英国文学材料

英国文学史资料一. Old English Literature & the Late Medieval AgesBeowulf 贝奥武夫The national epic of the Anglo-SaxonsEpic: long narrative poems that record the adventures or heroic deeds of a hero enacted in vast landscapes. The style of epic is grand and elevated.e.g. Homer‟s Iliad and OdysseyGeoffery Chaucer 杰弗里•乔叟He is the father of English poetry.It is ____alone who, for the first time in English literature, presented to us a comprehensive realistic picture of the English society of his time and created a whole gallery of vivid characters from all walks of life.A. Geoffrey ChaucerB. Matin LutherC. William LanglandD. John GowerWriting style: wisdom, humor, humanity.The Canterbury Tales《坎特伯雷故事集》:first time to use …heroic couplet‟ by middle Eng lish首创“双韵体”，英国文学史上首先用伦敦方言写作。

Medieval Ages‟ popular Literary form: Romance(传奇故事)Famous three：King ArthurSir Gawain and the Green KnightBeowulf二、The Renaissance PeriodA period of drama and poetry. The Elizabethan drama is the real mainstream of the English Renaissance. Renaissance: the activity, spirit, or time of the great revival of art, literature, and learning in Europe beginning in the 14th century and extending to the 17th century, marking the transition from the medieval to the modern world. Three historical events of the Renaissance – rebirth or revival:1. New discoveries in geography and astrology2. The religious reformation and economic expansion3. Rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek cultureThe most famous dramatists:Christopher MarloweWilliam ShakespeareBen Johnson.Edmund Spenser埃德蒙•斯宾塞1552~1599The poets‟ poet.The first to be buried in the Poet‟s corner of Westerminster Abbey后人称之为“诗人的诗人”。

英国文学材料Terms:1.Gothic novel:A type of romantic fiction, emphasizing mystery and horror. Its setting is typically a ruined, ghost-haunted Gothic castle.2.Drama:A type of literature, in prose or poetry, usually written to be performed on the stage by actors and actresses.3.ThemeThe general idea or insight about life and the world people are living in, that a writer wishes to express in his literary work.4. Romance----it is the most prevailing kind of literature in England. It is a long composition in verse or in prose. It describes the life and adventures of noble heroes. It mainly concerned with knights, chivalry and courtly love. The most popular romance was about King Arthur and his knights of the Round Table.5. Humanism----it was the ideal of Renaissance. A literary and philosophical system of thought, which attempted to place the affairs of mankind at the center of its concerns. Humanism shattered the shackles of spiritual bon dage of man’s mind by the Roman Catholic Church and opened people’s eyes to “ a brave new world”.6. Ballad----a ballad is a story told in songs, usually in 4—line stanzas, with the second and fourth lines rhymed. Most of the ballads were not written down until they had passed through centuries of life on the lips of the people. The representative ballad is RobinHood.7. Renaissance----it means the rebirth or revival of classical learning. It first began in 14th -- century Italy and gradually spread all over Europe and marked the transition from the medieval world to the modern. Classical learning meant Greek and Latin learning, literature and art, which had lain buried in oblivion for a long time. It emancipated human’s mind.8. Classicism----it modelled on Greek and Latin authors, and tried to control literary creation by some fixed laws and rules drawn from Greek and Latin works. Rimed couplet instead of blank verse, the three unities of time, place and action, regularity in construction, and the presentation of types rather than individuals.9. University Wits---- there was a group of so-called “university wits”, who wrote for the stage of the time. They were all of humble birth and struggled for a livelihood through writing. They entered the dramatic circle between the years 1587 and 1593.10. RomanticismIt is a literary trend. It prevailed in England during the period 1798—1832. Romanticists expressed the ideology and sentiment of those classes and social strata who were discontent with and opposed to the development of capitalism. They split into two group because of the different attitudes toward the capitalist society.11. Sentimentalism----a literary school came into being by the middle of the 18th century as the result of a discontent among the enlightened people with social reality. It dissatisfied with reason, andappealed to sentiment, so it turned to the countryside for material and is in striking contrast to classicism.12.Naturalism:An extreme form of realism, focusing on the decisive inf luence of environment and heredity on man’s fate13. Metaphysical PoetsAbout the beginning of the 17th century appeared a school of poets called “Metaphysicals”. The works of the metaphysical poets are characterized by mysticism in content and fantasticality in form .14.Stream of consciousnessA literary technique, employed to show subjective reality. It reveals the character's subconscious state of mind, often following an associative rather than a logical sequence.15. Satire:A literary art of diminishing or derogating a subject by making it ridiculous and evoking toward it attitudes of amusement, contempt, scorn, or indignation. Satire uses laughter as a weapon, and against a butt that exists outside the work itself.Questions:1. How much do you know about English enlightenment?The 18th century marked the beginning of an intellectual movement in Europe, known as the enlightenment, which was, on the whole, an expression of struggle of the bourgeoisie against feudalism. The enlighteners fought against class inequality, stagnation, prejudices and other survivals of feudalism. They attempted to place all branches of science at the service of mankind by connecting them with the actual needs and requirements of people. The representatives of the enlightenment in English literature were Joseph Addison andRichard Steele, the essayists, and Alexander Pope, the poet. The literature of the enlightenment in England mainly appealed to the middle class readers .2. Tell briefly what the literary trends are at the end of the 19th century.(1) Naturalism: naturalism is a literary trend prevailing in Europe, especially in France and Germany. According to the theory of naturalism, literature must be “true to life” and exactly reproduce real life, including all its details without any selection. George Gissing is one of the English novelists who wrote under the influence of naturalism.(2) Neo-Romanticism : dissatisfied with the drab and ugly social reality and yet trying to avoid the positive solution of the acute social contradictions, some writers adopted this new trend which laid emphasis upon the invention of exciting adventures and fascination stories to entertain the reading public. Stevenson was a representative, whose romances: Treasure Island and Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr. Hyde are well read.(3) Aestheticism: aestheticism began to prevail in Europe at the idle of the 19th century . The theory “art for art’s sake”was first put forward by the French poet Theophile Gautier. Following him, Swinburne in English literature declared that art should serve no religious, moral or social end, nor any end except itself. The two most important representatives of Aestheticists in English literature are Walter Pater and Oscar Wilde.3. Explain the art of Hardy’s novel.①Hardy’s novels have for their setting the agricultural region of the southern counties of England .②He truthfully depicts the impoverishment and decay of small farmers who became hired field-hands and roamed thecountry in search of seasonal jobs .③The aut hor was pained to see the deterioration of the patriarchal mode of life in rural England . This was one of the reasons accounting for the growing pessimistic vein which runs throughout his novels. According to his pessimistic philosophy, mankind is subjected to the rule of some hostile mysterious fate, which brings misfortune into human life . Strong elements of naturalism, combined with a tendency towards symbolism are the defects that spoil at times the realistic effect of his art .4.Make a comparison between James Joyce and D.H. Lawrence.James Joyce, as a modernist novelist, much concerned with technical innovations, especially the stream of consciousness and epiphany.D. H. Lawrence, also a modernist novelist, interested in the tracing of the psychological development of his major characters and the criticism of the dehumanizing effect of the industrialization on human nature.5．What are the features of the Victorian novels?In this period, novels became the most widely read literature. While sticking to the principle of faithful representation, novelists also carried forward their duty of criticizing the contemporary society and showing great sympathy to those miserable lower-class people. The truthful depiction and bitter criticism awakened the public to the social problems and called for the actual improvement of the society. That is also the reason why novels of Victorian Age are referred to as Critical Realism.6. What are the chief characteristics of Romanticism?(1) Romanticism puts emphasis on imagination and personal emotions.(2) Poetry should be free from all rules.(3) Nature is not only the major source of poetic imagery, but also provides theinspiration.(4) Poetry turns to the common people and everyday life for subjects.7. How many parts can we divide Shakespeare’s dramatic composition into? Tell us something about his third period’s dramatic composition.(1)Shakespeare’s career as a dramatist may be divided into four major phases which represent respectively his early, mature, flourishing and late periods.(2)The third period of Shakespear e’s dramatic career is mainly the period of “great tragedies” and“dark comedies”. It includes 5 tragedies—Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth, Timon of Athens; 3 comedies—Troilus and Cressida, All’s Wel l That Ends Well, Measure for Measure; and 2 Roman tragedies.(3)In the plays of this period, the tragic note is aggravated. The sunshine and laughter of the second period has turned into clouds and storms.(4)Hamlet is written in the third period and it is considered the summit of Shakespeare’s art. The story comes from an old Danish legend.8. What’s the difference between William Blake’s Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience?The best of Blake’s short poems is to be found in Songs of Innocence(1789)and Songs of Experience(1794).Songs of Innocence contains poems which were apparently written for children. Here everything seems to be in harmony. In Songs of Experience, a much maturer work, entirely different themes are to be found. The poems showed the sufferings of themiserable.The contrast between Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience is of great significance. It marks a progress in the poet’s outlook on life. In the earlier collection there seem to be no shadows. To the poet’s eyes, the first glimpse of the world was a picture of light, harmony, peace and love. But in the later years, experience had brought a fuller sense of the power of evil, and of the great misery and pain of the people’s life.In the introduction to Songs of Innocence, the poet compares himself to a laughing child upon a cloud, but in that to Songs of Experience the poet becomes “the lapsed Soul weeping in the evening dew.”In Songs of Experience, we find particularly Blake’s hate of the church and the clergy.。

英国文学英国文学是世界文学史上的重要组成部分，具有悠久的历史和丰富的文化底蕴。

英国文学的影响力遍布世界各地，不仅是文学作品本身的影响，也是英国文学背后蕴含的思想和情感的传播。

从中世纪的史诗诗歌到现代的小说和诗歌，英国文学传承着丰富多彩的传统，展现出不同时代不同风格的创作特点。

古典时期在英国文学史上，古典时期是一个重要的阶段。

古代英国文学的代表作品包括《贝奥武夫》和《坎特伯雷故事集》。

《贝奥武夫》是一部史诗诗歌，讲述了英雄贝奥武夫与怪物格rendel的战斗，反映了古代英国人对勇气和荣誉的追求。

《坎特伯雷故事集》则是一部讲述朝圣之旅中人们的故事的作品，展现了当时社会各阶层的生活和价值观。

文艺复兴时期文艺复兴时期是英国文学史上的又一个辉煌时期。

在这个时期，威廉·莎士比亚创作了许多经典的戏剧，如《哈姆雷特》、《罗密欧与朱丽叶》等。

莎士比亚的作品以其深刻的人物刻画和丰富的情感表现而著称，为后世文学的发展奠定了基础。

现代文学英国现代文学呈现出多样化的风貌，包括小说、诗歌、戏剧等形式。

20世纪的英国文学，有着许多杰出的作家，如乔治·奥威尔、弗吉尼亚·吴尔芙、阿加莎·克里斯蒂等。

他们以自己独特的视角和风格，探讨着当代社会和人性的问题，为英国文学增添了新的光彩。

结语英国文学作为世界文学的重要组成部分，拥有着丰富多彩的文化底蕴和创作传统。

从古典时期到现代文学，英国作家们以精湛的艺术表现力和深刻的思想内涵，为读者呈现出一幅幅生动而震撼人心的文学画卷。

让我们一同领略英国文学的魅力，感受其中蕴含的智慧和情感，让文字的力量永远流传下去。

Chapter One The Anglo-Saxon PeriodI. Fill in the blanks.1.After the fall of the Roman Empire and athe withdrawl of Roman troops fromAlbion, the aboriginal ＿＿population of the larger part of the island was soon conquerered and almost totally exterminated by the Teutonic tribes of ____, _____ , and _____ who came from the continent and settled in the island, naming its central part a, or England.2.For nearly ______ years prior to the coming of the English, British had been aRoman province. In _____, the Rome withdrew their legions from Britain to protect herself against swarms of Teutonic invaders.3.The literature of early period falls naturally into teo divisions, and ____.The former represents the poetry which ____the Anglso-Saxons probably brought with them in the form of _____ , the crude material out of which literature was slowly developed on English soil; the later represents the writings developed under the teaching of ______ .4._____can be justly termed England’s national epic and its hero _____---one of thenational heros of the English people.5.The Song of Beowulf reflects events which took place on the ______approximately at the beginning of the_____century, when the forefathers of the Jutes lived in the southern part of the _____ and maintained close relations with kindred tribes, e.g. with the ______ who lived on the other side of the straits.6.Among the early Anglo-Saxon poets we may mention______ who lived in thelatter half of the ______ century and who wrote a poetic Paraphase of the Blible.7.____ is the first known religious poets of England. He is known as the father ofEnglish song.8.The didactic poem “The Chris t” was produced by ________.II. Choose the best answer for each blank.1.The most important work of _______ is the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles, which isregarded as the best monument of the old English prose.a. Alfred the Greatb. Caedmonc. Cynewulfd. Venerable Bede2. Who is the monster half-huamn who had mingled thirty warriors in The Song of Beowulf?a. Hrothgat.b. Heorot.c. Grendel.d. Beowulf.3. _____ is the first important religious poet in English Literature.a. Cynewulfb. Caedmonc. Shakepeare.d. Adam Bede4. The epic, The Song of Beowulf, represents the spirit of ______.a. monksb. romanticistsc. sentimentalistd. paganIII. Decide whether the following statements are true or false and write your answers in the brackets.1. ( ) The author of The Song of Beowulf is Cynewulf.2. ( ) The setting of The Song of Beowulf is in Scotland.3. ( ) Alfred the Great compiles The Anglo-Saxon Chronicles.4. ( ) Venerable Bede wrote The Ecclesiastical History of the English People.5. ( ) The author of Paraphase is Caedmon.IV. Define the liretary terms listed below.1.Alliteration2.Epic.V. Answer the following questions.1.What do you know about the Teutors.2.Please give a brief description of The Song of Boewulf.Chapter Two The Anglo-Norman PeriodI. Fill in the following blanks.1.In the year___, at the battle of ___, the ____ headed by William, Duke ofNormandy, defeated the Anglo-Saxons.2.The literature which Normans brought to England is remarkable for its bright,____ tales of _______ and _______, in marked contrast with the ___ and ______ of Anglo-Saxon poetry.3.English literature is also a combination of ____and _____ elements.4.In the 14th century, the two most important writers are ___ and Chaucer.5.In the 15th century, there is only one important prose writer whose name is _____.He wrote an important work called Morte d’ Arthur.II. Define the leterature terms listed below.1.Canto2.legend3.Arthurian Legend.III. Read the excerpt of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight carefully, and then make a brief comment on it.IV. Answer the following questions.1.What is the consequence of the Norman Conquest?2.Make a brief survey of the middle English literature.Chapter Three Geoffrey ChaucerI. Fill in the following blanks.1.Chaucer’s masterpiece is _____, one of the most famous works in all literature.2.Chaucer created in The Canterbury Tales a strikingly brilliant and picturesquepanorama of _______.3.There are various kinds of ballads _______, ______, ______, _____, and ______.4.Bishop ____ was among the first to take a literary interest in ballads.5.The name of the “jolly innkeeper” in The Canterbury Tales is ______, whoproposes that each pilgrim of the ____ should tell two tales on the way to Canterbury and two more on the way back.6.In contradistinction to the ______ verse of Anglo-Saxon poetry, Chaucer chose themetrical form which laid the foundation of the English _____ verse.II. Choose the best answer.1.Who is the “father of English poetry” and one of the greatest narrative poets ofEngland?a. Christopher Marlowb. Geoffrey Chaucerc. W. Shakespeared. Alfred the Great2. Chaucer’s earlist work of any length is his “______” a translation of the French “Roman de la Rose” by Gaillaume de Lorris and Jean de Meung, which was a love allegory enjoying widespread popularity in the 13th and 14th centuries not only in France but throught Europe.a. Troilus and Criseydeb. A Red, Red Rosec. Romance of the Rosed. Piers the Plowman3. In his literary development, Chaucer was influenced by three literatures, which one is not true?a. French literature.b. Italian literaturec. English literatured. American literatureIII. Decide whether the following statements are true or false and write your answers in the brackets.1. ( ) The 32 pilgrims, according to Chaucer’s plan, was to exceed that ofBaccoccio’s Decameron.2. ( ) The Prologue is a splendid masterpiece of Romantic portray, the first of itskind in the history of English literature.3. ( ) The Canterbury Tales is a vivid and brilliant reflection of 15th century inEngland.4. ( ) Chaucer’s poetry traces out a path to th e literature of English Renaissance. IV. Define the leterary terms listed below.1.Romance.2.Fable.3.BalladV. Anwer the following question.1.What is the social significance of The Canterbury Tales ?Chapter Four The RenaissanceI. Complete each of the following statements with a proper word or phrase according to the textbook.1.Shakespeare’s first priginal play written in about 1590 was _________.2.Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, and _______ are generally regar ded as Shakespeare’sfour great tragedies.3.The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus is one of _______’s best known sonnets.4.Absolute monarchy in England reached its summit during the reign of ______.5.Bacon’s works may be divided into three classes, the ______, the _______, the_______ works.6.Together with the development of bourgeois relationships and formation of theEnglish national state this period is marked by a flourishing of national culture known as the _________.7.Edmund Spenser was the author of the greatest epic poem of _______.II. Find out the author and his works.⑴The author and their works1. ( ) Thomas More a. Gorge Green2. ( ) Enmund Spenser b. Eupheus3. ( ) John Lyly c.The Fairy Queen4. ( ) Marlowe d. Utopia5. ( ) Robert Greene e. The Jew of Malta⑵The characters in the play1. ( ) Desdemona a. The Merchant of Venice2. ( ) Cordelia b. As you like it3. ( ) Juliet c.Hamlet4. ( ) Ophelia d. King Lear5. ( ) Portia e. Othello6. ( ) Rosalind f. Romeo and JulietIII. Define the leterary terms listed below.1.Renaissance2.sonnet3.Spenserian Stanza4.Humanism5.dramatic irony6.tragedy7.allusionIV. Answer the following questions.1.Give a summary about the English literature during the Renaissance period.2.What is the main idea of Hamlet?3.Give a brief introduction to Thomas More’s Utopia.4.When were Shakespeare’s main tragedies written? what did he write about in histragedies?Chapter Five The Period of Revolution and RestorationI. Complete each of the following statements with a proper word or phrase according to th etextbook.1.The 17th century was a period when ______ impeded the further development ofcapitalism in England and the ______ could no longer bear the sway of _______.2.England became a commomwealth under the leadership of _______.3.The Glorious Revolution in _____ meant three things the supremacy of ________,the beginning of _______, and the final truiumph of the principle of _______.4.Restoration created a literature of its own, that was often ______ and _______,but on the whole _______ and _______.5.The first thing to strike the reader is Donne’s extraordinary _____ and penetrating_______. The next is the ______ which marks certain of the lighter poems and which represents a conscious reation from the extreme _______ of woman encouraged by the Petrachan tradition.6.Paradise Lost presents the author’s view in an ______, _______ form. It is basedon the _______legend of the imaginary progenitors of the human race-______, and _______, and involves God and his eternal adversary _____in its plot.7.Bunyan’s most important work is _________, written in the old-fashioned,medieval form of ________ and _________.8.Christia has two objects, ---to get rid of his ______, which holds the sins and fearsof his life, and to make his way.II. Find out the work from column A and its content from column B.1. ( ) II Penseroso a. defense of the Revolution2. ( ) Lycidas b. Satan against God3. ( ) Comas c. about dear friend4. ( ) Areopagitica d. happiness5. ( ) Eikonolastes e. meditation6. ( ) Defense for the English People f. masque7. ( ) Paradise Lost g. attack on the censorship8. ( ) L’Allegro h. justifying the excutionIII.Define the leterature terms listed below.1.Blank Verse2.Three Unities3.Conceit4.Stanza5.Elegy6.Allegory7.Genre8.Literary CriticismIV. Answer the following questions.1.What are the different aspects between the literature of Elizabeth period and thatof the Revolution period?2.Give a brief analysis of Satan, the central figure in Paradise Lost.3.Why do people say Samson is Milton?4.In your opinion, why is “The Pilgrim’s P rogress” successful?Chapter Six The Age of Enlightenment EnglandI. Complete each of the following statements with a proper word or phrase according to th etextbook.1.The Revolution of 1688, which banished the last of the _____ kings, marks theend of the long struggle for political freedom in England.2.Another feature of the age was the rapid development of _________.3.It is simply for convenience that we study 18th century writings in three maindivisions: the reign of so-called _____, the revival of _______ poetry, and the beginnings of the _______.4.The philosophy of the nlighteners, though ________ ________ and _________ inits essence, did not exclude senses, or sentiments, as a means of perception and learning.5.The most outstanding figure of English sentimentalism was ________.6.The Tarler and _______ _________ were Steele and Addison’s chief contributionto English literature.7.Robinson Crusoe is largely an ______ ________ ________ story, rather than thestudy of ______ _______ which Defoe probably intended it to be.8.Gulliver’s adventures begins with ______________, who are so small thatGulliver is a giant among them.9.The poem, which Addison named ______ _______, was hailed throughoutEngland as a great work.10.In the essays of the 16th century, French writer ____ set the model for morefamiliar, personal and discursive discussion.11.Fielding’s laternovels are _______________, was inspired by the success ofRichardson’s novel Pamela.12.As________, Goldsmith is among the best of the century.13.The greatest of _______ poets is Robert Burns.II. Match the theirs works in column A writers/genres with in column B.⑴1. ( ) The Deserted Village a. Thomas Gary2. ( ) The Village b. George Crabble3. ( ) Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard c. Oliver Goldsmith4. ( ) The Seasons d. James Thomson5. ( ) The Rape of the Lock e. William Blake6. ( ) The Chimney Sweeper f. Alexander Pope7. ( ) A Red, Red Rose g. Robert Burns⑵1. ( )A Sentimental Journey a. Daniel Defoe2. ( ) The Vicar of Wakefield b. Jonathan Swift3. ( ) The School for Scandal c.John Bunyan4. ( ) The History of a Young Lady d. Horace Walpole5. ( ) Tom Jones e. Laurence Sterne6. ( ) The Adventures of Peregrine Pickle f. Oliver Goldsmith7. ( ) Robinson Crusoe g. Richard B. Sheridam8. ( ) Gulliver’s Travels h. Samuel Richardson9. ( ) The Castle of Otranto i. T. G. Smollet10.( ) The Pilgrim’s Progress j. Fielding.⑶1. ( ) The Vicar of Wakefield a. essay2. ( ) She Stoops to Conquer b. poem3. ( ) The Citizen of the world c. novel4. ( ) The Deserted Village d. comedyIII.Define the leterature terms listed below.1.Enlightenment Movement2.Realistic Novel3.Gothic novel4.Heroic Couplet5.Mock Epic6.Bildungsroman7.Epitaph8.Farce9.Imagism10.RhymeIV. Answer the following questions.1.What is Pope’s position in En glish literature?2.What are the features of Sterne’s novels?3.What are the narrative festures of Gulliver’s Travel?4.What is Dr. Johnson’s comment on Addison’s prose?5.What is Fielding’s style?6.Why is Burn’s poetry important?Chapter Seven The Romantic PeriodI. Fill in the following blanks.1.With the publication of William Wordworth’s _____ in Collaboration with S. T.Coleridge, ________ began to bloom and found a firm place in the history of English literature.2.The most important and decisive factor in the develoment of literature is _____,English Romanticism was greatly influenced by the _______ and _______.3.The greatest historical novelist _____ was produced in the Romantic Age.4.Byron is chiefly known for his two long poems, one is Child e Harold’sPilgrimage, the other is ________.5.Shelley’s poem _______ (1816), is vaguely autobiographical acount of a youngpoet’s unsuccessful attempt to recapture his envisional ideal.6.Ode to a Nightingale was written by _______.II. Decide whether the following statements are true or false.1. The Romantics emphasized the special qualities of each individual’smind.2.The brilliant literary criticiam Biographis literaria is written by Samuel Johnson. III. Write the author of the following literary works.1. Song of Innocence2. The Prelude3. Kubla Khan4. Don Juan5. Prometheus Unbound6. Ode to the West Wind7. Ode on a Greciam Urn 8. Pride and Prejudice9. Poor RelationsIV. Match the authors in column A with the works in column B.1. Dante a. I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud2.Byron b. Ode to a Nightingale3. Wordsworth c. Gain4. Keats d. Prometheus Unbound5. Shelley e. Divine ComedyV. Define the following terms.1.Romanticismke poetsVI. Answer the following questions.1.How does Wordsworth define the poet?2.What kinds of stylistic devices are used in Ode to the West Wind?ment on Austen’s writing festures.Chapter Eight The Victorian AgeI. Fill in the following blanks.1.Victorian literature, as a product of its age, naturally took on its quality of _____and _______. It was many-sicked and complex, and reflected both _____ and ______ the great changes that were going on in people’s life and thought.2.The novel _____ makes a fierce attack on the bourgeoise system of education andthe bourgeois philosophy _______.3.George Eliot produced three remarkbale novels including Adam Bede, The Millon the Floss and __________________.4.________ by Tenneyson is made of 12 books of narrative poems.5.In Victorian poetry, the “Browning” refers to _________ and _______. II. Define the literary terms.1.Critical realism.III. Find the relevant match from column B for each item in column A.⑴ A B1. Transcendentalism a . Stephen Crane2. Neoclassicism b. Robert Louis Stevenson3. Preromanticism c. Percy Bysse Shelley4. Sentimentalism d. Henry Fielding5. Realism e. William Blake6. Romanticism f. Alezander Pope7. Criticial realism g. Rolph Waldo Emerson8. New romanticism h. Ezra Pound9. Naturalism i. Charles Dickens10. Imagism j. Lawrence Sterne⑵1. Charles Dickens a. Mary Barton2. William Makepeace Thackeray b. Jane Eyre3. Charlotte Bronte c. Vanity Fair4. Emily Bronte d. David Copperfield5. Mrs. Gaskell e. Wuthering Heights6. George Eliot f. The Mill on the Floss7. Thomas Hardy g. The Egoist8. George Meredith h. Tess of the D’Urbervilles9. Samuel Butler i. News From Nowhere10. William Morris j. The Way of All FlushIV. Answer the following questions.1.What is the majoe contribution made by critical realists in the 19th century.2.Give a brief analysis of the features of Dickens’ works.Chapter Nine 20TH Century LiteratureI. Fill in the following blanks.1.Those “novels of character and enviorement” by Thomas Hardy are the mostrepresentative of him as both a _______ and a critical realist writer.2.The trilogy “The Forsyte Saga” consists of The Man of Property, In Chancery and_________.wrence first novel, _________________, was received with respect.4.Virginia Woolf’s novel ________________, published in 1925, made herreputation as an important psychological writer.5._________is the m ost outstanding stream of consciousness novelist.II. Define the literary terms.1.Imagism2.ModernismIII. Find the relevant match from column B for each item in column A.1. James Joyce a. Neo-classicism2. Ezra Pound b. An active romantic3. William Wordsworth c. Humanism4. Oscar Wilde d. Transcendantalism5. Walter Scott e. A radical enlightenner6. Alezander Pope f. Imagism7. Johanthan Swift g. Aestheticism8. Percy Bysshe Shelley h. A lake Poet9. William Shakespeare i. Stream of consciousness10. Henry, David Thoreau j. A historical novelistIV. Give a brief comment on the characteristic of Hardy’s novels.。

英国文学学习资料Unit 2Sonnet 181.What is the theme of the sonnet?The poet writes beautifully on the conventional theme that his poetry will bring eternity to the one he loves and eulogizes.2.What does the poet mean by the last two lines? What is the role of the last six lines?The last two lines mean “you will not lose your own beauty, nor shall Death boast that you roam about in his darkness; so long as men can stay alive, so long as this poem lives, it gives you eternal life.” The sestet provides a major “turning” in the sonnet and answers the question raised earlier: Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day? The answer is: a nice summer’s day is usually transient, but the beauty in poetry is eternal.ment on the humanist idea expressed in the sonnet.In this sonnet Shakespeare expresses a very bold idea: beauty can rely on the force of literature to reach their eternity; literature is created by man, thus it declares man’s eternity. This idea is not only possessed by Shakespeare. It is a spark of the European Renaissance movement. Under the harsh religious control on the medieval period, man was not a great being, an eternal being, but rather a being of born sin. Now there rises a vigorous commercial class of bourgeoisie, strongly attacking the feudal ideas and declaring things created by man are eternal. This historical circumstance gave the sonnet a particular deep and rich meaning. The emphatic tone of the poem shows the mighty self-confidence of the newly-arisen class. And the vivid variable and rich images reflect the lively and adventurous spirits of those who were opening new space, creating new world.Unit 3Of Marriage and Single Life1. Is marriage an impediment or help to one’s career development?I think it just depends. Good marriages usually lead to good results and bad marriages may lead to bad results. Of course, there are cases in which bad marriages lead to good results if the two make good their own folly or one helps the other overcome (get rid of) his/her shortcomings.2. In what sense are wife and children “a kind of discipline of humanity”?A married man knows how to love, and how to respond to love. By contrast, a single man’s tenderness is not often called upon. Loving husbands commonly have grave and constant natures. Wives are young men’s mistresses, companions for middle age, and old men’s nurses. A man may have a good reason to marry when he will. Bad husbands can become good husbands under the influence of good wives. If a woman persists in choosing a bad man for her husband against their friends’ consent, she is sure to be able to help him to get rid of his shortcomings (folly).3. Bacon prefers marriage to single life. Do you find his arguments convincing?Bacon neglected one important aspect of a married life. Not only do the couple share the common ground, but each of them is an independent being, who has his/her own space for development. One cannot impose ideas upon the other. Bacon’s words incline people to think a woman is just something helpful to a man and attached to a man. A woman just acts according to what a man says and does. That means women are passive and men are active. A woman should think and act from a female perspective in many cases.Of Studies1. We are now living in the age of “information explosion”. What lessons can we learn from Bacon’s “Of Studies” in our access to information?According to Bacon, the general counsels, and the plots and marshaling of affairs, come best from those that are learned. That is to say, right decisions and judgments over important matters are based upon comprehensive knowledge which is acquired by studies. Without a wide range of knowledge, a person cannot digest information, analyze information and take timely measures accordingly.2. In what sense does reading make a full man.Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for abilities. But the general counsels, and the plots and marshaling of affairs, come best from those that are learned. Studies perfect nature, and is perfected by experience. There is no stond or impediment in the wit but may be wrought out by fit studies. Studies can train (shape) a person’s character and make up a person’s deficiencies. Every defect of the mind may have a special receipt.3. What does the essay deal with?This essay analyzes what studies chiefly serve for, the different ways adopted by different people to pursue studies, and how studies exert influence over human character.4. What do you think of the language of the essay?The essay is peculiar for its clearness, brevity, and force of expression. The sentences are short, pointed, incisive, and of balanced structures. Conciseness of expression and simplic ity of diction are two chief distinguishing features of the prose style of Bacon who was among the earliest of English essayists.Unit 4Analysis 1John Donne’s, “The Flea,” is a persuasive poem in which the speaker is attempting to establish a sexual union with his significant other. However, based on the woman’s rejection, the speaker twists his argument, making that which he requests seem insignificant. John Donne brings out and shapes this meaning through his collaborative use of conceit, rhythm, and rhyme scheme. In the beginning, Donne uses the flea as a conceit, to represent a sexual union with his significant other. For instance, in the first stanza a flea bites the speaker and woman. He responds to this incident by saying, “And in this flea our bloods mingled be.”He is suggesting that they are united in this flea and, thus, would equally be united in intimacy（性行为）. In addition, he states, “This flea is you and I, and this our marria ge bed, and marriage temple is.”The speaker is suggesting that through the flea the two are married. Again, the flea represents marriage, union, and consummation（完成，圆满，完美）through intimacy. However, the woman crushes the flea, thus, refusing his request, and states that neither she nor he is weakened by its death.Based on her reaction, the speaker states, “Tis true...Just so much honor, when they yield’st to me, Will waste, as this flea’s death took life from thee.”In other words, he twists his argument to make the point that the woman will lose as much giving herself to him as she lost killing the flea - NOTHING! Secondly, Donne’s use of rhythm aids in shaping the poem’s meaning. The poem has alternating lines of iambic tetrameter（四步）and pentameter. However, Donne varies this rhythm to create emphasis on particular words or phrases. For instance, in the first stanza he states, “Mark but this flea, and mark in this.”Instead of beginning with an unstressed word or syllable as in iambic, Donne stresses the word “Mark.”This is important in accentuating his argument. In this same phrase, he uses a pyrrhic（抑抑格）foot over “but” and “this” so stre ss can be placed over the word “flea.”Again, the flea is a n important part of the speaker’s argument and emphasis is placed accordingly.Finally, Donne’s rhyme scheme plays an important part in the meaning. All twenty-seven lines of the poem follow the aabbccddd rhyme scheme. This consistency in pattern re flects the speaker’s persistence as he proceeds with his request for intimacy throughout the poem.Analysis 2The Flea by Jo hn Donne Incomplete Essay Donne’s poem “The Flea” appears to be a love poem, a dedication from a male suitor to his lady of honor, who repudiates to yield to his lustful desires. In this poem, the speaker tries to seduce a young woman by comparing the consequences of their lovemaking with those of an insignificant fleabite. He uses the flea as an argument to exemplify that the physical relationship he desires is not in itself a momentous event, because a similar unification has already taken place within the flea. In the stanza 1, the speaker creates likeness between the fleabite and lovemaking. I interpreted the first two lines, “Mark but this flea, and mark in this, How little that, which thou deny’st me, is;” to mean that the woman doesn’t reject the flea entrée to her body, yet she denies the advancements of the speaker. Then the speaker shows the similarities between their lovemaking and the mingling of their blood within the flea. “It sucked me first, and now sucks thee, And in this flea our two bloods mingled be.” This argument shows the woman that the same physical exchange, which takes place between her and a flea, is the same type of union that he has in mind. In lines 5-6 ofstanza 1 the speaker persuades the woman that their act could not be considered a sin because a fleabite isn’t considered one. This act could not be considered a loss of innocence because it is so common that if it were to be true, nearly everyone would have lost his or her innocence. Therefore this lady should not be troubled about giving herself to him before they marry, because their only act is the mixing of their blood. The poet introduces the idea of the baby in the final lines of stanza 1. “And pampered swells with one blood made of two, And this, alas! Is more than we would do.” This line describes the physical changes that happen to a fle a’s body after it fills with blood. The flea is now considering the baby produced by their bloods.In the second stanza the speaker asks the women to spare the life of the flea because if she kills it she would kill three lives as well. Not only that, the flea (the baby) has joined them eternally, the same way marriage would join them. “Oh stay, three lives in one flea spare, Where we almost, yea more than, married are. This flea is you and I, and this Our marriage bed and marriage temple is.” Since they h ave already the marital bond, making love would not be considered a sin. Lines 14 and 15 of stanza 2, “Though parents grudge, and you, we are met, and cloistered in these living walls of jet,” describes how her parents do not accept that what he says is marriage. But last lines of stanza 2, the speaker argues that if she kills the flee she would be committing murder. “Though use make you apt to kill me, Let not to that, self-murder added be, And sacrilege, three sins in killing three.” She would kill the symbolic marriage realm and the baby. In addition to those murders, she would be killing herself.In the last stanza, the woman has killed the flea and in doing so she has killed the child. “Cr uel and sudden, hast thou since purpled thy nail in blood of innocence?” The speaker then brings up the point that the child is innocent and all the baby did wrong was choosing her as a mother. “Wherein could this flea guilty be, Except in that drop which it sucked from thee?” The next two lines indicate that she is happy, but the speaker says that she should not. “Y et thou triumph’st, and say’st that thou Find’st not thyself, nor me, the weaker now.” She should not be cheerful because her choice to kill le d to her loss of innocence. And the speaker ends the argument in the subtext of the third stanza saying that since she has already los s her innocence by killing the flea, she might as well give into him because she cannot lose her innocence again. “The Fl ea” by John Donne, an English poet and clergyman, was one of the greatest metaphysical poets. His poetry was marked by conceits and lush imagery. The Flea is an excellent example of how he was able to establish a parallel between two very different things. Donne adopts a cynical and rather flippant tone towards his woman, using his wit to try to belittle and overcome her moral arguments for immediate pleasure.ConceitConceit, an unusually far-fetched or elaborate metaphor or simile presenting a surprisingly apt parallel between two apparently dissimilar things or feelings. Under Petrarchan influence, European poetry of the Renaissance cultivated fanciful comparisons and conceits to a high degree of ingenuity, either as the basis for whole poems or as an incidental decorative device. Poetic conceits are prominent in Elizabethan love sonnets, in metaphysical poetry, and in the French dramatic verse of Corneille（高乃依，法国17世纪剧作家）and Racine（拉辛，法国17世纪剧作家）. Conceits often employ the devices of hyperbole, paradox, and oxymoron.1. Why does the poet say that “this cannot be said a sin, or shame, or loss of maidenhead”?T he woman doesn’t reject the flea entrée to her body, yet she denies the advancements of t he speaker. The speaker shows the similarities between their lovemaking and the mingling of their blood within the flea. “It sucked me first, and now sucks thee, And in this flea our two bloods mingled be.” This argument shows the woman that the same physi cal exchange, which takes place between her and a flea, is the same type of union that he has in mind. Their act could not be considered a sin because a fleabite isn’t considered one. This act could not be considered a loss of innocence because it is so common that if it were to be true, nearly everyone would have lost his or her innocence. Therefore this lady should not be troubled about giving herself to him before they marry, because their only act is the mixing of their blood.2. What do you think is the addressee’s parents’ attitude toward the poet’s wooing?Lines 14 and 15 of stanza 2, “Though parents grudge, and you, we are met, and cloistered in these living walls of jet,” describes how her parents do not accept that what he says is marriage. Her parents are against such a marriage.3. What is the real purpose of the poet to say that in killing the flea “thou” are actually killing three lives?Three lives refer to you, me and the flea (implying our baby). The speaker argues that if she kills the flee she would be committing murder. She would kill the symbolic marriage realm and the baby. In addition to those murders, she would be killing herself. When the flea is killed, the speaker purposefully turns to another argument. The killing has done no harm tothem. Likewise, their secret union will do no harm to them. They should not worry about their union. Their fears are false.Death, Be Not Proudment on the poem.This poem reveals the aut hor’s belief in life after death. Here death is compared to rest or sleep. Death is but momentary while happiness after death is eternal. This religious idea is curiously expressed in the author’s supposed dialogue with “death”, as various reasons are given in the poem against the common belief in death as “mighty and dreadful”. According to the author, “death” is a slave and will die. The sonnet was a typical work of the school of metaphysical poetry.2.How do you understand lines 5-8?Apparently, Donne is saying that relaxation and slumber are desirable things in life, and death offers human beings eternal “rest” and “sleep”, and therefore “much pleasure”. By saying “which but thy pictures be”, Donne refers to the fact that our image of Death is rest and sle ep. Of course, all men and women, not just the “best men”, eventually walk with Death. Donne means to say that even the best among us will perish in the end. No one is safe, but that’s not necessarily the way to look it. Death is not something we should fear, for it is part of a natural cycle. It is the preface to our final sleep, which offers “freedom” (and final delivery) for the soul. Here Donne is implying that our life offers only imprisonment for the soul, and in this sense Death would be more powerful.Paradise Lost1.Where is the story taken from? Tell the story briefly.The story is taken from the Old Testament. Satan and other angels rebel against God, but they are defeated and driven from Heaven into Hell. Even amidst the furnace of Hell, Satan is determined to fight back. He assumes the shape of a snake and comes to the Garden of Eden, a paradise where Adam and Eve live. God, after knowing Satan’s plot, sends the Archangel Raphael to warn Adam and Eve of Satan. However, Satan still succeeds in seducing Eve to eat the fruit from the Tree of Knowledge, which has been totally forbidden by God. As a result, Adam and Eve are exiled by God from the paradise and thereafter live a life full of hardship.2.The general subject（总的主题）is briefly stated in Book I, from which the excerpt is taken. What is the general subject? The general subject is man’s disobedience and the loss thereupon of Paradise, with its prime cause, Satan, who, having revolted from God, has been driven out of heaven. Satan is represented with his angels, lying on the burning lake of hell. He awakens his legions, comforts them, and summons a council. Pandemonium, the palace of Satan, is built.mon on the character of Satan in Book I of Paradise Lost?Satan in Book I is in some ways an appealing figure. Most of us admire the rebel, especially the rebel who will not bow down to another even in defeat. He is a good military leader. And when he feels sorrow at the sad plight（状态）of those he had led to so terrible a punishment, we cannot but sympathize with his state of mind. Satan is at the most notable in Book I because he has about him the last flickers（闪烁）of heavenly radiance（光辉）, the traces of his ruined greatness. There is undoubtedly something thrilling as he summons up his defeated powers, c ollects together the scattered legions （军团）of the lost angels, addresses them with words of defiance of God, and draws forth response of militaristic（穷兵黩武的）assent as his troops “Clashed on their sounding shields the din of war, / Hurling defiance towards th e vault of heaven.” But even in Book I the effects of his sin are beginning to show. He blusters（吓唬，狂吹）. He presents the commonest excuse the wrongdoer who has failed can make: he says more than once that he had no way of knowing God was so strong when he rebelled since no one had ever tried His strength. He lies when he claims to have emptied Heaven, for only a third of the angels rebelled. In spite of the terrible defeat he has just suffered, he refuses to acknowledge the power of God. He will continue the battle, even though he should realize that all he can get out of his fight is further pain for himself and for his fellows. For all this self-delusion（自欺）, however, Satan’s defiance of the Divine Will is indispensable to the continuance of his identity, a predicament that raises him to tragic status.4. Where are the serpent and his followers condemned after their defeat?They are driven from Heaven into hell.5. What are the God’s punishments for those rebellious angels as described by Milton in lines 59-74?Satan looks around and finds himself in a horrible dungeon. There is a great furnace in the dungeon. What is burning is sulfur, with flames, but without light. Through the visible darkness, he can discover sights of woe, regions of sorrow,mournful shades, where peace and rest can never live. Hope goes everywhere except to this place. It is such a place as Eternal Justice had prepared for those rebels. It is far away from God and light of Heaven.6. What is considered by Satan as “ignominy” and “shame” (line 115)?To bow and sue for grace with suppliant knee and deify his power. To give in to God, to fall down on one’s knees to beg for mercy submissively, worship God’s power, become scared for God’s authority and power, lose confidence.7. What is Satan advising the serpent and his followers to do in this part of Paradise Lost?He is defeated in the battle against God, but he does not lose heart. He w ill not bow down to God. Instead, he is advising the serpent and followers to rise up again and fight another battle.Unit 5* 辉格党(Whig)和托利党(Tory)是17世纪末在英国出现的两个正在形成中的政党。

英国文学史复习资料
以下是一些关于英国文学史的复习资料：
1. 《英国文学的发展与演变》（The Development and Evolution of British Literature）：这本书提供了英国文学史的全面概述，从中世纪到现代不同时期的文学作品和文学流派都有介绍。

2. 《英国文学史导论》（Introduction to British Literary History）：这本导论书通过对英国文学史的重要事件、作家和作品进行深入讲解，帮助读者理解英国文学的演变和发展。

3. 《英国文学史简明教程》（A Short History of English Literature）：这本书以简明清晰的语言介绍了英国文学史的重要内容，包括不同时期的文学作品和重要作家的生平和作品。

4. 网络资源：有许多网站提供关于英国文学史的资料和学
术文章，如英国文学史学术网站、大学的文学部门网站等。

你可以在搜索引擎上搜索英国文学史相关的关键词，找到
适合你的学习资料。

5. 学术论文和专著：在学术期刊和图书馆中，你可以找到
许多针对英国文学史的研究论文和专著，这些都是深入了
解英国文学史的重要资源。

无论使用哪种资料，重要的是要有系统地学习和复习英国
文学史，理解各个时期的文学作品和文学流派的特点和发
展趋势，同时熟悉一些重要的作家和作品。

1. What does "to be" mean? Quote and then explain. L1 p82. What does "not to be" mean? Quote and then explain. L1 p83. 11 ,Tis a consumation devoutly to be wish'cT--what is this idealstate, according to Hamlet?L2-3 p94. What is death compared to? What make one hesitate to end thetroubles of life by death?5"There's the respect that makes calamity of so long llong life"-— how do you understand the line?L7-8 p9fe"6. What "puzzled the will" of death? L19 p97. What influence do thoughts have upon resolution and action?(open question)8. What is the internal conflict that Hamlet is going through?(personal understanding)9. When, where and how should he punish the murderer and bringjustice back to the world? Give your personal ideas, (open question) —-how do you understand the line?L7-8 p91 Which is nobler, to suffer the injuries of bad fortune, or to take armsagainst the sea of troubles?27b die is to sleep. In the sleep, we can get free from all the troubles that obsess us in this world.3Death is the best end of our sufferings.4No, no! lb die is not to sleep. Perhaps to die is to dream. In the sleep of death both good dreams and bad dreams may come.5Such a thought makes us hesitate.6Life is horrible. Life is full of such bad things as the oppressor's wrong and the insolence( conceit, arrogance) of office.7That patient merit...with a bare bodkin:本来一把短剑就可以了结一切，可我们为什么还要寄人篱下苟活于世？8We can not bear such a bad life. But at the same time, we dare not go to the other world.活下去还是不活，这是个问题；要做到高贵，究竟该忍气吞声来容受狂暴的命运矢石交攻击呢，还是该挺身反抗无边的苦恼，扫它个干净？死，就是睡眠——就这样；而如果睡眠就等于了结了心痛以及千百种身体要担受的皮痛肉痛，那该是正求之不得啊！死，就是睡眠；睡眠也许要做梦，这就麻烦了！我们一旦摆脱了尘世的牵缠在死的睡眠里还会做些什么梦，一想到就不能不踌躇。

一、主要文学流派和重大历史事件1.The Old English period1)The only organic whole poem to come out of the Anglo-Saxon period.2)epic(史诗).3)The story takes place in Scandinavia, there is no mention of England.2.The middle English period中世纪文学1)Popular folk literature2)Romance代表作：《Sir Gawain and the Green Knight》3.The English Renaissance文艺复兴时期文学1)Poetry2)Drama3)Prose代表作：Thomas More《Utopia》;William Shakespeare是文艺复兴时期最杰出的作家《A Midsummer Night’s Dream》;《The Merchant of Venice》;《Romeo and Juliet》;《Hamlet》.....4.The Age of Enlightenment十七世纪文学1)The metaphysical poets2)The Cavalier poets代表作：John Milton《Paradise Lost》and《Paradise Regained》5.Neoclassicism新古典主义文学1)Poetry2)Novel3)Drama代表作：Jonathan Swift《Gulliver’s Travels》6.Pre-Romanticism前浪漫主义1)Poetry代表作：Robert Burns《A Red, Red Rose》;William Wordsworth《the Lyrical Ballads》7.The romantic movement浪漫主义运动From the latter part of the eighteenth century to the present day, art and literature and philosophy, and even politics, have been influenced, positively or negatively, by a way of feeling which was characteristic of what, in a large sense, may be called the romantic movement.代表作：George Gordon Byron《Don Juan》[小说]Percy Bysshe Shelley《Ode to the West Wind》[poet and critic]8.Critical realism批判现实主义1)Novels代表作：Charles Dickens《A tale of Two cities》、《Oliver Twist》;9.The Roman conquestBritish recorded history began with Roman invasion.First landing in 55 B.C. Led by Julius CaesarComplete control over the land in 43 A.D.Leaving in around 410 A.D.10.The English conquest11.The Norman conquest1)The year 1066: Norman Conquest.2)The social situations soon after the conquest.A. Norman nobles and serfs;B. restoration of the church.12.The church reformation13.The bourgeois revolution14.The Glorious revolution15.The industrial revolution16.The French revolution回答问题1.What makes the poet think that"thou"can be more beautiful than summer and immortal in "Sonnte 18"?A：On the one hand,"Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May, and summer's lease hath all too short a date;"on the other hand,"Sometime too hot the heaven shines, and often is his gold complexion dimmed."So from the above two aspects the poet thinks that "thou" can be more beautiful than pared with immortal, "So long as men can breathe or eyes can see, so long lives this, and this gives life to thee." So in this case, "thou" in the poem can be regarded as female because love can beauty eternal. Or "thou" can be referred to male, for friendship can make beauty everlasting.2.What are the most striking qualities of Robinson Crusoe’s character?A：First of all, he is adventurous. Unlike common people, Robinson is eager to take adventures. So he is brave under most circumstances and curious about new things. Even when he was left in a deserted island, he was not afraid of what he was confronted with.3.How the narrator in”A Red,Red Rose”express his love?A：To use many figures of speeches: simile,hyperbole, repetition.1)Simile: He comparing his love to a red rose and a piece of melody.2)Hyperbole:In the last line of the stanza, he presents his love to his girl withhyperbole.3)Repetition: The poet addresses his girl as a red red rose for many times.4.What do you think of the title of “She Walks in Beauty”? How do you understand the comparison between the woman and the night.A：1)a.”She walks in beauty”is the theme of the poem, the poet used the enumeration of certain qualities that he considered to give her beauty to describe his cousin—a young lady.b.The word ”walk” gives a connotation of advancing, not only in space, butalso in time.2)The poem used images of light and darkness interacting to describe thelady’s personality and looks: She wore a black dress. She was quiet like night with a peaceful mind, and that was the inner beauty of her.ment on this sentence: ”Justice’was done, and the President of the immortals( in Aeschylean phrase) had ended his sport with Tess”. In what sense is Tess’ story tragic?A：1)Tess is a typical victim of the society. Poverty of the family, inhumanity, injustice and hypocrisy of the society decide her tragedy.The two men—the one who takes away her virginity and purity, the other who takes away her love but deserts her on the very weding night—join their forces in bringing about her final destruction.Hers is a personal tragedy; it can also be a social one.2)The tragic fate of Tess and her family was not an individual one, but it was symbolic of the disintegration of the English peasantry--- a process which had reached its final and tragic stage at the end of 19th century.6.The excerpted part of Pygmalion shows that Eliza, the flower girl, now is admired by people for her way of speaking. What do you think of this? Do you think that learning a language can change a person?A：1) I don’t believe that the admiration from people at party for Eliza is true. It is not based on their own experiences and feelings, but based on the shallow views from others. It revealed the shallowness and hypocrisy of the upper class at that time.2)自行补充7.What is the significance of the title of “Araby”? Is anything gained by the boy through his frustration and humiliation?A：1)Araby is a splendid bazaar where Mangan’s sister recommended the boy togo. In his imagination before he went to there, Araby was “An Eastern enchantment” in which his “soul luxuriates”.2) He at least realized that the true life is not as perfect as what he thought to be.。

PPT01：总述1. Literature in the Anglo-Saxon period (450-1066) 安格鲁-撒克逊时期poetry: Beowulf 诗歌：《贝奥武夫》2. Literature in the Middle English period (1066-1500) 中世纪文学romance (narrative verse or prose) 传奇popular ballad 大众民谣Geoffrey Chaucer: The Canterbury Tales 乔叟---《坎特伯雷故事集》3. The Renaissance period (16th century) 文艺复兴时期Shakespeare: poetry and drama 莎士比亚---诗歌和戏剧Francis Bacon: essay 培根---散文4. The period of revolution and restoration (17th ) 革命和复辟时期poetry: John Milton：Paradise Lost, Paradise Regained诗歌：约翰弥尔顿---《失乐园》、《复乐园》John Donne：约翰多恩John Bunyan：The Pilgrim’s Progress 约翰班扬---《天路历程》5. The period of Enlightenment(启蒙运动)(18th)Alexander PopeDaniel Defoe: Robinson Crusoe 丹尼尔笛福---《鲁滨逊漂流记》Henry Fielding: The History of Tom Jones 菲尔丁---《汤姆琼斯历险记》Jonathan Swift: Gulliver’s Travels 乔纳森斯威夫特---《格列佛游记》Richard Brinsley Sheridan: The School of Scandal 肖尔顿---《造谣学校》Thomas Gray and Robert Burns 汤姆斯格雷、罗伯特伯恩斯Old English period (450-1066)The Song of Beowulf (Beowulf) 贝奥武夫—National epic 民族史诗/ National hero 民族英雄·人物：BeowulfHrothgar-King of DanesGrendel—monsterGrendel’s motherFire-breathing dragon·剧情：lst one: Beowulf kills Grendel2nd one: Beowulf kills Grendel’s mother3rd one: Beowulf kills a dragon and diesTheme 主题:People’s struggle with the hostile forces under a wise and heroic leader Beowulf (alliterative verse)of men was the mildest and most beloved,to his kin the kindest, keenest for praise.Then the Goth’s people reared a mighty pileWith shields and armour hung, as he had asked,And in the midst the warriors laid their lord,Lamenting. Then the warriors on the moundKindled a mighty bale fire; the smoke roseBlack from the Swedish pine, the sound of flameMingled with sound of weeping;…For their dead king; exalted his brave deeds,Holding it fit men honor their liege lordPraise him and love him when his soul is fledThus the (Geat’s) people, sharers of his hearth,Mourned their chief’s fall, praised him of kings, of menThe mildest and the kindest, and to allHis people gentlest, yearning for their praiseEg: clean and clearRound the rocks runs the riverbusy as a beeAlliteration 头韵：The repetition of the usually initial consonant sounds in two or more neighboring words.·The Prologue (序诗) supplies a miniature(小画像) of the English society of the time·Heroic couplet(英雄双韵体)The Middle English Period(1066-1500)Influence of Norman Conquest in 1066：❖in politics: feudalist system was established in England❖in religion: Catholic Church had a much stronger power over the country❖in language: three languages co-existed❖French, Latin, EnglishRomance:Uses narrative verse or prose to sing knightly adventures or heroic deeds1. hero: knight2. plot: set out—test: the meeting with the evil—accomplish one’s mission—returnmost famous one: King Arthur and his knights of the Round TableSir Gawain and the Green Knight《高文爵士和绿色骑士》Popular ballad(民谣)：a narrative poem of no great length, without any known writer （anonymous）in an oral tradition then was written downtheme: romantic stories of love and friendships, of treachery and murder, supernatural tales about ghosts and spiritse.g.: Robin Hood 《罗宾逊》An outlaw: brave, clever, strong, loving, tender-hearted and affectionateRob the rich and help the poor and the distressedReflection of the social realityEnglish peasants rose against their oppressors 绿林好汉Geoffrey Chaucer-----“father of English poetry”英国诗歌之父：乔叟The Canterbury Tales 《坎特伯雷故事集》1. It has 24 stories.2. It is the description of the pilgrims（朝圣者）who tell stories.A pilgrim: a person who travels to a holy place for religious reasons3. It is about the life of ordinary people.4. It gives vivid characters, with humor and satire.·World of Chaucer and his PilgrimsPilgrimage: In religion and spirituality, pilgrimage is a long journey or search of great moral significance·Took three days to walk sixty miles between London and Canterbury to visit the shrine of Saint Thomas Becket at Canterbury Cathedral.·Characteristics:1.deal with all sorts of people from all walks of society2.a wide range of plots and ideas3.full of humor and irony4. Presenting characters with both typical qualities and individual dispositionsA realistic portrayal of the English society·Chaucer’s language:1. His language is full of humor and satire.2. His language is vivid, exact and smooth, a master of word-pictures.3. He is the first to use heroic couplet which he introduced from France.4. He is the first great poet who wrote in the English language, making the dialect of London the standard for the modern English speech.Heroic couplet(英雄双韵体)As soon /as Ap/ril pier/ces to /the rootThe drought /of March/, and bathes/ each bud /and shootThrough e/very vein /of sap /with gen/tle showersFrom whose /engen/dering li/quor spring/ the flowersWhen ze/phyrs have/ breathed soft/ly all /aboutInspiring every wood and field to sprout…Two lines with the same rhymes10 syllables, 5 stressed, 5 unstressedA couplet of two lines of iambic pentameter with the same end rhymes and forming a logical whole.PPT02：The Renaissance English Literature（文艺复兴时期）·Social, cultural and intellectual movement embracing the whole Western Europe ·Rebirth or revival of ancient Greek and Roman culture and civilization.It marks a transition from the medieval to the modern world·First appeared in Italy in the 14th century, with the flowering or flourishing of painting, sculpture and literature·前期代表人物Representatives: Dante(但丁) (The Divine Comedy);Boccaccio（薄迦丘）(Decameron)Leonardo da Vinci , Michelangelo , Raphael Backgrounds:❖Economically：development of trade →enclosure movement →uprisings❖Politically：feudalist relations →capitalismfeudal nobility →rising bourgeoisie❖Religiously：Roman Catholic Church →Church of England;❖Culturally：interest in God and life after death →significance of man and enjoyment of life·In essence, the Renaissance is a historical period in which the European progressive writers and scholars (humanists人文主义者) made attempts to get rid of those old feudalist ideas in medieval Europe, to introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie（资产阶级）, and to recover the purity of the early church from the corruption of the Roman Catholic ChurchThe essence of the Renaissance is humanism.文艺复兴后期文学代表人物：Thomas More 托马斯莫尔Utopia《乌托邦》Edmund Spenser 斯宾塞Francis Bacon 培根William Shakespeare 莎士比亚Ben Johnon ★◇Thomas More’s Masterpiece—Utopia(乌托邦)Utopia first written in Latin then translated to English：“nowhere”·Part I: social evils“even a beast’s life is enviable”cause of all the social evils the existence of private property·Part2: Utopiafoundation of an ideal society is the abolishment or abolition of private propertyAll land is held in common. All citizens are equal.Universal education for all children.◇Edmund SpenserEdmund Spenser and Philip Sidney are the two most important poets of the English Renaissance.They were labeled “court poets”because they were of noble birth.Spenser was known as the Poets’Poet by later generation.PPT03：William Shakespeare 莎士比亚◇Writing Career:38 plays154 sonnets2 long narrative poems·Four periods of his dramatic career:·1st(1590-1594) apprenticeship；King Richard IIItragedy: Romeo and Juliet 1594some comedies·2nd period(1595-1600) rapid developmentGreat comedies:A Midsummer Night’s Dream 1595；The Merchant of Venice 1596The Merry Wives of Windsor 1598；Much Ado About Nothing 1598As You Like it 1599 ；Twelfth Night 1600Mature historical plays：Richard II；Henry IV ；Henry v·3rd period: 1601-1607maturity, gloom and depression4 greatest tragedie s: King LearHamletOthelloMacbeth·4th period(1608-1616)peace and calm, disillusionment·Sonnet ：a poem of 14 lines of iambic pentameter with a rigid rhyme-scheme◇HamletHamlet: Prince of Denmark Claudius: King of Denmark, Hamlet’s uncle Gertrude: Queen of Denmark, Hamlet’s mother Polonius: Lord Chamberlain under Claudius Ophelia: Polonius’daughter, Hamlet’s love Laertes: Polonius’sonHoratio: Hamlet’s schoolmate & loyal friend Rosencrantz & Guildenstern: his schoolmates Fortinbras: Prince of Norway Ghost of King Hamlet·Plot Summary -- Act IThe ghost appears at the castle.Hamlet grieves over father’s death and mother’s hasty marriage to Claudius.The ghost tells Hamlet the truth about his death.Ophelia is told by her father and brother not to fall in love with Hamlet.·Plot Summary -- Act IIHamlet pretends to be mad.Polonius attributes the madness to Ophelia’s rejection of his love.Hamlet arranges for a play to test Claudius.·Plot Summary -- Act IIIThe play is performed and Hamlet finds out the truth.Hamlet accidentally kills Polonius and is to be sent to England.Ophelia goes mad and drowns herself.Laertes wants to avenge his father’s death.A plot is worked out between Claudius and Laertes.·Plot Summary -- Act VHamlet and Laertes have a grapple at Ophelia’s grave.Fencing match:Gertrude diesLaertes confesses and diesHamlet dies and names Fortinbras heir to the throne.⊙Hamlet《哈姆雷特》is a play about murder, ghost, betrayal, revenge, madness, friendship and love.Murder---intentional and accidentalGhost---a bridge between reality and illusionBetrayal---Claudius, Gertrude, R&GRevenge---Hamlet, LaertesMadness---real madness；pretended madnessLove---Hamlet and OpheliaFriendship---1.）true friendship between Hamlet and Horatio2.）false friendship between Hamlet and R&G⊙Hamlet is a man of (knowledge, nobility, talent and brilliance, youth,energy and wisdom.)⊙Writing devices。