英国文学史复习资料

英国文学史选读复习资料英国文学史选读复习资料英国文学史是世界文学史中的重要组成部分，涵盖了从中世纪到现代的众多文学作品和作家。

在这篇文章中，我们将回顾一些英国文学史上的重要时期和作品，以帮助大家更好地理解和复习这一领域。

1. 中世纪文学中世纪文学是英国文学史的起点，以骑士文学和宗教文学为主要形式。

《贝奥武夫》是中世纪英国文学中最重要的作品之一，讲述了贝奥武夫与怪物格伦德尔的战斗。

此外，中世纪还有许多神秘的抒情诗歌和教会文学，如《悲歌》和《坎特伯雷故事集》。

2. 文艺复兴时期文艺复兴时期是英国文学史上的黄金时代，代表作家包括莎士比亚、斯宾塞和培根。

莎士比亚的戏剧作品是世界文学的瑰宝，如《哈姆雷特》、《罗密欧与朱丽叶》和《麦克白》。

斯宾塞的史诗《仙后》也是这一时期的杰作，描绘了亚瑟王的传奇故事。

3. 17世纪文学17世纪是英国文学史上的变革时期，文学形式更加多样化。

约翰·米尔顿的史诗《失乐园》是这一时期的代表作之一，探讨了人类的堕落和救赎。

约翰·唐纳的戏剧作品《魔法师》则展示了他对权力和政治的深刻洞察力。

4. 18世纪文学18世纪是英国文学史上启蒙时代的兴起，代表作家包括亚历山大·蒲柏和塞缪尔·约翰逊。

蒲柏的诗歌作品《伊甸园》和《人类的悲剧》探讨了人类的自由意志和苦难。

约翰逊的《英语词典》对英语语言的规范化和发展起了重要作用。

5. 浪漫主义文学浪漫主义文学是19世纪英国文学的重要流派，代表作家包括威廉·华兹华斯和塞缪尔·泰勒·柯勒律治。

华兹华斯的诗歌作品《抒情诗集》和《普雷德斯》强调了自然和个人情感的重要性。

柯勒律治的《抒情诗集》则表达了对自然的热爱和对社会不公的关注。

6. 维多利亚时代文学维多利亚时代是英国文学史上的繁荣时期，代表作家包括查尔斯·狄更斯和艾米莉·勃朗特。

狄更斯的小说《雾都孤儿》和《双城记》揭示了当时社会的不公和贫困问题。

英国文学史资料British Writers and WorksGeoffery Chaucer 杰弗里•乔叟1340(?)~1400(首创“双韵体”，英国文学史上首先用伦敦方言写作。

约翰·德莱顿（John Dryden）称其为“英国诗歌之父”。

代表作《坎特伯雷故事集》。

)The father of English poetry.It is ____alone who, for the first time in English literature, presented to us a comprehensive (综合的，广泛的)realistic picture of the English society of his time and created a whole gallery of vivid characters from all walks of life. ( A )A. Geoffrey ChaucerB. Matin LutherC. William LanglandD. John Gowerwriting style: wisdom, humor, humanity.① <The Canterbury Tales>坎特伯雷故事集：first time to use …heroic couplet‟(双韵体) by middle English②<Troilus and Criseyde>特罗伊拉斯和克莱希德③ <The House of Fame>声誉之宫Medieval Ages’ popular Literary form: Romance(传奇故事)Famous three：King ArthurSir Gawain and the Green KnightBeowulfII The Renaissance PeriodA period of drama and poetry. The Elizabethan drama i s the real mainstreamof the English Renaissance.Renaissance: the activity, spirit, or time of the great revival of art, literature, and learning in Europe beginning in the 14th century and extending to the 17th century, marking the transition from the medieval to the modern world.Three historical events of the Renaissance – rebirth or revival:1.new discoveries in geography and astrology(占星术)2.the religious reformation and economic expansion3.rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek cultureThe most famous dramatists:Christopher MarloweWilliam Shakespeare6. William Shakespeare威廉•莎士比亚1564~1616①Historical plays:Henry VI ; Henry IV : Richard III ; Henry V ；RichardII；Henry VIII②Four Comedies:<As You Like It>皆大欢喜; <Twelfth Night>第十二夜;<A Midsummer Night‟S Dream>仲夏夜之梦; <Merchant OfVenice>威尼斯商人③Four Tragedies:<Hamlet>哈姆莱特; <Othello>奥赛罗; <King Lear>李尔王; <Macbeth>麦克白④Shakespeare Sonnet :154 <The Sonnets>Three quatrain and one couplet, ababcdcdefefggA sonnet is a lyric consisting of 14 lines, usually iniambic pentameter restricted to a definition rhyme scheme.IV The 18th Century：Enlightenment同时为美国独立战争与法国大革命提供了框架，并且导致了资本主义和社会主义的兴起，与音乐史上的巴洛克时期以及艺术史上的新古典主义时期是同一时期。

英国文学史Part one: Early and Medieval English LiteratureChapter 1 The Making of England1. The early inhabitants in the island now we call England were Britons, a tribe of Gelts.2. In 55 B.C., Britain was invaded by Julius Caesar.The Roman occupation lasted for about 400 years.It was also during the Roman role that Christianity was introduced to Britain.And in 410 A.D., all the Roman troops went back to the continent and never returned.3. The English ConquestAt the same time Britain was invaded by swarms of pirates（海盗）. They were three tribes from Northern Europe: the Angles, Saxons and Jutes.And by the 7th century these small kingdoms were combined into a United Kingdom called England, or, the land of Angles.And the three dialects spoken by them naturally grew into a single language called Anglo -Saxon, or Old English.4. The Social Condition of the Anglo -SaxonTherefore, the Anglo -Saxon period witnessed a transition from tribal society to feudalism.5. Anglo -Saxon Religious Belief and Its InfluenceThe Anglo -Saxons were Christianized in the seventh century. Chapter 2 Beowulf1. Anglo -Saxon PoetryBut there is one long poem of over 3,000 lines. It is Beowulf, the national epic of the English people. Grendel is a monster described in Beowulf.3. Analysis of Its ContentBeowulf is a folk lengend brought to England by Anglo -Saxons from their continental homes. It had been passed from mouth to mouth for hundreds of years before it was written down in the tenth century.4. Features of BeowulfThe most striking feature in its poetical form is the use of alliteration, metaphors and understatements.Chapter 3 Feudal England1）T he Norman Conquest2. The Norman ConquestThe French -speaking Normans under Duke William came in 1066. After defeating the English at Hastings, William was crowned as King of England.The Norman Conquest marks the establishment of feudalism in England.3. The Influence of the Norman Conquest on the English LanguageBy the end of the fourteenth century, when Normans and English intermingled, English was once more the dominant speech in the country.3) The Romance1. The Content of the RomanceThe most prevailing kind of literature in feudal England was the romance.4. Malory L'e sMorte D 'ArthurThe adventures of the Knights of the Round Table at Arthur 's courtChapter 5 The English Ballads2. The BalladsThe most important department of English folk literature is the ballad. A ballad is a story told in song, usually in 4 -line stanzas, with the second and fourth lines rhymed.Of paramount importance are the ballads of Robin Hood.3. The Robin Hood Ballads Chapter 6 Chaucer1. LifeGeoffrey Chaucer, the founder/father of English poetry.3. Troilus and CriseydeTroilus and Criseyde is Chaucer 's longest complete poem and his greatest artistic achievement. But the poet shows some sympathy for her, hitting that her fault springs from weakness rather than baseness of character.4. The Canterbury TalesThe Canterbury Tales is Chaucer 's masterpiece and one of the monumental works in English literature.6. His LanguageChaucer 's language, now called Middle English, is vivid and exact.Chaucer 's contribution to English poetry lies chiefly in the fact that he introduced from France the rhymed stanza of various types, especially the rhymed couplet of 5 accents in iambic meter (the “ the heroic couplet ” ) to English poetry, instead of the-SoladxAo n galolliterative verse.The spoken English of the time consisted of several dialects, and Chaucer did much in making dialect of London the standard for the modern English speech.Part Two: The English RenaissanceChapter 1 Old England in Transition1. The New MonarchyThe century and a half following the death of Chaucer was full of great changes.And Henry 7, taking advantage of this situation, founded the Tudor dynasty, a centralized monarchy of a totally new type, which met the needs of the rising bourgeoisie and so won its support.2. The ReformationProtestantismThe bloody religious persecution came to a stop after the church settlement of Queen Elizabeth.3. The English BibleWilliam TyndallThen appeared the Authorized Version, which was made in 1611 under the auspices of James I and so was sometimes called the King James Bible.The result is a monument of English language and English literature.The standard modern English has been fixed and confirmed.4. The Enclosure Movement5. The Commercial Expansion Chapter 2 More1. LifeThomas More2. UtopiaUtopia is More 'smasterpiece, written in the form of a conversation between More and Hythlody, a returned voyager.The name “ Utopia ” comes from two Greek words meaning “no place ”.3. Utopia , Book OneBook One of Utopia is a picture of contemporary England with forcible exposure of the poverty among the laboring classes.4. Utopia , Book TwoIn Book Two we have a sketch of an ideal commonwealth in some unknown ocean, where property is held in common and there is no poverty.Chapter 3 The Flowering of English Literature3. Edmund Spenser1) LifeThe Poet 's Poet of the period was Edmund Spenser.In 1579 he wrote The Shepher s 'Calendar , a pastoral poem in twelve books, one for each month of the year.2) The Faerie Queene (masterpiece)Spenser 's greatest worTkh, e Faerie Queene (published in 1589 -1596), is a long poem plannedin 12 books, of which he finished only 6.iambic feet Spenserian Stanza4. Francis Bacon (father/founder of English essay) the founder of English English materialistphilosophyBacon is also famous for his Essays. When it included 58 essays.Bacon is the first English essayist.Chapter 4 Drama7. The PlaywrightsThere was a group of so-called “ universitywits ”(Lyly, Peele, Marlowe, Greene, Lodge and Nash).Chapter 5 Marlowe1. LifeThe most gifted of the “ university wits ” was Christopher Marlowe.2. WorkMarlowe 's best includes three of his playsT,amburlaine , The Jew of Malta and Doctor Faustus.3. Doctor FaustusMarlowe 's masterpiece Tishe Tragical History of Doctor Faustus.5. Marlowe 's Literary AchievementMarlowe was the greatest of the pioneers of English drama.It is Marlowe who first made blank verse (rhymeless iambic pentameter) the principal instrument of English drama.Chapter 6 Shakespeare1. LifeWilliam Shakespeare was born on April 23, 1564, in Stratford -on-Avon.After his death, two of his above-mentioned fellow -actors, Herminge and Condell, collected and published Shakespeare 'plasys in 1623. To this edition, which has been known as the First Folio.4. The Great ComediesA Midsummer Night s 'Dream , The Merchant of Venice , As You Like It and Twelfth Night have been called Shakespeare 's “ great comedies ”.6. The Great TragediesShakespeare created his great tragedies,Hamlet , Othello , King Lear and Macbeth .7. Hamletthe son of the Renaissance9. The Poems1) Venus and Adonis2) The Rape of Lucrece3) Shakespeare 's Sonnets10. Features of Shakespeare 's DramaShakespeare and the Authorized Version of the English Bible are the two greatest treasuries of the English language.Shakespeare has been universally acknowledged to be the summit of the English Renaissance. Part Three: The Period of the English Bourgeois Revolution Chapter 1 The English Revolution and the Restoration5. The Bourgeois Dictatorship and the Restorationin 1688 Glorious Revolution6. The Religious Cloak of the English RevolutionPuritanism was the religious doctrine of the revolutionary bourgeoisie during the English Revolution. It preached thrift, sobriety, hard work and unceasing labour in whatever calling one happened to be, but with no extravagant enjoyment of the fruits of labour.Chapter 2 Milton1. Life and WorkParadise Lost, Paradise Regained and Samson Agonistes.2. Paradise Lost1) Paradise LostParadise Lost is Milton 's masterpiece.blank verse.Chapter 3 Bunyan1. LifeThe Pilgrim s P'rogress was published in 1678.2. The Pilgrim s P'rogress1) The Pilgrim s P'rogress is a religious allegory.Chapter 4 Metaphysical Poets and Cavalier Poetsa school of poets called “ Metaphysical ” by Samuel Johnson.by mysticism in content and fantasticality in formJohn Donne, the founder of the Metaphysical school of poetry.Chapter 6 Restoration Literature2. John DrydenThe most distinguished literary figure of the Restoration Period was John Dryden.Dryden was the forerunner of the English classical school of literature in the next century.Part Four: The Eighteenth CenturyChapter 1 The Enlightenment and Classicism in English Literature1. The Enlightenment and 18th Century England2) The Enlightenment in EuropeThe 18th century marked the beginning of an intellectual movement in Europe, known as the Enlightenment, which was, on the whole, an expression of struggle of the bourgeoisie against feudalism. The enlighteners fought against class inequality, stagnation, prejudices and other survivals of feudalism.3) The English EnlighternersThe representatives of the Enlightenment in English literature were Joseph Addison and Richard Steele, the essayists, and Alexander Pope, the poet.Chapter 2 Addison and Steele1. Steele and The TatlerRichard SreeleIn 1709, he started a paper, The Tatler , to enlighten, as well as to entertain, his fellow coffeehouse-goers.His appeal was made to “ coffeehouses, tha”t is to say, to the middle classes, for whose enlightenment he stood up.“ Issac Bickerstaff ”2. Addison and The SpectatorThe general purpose is “ to enliven morality with wit, and to temper wit with morality.They ushered in the dawn of modern English novel.Chapter 3 Pope1. LifeAlexander Pope, the most important English poet in the first half of the 18th century.3. Workmanship and LimitationPope was an outstanding enlightener and the greatest English poet of the classical school in the first half of the 18th century.Pope is the most important representative of the English classical poery.But he lacker the lyrical gift.Chapter 4 Swift3. Bickersta f f Almanac (1708)Swift wrote his greatest work Gulliver s T'ravels in Ireland.Chapter 5 Defoe and the Rise of the English Novel1. The Rise of the English Novelthe realistic novel: Defoe, Swift, Richardson and FieldingSwift 's wo-rfldamous novel Gulliver s T'ravelsDefoe 'Rsobinson Crusoe (the forerunner of the English realistic novel)Richardson: Pamela , Clarissa and Sir Charles GrandisonFielding was the real founder of the realistic novel in England.The novel of this period … spoke the truth about life with an uncompromising courage.novelists of this period understood that “the job of a novelist was to tell the truth about life as hesaw it. ” (Ibid.) This explains the achievement of the English novel in the 18th century.4. Robinson Crusoe1) Today Defoe is chiefly remembered as the author of Robinson Crusoe, his masterpiece.Chapter 6 RichardsonSamuel RichardsonPamela was, in fact, the first English psycho -analytical novel.After Pamela, Richardson wrote two other novels: Clarissa Harlowe and Sir Charles Grandison.Clarissa is the best of Richardson 's novel.Chapter 7 Fielding (the father of English novel)1. LifeHis first novel Joseph Andrews was published in 1742.His Jonathan Wild appeared in 1743. It is a powerful political satire.In 1749, he finished his great novel Tom Jones.Amelia was his last novel. It is inferior to Tom Jones, but has merits of its own.3. Joseph Andrews4. Tom Jones 1) The StoryFielding 's greatest worTk hise History of Tom Jones , a Foundling .6. Summary2) Fielding as the Founder of the English Realistic NovelAs a novelist, Fielding is very great. He is the founder of the English realistic novel and sets up the theory of realism in literary creation.He has been rightly called the “ father of the English novel. ”Chapter 10 Johnson1. LifeSamuel Johnson, lexicographer, critic and poet.2. Johnson D'ictsionaryIn 1755 his Dictionary was published.His Dictionary also marked the end of English writers 'reliance on the patronage of noblemenfor support.Chapter 13 Sentimentalism and Pre -Romanticism in Poetry1. LifeThomas Gray2. Pre-RomanticismIn the latter half of the 18th century, a new literary movement arose in Europe, called the Romantic Revival.Pre-Romanticism was ushered in by Percy, Macpherson and Chatterton, and represented by Blake and Burns. Chapter 14 Blake1. LifeWilliam Blake2. Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience4. Blake 's Position in English LiteratureFor these reasons, Blake is called a Pre -Romantic or a forerunner of the Romantic poetry of the 19th century. Chapter 15 Burns1. LifeHis Poems Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect were printed. (masterpiece)The Scots Musical Museum and Select Collection of Original Scottish Airs2. The Poetry of Burns1) Burns is remembered mainly for his songs written in the Scottish dialect on a variety of subjects.3. Features of Burns 'PoetryBurns is the national poet of Scotland.becausePart Five: Romanticism in EnglandChapter 1 The Romantic Periodthe Industrial Revolution the French RevolutionAmid these social conflicts romanticism arose as a new literary trend. It prevailed in England during the period 1798 -1832.These were the elder generation of romanticists, sometimes called escapist romanticists, including Wordsworth, Coleridge and Southey, who have also been called the Lake Poets.Active romanticists represented by Byron, Shelley and Keats.The general feature of the works of the romanticists is a dissatisfaction with the bourgeois society, which finds expression in a revolt against or an escape from the prosaic, sordid daily life, the “ prison of the actual ” under capitalism.Poetry, of course, is the best medium to express all these sentiments.The only great novelist in this period was Walter Scott.Scott marked the transition from romanticism to the period of realism which followed it. Chapter 2 Wordsworth ColeridgeIn 1798 they jointly published the Lyrical Ballads .The publication of the Lyrical Ballads marked the break with the conventional poetical tradition of the 18th century, i.e., with classicism, and the beginning of Romantic revival in England.The Preface of the Lyrical Ballads served as the manifesto of the English Romantic Movement in poetry. Wordsworth, Coleridge and Southey have often been mentioned as the“ Lake Poets they lived in the Lake District in the northwestern part of England.His deep love for nature runs through such short lyrics as Lines Written in Early Spring , To the Cuckoo, I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud , My Heart Leaps Up , Intimations of Immortality and Lines Composed a Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey. The last is called his “ lyricalhymn of thanks to nature ”.Wordsworth 's poetry is distinguished by the simplicity and purity of his language. Chapter 3 Coleridge and Southey1. ColeridgeColeridge 's best poeTmhse, Rime of the Ancient Mariner .Chapter 4 Byron1. LifeChilde Harold s P 'ilgrimageHe finished Childe Harold , wrote his masterpiece Don Juan.2. Childe Harold s P 'ilgrimage This long poem contains four cantos. It is written in the Soenserian stanza.3. Don Juan Byron remains one of the most popular English poets both at home and abroad.Chapter 5 Shelley4. Promethus UnboundShelley 's masterpiecePrisomethus Unbound, a lyrical drama in 4 acts.6. Lyrics on Nature and LoveOde to the West WindChapter 6 Keats2. Long PoemsKeats wrote five long poems: Endymion , Isabella , The Eve of St. Agnes, Lamia and Hyperion .5) The unfinished long epic Hyperion has been regarded as Keat 's greatest achievement in poetry.3. Short Poems1) His leading principle is: “ Beauty in truth, truth in beauty. ”3) Ode to Autumn, Ode on Melancholy , Ode on a Grecian Urn and Ode to a NightingaleChapter 10 Scott2. His Historical NovelsScott has been universally regarded as the founder and great master of the historical novel.According to the subjet-matter, the group on the history of Scotland, the group on English history and the group on the history of European countries.In fact, Scott 'litserary career marks the transition from romanticism to realism in English literature of the 19th century.Part Six: English Critical RealismChapter 2 DickensCharles Dickens critical realismDickens: Pickwick Papers , American Notes, Martin Chuzzlewit and Oliver Twist4) Dickens has often been compared Shakespeare for creative force and range of invention.and Shakespeare are the two unique popular classics that England has given to the world, and they are alike in being remembered not for one masterpiece but for creative world. ”David CopperfieldChapter 3 Thackeray2. Vanity Fair : A Novel Without a HeroVanity Fair is Thackeray 'msasterpiece. characters: Amelia Sedley and Rebecca (Becky)SharpThackeray can be placed on the same level as Dickens, as one of the greatest critical realists of 19th-century Europe.Chapter 4 Some Women Novelists1. Jane Austen (1775-1817)She herself compared her work to a fine engraving made upon a little piece of ivory only two inches square.Jane Austen wrote 6 novels: Northanger Abbey, Sense and Sensibility , Pride and Prejudice , Mansfield Park , Emma and Persuasion.2. The Bronte SistersCharlotte 's maiden attempt at prose writing, the novPerlofessor, was rejected by the publisher, but her next novel Jane Eyre, appearing in 1847, brought her fame and placed her in the ranks of the foremost English realistic writers. Emily Wutherin'g sHeniogvhetsl appeared in 1847.Anne: Agnes Grey4. George Eliot Mary Ann Evans three remarkable novels: Adam Bede, The Mill on the Floss and Silas Marner3) Silas Marner : Critical realism was the main current of English literature in the middle of the 19th century.Part Seven: Prose-Writers and Poets of the Mid and Late 19th CenturyChapter 1 Carlylethe Victorian AgeChapter 3 Tennyson the Victorian Age prose especially the novel1. Tennyson 's Life and Career Alfred Tennyson, the most important poet of the Victorian Age.In the same year (1850) he was appointed poet laureate in succession to Wordsworth. Chapter 7 Literary Trends at the End of the Century1. NaturalismNaturalism is a literary trend prevailing in Europe, especially in France and Germany, in the second half of the 19th century.2. Neo-Romanticism Stevenson was a representative of neo-romanticism in English literature. Treasure Island(masterpiece)3. Aestheticism Aestheticism began to prevail in Europe at the middle of the 19th century. The theory of art 's sake ” was first put forward by the French poet Theophile Gautier.The two most important representatives of aestheticists in English literature are Walter Pater and Oscar Wilde.2) Oscar Wilde dramatistLady Windermere s 'Fan, 1893; A Woman of No Importance , 1894; An Ideal Husband and The Importance of Being Earnest , 1895The Importance of Being Earnest is his masterpiece in drama.Part Eight: Twentieth Century English Literature(Modernism)Chapter 2 English Novel of Early 20th Century3. Henry JamesHe is regarded as the forerunner of the “ stream of consciousness ” literature in the 20thcenturyChapter 3 Hardy1. Life and WorkAmong his famous novels, Tess of the D 'UrbervailnliedsJude the Obscure.2. Tess of the D 'Urbervilliescharacters: Tess, Alec D 'Urbervillies and Angel ClareChapter 6 Bernard ShawChapter 8 Modernism in Poetry1. ImagismEzra PoundThe two most important English poets of the first half of 20th century are W. B. Yeats and T. S. Eliot. 2. W. B. YeatsThe Wild Swans at Coole , Michael Robartes and the Dancer , The Tower and The Winding StairT. S. Eliot has referred to Yeats as “the greates-tcpeorteatinolfyotuhreaggr e atest in this (i.e. English) language. ”3. T. S. EliotThe Waste Land (1922) is dignifying the emergence of Modernism.T. S. Eliot was a leader of the modernist movement in English poetry and a great innovator of verse technique. He profoundly influenced 20th -century English poetry between World Wars 1 and 2.Chapter 9 The Psychological FictionModernist fiction put emphasis on the description of the character p'syschological activities, sometimes has been called modern psychological fiction. One of its pioneers is wrence.1. D. H. LawrenceSons and Lovers (1913), the first of Lawrence 's important novels, is largely autobiographical.This shows the influence of Freud 's theory of psychoanalysis, especially that of thecomplex. ”The Rainbow , Women in Love and Lady Chatterley s Lo'ver3. James JoyceUlysses (1922)June 16, 1904character: Leopold BloomJames Joyce was one of the most original novelists of the 20th century.His masterpiece Ulysses has been called “a modern prose epic ”.His admirers have praised him as “ second only to Shakespeare in his mastery of the Englishlanguage. ”4. Virginia Woolf“ hig-hbrows ” the Bloomsbury GroupVirginia Wolf 's first two novTehlse, Voyage Out and Night and Day .Jacob s'Room, Mrs. Dalloway , To the Lighthouse and OrlandoPart Nine: Poets and Novelists Who Wrote both before and after the Second World War Chapter 5 E. M. ForsterEdward Morgan Forster the Bloomsbury Groupfour novels: Where Angels Fear to Tread, The Longest Journey , A Room with a View andHowards EndA Passage to India , published in 1924, is Forster 's masterpiece.In 1927, Forster published a book on the theory of fiction, Aspects of the Novel.Chapter 10 William GoldingWilliam Gerald GoldingHis first novel Lord of the FliesChapter 11 Doris LessingGolden Notebook。

1.Classicism(古典主义):A movement or tendency in art, literature, or music th at reflects the principles manifested in the art of ancient Greece and Rome. Cl assicism emphasizes the traditional and the universal, and places value on reas on, clarity, balance, and order.2. Critical Realism 批判现实主义: Realism is a mode of writing that gives the impression of recording or reflecting faithfully an a ctual way of life. The term refers, sometimes confusingly, both to a literary meth od based on detailedaccuracy1of description (i. e. verisimilitude) and to a more gene ral attitude that rejects idealization, escapism, and other extravagant qualities of roma nce in favor of recognizing soberly the actual problems oflife.4. Enlightenment 启蒙主义: Enlightenment is an intellectual movement in Europe in 18th century. It w as an expression of the struggle of the bourgeoisie against feudalism. The enlightener s fought against class inequality, stagnation, prejudices and other feudal survivals. I t was so called because it considered the chief means for the betterment of the societ y was the enlightenment or—educationof the people. 5. Renaissanee文艺复兴：Re naissance marks a transition from the medieval to the modern world. Generally, it ref ers to the period between the 14th and mid 17th centuries. It first started in Italy, wit h the flowering of painting, sculpture and literature. From Italy the movement went t o embrace the rest of Europe. Twofeatures are striking of this movement. The one i s a thirsting curiosity for the classical literature. Another feature of the Renaissance i s the keen interest in the activities of humanity. Hence, humanism, which reflected th e new outlook of the rising bourgeois class, is the key-note of the Renaissance. The gr eatest of the English humanists were Thomas More and William Shakespeare.6 Soliloquy( 独白)： Soliloquy, in drama, means a moment when a character is alone and speaks his or her thoughts aloud.. 7. Neoclassicism 新古典主义:th e Enlightenment brought about a revival of interest in Greek and Roman works. This t endency is known as Neoclassicism.8. Romanticism 浪漫主义: imagination, emoti on and freedom are certainly the focal points of romanticism. The particularcharacteri stics of the literature of romanticism include: subjectivity and an emphasis on individu alism; freedom from rules; solitary life rather then life in society; the beliefs that imag ination is superior to reason; and love of and worship of nature9. . Sentimentalism 感伤主义:it came into being as a result of a bitter discontent on thepart of certain En lighteners in social reality. (The representatives of sentimentalismcontinued to strug gle against feudalism but they vaguely sensed at the same time the contradictions of b ourgeois progress that brought with it enslavement and ruinto the people. ) The phil osophy of the enlighteners, through rational and materialistic in its essence, did not ex clude senses, or sentiments, as a means of perception and learning. Moreover, the cul tof nature and, a cult of a "natural man" whose feelings display themselves in a mos t human and natural manner, contrary to the artful and hypocritical aristocrats1.0. So nnet 十四行诗:Sonnet is a type of poem consisting of one single fourteen-line stanz a. It was perfected by the Italian poet in the 13th century and introduced into Englan d in the early 16th century. English sonnets in terms of structure, largely fall into tw o classes: Italian form (It consists of 14 iambic pentameterlines: the first 8 lines for m the octet, which rhymes, the remaining 6 lines) and the Shakespearian (or English f orm) form. The former divides its 14 lines of iambic pentameters into two parts: one o ctet--- abbaabba and the other sestet--cdecde; while the latter consists of three quatrai ns （abab cdcd efef） and afinal coupl（et gg）. The three quatrains develop thepoem's s ubject consistently and the couplet condenses the emotion into an epigram. Shakespea re and Milton are very good at sonnet1.1.Heroic couplet （英雄双韵体） A heroic coup let is a traditional form for English poetry, commonly used for epic and narrative poet ry; it refers to poems constructed from a sequence of rhyming pairs of iambic pentame ter lines. Traditional form for English poetry, commonly used for epic andnarrative p oetry, a sequence of rhyming paris of iambic pentamete1r.1. Metaphysical poetry 玄学派: Metaphysical poetry is a kind of realistic, oftenironic and witty, verse combi ning intellectual ingenuity and psychological insight written partly in reaction to the c onventions of Elizabethan love poetry by such seventeenth-century poets as John Don ne, George Herbert, Richard Crashaw, ThomasTraherne, and Andrew Marvell. One o f its hallmarks is the metaphysical conceit, a particularly arresting and ingenious typ e of metaphor. The features of the school: philosophical poems, complex rhythms an d strange images.12. The Victorian period（维多禾U亚时期）In this period, the novel became the most widely read and the most vital and challenging express ion of progressive thought. While sticking to the principle of faithful representa tion of realist novel, novelistsin this period carried their duty forward to critic ism of the society and the defense of the mass. They were all concerned abou t the fate of the common people. They were angry with the inhuman social in stitutions, the decaying social morality, and the widespread misery, poverty andinjustice.3>Their truthful picture of people 'lisfe and bitter and strongcriticis m of the society had done much in awakening the public consciousnessto the social problems and in the actualim provement of the society.4> Charles Dick ens is the leading figure of the Victorian period. 13. University Wits（大学才子） :refer to a group of scholars during the Elizabethan Age who graduated fr om either oxford or Cambridge. They came to London with the ambition to be come professional writers. Some of them later became famous poets and playw rights.They were called ”niversity Wits ”4. Gothic novel（哥特式小说）:Gothi c novel, a type of romantic fiction that predominated in the late eighteenth century, w as one phase of the Romantic movement. It is futile to struggle against one's fate. Th e mysterious element plays an enormous rolein the Gothic novel; it is so replete wit h bloodcurdling scenes and unnatural feelings that it is justly called "a novel of ho rror". Its principal elements are violence, horror, and the supernatura1l.5. Historical novel（历史小说）：A novel in which the action takes place during a specitic hi storical well before the time of writing. And in which some attempt to make t o depict accuratlly the customs and mentality of the period. The central charac ter---real or imagined--- is usually subject to divided loyalties within a larger h istoric conflict of which readers know the outcome, the pioneers of this genre were walter scott and cooper. 16.Dramatic monologue （戏居U独白）is a typeof poe m writing style in which a character, at some specific and critical moment, addresse s an identifiable but silent audience, thereby unintentionallyrevealing his or her essen tial temperament and personality.3. ChaucerHis career can be divided into several periods：The Canterbury tales <坎特伯雷故事集>He got his stories from various sources, Greek authors, Roman authors, Italian, Frenc h, but there is no doubt about Chaucer's originality. He retells the stories in his own w ay. The stories are told by a group of people on their way to and back from Canterbur y. Pilgrims tell stories to pass the time. Thejourney is used as a kind of device to unit e the various tales。

英国文学史复习资料
以下是一些关于英国文学史的复习资料：
1. 《英国文学的发展与演变》（The Development and Evolution of British Literature）：这本书提供了英国文学史的全面概述，从中世纪到现代不同时期的文学作品和文学流派都有介绍。

2. 《英国文学史导论》（Introduction to British Literary History）：这本导论书通过对英国文学史的重要事件、作家和作品进行深入讲解，帮助读者理解英国文学的演变和发展。

3. 《英国文学史简明教程》（A Short History of English Literature）：这本书以简明清晰的语言介绍了英国文学史的重要内容，包括不同时期的文学作品和重要作家的生平和作品。

4. 网络资源：有许多网站提供关于英国文学史的资料和学
术文章，如英国文学史学术网站、大学的文学部门网站等。

你可以在搜索引擎上搜索英国文学史相关的关键词，找到
适合你的学习资料。

5. 学术论文和专著：在学术期刊和图书馆中，你可以找到
许多针对英国文学史的研究论文和专著，这些都是深入了
解英国文学史的重要资源。

无论使用哪种资料，重要的是要有系统地学习和复习英国
文学史，理解各个时期的文学作品和文学流派的特点和发
展趋势，同时熟悉一些重要的作家和作品。

英国文学史复习资料整理篇一：英国文学史复习资料整理(1)? historical background: the making of BritainA. Briton (Celtic tribes)B. the Roman Conquest---Roman Briton1thJulius CaesarA.D.43ClaudiusC. mid-5thAnglo-Saxons (Angles, Saxons, Jutes)Anglo-Saxon periodD. Danish invasionlate 8th, Daneslate 9th, Alfred the Greatthe literaturethe literature of this period falls naturally isto two divisions—pagan and Christianpagan represents the poetry which the Anglo-Saxons probably brought with them in the form of oral sagasChristian represents the writings developed under teaching of the monks..All of the earliest poetry of England was copied by the monks, and seems to have been more or less altered to give it a religious coloring.The angles, an important Teutonis tribe, furnished the name for the new home, which was called Angle-land afterward shortened into England. The language spoken by these tribes is generally called Anglo-Saxon or Saxon.Literary term★ Epic: a long narrative poem telling about the deeds of a great hero and reflecting the values of the society from which it originated. Many epics were drawn from an oral tradition and were transmitted by song and recitation before they were written down.(examples: Iliad, Odyssey, Chanson de Roland)2. Beowulf– national epic★ the longest and most monument of A-S poems★ the oldest surviving epic in British literature.? oral form (6th), earliest written record (7th or 8th)? set in Denmark and SwedenBeowulf1. 3183 lines2. contents:Beowulf centers on the narration of the exploits of the heroic figure beowulf.3 adventuresMonster---GrendelGrendel’s motherfiery dragonTheme: primitive peo ple’s struggle against hostile forces of the natural world under a wise and mighty leader.Beowulf is not simply a man of great military prowess but he is forever eager to help others in distress and in his last adventure with the dragon he shows himself a worthy leader ready to sacrifice his own life for the welfare of his people.Features:＊part-historical and part legendary＊heathen tribal society, feudal elements, Christian coloring＊A-S or old English; alliteration metaphorIn the year 1066, at the battle of Hastings, the Normans headed by William, Duke of Normandy, defeated the Anglo-Saxons.Brought to England is remarkable for its bright, romantic tales of love and adventure.England literature is also a combination of French and Saxon elements.The three chief effects of the conquest were1. the bringing of Roman civilization to England2. the growth of nationality a strong centralized government, instead of the loose union of Saxon tribes3. the new language and literature were proclaimed in Chaucer1the Norman conquest accelerated the development of feudalism.? on land: the ruling class possessed large tracts of land? on society: distinct class division, miseries of peasants? on language: scholar wrote in French and Latin; eiched English.The developmentof romance and knights’ legends★ Romance: A long composition, sometimes in verse, sometimes in prose, describing the life and adventures of a noble man. The central character is the Knight, who has a noble birth, is skillful in the use of weapon and devotes to the church or King. The rules governing the manners and morals of a knight are known as chivalry.? Themes of romance:the matter of Britain— king Arthur and his knights of the Round Table (Arthurian romances) the matter of France— Charlemagne and his knights (Chanson deRoland)the matter of Rome— from the Trojan War to Alexander the GreatKing Arthur:＊historical figure of Celts; mythological figure in Welsh literature;＊legendary hero in ? Geoffery of Monmouth: “History of the Kings of Britain” ?Layamon:“Brut”? Sir Tomas Malory: “Le Morte D?Arthur”? Anglo-Saxon? Later legends about a hero named Arthur were placed in this period of violence. The invaders were variously Angles, Saxons, Frisians, Jutes, but were similar in culture and eventually identified themselves indifferently as Angles or Saxons.The most outstanding single romance on the Arthurian legend—―Sir Gawain and the Green Knig ht‖ (four sections)a.The fight between Sir Gawain and the Green Knight at King Arthur?s Christmas feast.b. Gawain?s adventures on the way to find the Green Knight of the Green Chapel篇二：英国文学史及选读__复习要点总结《英国文学史及选读》第一册复习要点1. Beowulf: national epic of the English people; Denmark story; alliteration, metaphors and understatements （此处可能会有填空，选择等小题）2. Romance （名词解释）3. “Sir Gawain and the Green Knight”: a famous roman about King Arthur’s story4. Ballad（名词解释）5. Character of Robin Hood6. Geoffrey Chaucer: founder of English poetry; The Canterbury Tales (main contents; 124 stories planned, only 24 finished; written in Middle English; significance; form: heroic couplet)7. Heroic couplet (名词解释)8. Renaissance（名词解释）9.Thomas More——Utopia10. Sonnet（名词解释）11. Blank verse（名词解释）12. Edmund Spenser“The Faerie Queene”13. Francis Bacon “essays” esp. “Of Studies”（推荐阅读，学习写正式语体的英文文章的好参照，本文用词正式优雅，多排比句和长句，语言造诣非常高，里面很多话都可以引用做格言警句，非常值得一读）14. William Shakespeare四大悲剧比较重要，此外就是罗密欧与朱立叶了，这些剧的主题，背景，情节，人物形象都要熟悉，当然他最重要的是Hamlet这是肯定的。

Old and Medieval English Literature1.How to define the period of Old English Literature?English literature begins with the Anglo-Saxon settlement in England at about 450 and ends at 1066, the year of Norman Conquest of England of Old English literature, a few relics are still preserved. All of them are poems, or songs by the Anglo-Saxon scop or gleeman (minstrels) who sang of the heroic deeds of old time.2.What does Old English Poetry include?Old English poetry includes two groups: the religious group and the secular one. The former is mainly on biblical themes. For example, Genesis A, Genesis B and Exodus are poems based on the Old Testament, while the latter shows the harshness of circumstance and the sadness of the human lot. A typical example is England’s national epic Beowulf.3.What is the plot and theme of England’s national epic Beowulf?Beowulf, nephew of the king of the Geats, hears that Hrothgar, a Danish king, is in great trouble. The kingdom of the king is harassed by a monster called Grendel. He at once sails there, grapples with the monster, and wounds in fatally. Then comes Grendel’s mother, a she-monster, in revenge of her son. Beowulf follows her to her under water cave and kills her with a giant sword. With these honors won, he returns to his homeland and reigns as its king for 50 years. Then a fire-breathing dragon comes out of its den and kills many people. Though old now, Beowulf still kills its single-handedly. But he, too, is fatally wound and later dies. 4.What is epic?Epic is an extended narrative poem in elevated or dignified language, like Homer’s Iliad and Odyssey.It usually celebrates the feats of one or more legendary or traditional heroes. The action is simple but full of magnificence. Today, some long narrative works, like novels that reveal an age and its people are also called epic.5.How to define the Medieval Period in English literature?The Medieval period in English literature starts at 1066, the year of Norman Conquest, and ends at about the 15th century. The early part of the period, i.e. from 1066 to the mid-14th century, English literature flourishes with the appearance of writers like Geoffrey Chaucer, William Langland, John Gower, and others.pared with Old English literature, what are the characteristics of Medieval EnglishLiterature?In comparison with Old English literature, Medieval English literature deals with a wider range of subjects. It is uttered by more voices and in greater diversity of styles, tones and genres. And it is deeply influenced by the principles of the medieval Christian doctrine, which are primarily concerned with the issue of personal salvation. Romance become a popular literary form, indicating the age to be a chivalric rather than heroic one.7.What is the miracle play?The miracle play, he medieval dramatization of a Biblical story (e.g., Cain and Abel) or of a sain t’s life, was chiefly popular from the twelfth through the fifteenth centuries. The term is sometimes limited to plays on saint’s lives. The Biblical plays are then called mystery plays.8.Why is Chaucer regarded as ―the Father of English Poetry‖?Originally, Old English poems are mainly alliterative verses with few variations. Chaucer introduced from France the rhymed stanzas of various types to English poetry to replace it. In The Romaunt of the Rose, he first introduced to English the octosyllabic couplet. In TheLegend of Good Women, he used for the first time in English heroic couplet. And in his masterpiece, The Canterbury Tales, he employed heroic couplet with true ease and charm for the first time in the history of English literature.Besides this, though he drew influence from French, Italian and Latin models, he is the first great poet who wrote in the current English language. His production of so much excellent poetry was an important factor in establishing English as the literary language of the country.And he made the dialect of London the foundation for Modern English speech. Small wonder latter day writer, John Drydon would call him ―the Father of the English Poetry‖.9.What is Heroic Couplet?Heroic couplet is rhyming couplet of iambic pentameter, often containing a complete thought.There is a fairly heavy pause a the end of the first line and a still heavier one at the end of the second. Commonly there is a parallel or an antithesis within a line, or between the two lines. It is called heroic because in England, especially in the 18th century, it was much used for heroic (epic) poems.10.What is Chaucer’s literary achievement?(1) First of all, he presented a comprehensive realistic picture of his age and created awhole gallery of vivid characters in his works, especially in The Canterbury Tales.(2) He anticipated a new era, the Renaissance. In his works, the spirit of Renaissance can bealready seen.(3) He developed his characterization to a higher level by presenting characters with bothtypical qualities and individual dispositions.(4) And he greatly contributed to the maturing of English prosody by adopting differentrhyming skills. Drydon called him ―Father of English poetry‖.11.What is popular ballad?Ballad is originally a song intended as the accompaniment to a dance. In the modern sense, a ballad is just a simple spirited poem in short stanzas in which some popular story is graphically narrated. The English popular ballad flourished from the 12th century to the 15th century, reflecting the life of the people then. And the most remarkable ones are the Robin Hood ballads. These are ballads about an outlawed hero who lives in the forest with his men, robs the rich and help the poor. Major collections of these ballads did not begin until the 18th century and the most creditable among them are Thomas Percy’s Relics of Ancient English Poetry, Walter Scott’s Minstrels of the Scottish Border, etc.12.How would you define the term Renaissance?This term refers to a great bourgeois cultural movement in Europe which began in the 14th century and continued to the mid-17th century. It first started from Italy and then spread all over Europe. Originally, the term means ―rebirth‖ or ―revival‖. And the movement seems to be a rebirth or revival of ancient Greek and Roman culture, caused by a series of historical events, such as the new discoveries in geography and astrology, the religious reformation and the economic expansion. The Renaissance, therefore, in essence, is a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers and scholars tried to get rid of those old feudalistic ideas in Medieval Europe, to introduce new ideas that express the interests of the rising bourgeoisie, and to recover the purity of the early church form the corruption of the Roman catholic church.13.How to define the term Humanist?Humanism is a system of beliefs upheld by writers and artists of the Renaissance period in fighting against medieval asceticism. It states that man is godly, that man is able to find truth, goodness and beauty, and that man is in control of the present life rather than being controlled by God. Briefly, humanism puts man at the center of their beliefs and takes man to be the measure of every thing while the former asceticism puts God at the center of their beliefs and takes personal salvation to be the most important thing on the earth for man.14.What are the main characteristics of humanist writings?Humanist writings affirm the value of man and repudiate the absolute control of man by God.They call for man’s freedom in thinking, praise man’s worldly aspirations, and denunciate the feudalistic control of man’s thought. They state that man has a right for earthly happiness and that asceticism is against human nature. In them, reason and science are put into a very high place while mysticism is thrown away. They are mostly realistic in essence.15.What is bland verse?This term, which was first brought into England by Surrey, is used to name the unrhymed iambic pentameter line in poetry.16.What is sonnet?Sonnet is a type of poem consisting of one single fourteen-line stanza. It was perfected by the Italian poet in the 13th century and introduced into England in the early 16th century.English sonnets in terms of structure, largely fall into two classes: the Petarchian or Italian form and the Shakespearian or English form. The form divides its fourteen lines of iambic pentameters into two parts: one octet and one sestet; while the latter consists of three quatrains and a final couplet. The three quatrains develop the poem’s subject consistently and the couplet condenses the emotion into an epigram.17.Why is Edmund Spencer regarded as ―the poet’s poet‖?Edmund Spencer (1552～1599) is the author of Faerie Queene, creator of the Spencerian stanza and one of the greatest figures of the Renaissance period in England. His poetry usually enjoys five qualities : (1) a perfect melody, (2) a rare sense of beauty, (3) a splendid imagination, (4) a lofty moral purity and seriousness; and (5) a dedicated idealism. It is just his idealism, his love of beauty, and his exquisite melody that make him known as “the poet’s poet.18.What is the Spencerian stanza?A Spencerian stanza is one that consists of eight five-foot iambic lines, followed by aniambic line of six feet, rhyming ababbcbcc. It is so named because it was Spencer that first used this form in his masterpiece Faerie Queene.19.What is the dominant theme in Marlowe’s Dr. Faustus?Dr. Faustus is a play based on the German legend of a magician. The hero, Dr. Faustus, aspires for knowledge and in order to get it, sells his soul to the devil. He experiences a lot of strange things and finally meets his tragic end.The play’s dominant moral is human passion for knowledge, power and happiness; it also reveals man’s frustration in realizing the high aspirations in a hostile moral order. And the confinement to time is the cruelest fact of man’s condition.20.What is Marlowe’s literary achievement?Marlowe’s greatest achievement lies in that he perfected the blank verse and made it the principal medium of English. It is Marlowe who brought vitality and grandeur into the blankverse with his ―mighty lines‖, which carry strong emotions.Marlowe’s second achievement is his creation of the Renaissance heroes for the English drama. Both Tumburlaine and Dr. Faustus, characterized by endless aspiration for power, knowledge and glory, are typical in possessing the true Renaissance spirit.Owing to the above, though Marlowe is not strong in dramatic construction, and his women characters are somehow pale, he is still regarded as an eminent pioneer of the English drama.21.Roughly speaking, Shakespeare’s literary career can be divided into four periods. What are thefour periods? And what are the major works in each period?Shakespeare’s dramatic works can be divided into four periods: The first period of Shakespear e’s drama career was one of apprenticeship, characterized by histories, and comedies, including Henry VI, Richard III, The Comedy of Errors, The Two Gentlemen of Eerona, The Taming of the Shrew, and Love’s Labour’s Lost.In the second period, Shakespeare’s style and approach became highly individualized. By constructing a complex pattern between different characters and between appearance and reality, Shakespeare made subtle comments on a variety of human foibles. However, optimism still prevails in most of the works.Shakespeare’s third period includes his greatest tragedies and his so-called dark comedies.His optimism waned in this period and strong touch of pessimism marked most of his works, which revealed the society to be an evil one. The famous four tragedies were all written in this period, which include Hamlet, Othello, King Lear and Macbeth.The last period of Shakespeare’s work includes his principal romantic tragicomedies.22.What is the theme of The Merchant of Venice?The traditional theme of the play is to praise the friendship between Antonio and Bassanio, to idealize Portia as a heroine of great beauty, wit and loyalty, and to expose the insatiable greed and brutality of the Jew.But modern critics tend to view it from another aspect. Many people today regard the play as a satire of the Christian’s hypocrisy and their false standards of friendship and love, their cunning ways of pursuing worldliness and their unreasoning prejudice against Jews, here represented by Shylock.23.What are the common characteristics shown in the four great tragedies of Shakespeare?Shakespeare’s greatest tragedies are: Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, and Macbeth. They have some characteristics in common.(1) Each portrays some noble hero, who faces the injustice of human life and is caught in adifficult situation. His fate is closely connected with the fate of the whole nation.(2) Each hero has his weakness of nature. Hamlet, the melancholic scholar-prince, faces thedilemma between action and mind. Othello’s inner weakness is mad use of by the outside evil force. The old King Lear, who is unwilling to totally give up his power, makes himself suffer from treachery and infidelity. And Macbeth’s lust for power stirs up his ambition and leads him to incessant crimes.(3) The whole play is usually centered about the hero. All characters and incidents serve butto set him off.(4) And along with the portrayal of the weakness and bias of the hero, the sharp conflictsbetween the individual and the evil forces in the society is also revealed.24.How to analyze the complicated character of Hamlet?Without a knowledge of his character, Hamlet’s story would hardly be intelligible. Hamlet is neither a frail and weak-minded youth nor a thought-sick dreamer. Though he is deprived of his right to the throne, he is still loved and respected by everyone. Though a scholar, he is also fearless and impetuous in action. We see him rushing after the Ghost, killing Polonious, dealing with Claudious’agents, boarding the pirate, leaping into the grave and at last executing his revenge. A mere scholar can never do such things.Hamlet is humanist, a man who is free from medieval prejudices and superstitions. He has an unbounded love for the world rather for heaven. He cherishes a profound reverence for man and a firm belief in man’s power over destiny. Such a delight in nature and man is characteristic of the humanists of the Renaissance.His intellectual genious is outstanding. He is a close observer of man and manners. His quick perception drives him to penetrate below the surface of things and question what others take for granted. So he is forever unmasking his world.From these we may know that Hamlet is not a mere scholar, simply meditative by nature.On the country, Hamlet is a man of genius, highly complicated and educated, a man of profound perception and sparkling wit. He is a scholar, soldier, and statesman all combined.His image reflects the versatility of the men of the Renaissance.And it is just because he is blessed with such a profound perception that he, through his personal wrongs, perceives something rotten in the state affairs and his sense of personal wrongs grows to a disgust for world in which such crimes prevail. He seems to understand that his mere revenge upon his uncle would in on way solve the problems that trouble and upset him. This, and this only, is the cause of his profound melancholy and his delay in action.So Hamlet’s melancholy expresses, in a way, the crisis of humanism at the end of the 16th century and the beginning of the 17th century.25.Why is it said that Shakespeare’s heroines are ―the daughters of the Renaissance‖?In Shakespeare’s plays, he shows an equalitarian attitude toward women. His heroines no longer cling about the neck of a father or a husband, unable to defend themselves. Instead, they are of a new type. They are witty, bold, loving, optimistic and faithful. They are happy and make the others happy. They carry their destinies with them and in speaking and thinking as well as in feeling are men’s equals or even superiors. Though there are moments of weariness and frailty, their courage never fails them in times of danger. And with every pang of affection and anxiety they only grow stronger and more capable of coping with the situation. In the ideal women of his plays, the heart and head sway away equal. This is best exemplified in the character of Portia, heroine of The Merchant of Venice. She is beautiful, prudent, resourceful and witty. She chooses her own husband and is capable of rising to an emergency. She is independent in character and takes her own path of life. In a word, Shakespeare’s heroines are the masters of their own fates and in them, the influence of the Renaissance can also be seen. Some people even call them ―daughters of the Renaissance‖.Their splendor is unprecedented in the English history and it is not until the modern age that women characters again obtain equal position with men.26.What is Shakespeare’s literary achievement?(1) Shakespeare is one of the founders of realism in world literature.(2) Shakespeare is amazingly prolific. Within 22 years, he produced 37 plays, 154 sonnets,and 2 long poems.(3) Shakespeare was skilled in may poetic forms, the song, the sonnet, the couplet, and thedramatic blank verse.(4)Shakespeare has been universally acknowledged to be the summit of the EnglishRenaissance, and one of the greatest writers the world over.27.Who is Bacon and what are the three classes of his works?Francis Bacon (1561～1626), a representative of the English Renaissance, is a well-known philosopher, scientist, and essayist. He lays the foundation for modern science with his insistence on scientific way of thinking, and fresh observation rather than authority as a basis for obtaining knowledge. His Essays is the first example of that genre in English literature, which has been recognized as an important landmark in the development of the English prose.And some phrases have even entered the English literary tradition.His works can be divided into three groups. The most important works of his first group, the philosophical ones, include The Advancement of Learning(1605), written in English;Novum Organum (1620), an enlarged Latin version of the Advancement of Learning, etc. his literary works are in the second group, among which the most famous is his Essays. And the third group is his professional works, including mainly Maxims of Law and The Learned Reading Upon the Statue of Uses.28.What is the characteristics of Bacon’s Essays?Bacon’s essays are famous for their brevity, compactness and powerfulness. The neatness, preciseness, the gravity, and the weightiness are the essential qualities of his writings.The theme of the essays vary, including his personal opinions on friendship, love, old age, beauty, public performance, etc. the essays are well arranged and enriched by Biblical allusions, metaphors and cadence. So the reasoning is very persuasive.29.How would you define ―Metaphysical Poetry‖?‖Metaphysical Poetry‖ is commonly used to name the works of the 17th century poets who wrote under the influence of John Donne (1575～1631), leader of the school, Andrew Marvell, George Herbert, Richard Crashaw, and Henry Vaughan. With a rebellious spirit, the metaphysical poets tried to break away from the conventional fashion of Elizabethan love poetry. The diction is simple as compared with that of the Elizabethan or the Neoclassic periods, and echoes the words and cadences of common speech. The imagery is drawn from actual life. The form is frequently that of an argument with the poet’s beloved with God, or with himself.30.What is the social and background of John Milton’s writings?Milton lives in the 17th century, a century of revolution and restoration in the English history.During the Tudor dynasty (1485～1603), the crown seemed to be able to win the support of the English bourgeoisie. But at the end of Elizabethan’s reign, clashes between the two appeared and under Charles I, the situation became worse as he insisted upon absolute monarch and paid no attention to the people’s cries. A civil war broke out in the 1642 and lasted till 1649. the revolutionary camp won and England became a Republic. Later, the revolutionaries split up and Cromwell, leader of the big bourgeoisie, put down the middle bourgeoisie and declared dictatorship. After his death, parliament recalled Charles II to England in 1660. the Restoration ushered in a period of white terror to the country. Many Republicans were killed. Then, afraid of another revolution, the big bourgeoisie, expelled Charles II and invited William, Prince of Orange, from Holland, to be king of England in1688. this was called ―Glorious Revolution‖, glorious because it was bloodless and there was no revival of the revolutionary demands.31.Who is Milton? What are his major works? And what is the social significance of his writings?John Milton, the greatest 17th century English poet and writer of political pamphlets, serves as the representative writer of the English revolutionary camp. During the Revolution, he used hi pen as the weapon in fighting against the king and the Catholic Church. His representative works in this period are Defense of the English People (1650), Second Defense of the English People (1652), and Areopagitica (1644)。

Part One: Early and Medieval English Literature1. Beowulf: national epic of the English people; Denmark story; alliteration, metaphors and understatements （此处可能会有填空，选择等小题）2. Romance （名词解释）3. “Sir Gawain and the Green Knight”: a famous roman about King Arthur‟s story4. Ballad（名词解释）5. Character of Robin Hood6. Geoffrey Chaucer: founder of English poetry; The Canterbury Tales (main contents; 124 stories planned, only 24 finished; written in Middle English; significance; form: heroic couplet)7. Heroic couplet (名词解释)第一章古英语和中古英语时期1、古英语时期是指英国国家和英语语言的形成时期。

最早的文学形式是诗歌，以口头形式流传，主要的诗人是吟游诗人。

到基督教传入英国之后，一些诗歌才被记录下来。

这一时期最重要的文学作品是英国的民族史诗《贝奥武夫》，用头韵体写成。

2、古英语时期（1066—1500）从1066年诺曼人征服英国，到1500年前后伦敦方言发展成为公认的现代英语。

文学作品主要的形式有骑士传奇，民谣和诗歌。

在几组骑士传奇中，有关英国题材的是亚瑟王和他的圆桌骑士的冒险故事，其中《高文爵士和绿衣骑士》代表了骑士传奇的最高成就。

中世纪文学中涌现了大量的优秀民谣，最具代表性的是收录在一起的唱咏绿林英雄罗宾汉的民谣。

英国文学史复习资料英国文学史复习资料英国文学史是指英国国内从古代到现代的文学作品和文学发展的历史。

以下是英国文学史的复习资料。

1. 古代文学时期（公元前450年至公元1066年）古代英国文学时期主要包括凯尔特传统和盎格鲁-撒克逊文学。

凯尔特传统涵盖了关于亚瑟王、魔法和传说的故事。

盎格鲁-撒克逊文学以史诗和散文的形式存在，其中最著名的作品是《贝奥武夫》和《安德·狄德》。

2. 中世纪文学时期（1066年至1485年）中世纪英国文学时期由法国诺曼人的入侵而引入众多法语和拉丁语的作品。

其中最著名的作品是《坎特伯雷故事集》，它由杰弗里·乔叟写成，并包含了各种各样的故事。

3. 文艺复兴时期（1485年至1660年）文艺复兴时期是英国文学的黄金时期，以莎士比亚为代表。

莎士比亚的作品包括许多戏剧，如《哈姆雷特》、《罗密欧与朱丽叶》和《麦克白》等。

其他重要的作家还包括斯宾塞、马洛等。

4. 17世纪文学时期17世纪文学时期是英国社会和政治变革的时期，也是宗教分裂的时期。

约翰·米尔顿的《失乐园》被认为是这一时期最重要的作品之一。

其他作家还包括约翰·唐纳森、詹姆斯·谢尔顿等。

5. 启蒙时期（1660年至1785年）启蒙时期是英国文学史上的一次重要转折点，代表了对理性、科学和自由思想的追求。

著名作家包括强纳森·斯威夫特、丹尼尔·笛福、亚历山大·蒲柏、简·奥斯汀等。

6. 浪漫主义时期（1785年至1837年）浪漫主义时期是对启蒙时期理性主义的反应。

浪漫主义作品强调情感、个人主义和自然。

威廉·华兹华斯、塞缪尔·柯勒律治、约翰·济慈等都是这一时期的重要作家。

7. 维多利亚时代（1837年至1901年）维多利亚时代是英国帝国的鼎盛时期，文学作品多样化。

查尔斯·狄更斯的《雾都孤儿》、古斯塔夫·福楼拜的《名利场》等作品成为经典。

I.Choose the relevant match from Column B for each item in Column A. (30 points inall, 1.5 point for each)1. ( ) Edmund Spenser A. Women In Love2. ( ) Oliver Goldsmith B. Sense and Sensibility;3. ( ) Laurence Sterne C. Queen Mab4. ( ) Daniel Defoe D. Young Goodman Brown5. ( ) Henry Fielding E. The Portrait of A Lady6. ( ) George Gordon Byron F. The Sound and the Fury7. ( ) Percy Bysshe Shelley G. The Great Gatsby8. ( ) Jane Austen H. For Whom the Bell Tolls9. ( ) Sir Walter Scott I. Childe Harold's Pilgrimage10. ( ) Elizabeth Cleghorn Gaskell J. The Faerie Queene11. ( ) George Eliot K. Ivanhoe12. ( ) John Galsworthy L. Mary Barton13. ( ) William Shakespeare M. The Forsyte Saga14. ( ) Nathaniel Hawthorne N. Robinson Crusoe15. ( ) Henry James O. Tom Jones16. ( ) Theodore Dreiser P. The Vicar of Wakefield17. ( ) Scott Fitzgerald Q. A Sentimental Journey18. ( ) Ernest Hemingway R. American Tragedy19. ( ) William Faulkner S. Middlemarch20. ( ) David Herbert Lawrence T. Othello1-10 JPQNO ICBKL 11-20 SMTDE RGHFAplete each of the following statements with a proper word or a phrase according to the textbook. (20 points in all, 2 points for each)1.The earliest settlers of the British Isles were the ______, who migrated to the British Islesabout 600 B.C. .2.The Anglo-Saxons were heathen people before they accepted ______.3.After the Norman conquest, Latin and ______ were the languages of the upper class,spoken at courts and used in churches and schools.4.______ in the 14th century claimed the lives of one third of the whole population in Europe.5.The House of Lancaster and the House of York fought the Thirty Years’ War from 1455 to1485, the House of York using ______ as its emblem.6.The Elizabethan spectators paid a penny to stand throughout the performance in the pitwere called ______.7.Sonnets was first written by the Italian poet ______ who wrote them to a lady named Laura.8.As a philosopher Bacon is praised by Marx as “______” because he stressed the importanceof experience, or experiment.9.Pope translated the entire “______”and half of the “Odyssey”, the other half beingtranslated by two Cambridge scholars.10.The Rape of the Lock is a brilliant satire written in the form of a ______ poem.1. the Celts2. Christianity3. French4. Black Death5. a white rose6. groundlings7. Petrarch8. the progenitor of English materialism9. Iliad10. mock-heroicIII.Each of the following statements below is followed by four alternative answers.Choose the one that would best complete the statement. (20 points in all, 2 points for each)1.The Renaissance is actually a movement stimulated by a series of historical events，whichone of the following is NOT such an event?A. The rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek culture .B. England’s domestic rest.C. New discovery in geography and astrology.D. The religious reformation and the economic expansion.2._________ is the successful religious allegory in the English language.A. The Pilgrim’s ProgressB. Grace Abounding to the Chief of SinnersC. The Life and Death of Mr. BadmanD. The Holy War3.Generally，the Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th centuries，its essence is _________A. scienceB. philosophyC. artsD. humanism4.Among the representatives of the Enlightenment，who was the first to introduce rationalismto England?A. John BunyanB. Daniel DefoeC. Alexander PopeD. Jonathan Swift5.It is _________ alone who，for the first time in English literature，presented to us acomprehensive realistic picture of the English society of his time and created a whole gallery of vivid characters from ail walks of life.A. Geoffrey ChaucerB. Martin LutherC. William LanglandD. John Gower6.In A Tale of Two Cities, the "two cities" refer to London and _________.A. DublinB. ParisC. New YorkD. Vienna7.The Lyrical Ballads written by Wordsworth and Coleridge was published in ________.A. 1789B. 1798C. 1829D. 19038._______ is the representative of Aestheticism and Decadence in English literature.A. R. L. StevensonB. Oscar WildeC. Samuel ButlerD. Charles Dickens9.Which of the following novels does not belong to the "stream of consciousness" school ofnovel writing?A. UlyssesB. Mrs. DallowayC. The RainbowD. To the Lighthouse10.The unquenchable spirit of Robinson Crusoe struggling to maintain a substantial existenceon a lonely island reflects _________A. man’s desire to return to natureB. the author’s criticism of the colonizationC. the ideal of the rising bourgeoisieD. the aristocrat s’disillusionment of the harsh social reality1-5 BADCA 6-10 DABCCIV.Explain the following literary terms. (12 points in all, 4 points for each)1.Renaissance2.The War of Roses3.Morality PlayV.Chose the relevant match from Column B for each item in Column A. (15 points in all,1.5 points for each)A. Find out the author and his work.1.( ) Thomas More a. Gorge Green2.( ) Edmund Spencer b. Eupheus3.( ) John Lyly c. The Fairy Queene4.( ) Christopher Marlowe d. Utopia5.( ) Robert Greene e. The Jew of MaltaB. Find out the work from column on the left and its content from column on theright.6.( ) Il Penseroso a. attack on the censorship7.( ) Lycidas b. defense of the Revolution8.( ) Defense for the English People c. about dear friend9.( ) Areopagitica d. Satan against God10.( ) Paradise Lost e. meditationA. Find out the author and his work.1-5 d c b e aB. Find out the work from column on the left and its content from column on theright.6-10 e c b a dVI.Decide whether the following statements are true or false and write T or F in the brackets. (15 points in all, 1.5 points for each)1.( ) The author of The Song of Beowulf is Cynwulf.2.( ) The setting of The Song of Beowulf is in Scotland.3.( ) Alfred the Great compiles The Anglo-Saxon Chronicles.4.( ) Venerable Bede wrote The Ecclesiastic History of the English people.5.( ) The author of Paraphrase is Caedmon.6.( ) Chaucer’s poetry traces out a path to the literature of English renaissance.7.( ) Being specially fond of the great writer Boccaccio, Chaucer composes a longnarrative poem Filostrato based upon Boccaccio’s poem Troilus and Cressie.8.( ) The 32 pilgrims, according to Chaucer’s plan, was to exceed that ofBo ccaccio’s Decameron.9.( ) The Prologue is a splendid masterpiece of Romantic portrayal, the first of itskind in the history of English literature.10.( ) The Canterbury Tales is a vivid and brilliant reflection of 15th century ofEngland.1-10 F F T T T T F T F Fplete each of the following statements with a proper word or a phrase according to the textbook. (20 points in all, 2 points for each)11.The earliest settlers of the British Isles were the ______, who migrated to the BritishIsles about 600 B.C. .12.Geoffrey Chaucer, the “______”and one of the greatest narrative poets of England,was born in London in about the year 1340.13.The ______ provides a framework for the tales in The Canterbury Tales, and itcomprises a group of vivid pictures of various medieval figures.14.In contradiction to the _______ verse of Anglo-Saxon poetry, Chaucer chose themetrical form which laid the foundation of the English tonico-syllabic verse.15.The House of Lancaster and the House of York fought the Thirty Years’War from1455 to 1485, the House of York using ______ as its emblem.16.The 16th century in England was a period of the breaking up of ______ relations andthe establishing of the foundations of capitalism.17.Sonnets was first written by the Italian poet ______ who wrote them to a lady namedLaura.18.As a philosopher Bacon is praised by Marx as “______”because he stressed theimportance of experience, or experiment.19.______ is often referred to as “the poets’ poet”.20.The Rape of the Lock is a brilliant satire written in the form of a ______ poem.21.Celts 2. Father of English Poetry 3. Prologue 4. Alliterative 5. a white rose 6.feudal7.Petrarch8.the progenitor of English materialism9.Edmund Spencer10. mock-heroicVIII.Each of the following statements below is followed by four alternative answers.Choose the one that would best complete the statement. (20 points in all, 2 points for each)1.About Edmund Spencer which of the following statements is not true?A. He was educated in Cambridge.B. His father was the Keeper of the Privy Seal to Queen Elizabeth.C. He interacted with Philip Sidney.D. He wrote “Epithalamion” to his love affair with Elizabeth Boyle2.About the Renaissance humanists which of the following statements is true?A. They thought money and social status was the measure of all things.B. They emphasized the dignity of human beings and the importance of the presentlife.C. They couldn't see the human values in their works.D. They thought people were largely subordinated to the ruling class without anyfreedom and independence.3.In his tragedy Romeo and Juliet, Shakespeare eulogizes _____.A. the faithfulness of loveB. the spirit of pursuing happinessC. the heroine's great beauty, wit and loyaltyD. both a and b4.One of the distinct features of the Elizabethan time is _____.A. the flourishing of the dramaB. the popularity of the realistic novelC. the domination of the classical poetryD. the close-down of all the theatres5.Which of the following is not John Milton's works?A. Paradise LostB. Paradise RegainedC. Samson AgonistesD. Othello6.Tempest is a typical example of Shakespeare______ view of life towards human lifeand society in his late years.A. pessimisticB. optimisticC. satiricalD. none of the above7.______ introduced the Petrarchan sonnet into England, while ______ brought in blankverse, ie. The unrhymed iambic pentameter line.A. Wyatt…SurreyB. Wyatt…SidneyC. Surrey…SidneyD. Sidney…Spencer8.Christopher Marlowe’s greatest achievement lies in that he perfected the ______ andmade it the principal medium of English drama.A. blank verseB. free verseC. sonnetD. alliteration9.Christian is the character in ______.A. The Life and Death of Mr. BadmanB. The Pilgrim’s ProgressC. Grace Abounding to the Chief of SinnersD. None of the above10.The significance of The Canterbury Tales excludes:A. A comprehensive picture of Chaucer’s time.B. The dramatic structure of the poem.C. Chaucer’s humour.D. “Round” characters.11.The ceremony of May Day comes from the tradition of _______.A. The CeltsB. The SaxonsC. The NormansD. The Angles1-5 BBBAD 6-10 AABDAII. Definitions of literary terms (1’×10=10’):1. A group of dramatists active in the 1950s, who believed that human life was meaningless andabsurd and that the world was irrational _____________.[A] the angry young men [B] the beat generation[C] the theatre of the absurd [D] dramatist of black humour2.A long narrative poem about the deeds of some national hero(es) ____________.[A] a lyric [B] an epic[C] a sonnet [D] a satirical poem3. A poem describing the life and love of shepherds and shepherdesses__________.[A] an eclogue [B] a pastoral poem[C] a lyric poem [D] a narrative poem4. The unconscious tendency of a son to be attached to his mother and hostile toward his father_______[A] psychoanalysis [B] Oedipus complex[C] inferiority complex [D] interpretation of dreams5. Works in prose or poetry meant to ridicule and correct the follies and vices of the society and of the individuals ___________.[A] sentimentalism [B] Neo-classicism[C] allegory [D] satire6. Traditionally a song that tells a story which became a form of poetry later __________[A] a folk song [B] a sonnet[C] a ballad [D] romance7. A long piece of poetry or prose describing the adventures and love of a medieval knight _________.[A] romance [B] epic[C] ballad [D] narrative poem or prose8.Two lines of poetry in iambic pentameter rhymed aa ____________.[A] sonnet [B] ballad[C] ode [D] heroic couplet9. Unrhymed poetry in iambic pentameter ____________.[A] free verse [B] blank verse[C] sonnet [D] heroic couplet10. A story in verse or prose with a double meaning, a surface meaning and an under-the-surface meaning ________[A] allegory [B] romance[C] satire [D] ballad1 C2 B 3.B 4.B 5.D 6.C 7.A 8.D 9.B 10.A1. The technique to describe various thoughts and feelings that pass through the mind _____________.[A] the angry young men [B] stream of consciousness[C] the theatre of the absurd [D] black humour2. Poetry or prose describing the adventures and love of a medieval knight ____________.[A] a romance [B] an epic[C] a sonnet [D] a satirical poem3. A poem describing the life and love of shepherds and shepherdesses__________.[A] a pastoral [B] an eclogue[C] a lyric poem [D] a narrative poem4. The unconscious tendency of a son to be attached to his mother and hostile toward his father_______[A] psychoanalysis [B] Oedipus complex[C] inferiority complex [D] interpretation of dreams5. Works in prose or poetry meant to ridicule and correct the follies and vices of the society and of the individuals ___________.[A] sentimentalism [B] Neo-classicism[C] allegory [D] satire6. Traditionally a song that tells a story which became a form of poetry later __________[A] a ballad [B] a sonnet[C] a folk song [D] romance7. A long piece of poetry or prose describing the adventures and love of a medieval knight _________.[A] romance [B] epic[C] ballad [D] narrative poem or prose8.Two lines of poetry in iambic pentameter rhymed aa ____________.[A] sonnet [B] ballad[C] ode [D] heroic couplet9. Unrhymed poetry in iambic pentameter ____________.[A] free verse [B] blank verse[C] sonnet [D] heroic couplet10. A story in verse or prose with a double meaning, a surface meaning and an under-the-surface meaning ________[A] ballad [B] romance[C] satire [D] allegory1 B2 .A 3.A 4.B 5.D 6.A 7.A 8.D 9.B 10.DIII. Matching authors with corresponding works(1’×20=20’)1.Thomas More a. Sons and Lovers2.Geoffrey Chaucer b. Mrs. Dalloway3. Edmund Spenser c. Tess of the D’Urbervilles4. Christopher Marlowe d. Pride and Prejudice5.George Bernard Shaw e. The Pickwick Papers6.Ben Jonson f. Ivanhoe7. John Milton g.Vanity Fair8. Jonathan Swift h.Don Juan9. James Joyce i.Ode to the West Wind10. Richard B. Sheridan j. V olpone11.William Wordsworth k.Samson Agonistes12.George Gordon Byron l.Finnegans Wake13.Percy Bysshe Shelley m.The School for Scandal14.Walter Scott n. Lyrical Ballads15.Charles Dickens o.Widowers’ Houses16. W. M. Thackeray p.The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus17.Jane Austen q.Faerie Queene18.Thomas Hardy r.The Canterbury Tales19.D. H. Lawrence s. Utopia20. Virginia Woolf t.Gulliver’s Travels1.s2.r3.q4.p5.o6.j7.k8.t9.l 10.m11.n 12.h 13.i 14.f 15.e 16.g 17.d 18.c 19.a 20.b1.William Shakepeare2.Samuel Johnson3. John Keats4. Christopher Marlowe5.George Bernard Shaw6.Ben Jonson7. John Milton 8.Daniel Defoe9. James Joyce 10. Richard B. Sheridan11.Geofrey Chaucer 12.George Gordon Byron13.Percy Bysshe Shelley 14.Walter Scott15.George Bernard Shaw 16. William Makepeace Thackeray17.Jane Austen 18.Thomas Hardy19.D. H. Lawrence 20. Virginia Woolfa. Tamburlaine the Greatb.A Dictionary of the English Languagec. King Leard. Major Barbarae. Pride and Prejudicef. Ivanhoeg.Vanity Fair h.Don Juani.Promethus Unbound j. V olponek.Samson Agonistes l.Finnegans Wakem.The School for Scandal n. Robinson Crusoeo..Widowers’ Houses p.Sons and Loversq.To the Lighthouse r.Tess of the D’Urbervilless.Ode to the Nightingale t.The Canterbury Tales1.c2.b3.s4.a5.o6.j7.k8.n9.l 10.m 11.t 12.h 13.i 14.f 15.d 16.g 17.e 18.r 19.p 20.qIV Each of the following statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement. (2’×10=20’)12.About Edmund Spencer which of the following statements is not true?A. He was educated in Cambridge.B. His father was the Keeper of the Privy Seal to Queen Elizabeth.C. He interacted with Philip Sidney.D. He wrote “Epithalamion” to his love affair with Elizabeth Boyle13.About the Renaissance humanists which of the following statements is true?A. They thought money and social status was the measure of all things.B. They emphasized the dignity of human beings and the importance of the presentlife.C. They couldn't see the human values in their works.D. They thought people were largely subordinated to the ruling class without anyfreedom and independence.14.In his tragedy Romeo and Juliet, Shakespeare eulogizes _____.A. the faithfulness of loveB. the spirit of pursuing happinessC. the heroine's great beauty, wit and loyaltyD. both a and b15.One of the distinct features of the Elizabethan time is _____.A. the flourishing of the dramaB. the popularity of the realistic novelC. the domination of the classical poetryD. the close-down of all the theatres16.Which of the following is not John Milton's works?A. Paradise LostB. Paradise RegainedC. Samson AgonistesD. Othello1-5 BBBAD6．In A Tale of Two Cities, the "two cities" refer to London and _________.A. DublinB. ParisC. New YorkD. Vienna7．The Lyrical Ballads written by Wordsworth and Coleridge was published in ________.A. 1789B. 1798C. 1829D. 19038．_______ is the representative of Aestheticism and Decadence in English literature.A. R. L. StevensonB. Oscar WildeC. Samuel ButlerD. Charles Dickens9．Which of the following novels does not belong to the "stream of consciousness" school of novel writing?A. UlyssesB. Mrs. DallowayC. The RainbowD. To the Lighthouse10．The unquenchable spirit of Robinson Crusoe struggling to maintain a substantial existence on a lonely island reflects _________A. man’s desire to return to natureB. the author’s criticism of the colonizationC. the ideal of the rising bourgeoisieD. the aristocrats’disillusionment of the harsh social reality6-10 DABCCV. Essay Questions (30%; choose only ONE of the following five topics and write a short essay of at least 200 words.)1. How much do you know about the English literature in the Victorian period?pare any two periods in the history of English literature with reference to ideological tendencies and literary trends (Find out their similarities and differences by using major writers as examples).3.Describe how your knowledge of English literature is improved after taking this course.4.Analyze why in English literature Shakespeare is considered to be the greatest playwright or why Dickens is regarded as the greatest novelist.5. Why is Thomas Hardy often regarded as a transitional writer?6．How much do you know about Romanticism?7. How much do you know about the Enlightenment Movement and Neoclassicism?8. Analyze the characteristics of the Renaissance period and the Victorian age.9. Discuss why Dickens is regarded as the greatest novelist in English Literature10.Through Hamlet in Hamlet, please analyze the theme of this novel.11. What is Utopia about?12.What is the social significance of The Canterbury TalExplain the following literary terms. (18 points in all, 6 points for each)4.The Rising of 13815.John Locke6.Humanism。

英国文学史复习资料1Review:The Development of English LiteratureFrom the academic angle, English literature can be divided into seven periods:1.Early and Medieval English literature; （中古文学）2.The English Renaissance（文艺复兴）;3.The 17th C. –The Period of Revolution（资产阶级革命） and Restoration （王权复辟）;4.The 18th Century –The Age of Enlightenment （启蒙运动）5. Romanticism（浪漫主义） in England in the 1st half of the 19th century;6. The Victorian Age; （维多利亚时期）7. The 20th Century Literature –Modernism and Post-Modernism（现代和后现代主义）1.Early and MedievalEnglish literature (5th C.-1485)1) Anglo-Saxon Period (449-1066)The main literary contribution of this period is the Epic, and its masterpiece is the national epic The Song of Beowulf, which is a long poem of 3182 lines about the deeds of the Teutonic (条顿)hero Beowulf in the6th century. It is the oldest poem on the English language and the oldest surviving epic in Anglo-Saxon literature.2)The Anglo-Norman Period (1066-1485)The literature of this period is greatly influenced by the Norman conquest. After the conquest, the customs and ideals known as chivalry was introduced by the Normans into England and can be reflected in literature, such as the knightly code, theromantic interest in women , tenderness and reverence paid to Virgin Mary etc.. The prevailing form of literature in the Feudal England was Romance (传奇，骑士文学).The most famous Romance was Sir Gawain and the Green Knight.3.The 17th Century—The Period of Revolution and RestorationThe bourgeoisie revolution against monarchy-the Puritan Age. The greatest representatives are the “Three Johns”: John Milton, John Donne , the representative of the Metaphysical School and John Bunyan,a great prose writer.4.The 18th Century –The Age of Enlightenment （启蒙运动）an expression of struggle of the then progressive class of bourgeoisie against feudalism.In literature, Classicism, or Neoclassicism, dominated this century.The middle of this century in England sees the inception of a new literary current– sentimentalism .At the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries, Pre-Romanticism emerged.5. Romanticism（浪漫主义） in England in the 1st half of the 19th century;Romanticism in England came into being in the latter half of the 18th century with William Blake and Robert Burns representing the spirit of what is usually called Pre-Romanticism. With the publication of Lyrical Ballads by Wordsworth and Coleridge in 1798, Romanticism began to bloom in the history of English literature. The trend ended at the death of Scott in 1832.This is an age of poetUnit 11.Early and Medieval English literature(中古文学)1) Anglo-Saxon(盎格鲁-撒克逊)Period (449-1066)The main literary contribution of this period is the Epic(史诗),and its masterpiece is the national epic The Song of Beowulf （贝奥武甫）, which is a long poem of 3182 lines about the deeds of the Teutonic (条顿)hero Beowulf in the 6th century. It is the oldest poem on the English language and the oldest surviving epic in Anglo-Saxon literature.名词解释Epic: A long narrative（叙事诗）poem on the adventures and great deeds of heroes.Beowulf: national epic of the English people; Denmark（丹麦）story; alliteration, metaphors and understatements2) The Anglo-Norman（盎格鲁-诺曼） Period (1066-1350)The literature of this period is greatly influenced by the Norman conquest（诺曼底人对英格兰的军事征服）. After the conquest, the customs and ideals known as chivalry （骑士精神）was introduced by the Normans into England and can be reflected in literature, such as the knightly code（骑士法典）, the romantic interest in women , tenderness（亲切） and reverence （崇敬）paid to Virgin Mary（圣母玛丽亚）etc..The prevailing （流行的） form of literature in the Feudal England was Romance (传奇，骑士文学).The most famous Romance was Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. 高文爵士和绿衣骑士2. Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400) 杰弗里.乔叟1)Geoffrey Chaucer (1343—1400), a Londoner of bourgeois （资本家）origin, an outstanding English poet before Shakespeare and “the father of English poetry”. His The Canterbury Tales ranks as one of the greatest poetic works in English.He also contributed importantly in the second half of the14th century to the management of public affairs as courtier（朝臣）, diplomat（外交官）, and civil servant（公务员）.But it is his writing of poetry that makes him remembered.2)代表作：the Canterbury Tales坎特伯雷的故事(英国文学史的开端)大致介绍：The Canterbury Tales, an unfinished series of stories purporting (claim or pretend ) to be told by a group of pilgrims journeying from London to the shrine of St. Thomas Becket andback. Among the band of pilgrims are a knight, a monk, a prioress, a plowman, a miller, a merchant, a clerk, and the wife from Bath. The Canterbury Tales, a collection of stories in a frame story(框架故事), between 1387 and 1400. It is the story of a group of 32(30? 31? 29?) people who travel as pilgrims（朝圣者）to Canterbury (England). The pilgrims, who come from all layers （阶层）of society, tell stories to each other to kill time while they travel to Canterbury.名词解释：a frame story(框架故事):A narrative that provides the framework within which a number of different stories, which may or may not be connected, can be told.文学作品中一个故事套着一个故事的结构，故事中的故事。

英国文学史复习资料英国文学史复习资料第一章：中世纪文学1.1 安格鲁-撒克逊时期（5世纪-1066年）- 口头传统和史诗：《贝奥武夫》- 基督教文学：《凡尔登战役》1.2 后征服时期（1066年-1485年）- 基督教文学：《格尔罗与黛斯蒙德》- 骑士文学：《亚瑟王传说》、《罗宾汉传》第二章：文艺复兴时期（1485年-1603年）2.1 草原学派- 约翰·斯克利- 托马斯·莫尔2.2 伊丽莎白时代- 威廉·莎士比亚：《哈姆雷特》、《罗密欧与朱丽叶》 - 克里斯托弗·马洛：《第一部十诫》第三章：17世纪文学3.1 评剧派- 本·琼生：《伊丽莎白时代断头台上的十一个人》- 约翰·福特：《佩里克尔斯·普林》3.2 枪炮派- 约翰·洛克：《论人类理解》- 托马斯·霍布斯：《利维坦》第四章：启蒙时代（18世纪）4.1 洛克主义- 亚当·斯密：《国富论》- 大卫·休谟：《人性的研究》4.2 唯理主义- 亚历山大·波佩：《怪异小说》- 理查德·斯蒂文森：《金银岛》第五章：浪漫主义（19世纪）5.1 威廉·华兹华斯：《抒情诗》5.2 柯勒律治：《唐吉诃德》第六章：维多利亚时代6.1 珍奥斯汀：《傲慢与偏见》6.2 狄更斯：《雾都孤儿》6.3 奥斯卡·王尔德：《道林·格雷的画像》第七章：现代主义（20世纪）7.1 弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫：《至灵宴》7.2 乔治·奥威尔：《1984》7.3 约瑟夫·康拉德：《黑暗之心》第八章：后现代主义（20世纪末至今）8.1 萨尔曼·鲁西迪：《午夜的孩子》8.2 伊恩·麦克尤恩：《第二个苏格拉底》8.3 泽拉尔·纳西莫夫：《洛丽塔》总结：英国文学史涵盖了从中世纪到现代的丰富多样的文学作品。

英国文学史Part one: Early and Medieval English LiteratureChapter 1 The Making of England1. The early inhabitants in the island now we call England were Britons, a tribe of Gelts.2. In 55 ., Britain was invaded by Julius Caesar.The Roman occupation lasted for about 400 years.It was also during the Roman role that Christianity was introduced to Britain.And in 410 ., all the Roman troops went back to the continent and never returned.3. The English ConquestAt the same time Britain was invaded by swarms of pirates海盗. They were three tribes from Northern Europe: the Angles, Saxons and Jutes.And by the 7th century these small kingdoms were combined into a United Kingdom called England, or, the land of Angles.And the three dialects spoken by them naturally grew into a single language called Anglo-Saxon, or Old English.4. The Social Condition of the Anglo-SaxonTherefore, the Anglo-Saxon period witnessed a transition from tribal society to feudalism.5. Anglo-Saxon Religious Belief and Its InfluenceThe Anglo-Saxons were Christianized in the seventh century.Chapter 2 Beowulf1. Anglo-Saxon PoetryBut there is one long poem of over 3,000 lines. It is Beowulf, the national epic of the English people. Grendel is a monster described in Beowulf.3. Analysis of Its ContentBeowulf is a folk lengend brought to England by Anglo-Saxons from their continental homes. It had been passed from mouth to mouth for hundreds of years before it was written down in the tenth century.4. Features of BeowulfThe most striking feature in its poetical form is the use of alliteration, metaphors and understatements.Chapter 3 Feudal England1 The Norman Conquest2. The Norman ConquestThe French-speaking Normans under Duke William came in 1066. After defeating the English at Hastings, William was crowned as King of England.The Norman Conquest marks the establishment of feudalism in England.3. The Influence of the Norman Conquest on the English LanguageBy the end of the fourteenth century, when Normans and English intermingled, English was once more the dominant speech in the country.3 The Romance1. The Content of the RomanceThe most prevailing kind of literature in feudal England was the romance.4. Malory’s Le Morte D’ArthurThe adventures of the Knights of the Round Table at Arthur’s court Chapter 5 The English Ballads2. The BalladsThe most important department of English folk literature is the ballad.A ballad is a story told in song, usually in 4-line stanzas, with the second and fourth lines rhymed.Of paramount importance are the ballads of Robin Hood.3. The Robin Hood BalladsChapter 6 Chaucer1. LifeGeoffrey Chaucer, the founder/father of English poetry.3. Troilus and CriseydeTroilus and Criseyde is Chaucer’s longest complete poem and his greatest artistic achievement.But the poet shows some sympathy for her, hitting that her fault springs from weakness rather than baseness of character.4. The Canterbury TalesThe Canterbury Tales is Chaucer’s masterpiece and one of the monumental works in English literature.6. His LanguageChaucer’s language, now called Middle English, is vivid and exact. Chaucer’s contribution to English poetry lies chiefly in the fact that he introduced from France the rhymed stanza of various types, especially the rhymed couplet of 5 accents in iambic meter the “the heroic couplet” to English poetry, instead of the old Anglo-Saxon alliterative verse.The spoken English of the time consisted of several dialects, and Chaucer did much in making dialect of London the standard for the modern English speech.Part Two: The English RenaissanceChapter 1 Old England in Transition1. The New MonarchyThe century and a half following the death of Chaucer was full of great changes.And Henry 7, taking advantage of this situation, founded the Tudor dynasty, a centralized monarchy of a totally new type, which met the needs of the rising bourgeoisie and so won its support.2. The ReformationProtestantismThe bloody religious persecution came to a stop after the church settlement of Queen Elizabeth.3. The English BibleWilliam TyndallThen appeared the Authorized Version, which was made in 1611 under the auspices of James I and so was sometimes called the King James Bible.The result is a monument of English language and English literature.The standard modern English has been fixed and confirmed.4. The Enclosure Movement5. The Commercial ExpansionChapter 2 More1. LifeThomas More2. UtopiaUtopia is More’s masterpiece, written in the form of a conversation between More and Hythlody, a returned voyager.The name “Utopia” comes from two Greek words meaning “no place”.3. Utopia, Book OneBook One of Utopia is a picture of contemporary England with forcible exposure of the poverty among the laboring classes.4. Utopia, Book TwoIn Book Two we have a sketch of an ideal commonwealth in some unknown ocean, where property is held in common and there is no poverty.Chapter 3 The Flowering of English Literature3. Edmund Spenser1 LifeThe Poet’s Poet of the period was Edmund Spenser.In 1579 he wrote The Shepher’s Calendar, a pastoral poem in twelve books, one for each month of the year.2 The Faerie Queene masterpieceSpenser’s greatest work, The Faerie Queene published in 1589-1596, is a long poem planned in 12 books, of which he finished only 6.iambic feet Spenserian Stanza4. Francis Bacon father/founder of English essaythe founder of English English materialist philosophyBacon is also famous for his Essays. When it included 58 essays.Bacon is the first English essayist.Chapter 4 Drama7. The PlaywrightsThere was a group of so-called “university wits” Lyly, Peele, Marlowe, Greene, Lodge and Nash.Chapter 5 Marlowe1. LifeThe most gifted of the “university wits” was Christopher Marlowe.2. WorkMarlowe’s best includes three of his plays, Tamburlaine,The Jew of Malta and Doctor Faustus.3. Doctor FaustusMarl owe’s masterpiece is The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus.5. Marlowe’s Literary AchievementMarlowe was the greatest of the pioneers of English drama.It is Marlowe who first made blank verse rhymeless iambic pentameter the principal instrument of English drama.Chapter 6 Shakespeare1. LifeWilliam Shakespeare was born on April 23, 1564, in Stratford-on-Avon.After his death, two of his above-mentioned fellow-actors, Herminge and Condell, collected and published Shakespeare’s plays in 1623. To this edition, which has been known as the First Folio.4. The Great ComediesA Midsummer Night’s Dream, The Merchant of Venice, As You Like It and Twelfth Night have been called Shakespeare’s “great comedies”.6. The Great TragediesShakespeare created his great tragedies, Hamlet, Othello, King Lear and Macbeth.7. Hamletthe son of the Renaissance9. The Poems1 Venus and Adonis2 The Rape of Lucrece3 Shakespeare’s Sonnets10. Features of Shakespeare’s DramaShakespeare and the Authorized Version of the English Bible are the two greatest treasuries of the English language.Shakespeare has been universally acknowledged to be the summit of the English Renaissance.Part Three: The Period of the English Bourgeois RevolutionChapter 1 The English Revolution and the Restoration5. The Bourgeois Dictatorship and the Restorationin 1688 Glorious Revolution6. The Religious Cloak of the English RevolutionPuritanism was the religious doctrine of the revolutionary bourgeoisie during the English Revolution. It preached thrift, sobriety, hard work and unceasing labour in whatever calling one happened to be, but with no extravagant enjoyment of the fruits of labour.Chapter 2 Milton1. Life and WorkParadise Lost, Paradise Regained and Samson Agonistes.2. Paradise Lost1 Paradise LostParadise Lost is Milton’s masterpiece.blank verse.Chapter 3 Bunyan1. LifeThe Pilgrim’s Progress was published in 1678.2. The Pilgrim’s Progress1The Pilgrim’s Progress is a religious allegory.Chapter 4 Metaphysical Poets and Cavalier Poetsa school of poets called “Metaphysical” by Samuel Johnson.by mysticism in content and fantasticality in formJohn Donne, the founder of the Metaphysical school of poetry.Chapter 6 Restoration Literature2. John DrydenThe most distinguished literary figure of the Restoration Period was John Dryden.Dryden was the forerunner of the English classical school of literature in the next century.Part Four: The Eighteenth CenturyChapter 1 The Enlightenment and Classicism in English Literature1. The Enlightenment and 18th Century England2 The Enlightenment in EuropeThe 18th century marked the beginning of an intellectual movement in Europe, known as the Enlightenment, which was, on the whole, an expression of struggle of the bourgeoisie against feudalism. The enlighteners fought against class inequality, stagnation, prejudices and other survivals of feudalism.3 The English EnlighternersThe representatives of the Enlightenment in English literature were Joseph Addison and Richard Steele, the essayists, and Alexander Pope, the poet. Chapter 2 Addison and Steele1. Steele and The TatlerRichard SreeleIn 1709, he started a paper, The Tatler, to enlighten, as well as to entertain, his fellow coffeehouse-goers.His appeal was made to “coffeehouses,” that is to say, to the middle classes, for whose enlightenment he stood up.“Issac Bickerstaff”2. Addison and The SpectatorThe general purpose is “to enliven morality with wit, and to temper wit with morality.”They ushered in the dawn of modern English novel.Chapter 3 Pope1. LifeAlexander Pope, the most important English poet in the first half of the 18th century.3. Workmanship and LimitationPope was an outstanding enlightener and the greatest English poet of the classical school in the first half of the 18th century.Pope is the most important representative of the English classical poery. But he lacker the lyrical gift.Chapter 4 Swift3. Bickersta f f Almanac 1708Swift wrote his greatest work Gulliver’s Travels in Ireland.Chapter 5 Defoe and the Rise of the English Novel1. The Rise of the English Novelthe realistic novel: Defoe, Swift, Richardson and FieldingSwift’s world-famous novel Gulliver’s Travel sDefoe’s Robinson Crusoe the forerunner of the English realistic novel Richardson: Pamela, Clarissa and Sir Charles GrandisonFielding was the real founder of the realistic novel in England.The novel of this period …spoke the truth about life with an uncompromising courage.” The novelists of this period understood that “the job of a novelist was to tell the truth about life as he saw it.”Ibid. This explains the achievement of the English novel in the 18th century.4. Robinson Crusoe1 Today Defoe is chiefly remembered as the author of Robinson Crusoe, his masterpiece.Chapter 6 RichardsonSamuel RichardsonPamela was, in fact, the first English psycho-analytical novel.After Pamela, Richardson wrote two other novels: Clarissa Harlowe and Sir Charles Grandison.Clarissa is the best of Richardson’s novel.Chapter 7 Fielding the father of English novel1. LifeHis first novel Joseph Andrews was published in 1742.His Jonathan Wild appeared in 1743. It is a powerful political satire. In 1749, he finished his great novel Tom Jones.Amelia was his last novel. It is inferior to Tom Jones, but has merits of its own.3. Joseph Andrews4. Tom Jones1 The StoryFielding’s greatest work is The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling.6. Summary2 Fielding as the Founder of the English Realistic NovelAs a novelist, Fielding is very great. He is the founder of the English realistic novel and sets up the theory of realism in literary creation. He has been rightly called the “father of t he English novel.”Chapter 10 Johnson1. LifeSamuel Johnson, lexicographer, critic and poet.2. Johnson’s DictionaryIn 1755 his Dictionary was published.His Dictionary also marked the end of English writers’ reliance on the patronage of noblemen for support.Chapter 13 Sentimentalism and Pre-Romanticism in Poetry1. LifeThomas Gray2. Pre-RomanticismIn the latter half of the 18th century, a new literary movement arose in Europe, called the Romantic Revival.Pre-Romanticism was ushered in by Percy, Macpherson and Chatterton, and represented by Blake and Burns.Chapter 14 Blake1. LifeWilliam Blake2. Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience4. Blake’s Position in English LiteratureFor these reasons, Blake is called a Pre-Romantic or a forerunner of the Romantic poetry of the 19th century.Chapter 15 Burns1. LifeHis Poems Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect were printed. masterpieceThe Scots Musical Museum and Select Collection of Original Scottish Airs 2. The Poetry of Burns1 Burns is remembered mainly for his songs written in the Scottish dialect on a variety of subjects.3. Features of Burns’ PoetryBurns is the national poet of Scotland.Part Five: Romanticism in EnglandChapter 1 The Romantic Periodthe Industrial Revolution the French RevolutionAmid these social conflicts romanticism arose as a new literary trend. It prevailed in England during the period 1798-1832.These were the elder generation of romanticists, sometimes called escapist romanticists, including Wordsworth, Coleridge and Southey, who have also been called the Lake Poets.Active romanticists represented by Byron, Shelley and Keats.The general feature of the works of the romanticists is a dissatisfaction with the bourgeois society, which finds expression in a revolt against or an escape from the prosaic, sordid daily life, the “prison of the actual”under capitalism.Poetry, of course, is the best medium to express all these sentiments. The only great novelist in this period was Walter Scott.Scott marked the transition from romanticism to the period of realism which followed it.Chapter 2 WordsworthColeridgeIn 1798 they jointly published the Lyrical Ballads.The publication of the Lyrical Ballads marked the break with the conventional poetical tradition of the 18th century, ., with classicism, and the beginning of Romantic revival in England.The Preface of the Lyrical Ballads served as the manifesto of the English Romantic Movement in poetry.Wordsworth, Coleridge and Southey have often been mentioned as the “Lake Poets” because they lived in the Lake District in the no rthwestern part of England.His deep love for nature runs through such short lyrics as Lines Written in Early Spring, To the Cuckoo, I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud, My Heart Leaps Up, Intimations of Immortality and Lines Composed a Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey. The last is called his “lyrical hymn of thanks to nature”.Wordsworth’s poetry is distinguished by the simplicity and purity of his language.Chapter 3 Coleridge and Southey1. ColeridgeColeridge’s best poems, The Rime of the Ancient Mariner.Chapter 4 Byron1. LifeChilde Harold’s PilgrimageHe finished Childe Harold, wrote his masterpiece Don Juan.2. Childe Harold’s PilgrimageThis long poem contains four cantos. It is written in the Soenserian stanza.3. Don JuanByron remains one of the most popular English poets both at home and abroad. Chapter 5 Shelley4. Promethus UnboundShelley’s masterpiece is Promethus Unbound, a lyrical drama in 4 acts.6. Lyrics on Nature and LoveOde to the West WindChapter 6 Keats2. Long PoemsKeats wrote five long poems: Endymion, Isabella, The Eve of St. Agnes, Lamia and Hyperion.5 The unfinished long epic Hyperion has been regarded as Keat’s greatest achievement in poetry.3. Short Poems1 His leading principle is: “Beauty in truth, truth in beauty.”3 Ode to Autumn, Ode on Melancholy, Ode on a Grecian Urn and Ode to a NightingaleChapter 10 Scott2. His Historical NovelsScott has been universally regarded as the founder and great master of the historical novel.According to the subjet-matter, the group on the history of Scotland, the group on English history and the group on the history of European countries. In fact, Scott’s literary career marks the transition from romanticism to realism in English literature of the 19th century.Part Six: English Critical RealismChapter 2 DickensCharles Dickens critical realismDickens: Pickwick Papers, American Notes, Martin Chuzzlewit and Oliver Twist4 Dickens has often been compared Shakespeare for creative force and range of invention. “He and Shakespeare are the two unique popular classics that England has given to the world, and they are alike in being remembered not for one masterpiece but for creative world.”David CopperfieldChapter 3 Thackeray2. Vanity Fair: A Novel Without a HeroVanity Fair is Thackeray’s masterpiece. characters: Amelia Sedley and Rebecca Becky SharpThackeray can be placed on the same level as Dickens, as one of the greatest critical realists of 19th-century Europe.Chapter 4 Some Women Novelists1. Jane Austen 1775-1817She herself compared her work to a fine engraving made upon a little piece of ivory only two inches square.Jane Austen wrote 6 novels: Northanger Abbey, Sense and Sensibility, Pride and Prejudice, Mansfield Park, Emma and Persuasion.2. The Bronte SistersCharlotte’s maiden attempt at prose writing, the novel Professor, was rejected by the publisher, but her next novel Jane Eyre, appearing in 1847, brought her fame and placed her in the ranks of the foremost English realistic writers. Emily’s novel Wuthering Heights appeared in 1847.Anne: Agnes Grey4. George EliotMary Ann Evansthree remarkable novels: Adam Bede, The Mill on the Floss and Silas Marner 3 Silas Marner:Critical realism was the main current of English literature in the middle of the 19th century.Part Seven: Prose-Writers and Poets of the Mid and Late 19th Century Chapter 1 Carlylethe Victorian AgeChapter 3 Tennysonthe Victorian Age prose especially the novel1. Tennyson’s Life and CareerAlfred Tennyson, the most important poet of the Victorian Age.In the same year 1850 he was appointed poet laureate in succession to Wordsworth.Chapter 7 Literary Trends at the End of the Century1. NaturalismNaturalism is a literary trend prevailing in Europe, especially in France and Germany, in the second half of the 19th century.2. Neo-RomanticismStevenson was a representative of neo-romanticism in English literature. Treasure Island masterpiece3. AestheticismAestheticism began to prevail in Europe at the middle of the 19th century. The theory of “art for art’s sake” was first put forward by the French poet Theophile Gautier.The two most important representatives of aestheticists in English literature are Walter Pater and Oscar Wilde.2 Oscar Wilde dramatistLady Windermere’s Fan, 1893; A Woman of No Importance, 1894; An Ideal Husband and The Importance of Being Earnest, 1895The Importance of Being Earnest is his masterpiece in drama.Part Eight: Twentieth Century English LiteratureModernismChapter 2 English Novel of Early 20th Century3. Henry JamesHe is regarded as the forerunner of the “stream of consciousness” literature in the 20th century.Chapter 3 Hardy1. Life and WorkAmong his famous novels, Tess of the D’Urbervillies and Jude the Obscure.2. Tess of the D’Urbervilliescharacters: Tess, Alec D’Urbervillies and Angel ClareChapter 6 Bernard ShawChapter 8 Modernism in Poetry1. ImagismEzra PoundThe two most important English poets of the first half of 20th century are W. B. Yeats and T. S. Eliot.2. W. B. YeatsThe Wild Swans at Coole, Michael Robartes and the Dancer, The Tower and The Winding StairT. S. E liot has referred to Yeats as “the greatest poet of our age-certainly the greatest in this . English language.”3. T. S. EliotThe Waste Land 1922 is dignifying the emergence of Modernism.T. S. Eliot was a leader of the modernist movement in English poetry and a great innovator of verse technique. He profoundly influenced 20th-century English poetry between World Wars 1 and 2.Chapter 9 The Psychological Fiction1. D. H. LawrenceSons and Lovers1913, the first of Lawrence’s important novel s, is largely autobiographical.This shows the influence of Freud’s theory of psychoanalysis,especially that of the “Oedipus complex.”The Rainbow, Women in Love and Lady Chatterley’s Lover3. James JoyceUlysses 1922June 16, 1904character: Leopold BloomJames Joyce was one of the most original novelists of the 20th century. His masterpiece Ulysses has been called “a modern prose epic”.His admirers have praised him as “second only to Shakespeare in his mastery of the English language.”4. Virginia Woolf“high-brows” the Bloomsbury GroupVirginia Wolf’s first two novels, The Voyage Out and Night and Day. Jacob’s Room, Mrs. Dalloway, To the Lighthouse and OrlandoPart Nine: Poets and Novelists Who Wrote both before and after the SecondWorld WarChapter 5 E. M. ForsterEdward Morgan Forster the Bloomsbury Groupfour novels: Where Angels Fear to Tread, The Longest Journey, A Room with a View and Howards EndA Passage to India, published in 1924, is Forster’s masterpiece.In 1927, Forster published a book on the theory of fiction, Aspects of the Novel.Chapter 10 William GoldingWilliam Gerald GoldingHis first novel Lord of the FliesChapter 11 Doris LessingGolden Notebook。

英国文学简史复习资料General introduction of English literature1. 1 Old English Literature 449-1066 古英语时期文学——The Song of Beowulf 贝奥武甫2 Medieval English Literature 1066-15th century 中世纪英语时期文学——Geoffrey Chaucer 1340_1400 杰弗里·乔叟2. Renaissance English literature late 15th century ~ early 17th century 文艺复兴——Francis Bacon 弗朗西斯·培根——William Shakespeare 威廉·莎士比亚——Ben Jonson 本·琼生——Christopher Marlowe 克里斯托弗·马洛3. English Literature of the Revolution and Restoration Period 1640-1688 资产阶级革命与王朝复辟时期的文学——John Milton约翰·弥尔顿——John Bunyan 约翰·班扬4. 18th century English literature-the age of Enlightenment 启蒙运动时期——Daniel Defoe丹尼尔·笛福——Jonathan Swift乔纳森·斯威夫特——Henry Fielding亨利·菲尔丁——William Blake威廉·布莱克——Robert Burns罗伯特·彭斯5. Romantic English Literature 1798-1832 浪漫主义时期——William Wordsworth; 威廉·华兹华斯——Samuel Taylor Coleridge; 塞缪·泰勒·柯勒律治——George Gordon Byron; 乔治·戈登·拜伦——Percy Bysshe Shelley 佩西·比舍·雪莱——John Keats; 约翰·济慈——Walter Scott 沃尔特·司各特——Jane Austen简·奥斯汀6. Critical Realistic Literature in the 19th Century 维多利亚时期批判现实主义——W.M. Thackeray; 萨克雷——C harles Dickens; 查尔斯·狄更斯——Robert Browning 罗伯特·布朗宁——Bronte sisters：Charlotte Bronte; Emily Bronte; Ann Bronte——George Eliot乔治·艾略特——Matthew Arnold 马修·阿诺德——Thomas Hardy 托马斯·哈代——Oscar Wilde 奥斯卡·王尔德7. 20th Century English Literature——George Bernard Shaw乔治·萧伯纳——Joseph Conrad 约瑟夫·康拉德——William Butler Yeats 威廉·巴特勒·叶芝——Virginia Woolf弗吉尼亚·沃尔夫——James Joyce詹姆斯·乔伊斯——D. H. Lawrence劳伦斯——T. S. Eliot 爱略特一、The Anglo-Saxon period 449-10661、这个时期的文学作品分类： pagan异教徒 ;Christian基督徒2、代表作： The Song of Beowulf贝奥武甫 national epic 民族史诗采用了隐喻metaphor 手法3、Alliteration 头韵写作手法例子： of m an was the m ildest and m ost beloved;To his k in the k indest; k eenest for praise.二、The Anglo-Norman period 1066-1350 盎格鲁—诺曼时期1、romance 传奇文学2、代表作： Sir Gawain and the Green Knight 高文爵士和绿衣骑士是一首押头韵的长诗三、Geoffrey Chaucer 1340-1400 杰弗里·乔叟时期1、the father of English poetry 英国诗歌之父2、heroic couplet 英雄双韵体：a verse unit consisting of two rhymed押韵 lines in iambic pentameter五步抑扬格3、代表作：The Canterbury Tales 坎特伯雷的故事集英国文学史的开端大致内容：the pilgrims are people from various parts of England; representatives of various walks of life and social groups. 朝圣者都是来自英国的各地的人;代表着社会的各个不同阶层和社会团体小说特点：each of the narrators tells his tale in a peculiar manner; thus revealing his own views and character. 这些叙述者以自己特色的方式讲述自己的故事;无形中表明了各自的观点;展示了各自的性格..小说观点：he believes in the right of man to earthly happiness. He is anxious to see man freed from superstitions迷信 and a blind belief in fate 他希望人们能从迷信和对命运的盲从中解脱出来..4、Popular Ballads 大众民谣：a story hold in 4-line stanzas with second and fourth line rhymedBallads are anonymous narrative songs that have been preserved by oral transmission 歌谣是匿名叙事歌曲;一直保存着口头传播的方式代表人物：Bishop Thomas Percy 托马斯·珀西主教代表作：Robin Hood and Allin-a-Dale 侠盗罗宾汉和阿林代尔四、The Renaissance 16世纪文艺复兴时期Greek and Roman 戏剧 dramaThe term Renaissance originally indicated a revival of classical Greek and Roman arts and sciences.文艺复兴最初是指经典艺术和科学在英国的复兴..The epoch of Renaissance witnessed a particular development of English drama文艺复兴时期的英国戏剧也得到了迅速的发展..1、key word: humanism 人文主义： admire human beauty and human achievement2、代表人物：1、Thomas More 托马斯·莫尔 Utopia 乌托邦2、Francis Bacon 弗朗西斯.培根第一个散文家essayist3、Thomas Wyatt 托马斯.怀亚特引入十四行诗的第一人sonnet十四行诗： form of poetry intricately rhymed间隔押韵 in 14 lines iambic pentameter4、Edmund Spenser 埃德蒙·斯宾塞poet’s poet诗人中的诗人 The Fairy Queen仙后epic poem 史诗5、Christopher Marlowe 克里斯托弗·马洛blank verse无韵体：不押韵的五步抑扬格是十六世纪英国戏剧的主要表现形式..6、William Shakespeare 威廉·莎士比亚戏剧 drama四大悲剧：Hamlet哈姆雷特;Othello奥赛罗;King Lear李尔王;The Tragedy of Macbeth麦克白五、The period of Revolution and Restoration 17世纪资产阶级革命与王权复辟1、文学特点：the Puritans清教徒 believed in simplicity of life、disapproved of the sonnets and the love poetry、breaking up of old ideals.清教徒崇尚俭朴的生活、拒绝十四行诗和爱情诗、与旧思想脱离..2、代表人物：1、John Donne 约翰·多恩“metaphysical”poets 玄学派诗人的代表人物sonnet 十四行诗“ Death be not proud”代表作品：The Flea跳蚤2、John Milton 约翰·弥尔顿 a great poet 诗人 poem 诗歌 blank verseDefense for the English People为英国人民辩护Paradise Lost失乐园“Satan is not a villain”撒旦不是坏人Paradise Regained复乐园3、John Bunyan 约翰·拜扬 a great prose writer “give us the only great allegory 寓言”The Pilgrim’s Progress天路历程该书采用的写作手法“written in the old-fashioned旧体形式; medieval form of allegory 寓言and dream”六、The Age of Enlightenment 18世纪启蒙运动 also known as “the Age of Reason”1、Emphasized formality or correctness of style; to write prose like Addison; or verse like Pope.强调正确的格式和写作规范;像艾迪生一样创作散文;和蒲柏一样创作诗歌..The Enlightenment was an expression of struggle of the then progressive class of bourgeoisie against feudalism. 启蒙运动实际上是当时先进的资产阶级同落后的封建主义斗争的一种形式..The enlighteners repudiate the false religious doctrines about the viciousness of human nature; and prove that man is born kind and honest; and if he becomes depraved; it is only due to the influence of corrupted social environment.启蒙主义者颠覆了宗教所宣扬的人类本恶的观点；论证了人生诚实而友善;而腐化堕落则是后天腐败的社会环境所致..Contrary to all reasoning; social injustice still held strong; found the power of reason to be insufficient; and therefore appealed to sentiment as a means of achieving happiness and social justice.无论怎样讲究理性;社会不平等现象仍然普遍存在;理性的力量明显不足..因此呼吁把情感的诉求作为一种谋求幸福和社会公平的手段..2、18th century 文学的三个方面：Neo-Classicism新古典主义、Sentimentalism伤感主义、Pre-romanticism 前浪漫主义诗歌、beginning of the modern novel刚启萌的现代派小说、drama戏剧3、代表人物：1、Daniel Defoe 丹尼尔·笛福 realistic novel 现实主义小说Novel：” Robinson Crusoe”鲁宾逊漂流记” The History of Tom Jones; a F oundling”弃婴汤姆.琼斯的故事 the best novel of him 2、Jonathan Swift 乔纳森·斯威夫特” Gulliver’s Travels”格列佛游记novel反讽作品特点：no visible sign of anger; nor raising the voice; the tone is cold; restrained; ironic; varied only by some flashes of fooling when Swift’s sense of the ridiculous gets the better of him.努不动颜;骂不扬声;语调冷酷;锋芒暗藏;讽刺辛辣;仅在讽喻之情难以抑制时才偶露揶揄之态..” A Modest Proposal”一个温和的建议猛烈地抨击了压迫爱尔兰人民的统治4、Samuel Richardson 塞缪尔·理查森” Pamela”帕美勒 The method of psychological analysis 心理分析的方法In the form of letters 书信体小说5、Richard B. Sheridan 理查德·B.谢里丹” School for Scandal”造谣学校;喜剧 comedy6、Oliver Goldsmith’s 奥利佛·.哥尔德斯密斯散文作家 essayist” The Vicar of Wakefield”威克菲尔德的牧师;小说 novel” She Stoops to Conquer”委曲求全;欢乐喜剧 rollicking comedy” The Deserted Village”荒村;诗歌 poems4、Sentimentalism 感伤主义 no belief 没有信仰The representatives of sentimentalism continued to struggle against feudalism but they vaguely sensed at the same time the contradictions of bourgeois progress that brought with it enslavement and ruin to the people. 感伤主义的代表人物在继续反对封建主义的同时又模糊的感觉到资本主义进程中出现的种种矛盾;感觉到资本主义制度对人性的奴役和破坏..代表人物：Thomas Gray 托马斯.格雷“ Elegy; Written in a Country Churchyard”墓园挽歌七、The Romantic Period 1798-1832浪漫主义1、前浪漫主义代表人物：1 William Blake 威廉·布莱克诗人 poet代表作品：诗集天真之歌Songs of Innocence: The Lamb; The Chimney Sweeper1789诗集经验之歌Songs of Experience: The Tiger; London; The Chimney Sweeper17942 Robert Burns 罗伯特·.彭斯苏格兰诗人 poet代表作品：A Red; Red Rose 一朵红红的玫瑰、My Heart’s on the Highland我的心在高原、天长Auld Lang Syne..Pre-Romanticism was greatly influenced by the Industrial Revolution and the French Revolution前浪漫主义极大地影响了工业革命和法国大革命..2、教育意义Educational：liberty; equality and fraternity 自由;平等;博爱3、开始的标志：beginning with the publication of William Wordsworth and S. T. Coleridge’s “Lyrical Ballads” 从威廉.华兹华斯和柯勒律治一起发表的抒情歌谣集开始4、lake poets湖畔诗人：Wordsworth; Coleridge; Southey 骚塞5、代表人物：1、William Wordsworth 威廉·华兹华斯 poet-laureate 桂冠诗人“The Prelude”序曲自传性诗歌Autobiographical poetry作品特点：simplicity and purity of the language; fighting against the conventional forms of the 18th century poetry 简单而纯洁的语言;反传统形式的18世纪诗歌2、S. T. Coleridge 柯勒律治Demonic poems魔幻诗The Rime of the Ancient Mariner 古舟子咏、Kubla Khan忽必烈汗Christabel克里斯塔贝尔作品特点：unusual and supernatural things不寻常和超自然的事物3、Lord Byron 拜伦“ Childe Harold Pilgrimage”恰尔德·哈罗德游记成名作“ Don Juan”唐璜 satiric masterpiece 讽刺的杰作4、Percy Bysshe Shelley 雪莱“ Prometheus Unbound” 解放了的普罗米修斯 drama 戏剧“ Ode to the West Wind”西风颂 poem 诗5、John Keats 济慈 poet 诗人“ The Eve of St. Agnes”圣阿格尼斯之夜poem “ On a Grecian Urn”希腊古瓮颂poem “ To a Nightingale”夜莺颂poem “Beauty i s truth; truth beauty”美学原则6、Walter Scott沃尔特·司各特 He is the creator and a great master of the historical novel. 他是历史小说的创造者和大师作品：Ivanhoe艾凡赫、The Lady of The Lake湖上夫人7、Jane Austen 简·奥斯丁女“ Pride and Prejudice”傲慢与偏见“ Sense and Sensibility”理智与情感“ Emma”爱玛写作特点：the love-making of her young people; though serious and sympathetic; is subdued by humor to the ordinary plane of emotion on which most of us live. She was the founder of the novel which deals with unimportant middleclass people. 她是中产阶级小说的发起人..6、十九世纪散文的特点：In the first of these two periods Addison and Steele socialized the essay; so to speak; they brought it into everyday life and made it familiar and delightful to the multitude. 在这两个时期的开始;艾迪生和斯蒂尔的社会散文把散文带入日常生活;并使其熟悉和并令人愉快.. Early in the nineteenth century it became more definitely a means of intimate self-expression.在十九世纪前期;散文变得对自我的表达越来越肯定。

一．作家作品连线1.Geoffrey Chaucer乔叟——The Canterbury Tales(坎特伯雷故事），The Book of The Duchess（公爵夫人之书）、The Parliament of Fowls（百鸟会议)The House of Fame（声誉之堂）、Troilus and Criseyde（特罗勒斯与克丽西德）2.William Shakespeare莎士比亚——Hamlet, Romeo and Juliet, SonnetThe Merchant of Venice，Henry IV，Twelfth Night，King Lear，Macbeth 3.Francis Bacon培根——（Essays）Of Marriage and Single Life(轮婚姻和单身), Of Studies4.John Donne邓恩（Metaphysical poems玄学派诗人）-— Song and Sonnets （歌与十四行诗）, Holy Sonnets（圣十四行诗）5.John Milton 弥尔顿—— Paradise Lost(失乐园）、Paradise Regained（复乐园）Samson Agonistes（力士参孙）6.Daniel Defoe笛福——The Life and strange Surprising Adventures of Robinson Crusoe（鲁滨孙漂流记)、Captain Singleton（辛格顿船长)、Moll Flanders（摩尔·弗兰德斯）A Journal of the Plague Year（大疫年日记）、Roxana （罗克萨娜）7.Jonathan Swift斯威夫特——Gulliver’s Travel s（格列佛游记）A Tale of a Tub (一只桶的故事)，A Modest Proposal（一个温和的建议）8.William Blake布莱克——Song of Innocence（天真之歌)，Song of experience（经验之歌）, Poetical Sketches(诗的素描), The Book of Thel（塞尔书)9.Robert Burns彭斯——Auld Lang Syne, A Red Red Rose，10.William Wordsworth华兹华斯——I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud11.Samuel Taylor Coleridge柯勒律治——Kubla Khan（忽必烈汗），BiographiaLiteria （文学传记）、Lyrical Ballads (抒情歌谣集)12.Jane Austen简·奥斯丁—- Pride and Prejudice二、术语解释1、Epic（史诗）： A long narrative poem telling about the deeds of a great hero and reflecting the values of the society from which it originated. It started in the 5th century, Beowulf was an important epic。

英国文学史复习资料一、早期文学1、凯尔特文学：凯尔特人是英国最早的民族，他们有自己的语言和神话传说。

他们的文学作品包括《德鲁伊特教义》和《芬尼亚传奇》。

2、盎格鲁-撒克逊文学：随着罗马帝国的衰落，日耳曼部落开始在英国定居。

盎格鲁-撒克逊时期最著名的文学作品是《贝奥武夫》，讲述了一位英勇的武士贝奥武夫的故事。

二、中世纪文学1、英雄史诗：中世纪时期，英国出现了许多描写骑士和英雄事迹的史诗，如《罗兰之歌》、《希尔德布兰德之歌》等。

2、骑士文学：随着封建制度的发展，骑士成为英国社会的一个重要阶层。

骑士文学主要描写骑士的冒险经历和爱情故事，如《亚瑟王传奇》等。

3、宗教文学：中世纪时期，英国的宗教文学也很发达。

最有名的作品是《神曲》和《圣经》的英译本。

三、文艺复兴时期文学1、伊丽莎白时代文学：伊丽莎白一世时期，英国进入了文艺复兴时期。

这个时期的文学作品包括莎士比亚的戏剧、《罗密欧与朱丽叶》等。

2、斯图亚特王朝复辟时期文学：斯图亚特王朝复辟后，英国文学开始向古典主义转变。

这个时期的文学作品包括弥尔顿的《失乐园》和约翰·德莱顿的诗歌等。

四、启蒙时期文学1、启蒙运动：启蒙运动是18世纪欧洲的一个思想解放运动，旨在推翻封建制度，建立资产阶级民主制度。

英国的启蒙运动以洛克和休谟为代表。

2、现实主义小说：随着工业革命的兴起，英国的现实主义小说开始兴起。

这个时期的代表作家包括狄更斯、萨克雷、勃朗特姐妹等。

他们的作品主要描写社会底层人民的生活和资产阶级的虚伪与贪婪。

3、浪漫主义诗歌：19世纪初，英国的浪漫主义诗歌开始兴起。

这个时期的代表诗人包括华兹华斯、柯勒律治和拜伦等。

他们的作品主要表达个人情感和对自然的向往。

五、维多利亚时期文学1、维多利亚时代的社会背景：维多利亚时代是英国的一个繁荣时期，也是英国殖民主义的高峰期。

这个时期的英国成为“日不落帝国”。

2、小说：维多利亚时期的代表作家包括狄更斯、勃朗特姐妹、哈代等。

一、The Anglo-Saxon period (449-1066)1、这个时期的文学作品分类：pagan(异教徒) Christian(基督徒)2、代表作:The Song of Beowulf贝奥武甫(national epic民族史诗)采用了暗喻、押头韵手法。

勇士贝奥武甫与怪物格伦德尔搏斗，使其断臂而死。

怪物之母为子复仇，又被他追踪杀死。

后来他做了国王。

一次火龙来犯，他挺身斩龙，伤重而死。

人民为他举行了隆重的葬礼。

3、The ancestors of the English are Angles, Saxons and Jutes.二、The Anglo-Norman period (1066-1350)1、The Roman Conquest: In 1066, the Duke of Normandy William led the Norman army to invade England. The result of this war was William became the king of England. After the conquest, feudal system was established in English society. Chivalry was introduced by the Normans into England. 1066年诺曼人入侵，带来了欧洲大陆的封建制度，也带来了一批说法语的贵族。

古英语受到了统治阶层语言的影响,本身也在起着变化,12世纪后发展为中古英语。

文学上也出现了新风尚，盛行用韵文写的骑士传奇，它们歌颂对领主的忠和对高贵妇人的爱，其中艺术性高的有Sir Gawain and the Green Knight高文爵士与绿衣骑士。

它用头韵体诗写成，内容是古代亚瑟王属下一个“圆桌骑士”的奇遇。

2、传奇：描写骑士的冒险精神和典雅爱情，表现骑士为获得荣誉、保护宗教或为了赢得贵妇人的爱情而到处冒险的骑士精神的文学。