem.If you want Windows 7 to run smoothly, you need at least 256 Megs. Jerry:I have 512 Megs now. and most things work better, but I can't get my mouse to work properly. First it moves and then, all of a sudden, it jerks all the way across the screen. What can I do?Tom:Here, let me see. You should open the mouse and take out the ball.Do you see these contacts here?Jerry:Yes, they look pretty dirty.Tom: That's right. Let me clean those for you, and you'll be back to normal in no time. Jerry: Wow, you are so professional.Thank you. Tom:It’s my pleasure.TASK II TEXT AThe Organization of Computer System UnitFigure 2.1 The Organization of Computer Componentssequentially[si5kwZnFEli ] adj . 从而，循序地readily[5redili ] adv . 容易地，乐意地component[kEm5pEunEnt ] n . 部件，组件 A computer is a programmable machine designed to sequentially and automatically carry out a sequence of arithmetic or logical operations. The particular sequence of operations can be changed readily, allowing the computer to solve more than one kind of problem. A general-purpose computer has four main components : the arithmetic logic unit (ALU), the control unit, the memory, and the input and output devices. These parts areUnit 2 Computer Hardware·19·bus [bQs ] n . 总线ArithmeticLogic Unit 运算器，运算逻辑部件circuit[5sE:kit ] n . 电路，环形fundamental[7fQndE5mentEl ] adj . 基本的，重要的maintain[men5tein ] vt . 保持，坚持accommodate[E5kCmEdeit ] vt . 容纳，顺应classification[7klAsifi5keiFEn ]n . 分类，类别distinct[dis5tiNkt ] adj . 截然不同的，明显的architecture[5B:kitektFE ] n .体系结构，建筑学address[E5dres ] n . 住址，地址binary[5bainEri ] n . 二进制register[5redVistE ] n . 寄存器interconnected by buses , often made of groups of wires (See Figure 2.1).Arithmetic Logic UnitIn computing, an arithmetic logic unit is a digital circuit that performs arithmetic and logical operations. The ALU is a fundamental building block of the central processing unit (CPU) of a computer, and even the simplest microprocessors contain one for purposes such as maintaining timers. The processors found inside modern CPUs and graphics processing units (GPUs) accommodate very powerful and very complex ALUs; a single component may contain a number of ALUs.Mathematician John von Neumann proposed the ALU concept in 1945, when he wrote a report on the foundations for a new computer called the EDVAC. Research into ALUs remains an important part of computer science, falling under arithmetic and logic structures in the ACM Computing Classification System.Control UnitThe control unit (often called a control system or central controller) manages the computer's various components; it reads and interprets the program instructions, transforming them into a series of control signals which activate other parts of the computer. Control systems in advanced computers may change the order of some instructions so as to improve performance. In computers, the control unit was historically defined as one distinct part of the 1946 reference model of Von Neumann architecture . In modern computer designs, the control unit is typically an internal part of the CPU with its overall role and operation unchanged.MemoryA computer's memory can be viewed as a list of cells into which numbers can be placed or read. Each cell has a numbered “address” and can store a single number. The information storedin memory may represent practically anything. Letters, numbers, even computer instructions can be placed into memory with equal ease. In almost all modern computers, each memory cell is set up to store binary numbers in groups of eight bits (called a byte).The CPU contains a special set of memory cells called registers that can be read and written to much more rapidly than计算机专业英语·20·random-access memory 随机存取存储器read-only memory 只读存 储器start-up 启动 indefinitely[in defEnEtli ] adv . 无限期地blur[blE :] vt .&vi . (使)变模糊 be restricted to 仅限于……，限制在……sophisticated[sE5fistikeitid ] adj .精密的，复杂的peripheral[pE5rifErEl ] n . 外围设备，周边设备perspective[pE5spektiv ] n . 远景，透视monitor[5mCnitE ] n . 监视器，显示器representation[7reprizen5teiFE n ] n . 表示，表达interaction[7intEr5AkFEn ] n .交互作用，互动 the main memory area. Registers are used for the most frequently needed data items to avoid having to access main memory every time data is needed. As data is constantly being worked on, reducing the need to access main memory greatly increases the computer's speed.Computer main memory comes in two principal varieties: random -access memory or RAM and read -only memory or ROM. RAM can be read and written to anytime the CPU commands it, but ROM is pre-loaded with data and software that never changes, so the CPU can only read from it. ROM is typically used to store the computer's initial start -up instructions. In general, the contents of RAM are erased when the power to the computer is turned off, but ROM retains its data indefinitely . Flash memory blurs thedistinction between ROM and RAM, as it retains its data when turned off but is also rewritable. It is typically much slower than conventional ROM and RAM however, so its use is restricted to applications where high speed is unnecessary.In more sophisticated computers there may be one or more RAM cache memories which are slower than registers but faster than main memory. Generally computers with this sort of cache are designed to move frequently needed data into the cache automatically, often without the need for any intervention on the programmer's part.Input/OutputI/O is the means by which a computer exchanges information with the outside world. Inputs are the signals or data received by the computer, and outputs are the signals or data sent from it. Devices that provide input or output to the computer are called peripherals . Note that the designation of a device as either input or output depends on the perspective . Mouse and keyboards take as input physical movement that the human user outputs and converts it into signals that a computer can understand. The output from these devices is input for the computer. Similarly, printers and monitors take as input signals that a computer outputs. They then convert these signals into representations that human users can see or read. For a human user the process of reading or seeing these representations is receiving input. These interactions between computers and humans are studied in a field called human–computer interaction.Unit 2 Computer Hardware·21·ExercisesI. March each of the following terms to its equivalent(s).II.Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text.1. In computing, __________ __________ __________ __________ (ALU) is a digital __________ that performs arithmetic and logical operations.2. Computer main memory comes in two principal varieties: __________ __________ or RAM and __________ __________ or ROM.3. Inputs are the signals or data __________ by the computer, and outputs are the signals or data __________ __________ it.4. In computers, the control unit was historically defined as one __________ part of the 1946 reference model of Von Neumann __________.5.Note that the designation of a device as either input or output depends on the __________. III. Mark the following sentences with true or false according to the passage.1. A computer has four main components: the arithmetic logic unit (ALU), the control unit, the memory, and the input and output devices;and they are interconnected by business. ( )2. I/O(Input and Output Devices) is the means by which a computer exchanges information with the outside world.( ) 3. Mouse and keyboards take as output physical movement that the human user inputs and converts it into signals that a computer can understand. ( ) 4. RAM is pre-loaded with data and software that never changes, so the CPU can only read from it.( ) 5. Control systems in advanced computers may change the order of some instructions so as to improve performance.( )IV. Translate the following passage from English into Chinese.Flash memory is a non-volatile computer storage chip that can be electrically erased andreprogrammed. It is primarily used in memory cards, USB flash drives, MP3 players and solid-state计算机专业英语·22·drives for general storage and transfer of data between computers and other digital products. It is a specific type of EEPROM (electrically erasable programmable read-only memory) that is erased and programmed in large blocks; in early flash the entire chip had to be erased at once.TASK III TEXT BInput andOutputFigure 2.2 Input and Output Devicesattach to 使依附 layout[5leiaut ] n . 布局combination[7kCmbi5neiFEn ] n . 结合，组合A computer is only useful when it is able to communicate with the external environment. When you work with the computer you feed your data and instructions through some devices to the computer. These devices are called input devices (See Figure 2.2). Similarly computer after processing, gives output through other devices called output devices (See Figure 2.2).Input DeviceInput devices are necessary to convert our information or data in to a form which can be understood by the computer.Keyboard: This is the standard input device attached to all computers. The layout of keyboard is just like the traditional typewriter of the type QWERTY. It also contains some extra command keys and function keys. It contains a total of 101 to 104 keys. You have to press correct combination of keys to input data. The computer can recognise the electrical signals corresponding to the correct keys combination and processing is done accordingly.Unit 2 Computer Hardware·23·rolls on 滚滚向前censor[5sensE ] vt . 检查 cursor[5kE:sE ] n . 光标monochrome[5mCnEkrEum ] adj . 单色的，黑白的dumb terminal 哑终端 intelligent terminal 智能终端hammering[5hAmEriN ] n .捶打，捶打的声音ribbon[5ribEn ] n .（打印机的） 色带Mouse ：Mouse is an input device that is used with personal computer. It rolls on a small ball and has two or three buttons on the top. When you roll the mouse across a flat surface, the screen censors the mouse in the direction of mouse movement. The cursor moves very fast with mouse giving you more freedom to work in any direction. It is easier and faster to move through a mouse.Scanner ：Scanner is an optical device that can input any graphical matter and display it back. The common optical scanner devices are Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR), Optical Mark Reader (OMR) and Optical Character Reader (OCR).Output DeviceAn output device is any piece of computer hardware equipm- ent used to communicate the results of data processing carried out by a computer to the outside world.Visual Display Unit ：The most popular output device is the Visual Display Unit (VDU). It is also called the monitor. A keyboard is used to input data and monitor is used to display the input data and to receive massages from the computer. A monitor has its own box which is separated from the main computer system and is connected to the computer by cable. In some systems it is compact with the system unit. It can be color or monochrome .Terminals ：It is a very popular interactive input/output unit. It can be divided into two types:hard copy terminals and soft copy terminals. A hard copy terminal provides a printout on paper whereas soft copy terminals provides visual copy on monitor. A terminal when connected to a CPU sends instructions directly to the computer. Terminals are also classified as dumb terminals or intelligent terminals depending upon the work situation.Printer ：It is an important output device which can be used to get a printed copy of the processed text or result on paper. There are different types of printers that are designed for different types of applications. Depending on their speed and approach of printing, printers are classified as impact and non-impact printers. Impact printers use the familiar typewriter approach of hammering a typeface against the paper and inked ribbon . Dot-matrix printers are of this type. Non-impact printers do not hit or impact a ribbon to print. They use electro-static chemicals and ink-jet technologies.计算机专业英语·24·dot-matrix 点矩阵 ink-jet 喷墨式elaborate[I5lAbEreit ] vt . 详细设计Laser printers and ink-jet printers are of this type. This type of printers can produce color printing and elaborate graphics.ExercisesI. March each of the following terms to its equivalent(s).II. Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text.1. Terminals can be divided into two types: __________ terminals and __________ _________ terminals.2. Laser printers and __________ printers can produce __________ printing and __________graphics.3. A monitor has its own box which is __________ the main computer system and is __________ to the computer by __________.4. The __________ of keyboard is just like the__________ typewriter of the type QWERTY.5.Mouse __________ __________ a small ball and has two or three buttons on the top. III. Mark the following sentences with true or false according to the passage.1. Input devices are necessary to convert our information or data into a form which can be understood by the computer. ( )2. Visual Display Unit (VDU) is the most popular input/output device of computer , it is also called the monitor .( ) 3. Scanner is an important inputer device,it is a kind of optical device that can output any graphical matter and display it back. ( ) 4. Mouse is an input device that is used with your personal computer, and it rolls on a small ball and has two or three buttons on the top. ( ) 5. A keyboard contains some extra command keys and function keys. When you press correctcombination of keys, you can input special data.( )Unit 2 Computer Hardware·25·IV. Translate the following passage from English into Chinese.A laser printer is a common type of computer printer that rapidly produces high quality text and graphics on plain paper. As with digital photocopiers and multifunction printers (MFPs), laser printers employ a xerographic printing process but differ from analog photocopiers in that the image is produced by the direct scanning of a laser beam across the printer's photo receptor.TASK IV Writing TrainingBusiness Card名片，又称卡片，是标示姓名及其所属组织、公司单位和联系方法的纸片。