英国文学复习资料

英国文学期末复习资料一、名词解释{5题/10分}1.apostrophe: a figure of speech in which the speaker addresses a dead or absent person,or an animal, object or abstract idea.2.dramatic monologue: a kind of poem in which a single fictional or historicalcharacter other than the poet speaks to a silent listener, revealing unwittingly things about himself or herself.3.satire: a kind of writing that expresses the vices and follies of individuals, institutions,or societies to ridicule and scorn.4.ode: a rhymed lyrical poem which expresses noble feelings often addressed to a person,an object or celebrating an event.5.terza rima: a poetic form consisting of a series of units of three lines rhyming aba,bcb, cdc, ded, etc.6.Byronic hero: a rebel or outlaw who is strong-willed, disillusioned, friendless, alwaysat war with the conventional world.7.parody: the imitative use of words, style, attitude, tone and ideas of an author in such away as to make them ridiculous.8.epistolary novel: a novel written in the form of a series of letters exchanged amongthe characters of the story, with extracts from their journals sometimes included.二、文学史常识：作家作品，相关流派{10题/10分}1．William Wordsworth (华兹华斯1770-1850)【1】作品特点{P6}：Close to nature——he had a profound love for nature. He thought that nature had a moral value and has its philosophical significance.【2】相关作品{P6}：●The Recluse:long poem which illustrated his thinking of life, but it remainsunfinished.●The Prelude (1850): long poem which tells the growth of his mind.●Lyrical Ballads (1798): an important piece of literature criticism in English literature.It can be read as a declaration of romanticism.【3】代表作品{P17}：I Wandered Lonely As a CloudI wandered lonely as a cloudThat floats on high o'er vales and hills, When all at once I saw a crowd,A host, of golden daffodils;Beside the lake, beneath the trees, Fluttering and dancing in the breeze. Continuous as the stars that shine And twinkle on the milky way,They stretched in never-ending line Along the margin of a bay:Ten thousand saw I at a glance, Tossing their heads in sprightly dance. The waves beside them danced; but they Out-did the sparkling waves in glee:A poet could not but be gay,In such a jocund company:I gazed--and gazed--but little thought What wealth the show to me had brought: For oft, when on my couch I lieIn vacant or in pensive mood,They flash upon that inward eyeWhich is the bliss of solitude;And then my heart with pleasure fills, And dances with the daffodils.2．George Gordon Byron (拜伦1788-1824)【1】作品特点：He is interested in democracy【2】关于作者{P41-42}：●Born of a noble blood both on paternal and maternal lines.●He was good friends with Shelly●In the style of Pope, he satirically attacked Wordsworth, Coleridge and Southey,and the Edinburgh critics.●After he attained his M.A. degree, he stayed for some time on his estate and led adissipated(奢靡的) life●From 1809 to 1811, he made a grand tour of the Continent.【3】相关作品：（1）English Bards and Scotch Reviewers: his first important poem（2）Hours of Idleness：a collection of lyrical verse（3）Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage: first two cantos(篇章)（4）Oriental Tales: a series of romantic narrative verses（5）Prometheus, Sonnet on Chillon, and the Prisoner of Chillon.（6）Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage: his third and fourth cantos.【4】代表作品{P59}：She Walks in BeautyShe walks in beauty, like the nightOf cloudlee climes and starry skies: And all that’s best of dark and bright Meet in her aspect and her eyes: Thus mellowed to that tender light Which heaven to gaudy day denies. One shade the more, one ray the less, Had half impaired the nameless grace Which waves in every raven tress,Or softly lightens o’er her face;Where thoughts serenely sweet express How pure, how dear their dwelling place. And on that cheek, and o’er that brow,So soft, so charm, yet eloquent,The smiles that win, the tints that glow,But tell of days in goodness spent,A mind at peace with all below,A heart whose love is innocent!3．Percy Bysshe Shelley (雪莱1792--1822)【1】关于作者{P61-62}：●He eloped with a young girl, Harriet, at last she was committed suicide.●She met Godwin and fell in love with his daughter Mary Godwin. Her mother wasMary Wollstonecraft(1759-1797), a champion for women’s rights and the authoress of A Vindication of the Rights of Woman(1792)●He was drowned in a tempest while sailing in a boat along the coast of Italy. 【3】相关作品：(1)Alastor (1816), The Revolt of Islam(1818), The Mask of Anarchy(1819): allegorical（讽喻的）poems(2)Prometheus Unbound(1820), Hellas（1822），and The Cenci(1819): lyrical dramas.(3)Adonis(1821): a poem he wrote on the death of Keats(4)Ode to the West Wind (1819): the most well-known one.(5)The Defence of Poetry (1821): published in 1840 after the poet’s death.【4】代表作品{P67-70}：Ode to the West Wind1、O Wild West Wind, thou breathe of Autumn’s beingThou, from whose unseen presence the leaves deadAre driven, like ghosts from an enchanter fleeing,Yellow, and black, and pale, and hectic red,Pestilence-stricken multitudes:O thouWho chariltest to their dark wintry bedThe winged seeds, where they lie cold and low,Each like a corpse within its grave, untilThine azure sister of the Spring shall blowHer clarion o'er the dreaming earth, and fill(Driving sweet buds like flocks to feed in air)With living hues and odors plain and hill:Wild Spirit, which art moving everywhere;Destroyer and presserver; hear, oh, hear!4 、If I were a dead leaf thou mightest bear;If I were a swift cloud to fly with thee:A wave to pant beneath thy power , and shareThe impulse of thy strength, only less freeThan thou, O uncontrollable! If evenI were as im my boyhood, and could beThe comrade of thy wanderigs over Heaven,As then, when to outstrip thy skiey speedScarce seem'd a vision; I would ne'er have strivenAs thus with thee in prayer in my sore need.Oh, lift me as a wave , a leaf, a cloud!I fall upon the thorns of life! I bleed!A heavy weight of hours has chained and bowedOne too lke thee: tameless, and swift, and proud.5 、Make me thy lyre, even as the forest is:What if my leavers are falling like its own!The tmult of thy mighty harmoniesWill take from both a deep, autumnal tone,Sweet though in sadness. Be thou, Spirit fierce,My spirit! Be thou me, impetuous one!Drive my dead thoughts over the universeLike witheered leaves to quicken a new birth!And , by the incantation of this verse,Scatter, is from an unextinguished hearthAshes and sparks, my words among mankind!Be through my lips to unawakened earthThe trumpet of a prophecy! O Wind,If Winter comes , can Spring be far behind?4. John Keats (约翰·济慈1795-1821)【1】关于作者{P74}：●Unlike Byron and Shelley, Keats was born in London, of lowly origin.●His parents died early. He was forced to serve his apprenticeship and he worked asthe surgeon’s helper for more than two years.●He died when he was only 25 years old.●Most of his best poems were written in the short three years from 1817 to the time ofhis death.●【2】相关作品：(1)Endymion (1818): his long allegorical poem, about love between a Greek shepherdand the moon goddess(2)In 1817 he abandoned his profession and published his first collection of poems. 【3】作品特点：(1)H is poetry is concerned with joy in the beauty of this world. He had ataste of beauty of nature and works of art.(2)H is poetry is always senshous, colorful and rich in imaginary whichexpress the acuteness of his sense.【4】代表作品{P76}：Ode to a NightingaleI.MY heart aches, and a drowsy numbness painsMy sense, as though of hemlock I had drunk,Or emptied some dull opiate to the drainsOne minute past, and Lethe-wards had sunk:'Tis not through envy of thy happy lot,But being too happy in thine happiness,—That thou, light-winged Dryad of the trees,In some melodious plotOf beechen green, and shadows numberless,Singest of summer in full-throated ease.II.O, for a draught of vintage! that hath beenCool'd a long age in the deep-delved earth,Tasting of Flora and the country green,Dance, and Provencal song, and sunburnt mirth!O for a beaker full of the warm South,Full of the true, the blushful Hippocrene,With beaded bubbles winking at the brim,And purple-stained mouth;That I might drink, and leave the world unseen,And with thee fade away into the forest dim:III.Fade far away, dissolve, and quite forgetWhat thou among the leaves hast never known,The weariness, the fever, and the fretHere, where men sit and hear each other groan;Where palsy shakes a few, sad, last gray hairs,Where youth grows pale, and spectre-thin, and dies;Where but to think is to be full of sorrowAnd leaden-eyed despairs,Where Beauty cannot keep her lustrous eyes,Or new Love pine at them beyond to-morrow.5. Charles Dickens (狄更斯1812-1870)【1】关于作者{P135-136}：●He was once put into prison with his father. Although he was there only for half ayear, this experience of his childhood left such a deep impression on his mind that it became a recurring subject in his novels.●He later became a parliamentary reporter.●In 1858 he began to give public readings which continued until his death.【2】相关作品：(1) 1836：Sketches by Boz;(2) 1836-1837: The Papers of the Pickwick Club: rapidly brought him fame and wealth.(3) 1837-1838: The Orphan in Oliver Twist(雾都孤儿)(4) 1838-1839: Nicholas Nickleby(5) 1840-1841: The Old Curiosity Shop(6) 1843-1844: Martin Chuzzlewit(7) 1843-1845: Christmas stories which included A Christmas Carol, The Chimes and The Cricket on the Hearth: he showed his profound sympathy for the poor and described how the rich were converted after undergoing severe tests. These stories are permeated with the spirit of brotherhood and are regarded as representatives of the spirit of Christmas.(8) After 1844: he began to write novels of bitter social criticism, such as Dombey and Son (1848), Bleak House (1853), Hard Times (1854), Little Dorrit (1857), Our Mutual Friend (1865)(9) 代表作：David Copperfield【3】作品特点：（1）He has a tendency to depict the grotesque (very odd or unusually, fantastically ugly or absurd) characters or events. Most of his characters have a peculiar habit, manner, behavior, dress and catch phrase of his or her own.（2）He loves to instill life into inanimate things and to compare animate beings to inanimate things.（3）He is noted for his description of pathetic scenes that aim to arouse people’s sympathy. Pathos(激起怜悯) is a distinctive quality in his writings.6. William Makepeace Thackeray (萨克雷1811-1863)【1】关于作者{P157-158}：He and Dickens were contemporaries(同时代的). They were both novelists andhumorists and they criticized the Victorian society satirically.●He was born in a well-to-do family.●名家名言【2】代表作品：Vanity Fair（名利场）the Pilgrim’s Progress(天路历程)【3】作品特点：和Dickens相比(1) The world they described was different. Thackeray mainly described the lives of aristocrats and rich businessmen, that is people of the upper classes and middle classes, whereas Dickens mainly described the underdogs and he unprivileged (例：The Orphan in Oliver Twist)(2) Dickens was a sentimentalist. He liked to avail himself of every opportunity to arouse the emotions of his readers. As for Thackeray, he also showed anger and indignation at hypocrisy, vanity, snobbery etc. but he always heid himself under control. He was seldom sentimental, being usually quiet and effective.(3)Dickens was a romantist in many aspects by letting loose his imagination. Thackeray was against affectation, Byronic attitudes.7. Matthew Arnold (1822-1888)【1】关于作者{P191}：●He was born in a clergyman’s family.●He became an inspector of schools after he left Oxford; he was professor of poetry atOxford from 1857 to 1867.●He was both a poet and a literary critic. In his poetry he reflects on the doubt of hisage, and the conflict between science and religion.【2】相关作品：(1)1865 and 1888: Essays in Criticism(2)1889: Culture and Anarchy(无政府状态)(3)特点：He attacked the barbarians(野蛮人)8. Daniel Defoe (丹尼尔·笛福1661-1731)【1】关于作者{上册，P238}：●He is known as a pioneer novelist of England, and also a prolific writer of books andpamphlets (小册子)on a great variety of subjects.●代表作：Robinson Crusoe（鲁滨逊漂流记1719）Moll Flanders（摩尔·弗兰德斯1722）9. Samuel Johnson (1709-1784)【1】关于作者{上册，P289}：●He was the greatest English man of letters between Pope and Wordsworth.●He founded a club and many men of letters gatherd around him.●代表作：(1) A Dictionary of the English Language(2) The Rambler: An imitation of Addison’s The Spectator(3)Letter to the Right Honorable The Earl of Chester field (致**爵爷书, 上P 291) 【2】名家名言●The most famous one: Patriotism is the last refuge of a scoundrel(流氓).●Curiosity is one of the permanent and certain characteristics of a vigorous mind.● A man should keep his friendships in constant repair. If a man does not make newacquaintances as he advances through life, he will soon find himself alone.●Praise, like gold and diamond.●What is written without effort is in general read without pleasure.●The true measure of a man is how he treats someone who can do him absolutely nogood.【3】代表作再现Letter to the Right Honorable The Earl of Chester fieldMy Lord,I have been lately informed, by the proprietor of The World, that two papers, in which my Dictionary is recommended to the public, were written by your lordship. To be so distinguished is an honour which, being very little accustomed to favours from the great, I know not well how to receive, or in what terms to acknowledge.When, upon some slight encouragement, I first visited your lordship, I was overpowered, like the rest of mankind, by the enchantment of your address, and could not forbear to wish that I might boast myself Le vainqueur du vainqueur de la terre;—that I might obtain that regard for which I saw the world contending; but I found my attendance so little encouraged, that neither pride nor modesty would suffer me to continue it. When I had once addressed your Lordship in public, I had exhausted all the art of pleasing which a retired and uncourtly scholar can possess. I had done all that I could; and no man is well pleased to have his all neglected, be it ever so little.Seven years, my lord, have now passed, since I waited in your outward rooms, or was repulsed from your door; during which time I have been pushing on my work through difficulties, of which it is useless to complain, and have brought it, at last, to the verge of publication, without one act of assistance , one word of encouragement, or one smile of favour. Such treatment I did not expect, for I never had a patron before.The shepherd in Virgil grew at last acquainted with Love, and found him a native of the rocks.Is not a patrons my lord, one who looks with unconcern on a man struggling for life in the water, and, when he has reached ground, encumbers him with help? The notice which you have been pleased to take of my labours, had it been early, had been kind; but it has been delayed till I am indifferent, and cannot enjoy it: till I am solitary, and cannot impart it; till I am known, and do not want it. I hope it is no very cynical asperity not to confess obligations where no benefit has been received, or to be unwilling that the public should consider me as owing that to a patron, which providence has enabled me to do for myself.Having carried on my work thus far with so little obligation to any favourer of learning, I shall not be disappointed though I should conclude it, if less be possible, with less; for I have been long wakened from that dream of hope, in which I once boasted myself with so much exultation, My Lord,10. 补充几个作家【1】Lord Alfred Tennyson:（1）Break，Break，Break （2）Ulysses(3) Poems by Two brothers (4) The Lady of Shalott(5) Morted’s Arthur【2】Robert Browning：He is famous for dramatic Monologues（1）My Last Duchess （2）Meeting at Night【3】Emily Bronte：Wuthering Heights（呼啸山庄）【4】William Blake: (1)London (2)Tyger【5】Daniel Defoe: Robinson Crusoe（鲁滨逊漂流记）三、简答题：二选一，（要有自己观点）20分【I】浪漫主义特点{下册，P4-5}1. Subjectivism（主观想象主义）:●Instead of regarding poetry as “a mirror to nature”, the source of which is in theouter world, romantic poets describe poetry as “the spontaneous(自发的) overflow of powerful feelings” which expresses the poet’s mind”.●The interest of the romantic poets is not in the objective world or in the action ofmen, but in the feelings, thoughts, and experiences of the poets themselves.●In short, romanticism is related to subjectivism, while neo-classicism is related toobjectivism.●The poetry of the Romantic Age in England is famous for its high degree ofimagination.2. Spontaneity (自发性)●Wordsworth defines poetry as “the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings”. Itreflects spontaneity is opposed to the “rules” and “regulations” imposed on the poets by neoclassic writers.●Romanticism is an assertion(主张) of independence，a departure from theneo-classic rules.● A work of art must be original3. Singularity(奇特性)●Romantic poets have a strong love for the remote, the unusual, the strange, thesupernatural, the mysterious, the splendid, the picturesque, and the illogical.4. Worship of nature (钟爱自然)●The romantic poets are worshipers of nature,especially the sublime（超群的）aspect of a natural scene.●Romantic poets read in nature some mysterious force.●Some even regard nature as the revelation of God.5. Simplicity (简单朴实)●Romantic poets take to using everyday language spoken by the rustic(质朴的) peopleas opposed to the poetic diction used by neo-classic writers.●Under the influence of the American and French revolutions, t here was a growthof democratic feelings, and an increasing belief that every human being is worth being praised.●Many poets had a vision of the brotherhood of mankind, universal sharin g, and theultimate freedom of human spirits.【II】维多利亚小说特点{下册，P132}（要有自己观点）20分四、名家名言{5段/10分}除去前边所有作者涉及到的之外，另附William Blake两篇No.1: London ——William BlakeI wandered through each chartered street, Near where the chartered Thames does flow, A mark in every face I meet, Marks of weakness, marks of woe. In every cry of every man,In every infant's cry of fear,In every voice, in every ban, The mind-forged manacles I hear: How the chimney-sweeper's cry Every blackening church appals, And the hapless soldier's sighRuns in blood down palace-walls.But most, through midnight streets I hear How the youthful harlot's curseBlasts the new-born infant's tear, And blights with plagues the marriage-hearse.No.2 :Tyger –William BlakeTyger Tyger, burning bright,In the forests of the night;What immortal hand or eye,Could frame thy fearful symmetry?In what distant deeps or skies.Burnt the fire of thine eyes?On what wings dare he aspire?What the hand, dare seize the fire? And what shoulder, & what art, Could twist the sinews of thy heart? And when thy heart began to beat, What dread hand? & what dread feet? What the hammer? what the chain,In what furnace was thy brain?What the anvil? what dread grasp, Dare its deadly terrors clasp!When the stars threw down their spears And water'd heaven with their tears: Did he smile his work to see?Did he who made the Lamb make thee? Tyger Tyger burning bright,In the forests of the night:What immortal hand or eye,Dare frame thy fearful symmetry?五、综合评论题+诗歌分析题50分提示：凭以往积累的知识和能力，自由发挥吧！外院07级英教四班张旭整理2010-7-3一整天。

英国⽂学复习资料The Anglo-saxon period(450-1066)⼀，historical background1, History: The earliest settlers of British Isles were the Celts.2, Old English poetry.⼆，Northumbrian school and Wessex literature.1, Two Highlight in the development of Anglo-saxon literature:(1). Northumbrian school (2), Wessex literature.2,The first Anglo-Saxon poet: Caedmon —“paraphrase”3.Bede: —“the father of English History.”The Ecclesiastical History of English people. 4.King Alfred —the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle三．Epic1. Definition: A long narrative poem celebrating the great deeds of one or more legendary heroes, in a grand, ceremonious style.2. Anglo-Saxon Poetry—Beowulf (heroic epic)3.The earliest one is Widsith and last is Maldon .4.The plot: (1)fight with Grendel, Grendel’s mother, Firedrake.(2)the death and funeral5.the significance:6.National epic: Homer’s epic poetry(Greek);V irgil(Roman)7.Alliteration: Repetition of consonant sounds at the beginning of words.8.Kenning: A kind of metaphor usually used a phrase instead of a concrete noun.The Norman Period(1066-1350) ⼀．History background1. Norman conquest ended the Anglo-Saxon period2.the influence of Norman Conquest:(1)accelerated the development of feudalism in England.(2)the Anglo-Saxon, low position; English, despised thing.(3)three languages co-existed in England(French ,Latin, Old-English)⼆．Middle English1.the development of English Language2.the unique situation of language using during this time:French ,Latin, Old-English三．R omance1.Norman Conquest’s influence on English languageRomance——Frence——nobbles;lordsNo writtern——English——English subjet（⾂民）Chronicles,religious poem——Latin——scholar2.Definition: the Romance was the most prevailing kind of literature in feudal England which described the life andadventures of knights and reflects the spirit of chivalry in the form of verse. It’s usually about love, chivalry and religion.3.Rhyme:4.Bob: a line of two syllables.5.Wheel: a poem of four lines(a.b.a.b.)6.Three categories of Romans(1),The matter of France—Chanson de roland.(2), the matter of Rome—Alexander(3), The matter of Britain—Arthurian7. Sir Gawain and Green KnightAge of Chaucer⼀，History background1.The hundred years war between England and France(two kings for France throne)2, The peasant uprising of 1381,during the reign of king Richard 2⼆，John wycliff—The father of English prose.1,Contribution:(1),dedicated to religious reform(clergymen had no right to hold property and the civil authority had the right to deprive the church of property, if it proved unworthy of the people’s trust.),(2),Great contribution to English language (translated Bible into standard English)2,William Langland—the vision of Piers Plowman ; Allegory3, Allegory: A story or description in which the characters and events symbolize some deeper meaning.(primary meaning and secondary meaning)三，Chaucer—the father of English poetry(why?)1, Contribution to English literature:(1), Chaucer proved that the English language is a beautiful language and can be easily handled to express different moods.(2)，Chaucer greatly increased the prestige of the English language.(3) Chaucer’s works gave a comprehensive picture of his time.(4), the dramatic structure of his work has been highlycommended by critics.(5)Chaucer made a big improvement of English literature.2,Heroic couplet(英雄双韵体)（1），couplet （两⾏诗⼀押韵）（2），iambic pentameter(五步抑扬格)3，Canterbury Tales(1) Structure：24 tales connect by “links”(2)His plan; Chaucer met a group of 29 pilgrims at Canterbury on his way. To kill the time on their journey, they play a game that each pilgrim should tell two stories on the outward trip and another two on the way back. Chaucer and their host joined them, the host will be a judge and give a reward to the one who give the best tale.4,The significance of the Canterbury tales(1), it gives a comprehensive picture of Chaucer’s time.(2).the dramatic structure of his work has been highly commended by critics.（3），It reflects the Chaucer’s humor.(4),It’s a great contribution that Chaucer gave to the English language.The 15th century⼀,Historical background1. The Hundred Years War:(in1415,at the battle of Agincourt ,King Henry 5 defeated French Army)2,The War of the Rose s—Thirty Y ears War:(break out between two families ,at last King Henry 7 defeated Richard 3 ,and then married Elizabeth)3,The discovery of America and the new sea routes —Columbus4,Reformation of the church（the church Henry 8 founded is Anglican church新教）⼆，Popular Ballads(民谣)(belongs to folk literature)1.Definition：a narrative poem that tells a story2. the characters of ballad:(1), the beginning is abrupt (2),strong dramatic elements(3),using dialogue and action (4), the theme is often tragic(5),using ballad meter3, Ballad Meter(1), four-line stanzas(2), the odd numbered(奇数) lines have 4 feet each(3), the even numbered （偶数）lines have 3 feet each(4)，rhymes fall on the even numbered lines4，the popular ballad:Sir Patrick Spens帕特⾥克斯本⼠爵⼠Robin Hood and the three squires罗宾汉和三个乡绅三，Sir Thomas Malory——The Death of King Arthur 四，Early English palys1,The first comedy—Ralph Roister Doister(作者：Nicholas Vdall)2, History: In ancient Greece and Rome , drama was one of the popular forms of entertainment. And then used as part of religious services. By the 14th century, it developed into mystery plays (神秘剧)and miracle plays.（神话剧）3,Dramatic Terms.(1),script剧本（2）stage directions舞台说明（3），monologue 独⽩（4），aside旁⽩（5）,soliloque独⽩(6)act 幕（7）scene场（8）set布景4. Drama’s Definition: Drama is “a composition in prose or verse, adapted to be acted upon a stage, in which a story is related by means of dialogue and action, and is represented with accompanying gesture, costume, and scenery, as in real life.”The English Renaissance英国启蒙运动⼀，history backgroundEnglish navy defeated the Spanish Armada in 1588.⼆,the enclosure movement(圈地运动)Definition: with development of wool trade, some of the nobles and burghers turned vast arable land into their pastures and many peasants became landless.三，H umanism1, renaissance(⽂艺复兴):the rebirth of literary movement that begin in the 14th century in Italy and later to France ,Spanish ,the Netherlands and English and its idea was humanism.2，Humanism: support the idea that man should be given the full freedom to enrich their emotional life,and in praise of man and pursuit of happiness in their life.四，William Shakespeare—playwright, poet, dramatist,actor.1.works: (1)sonnets(2)Mid-summer Nights Dream(3)Romeo and Juliet(4),The Merchant of V enice(5)As Y ou LikeIt(6),Hamlet(7),Othello(8),KingLear(9)Macbeth(10)The winters tale2, Sonnet Definition: is a short poem of 14 lines ,uauslly in iambic pentameter(五步抑扬格) with various rhyming schemes(韵脚)。

英国文学复习资料一、名词解释1.Byronic Heroes:1)the Byronic hero, characterized by Byron‟s ex—lover Lady CarolineLamb, first appeared in Byron‟s semi—autobiographical epic narrativepoem”Childe Harold‟s Pilgrimage” (恰尔德哈罗德游记) in 1812—1818.2)Byronic hero is a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin, againsttyrannical rules or moral principles.3)Representative: Gordon Byron Don Juan2.Conceit:1)is a figure of speech which makes an unusual and sometimes elaboratelysustained comparison between two dissimilar things.2)In literature, a conceit is an extended metaphor with a complex logic thatgoverns a poetic passage or entire poem. By juxtaposing, usurping andmanipulating images and ideas in surprising ways, a conceit invites thereader into a more sophisticated understanding of an object ofcomparison. Extended conceits in English are part of the poetic idiom ofMannerism, during the later sixteenth and early seventeenth century.3)Representative: John Donne 17th century “The flea”3.Metaphysical poetry:1)About the beginning of the 17th century appeared a school of poets called“Metaphysicals” by Samuel Johnson, the 18th century writer2)The works of the metaphysical poets are characterized by mysticism incontent and fantasticality in form.3)John Donne is the founder of the Metaphysical school of poetry.His work: “The flea” Andrew Marvell ”To His Coy Mistress”4.The Renaissance:1)It is a cultural and artistic movement from the 14th century to the 17thcentury, beginning in Italy in the 14th century and gradually spread allover Europe.2)It marks a transition from the medieval to the modern world. Twofeatures are striking of this movement: a thirsting curiosity for classicalliterature; The keen interest in the activities of humanity. Humanism isthe key-note of the Renaissance.3)Representatives: William Shakespeare “Hamlet” Thomas More Utopia5.Romanticism in English poetry:1)Romanticism prevailed in England during the period 1798-1832. Itexpressed the ideology and sentiment of those classes and social stratawho were discontent with, and opposed to, the development ofcapitalism.2)Imagination, emotion and freedom are the focal points of romanticism.The particular characteristics of the literature of romanticism include:subjectivity and an emphasis on individualism; freedom from rules;solitary life rather than life in society; the beliefs that imagination issuperior to reason; and love of and worship of nature.3)Representatives: William Wordsworth “Lyrical Ballads” Jane AustenPride and Prejudice6.Dramatic Monologue:1)It first appeared in 1842, represented by Robert Browning‟s “My LastDuchess”.The Victorian period represented the high point of the dramatic monologue in English poetry.2)It is a kind of narrative poem in which one character speaks to one ormore listeners whose replies are not given in the poem.3)Representatives: Robert Browning “My Last Duchess”“Home-thoughts from abroad” Elizabeth Barrett Browning “Sonnetsfrom the Portuguese”7.The Stream of Consciousness:1)It is a psychological term indicating “the flux of conscious andsubconscious thoughts and impressions moving in the mind at any giventime independently of the person‟s will.” In late 19th century to 20thcentury2)It is a narrative mode. It is a literary technique that presents the thoughtsand feelings of a character as they occur without any clarification by theauthor.3)Representatives: Virginia Woolf Mrs. Dalloway James JoyceUlysses8.Epiphany:1)It first appeared with James Joyce‟s Araby in the 20th century. It refers todeep insights that might be gained through incidents and circumstanceswhich seem outwardly insignificant.2)Representative: James Joyce Araby9.Critical Realism:1)It flourished in the forties and the beginning of the fifties. It refers to theworks studying the reality with a critical point of view. It attempts toreflect reaility faithfully and recreate the familiar everyday life; adopts acritical tone.2)The English critical realists criticized capitalist society from a democraticviewpoint and described the crying contradictions of bourgeois reality.3)Representatives: Dickens Great Expectations A Tale of Two Cities二、问答题1.Robert Browning(戏剧独白): “My Last Duchess”1)Dramatic Monologue: In literature, it refers to the occurrence of a singlespeaker saying sth. to a silent audience.2)“My Last Duchess” is a poem by Robert Browning, frequentlyrecognized as an example of the dramatic monologue. The poem iswritten in 28 rhymed couplets of iambic pentameter.3)This poem is loosely based on historical events involving Alfonso, theDuke of Ferrara, who lived in the 16th century. The Duke is the speakerof the poem, and tells us he is entertaining an emissary who has come tonegotiate the Duke‟s marriage (he has recently been widowed) to thedaughter of another powerful family. It is a typical example in which theduke, speaking to a non-responding audience reveals:A.The reasons for his disapproval of the behavior of his former duchessB.Some tyrannical and merciless aspects of his own personality4）Writing Styles:A.Dramatic monologueB.Rhythms are too fast, too rough and unmusicalC.Syntax is clipped and highly compressedD.Similes and illustrations appear too profuselyE.Allusions and implications are odd and far-fetched-obscurity2.Virginia Woolf(意识流) “Mrs. Dalloway”1) it is a novel by Virginia Woolf that details a day in the life of ClarissaDalloway, a fictional high-society woman in post-First World War England. It is one of Woolf's best-known novels, adopting the technique of the stream ofconsciousness. Nonlinear narrative structure and frequently changingnarrative perspective.2) Stream of consciousness: it is a psychological term indicating “the flux ofconscious and subconscious thoughts and impressions moving in the mind atany given time independently of the person‟s will.” In late 19th century to 20thcentury3) With an interior perspective, the story travels forwards and back in timeand in and out of the characters' minds to construct an image of Clarissa's lifeand of the inter-war social structure.4) Themes : the novel has two main narrative lines involving two separatecharacters (Clarissa Dalloway and Septimus Smith); within each narrativethere is a particular time and place in the past that the main characters keepreturning to in their minds. For Clarissa, the "continuous present" (GertrudeStein's phrase) of her charmed youth at Bourton keeps intruding into herthoughts on this day in London. For Septimus, the "continuous present" of his time as a soldier during the "Great War" keeps intruding, especially in theform of Evans, his fallen comrade.3.W illiam Blake “The Ty ger”1)William Blake is an important poet representing the pre-romanticism inEnglish literature in whose masterpiece“The Tiger”the structural identicalness between the enlarged metaphor "tiger" and the deafening "anvil music"represents the splendid "making process of the tiger".2) ”The Tyger”, included in “Songs of Experience”, is one of Blake'sbest-known poems.3) Theme: God‟s creativityTone: rationalRhythm: blacksmithingRepetition: Tyger! Tyger!Image：mysterious, august4)Six quatrains in rhymed couplets; the meter is regular and rhythmic; fromthe perspective of a more experienced person.4.George Bernard Shaw “Mrs. Warren‟s Profession”(华伦夫人的职业)1) He was an Irish playwright and a co-founder of the London School ofEconomics. He is a critical realistic dramatist. Shaw was against “art for art‟s sake.” He wrote, “For art‟s sake I will not face the toil of writing a sentence.”Shaw was a friend of progressive mankind. He supported the forces ofrevolution and democracy in their struggle against imperialism and reaction.2) The story centers on the relationship between Mrs. Kitty Warren and herdaughter, Vivie. Mrs. Warren, a former prostitute and current brothel owner, is described as "on the whole, a genial and fairly presentable old blackguard of a woman."It mainly tells how Mrs. Warren‟s daughter, who is well—educated happens to know her mother‟s real “profession”. She was about to blame her mother for being a procuress but after she got to know what her mother had been through she forgave and began to understand her.3) it is one of the “Plays Unpleasant”. Shaw shows that the guise ofbourgeois respectability horrible crimes and corruption are concealed. Shaw accuses the bourgeoisie of making profit by fostering prostitution. Mrs.Warren‟s own life experience as a whole cannot represent that of the ordinary, suffering poor women in capitalist society. The fate of poor women from the labouring masses is also touched upon in the play. He exposes and satirizes the whole capitalist system, shows his infinite sympathy for the exploited, and therefore sharply and daringly touches on the most fundamental problem of capitalist system.4) The play expresses criticism of the capitalism and the upper class. It alsoreflects the economic oppression of women.三、诗歌赏析1.William Wordsworth “I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud”1)It‟s rhyme scheme is ababcc(quatrain couplet). Each line is metered iniambic tetrameter. Its tone is free, pleasant and encouraging. Term:“That floats on high o‟er vales and hills” in line 2 and “Beside the lake,beneath the trees” in line 5) and assonance (e.g. “beneath the trees in line 5”and “ They stretched in never-ending line” in line 9) and consonance (e.g.“ vales and hills” in line 2 ). He arranges his poem in lines of iambictetrameter in the main with alternation of iambic trimeter.]3) it is a poem about nature. With his pure and poetic language,Wordsworth brings us into a beautiful world where there are daffodils, treesand breeze. We follow the poet at every turn of his feelings. We share hismelancholy when he “wandered lonely as a cloud” and his delight themoment his he art “with pleasure fills”. We come to realize the great power ofnature that may influence our life deeply as revealed in the poem.5)Wordsworth, in the poem, also employs figurative language to evoke notonly the visual effect but also the emotional response. (E.g. in line 1, thepoet makes a comparison between “I wandered lonely” and “a cloud” bythe use of simile, thus conveys to us his lonely and melancholy moodwith the image of “cloud”. In line 7, he also amplifies the visual effect bythe use of anothe r simile “Continuous as the stars that shine…” to evokeour sense of “daffodils” with the image of “stars” twinkling on the milkyway which is familiar to us all. He goes further to impress us with theimage of countless daffodils with an overstatement in line 9 “Theystretched in never-ending line”). Besides, natural things are also endowedwith human being‟s characters by the poet‟s subtle use of personification.(e.g. “Tossing their heads in sprightly dance” “The waves beside themdanced”) therefore, as we read the poem, we become aware of the poet‟sdeep love toward nature through his lovely and vivid description aboutnatural things with his figurative language.2.Percy Bysshe Shelley “Ode to the West Wind”1)The ode is a lyric poem dealing with the soft theme. The poem expresseshis desire for freedom and his resolution to sacrifice for the struggle forfreedom.2)Its rhyme scheme is aba bcb cdc ded ee. written in iambic pentameter.Its tone is optimistic and pleasant.3）The first stanza begins with the alliteration …wild West Wind’ (1.1). Theform of the apostrophe makes the wind also a personification. In the last lineof this canto the west wind is considered the …Destroyer’ because it drives thelast signs of life from the trees, and the …Preserver’ for scattering the seedswhich will come to life in the spring.That may be why he is looking forward to the spring and asks at the end ofthe last canto …If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind?’. This is of course a rhetorical question because spring does come after winter, but the "if"suggests that it might not come if the rebirth is strong and extensive enoughand if it is not, another renewal—spring—will come anyway. Thus thequestion has a deeper meaning and does not only mean the change of seasons, but is a reference to death and rebirth as well. It also indicates that after thestruggles and problems in life, there would always be a solution. It shows usthe optimistic view of the poet about life which he would like the world toknow.补充：1)An adventure storyQuality: a sense of reality lifelikenessTheme: glorifies human labor. Labor is the source of pride and happiness2)Character of Robinson Crusoe:A.Robinson is an individual laborer, then became a master, until at last acolonizer. He is the prototype of the pioneer colonist; is a typical 18thcentury English middle-class man. He is capable, energetic, courageous,self-reliant, and persistent.B.The character of Robinson Crusoe is representative of the Englishbourgeoisie at the earlier stages of its development. He is most practicaland exact, always religious and at the same time mindful of his own profit.Robinson‟s every voyage is connected with some commercial enterprise.He own s a plantation where colored slaves are exploited. Defoe‟sbourgeois outlook manifests itself in the fact that he does not condemnNegro-slavery in his book. Though Robinson labors for his own existence,yet as soon as a native makes his appearance on the island, Robinsonassumes the role of a master. “Master” is the first word Friday learns fromRobinson. Here lies colonization in germ.3)The best part of the novel is the realistic account of the successful struggleof Robinson alone against the pitiless forces of nature on the island.。

British Literature 英国文学一、The Middle Age 中世纪文学( 约5 世纪---1485)Geoffrey Chaucer 杰弗里·乔叟（1343---1400）Chaucer is regarded as the first short story teller and the first modern poet in English literature. He innovate the heroic couplet and he is regarded as “Father of English Poetry”首创英雄诗行，即五步抑扬格双韵体（the heroic couplet），被誉为“英国诗歌之父”。

乔叟翻译过法国诗歌，其早期的文学创作受到法国文学的影响。

两次游历欧洲文艺复兴的发源地意大利后，乔叟接触到意大利文学，深受以但丁（Dante, 1265---1321）、彼特拉克（Petrarch, 1304---1347）和薄伽丘(Boccaccio, 1313---1375)等作家为代表的意大利人文主义文学的影响。

乔叟去世后安葬在威斯敏斯特教堂（Westminster Abbey）,从此威斯敏斯特教堂的一角便成为大诗人安息的“诗人角”（the Poet’s Corner）代表作：《公爵夫人之书》（Book of the Duchess）（1836）《声誉之宫》（The House of Fame）（1374---1384）《百鸟会议》（The Parliament of Fowls）（1380）《特罗勒斯与克丽西德》（Troilus and Criseyde）（1380---1385）《坎特伯雷故事集》（The Canterbury Tales）（1386---1400）二、Renaissance 文艺复兴时期文学（15世纪后期---17世纪初）1、William Shakespeare 威廉·莎士比亚莎士比亚从1590年起至1613年，一共创作了38（或39）部戏剧包括悲剧、戏剧、编年史剧、传奇剧等，另外还创作有154首十四行诗和2首长诗（Venus and Adonis，1593）。

英国文学期末考试复习要点1 .英国最早的居民：凯尔特人Celts2 .英语语言起源于盎格鲁萨克斯ANGLO-SAXON部落融合统一之后，发展于诺曼征月艮NormanConquest之后。

3 .古代文学两个分支（异教徒文学Pagan和基督文学Christian EOWULF文学地位（英国的民族史诗nationalepicof England）,人物角色（Beowulf,Grendel,Grendel'smother,Fire Dragon,Wiglef），修辞手法（头韵法alliteration,暗喻metaphor,低调陈述understatement）4 .诺曼征服人物WilliamtheConqueror,骑土Romance文学年代（中世纪14th-16TH）,《高文和绿衣骑士的故事》SirGawain andtheGreenKnight（亚瑟王传说最佳作品）mattersof Fitain。

骑士的优良传统美德P.21选段，反映的是英国的故事（忠诚loyalty）5 .威廉朗莱德WilliamLangland作品《耕者皮尔斯》PiersthePlowman（十四世纪以梦境dreamvision呈现的作品）6 .乔叟Chaucer地位（诗歌之父Fatherof EnglishPoetry）,主要作品TheCanteberryTales,文学贡献（英雄双行体HeroicCouplet,净化purifiedLONDON音dialect）,葬于西敏寺大教堂WestminsterAbbey,为此建立诗人角Poet'sCorner；《坎特伯雷故事集》主要人物（32朝圣者pilgrims）,选作P45（时间April,地点TabardInn,人物，巴斯妇人的故事WifeofBath）,抑扬五步格iambicpentameter （轻音unstressedsyllable+t音stressedsyllable7 .实行政教分离者（亨利八世HenryVIII）ReligiousReformation:TheKingbroke.托马斯摩尔ThomasMore的《乌托邦》offwiththePope.Utopia,宣扬财产property与困境poverty分离和建立理想国度idealstate。

I. Multiple Choice – 2 points eachII. Matching – 1 point eachIII. Literary Terms – 4 points eachAllegory (寓言p64)is aliterary device that uses symbols, characters, and actions to represent truths about human existence. When these symbols, characters, or actions are used together, it creates an extended comparison that gives a message about the real world. Pilgrim’s Progress is an example.是一种文学手段，它使用符号、人物和行为来代表关于人类存在的真理。

当这些符号、字符或动作一起使用时，它会创建一个扩展的比较，提供关于真实世界的信息。

《天路历程》就是一个例子。

Sonnet (十四行诗 p27)A 14-line poem with a definite rhyme scheme and meter. Shakespeare wrote 154 of these kinds of poems.一首十四行诗，有明确的韵脚和韵律。

莎士比亚写了154首这样的诗。

Soliloquy (独白)An extended speech by one person that reveals their inner thoughts, feelings, or intentions. The character is usually alone, and the purpose is to reveal inner thoughts to the audience.一个人的演说，揭示他们内心的想法、感情或意图。

1,Old English Literature (A.D.600-about A.D.1100)Poetry:Beowulf 《贝尔伍夫》: the author is unknown （Secular literature世俗文学）1, Hrothgar胡鲁斯加王, King of the Danes, and Beowulf, a brave young man,2, the first great English literary work, the national epic of the Anglo-Saxons passed from mouth to mouth for hundreds years, was written down in the 10th century, Features:1, Each half line has two main beats.2,There is no rhyme. Instead, each half line is joined to the other by alliteration头韵. 3,Things are described indirectly and in combinations of words.4, As is known, the Anglo-Saxons were Christianized by the end of the 7th century. Major themes:1.This epic presents a vivid picture of how the primitive people wage heroic struggles against the hostile forces of the natural world represented by Grendel, his mother and the fire-breathing dragon under the wise and mighty leader.2.The poem conveys a hope that the righteous will triumph over the evil. Beowulf stands for all that is good, brave and proper, while the monsters stand for evil. Prose:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle盎格鲁-撒克逊编年史1,written under the encouragement and supervision of King Alfred the Great (849-899)阿尔弗雷德大帝2,an early history of the country which begins with Caesar’s conquest凯撒征服and is a monument不朽的作品of Old English Prose.Aelfric埃尔弗里克（mostly religious)：His prose style is the best in Old English. And he uses alliteration头韵to join his sentences together.2，Middle English Literature (from about 1100 to about 1500) Norman Conquest(1066): the English VS the Norman armies place:near Hastings黑斯廷斯Result: the leader of English, Harold, was killed, English lost decisive battle William, the Conqueror, became the King of England1. Politically, a feudalist system封建制度was established in England.（feudalism）2. Religiously, the Roman Catholic Church had a much stronger control over the country.3. Great changes took place in the English language.4. The conquest opened up England to the whole European continent, so that with the introduction of the culture and literature of France, Italy and other European countries a fresh wave of Mediterranean civilization came into England.Three languages co-existed in England during this period.：French (the official language): King, Norman lordsLatin (the principal tongue of church affairs): clergymen and scholarsEnglish: common peopleGreat events in this period:The Hundred Years’ War(1337-1453)英法百年战争The Black Death(1348-1350) 黑死病Literature：strongly reflects the principles of the medieval中世纪Christian doctrines基督教教义, which are primarily concerned with the issue of personal salvation自我拯救.The romance传奇文学;Geoffrey of Monmouth蒙茅斯的杰弗里：英国历史学家History of the Kings of Britain (in Latin Prose)(不列颠诸王记)Layamon莱亚门：英国诗人Brut《布鲁特》Thomas Malory马洛礼：Mort D’Arthur(in English prose)《亚瑟王之死》Sir Gawain and the Green Knight（anonymous匿名的，无名的, in English verse)《高文爵士和绿衣骑士》Major themes of 《高文。

Pre-Renaissance periodBeowulf : the first English national epicI. The position of the Beowulf:the first English national epicII.The story: (to simply narrate it )Beowulf←→ Grendel and his motherBeowulf←→ Fire dragonIII. Its artistic features1. I t’s a 3183-line verse written in true epic style and in Old English;2. the most evident feature: the use of alliteration; (refer to the history of literature By Liu Bingshan,)3. to use compound-words to serve as metaphors;4. the use of understatements: the impression and a color of humor.△5. the mixing of pagan elements with Christian colouring.Geoffrey ChaucerI. life :1. He was born in a wine merchant family in 1340;2. His early life as a page and his marriage acquainted him with knowledge about upper class;3.he was buried in Westminster Abbey, thus founding the “Poets Corner” . II. His Work: The Canterbury TalesThe Canterbury TalesThe General Prologue...The PrioressThere was also a Nun, a Prioress,Whose name was gentle and full of guilelessness. “By St. Loy!” was the worst oath she would say. She sang mass well, in a becoming way,Intoning through her nose the words divine,And she was known as Madam Eglantine.She spoke good French, as taught at Stratford-Bow For the Parisian French she did not know.She was schooled to eat so primly and so well That from her lips no morsel ever fell.She wet her fingers lightly in the dishOf sauce, for courtesy was her first wish.With every bite she did her skillful bestTo see that no drop fell upon her breast.She always wiped her upper lip so cleanThat in her cup was never to be seenA hint of grease when she had drunk her share, She reached out for her meat with comely air. She was a great delight, and always triedTo imitate court ways, and had her pride,Both amiable and gracious in her dealings.As for her charity and tender feelings,She melted at whatever was piteous.She would weep if she but came upon a mouse Caught in a trap, if it were dead of bleeding. Some little dogs that took pleasure feedingOn roasted meat or milk or good wheat breadShe had, but how she wept to find one deadOr yelping from a blow that made it smart,And all was sympathy and loving heart.Neat was her wimple in its every plait,Her nose well formed, her eyes as gray as slate.Her mouth was very small and soft and red.She had so wide a brow I think her headWas nearly a span broad, for certainlyShe was not undergrown, as all could see.She wore her cloak with dignity and charm,And had her rosary about her arm,The small beads coral and the larger green,And from them hung a brooch of golden sheen,On it a large A and a crown above;Beneath, “all things are subject unto love.”I. Questions for discussion:1.What is the tone of the setting? How did the author achieve such settingof the tales?2.Summarize the character of the Prioress in this Prologue.3.To analyze Chaucer’s ways of characterization in this Prologue andthe language style of the selected part.II. To illustrate the terms.Heroic couplet: A two-line section of a poem, which rhymes and has five feet each in iambic meter(also termed as iambic pentameter ), and which has a meaning complete within itself.Example: The veins are bathed in li quor of such powerAs brings about the engen dering of the flower,(抑抑扬)ATT: For the convenience of the interpretation for the foot, some words are detached.Foot: A group of syllables forming a unit of verse, usually one foot contains at least one stressed word, or contains one stressed word and one or more than one unstressed words.III. Social significance of The Canterbury Tales (also function as a simple analysis)1.The Canterbury is not only a collection of stories strung by loosethread.(1) To affirm men and women’s right to pursue their happiness;(2) To oppose the dogma of asceticism;(3) To praise man’s energy, intellect and love of life.2.This work exposed the evil of time(1) the degeneration of the noble;(2) the heartless of judge;(3) the corruption of churchIV. Chaucer’s achievements in and contribution to English literature1.He is one of the earliest literary talents who embody humanism.2.Father of English poetry(1)the first great poet who wrote in English language;(2)introduced rhymed five accents in iambic meter to English poetry(heroic couplet)3.Founder of English realismThe prologue supplies a miniature of then English society (ways of narrating the stories and different social status of these pilgrims).4.His excellent works contribute a lot to establish English as theliterary language of the country. (set an example for the poets of later generation )5.He made London dialect as the standard for the modern English speech.Renaissance PeriodWilliam ShakespeareI. Life1. born of trader family in Stratford-on-Avon in 1564, and his family got into financial troubles;2. Fail to finish formal schooling for the reason of financial difficulties, he left for London.II. Shakespeare the dramatistHis plays are poetical dramas, most of which are written in blank verse which was created one of the famous university wits, Christopher Marlow. His career as a dramatist may be divided into three (or four) periods: (to be lectured later)Hamlet●The Monologue：To be: to exist, to live, to passively accept, to suffer;Not to be: to die, to take action to fight against fate.That is the question: this shows Hamlet confronted with both body and moral dilemma: whether to suffer passively or to take action to fight.◆three reasons for his dilemma:1.He receives Stoic philosophy: Forbearance is the noblest(顺从是最高的美德).Ciceronian philosophy: Duty is most important.These two views of philosophy are quite contradictory for Hamlet. (to interpret in depth )2.Religious reason: fear of after-life. (as obviously shown in this monologue: to die, to sleep)3. Odepus complex (commonly called mother complex): this view was put forward by some critic, which conducted a psychological analysis based on the Freudian philosophy. (to simply narrate the origin of this complex.)Points worthy of notice and interpretation in the monologuethe slings and arrows (a metaphor, ): attackTo die, to sleep (analogy)no more: to exist no moreheartache: spiritual painnatural shocks: physical pain and sufferingconsummation: final settlementdevoutly to be wished : to be passionately wishedperchance: perhapsay: yesrub: difficultyshuffled off: get rid ofmortal coil: trouble of mortal life, coil: bodypause: hinderrespect: consideration, thinkingwhips and scorns of time: the beat and sneer in the word we live in. wrong: ill treatmentContumely: despisingPangs: sharp painspurns that patient merit of th’ unworthy takes: kicks that a personof merit takes from the unworthy.Fardels: (archaic word) burdensA weary life: a burdensome lifeBut that : unlessConscience: reflection, consciousnessIs sicklied over :is covered withPale cast: sickly cover, sickly colorThought: anxious thought or melancholy thoughtEnterprise: the great causePith and moment: importanceWith this regard: on this account, for this reasonTheir current turn awry: change the directionAction: here refers to “take arms against the fate”Questions for discussion:Give thorough consideration to the whole play and the monologue we have covered, and answer these questions:1.What is the use of the spirit of Hamlet’s father in the developmentof dramatic plot ?2.What is the use of his father’s spirit in the development of Hamlet’s character?3.To analyze Hamlet’s character?4.To analyze the change of Hamlet’s attitude for Ophellia, what arethe reasons for the change?◆ Any other question concerning this play you want to put forward and explain. Welcome to speak your mind!III. Shakespeare the poet1. His sonnet (a general introduction about all 154 sonnets):Sonnet XVIIIPre-reading task:1. To contrast the tone of the 1st and 2nd stanza with the one of the 3rd, try to find the difference.2. What are denotation of such images as “summer’s day”, “buds of May” and “rough wind”?Notes:•thee: you•Summer’s day: warmth and beauty (best season for Shakespeare) •Thou art: you are•Temperate: mild•Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May: beauty is short-lived.•And every fair from fair sometimes decline (a inverted line): And every fair sometimes decline from fair.•By chance, or nature’s changing course untrimm’d (a inverted line): untrimm’d By chance, or nature’s changing course. Trim: dress Questions and task for sonnet 181. Consider the relationship among four stanzas to identify the special poetic pattern of Shakespearian sonnet.2. what is the theme of this sonnet?Edmund SpenserI.Spenser the man1. born of a poor merchant’s family;2. Educated at Merchant Tailor’s schoolIn this school, a teacher with humanism conveyed the idea of education as follows: “It’s not a mind, nor a body, that we have to educate, buta man, we can not divide him”.3. Studying in Cambridge University, he was under the influence of Platonism (one aspect: the inner beauty is more important than the beauty of appearance.) This may be found in his poetry; and he also got much influence from Phillip Sidney, this influence is of importance for his creation of sonnet.II. Spenser the poet (mainly his poem)1. Amoretti (爱情小唱)：a sequence of 88 poems, in which sonnet 54 and sonnet 75 are most famous.Pre-reading Questions for sonnet 54:1.What is the tone of this poem?2.Who is the speaker?3. Could you describe the changes of the speaker’s inner world, esp.his emotional changes?Sonnet 54Of this worlds theatre in which we stay,My love like the spectator ydly sitsBeholding me that all the pageants play,Disguysing diversly my troubled wits.Sometimes I joy when glad occasion fitsAnd mask in myrth lyke to a comedy:Sonne after when my joy to sorrow flits,I wane and make my woes a tragedy.Yet she, beholding me with constant eye,Delights not in my mirth nor rues my smart:But when I laugh she mocks, and when I cryShe laughs and hardens evermore her heart.What then can move her? If nor merth nor mone,She is no woman, but a sencelesse stone.Question for discussion: What is the theme of this sonnet?Sonnet 75One day I wrote her name upon the strand,But came the waves and washed it away:Agayne I wrote it with a second hand,But came the tyde, and made my payne his pray.“Vayne man,” sayd she, “that doest in vaine assay,A mortall thing so to immortalize,For I my selve shall lyke to this decay,And eek my name bee wyped out lykewize.”“Not so,”quod I, “ let baser things devize,To dy in dust, but you shall live by fame:My verse your vertues rare shall eternize,And in the heavens wryte your glorious name,Where whenas death shall all the world subdew,Our love shall live, and later life renew.”Questions for sonnet 751. What are the connotations of such images in this sonnet as “wave”,“name” and “heaven”?Could you find some instances of comparison the poet used in this poem?2. In this sonnet, Spenser conveyed the idea of “our love shall live,and later life renew.” But, how can “our love live, and later life renew”?3. What is the theme of this sonnet?Connotation of some images in this sonnet:Term:Alliteration: Alliteration is a kind of rhyme with the initial sounds identical, identical sounds closely connects two or more words both insounds and in meaning.2. The Shepherds’ Calendar（牧童的月历）(1) A pastoral poem(田园诗，牧歌体诗) consisting 12 eclogues，one for each month, these eclogues are written in different meters;（2）The shepherd represents the poet and his friend;Most part of this poem are written in dialogue form, esp. the dialogue between the shepherd and his friend;（3）The dominant theme is love, and the theme of religion is also discussed.3. The Faire Queen(1) Spenser’s masterpiece;an epic written in a special verse form (Spenserian Stanza);(2) Planned in 12 books, but only 6 books and two cantos(诗章) of the 7th were finished;(3) hero and heroin: king Arthur and Gloriana;(4) the story: (adventures of 12 knights). It’s a vivid narrative of knightly adventures, it also involved moral, religion and political allegories, and all sorts of supernatural beings;(5) Each knight stands for a virtue: Holiness, Temperance, Chastity, Friendship, Justice and Courtesy, these virtues were acquired in the course of adventures.(6) thought of this poem: nationalism, humanism and puritanism.Spenserian Stanza(斯宾塞体): A special verse form consists of eight iambic pentameter lines followed by a ninth line of six iambic feet (an alexandrine).Remark: 斯宾塞体即五音步一行的八行加上六音步一行而形成的九行体。

名词解释1.Philosophy:The word “” is Greek for “love of wisdom” and has come to mean a systematic search for answerto life’s great questions.(哲学定义)2.Rationalism:Ancient Greeks believe that some universal truth has always existed and that reason is theprimary source of knowledge.（理性主义定义）3.Idealism:Human senses provide inexact concepts of things; only human reason can give us true knowledgeabout the world.（柏拉图Plato）(理念论/唯心主义定义）4.The Renaissance:The French word “renaissance” means “rebirth” in English. It refers to the rebirth ofknowledge in Europe, particularly the rediscovery of the Greco-Roman texts.（持续300年）(文艺复兴定义) 5.Magna Carta: The barons wrote the famous document called the Magna Carta, which they forced John toaccept on June 15, 1215 at Runnymede. This Magna Carta, also called the Great Charter, was designed to obtain public liberties and to control the king’s power.(大宪章定义)6.Puritan：The term “Puritan” comes from the desires of these English Christians to “purify” the AnglicanChurch by removing all traces of Roman Catholicism.(清教徒定义)7.Industrial Revolution(简称I.R): During the latter half of 18th century, a rapid series of changes began,especially in the field of manufacturing. There were so many new inventions the whole process is often described as ~~(工业革命定义)8.The factory of the world:British was once called~~~~~, because the Industrial Revolution promoted itsdevelopment of production.(世界工厂定义)9.The Enclosure Movement: In the end of 15th century, the cloth industry increased the value of wool. Raisingsheep became more profitable. Large areas of lands were often fenced by landlords without any warning to the peasants. This process is called~~~(圈地运动定义)10.Boston Massacre: On Mach 5, 1770, angry Boston citizens died and eight were wounded. Dubbed the“Boston Massacre”, the incident was regarded as proof of British tyranny.(波士顿惨案内容)（美国革命序曲) 11.1the Declaration of Independence: On July 4, 1776 the Second Continental Congress officially declaredindependence and formed the United States of America by adopting the Declaration of Independence, written by Thomas Jefferson of Virginia. The document declared that “all men are created equal” and are “ endowed by their creator” with certain “ inalienable rights” including “life ,liberty, and the pursuit of happiness”.(独立宣言定义)12.checks-and-balances: The US Constitution also provided for checks-and-balances between the three branchesof government. Executive Branch—the president行政权—总统Legislative Branch—the Congress立法权—国会Judicial Branch—the U.S. Supreme Court司法权—最高法院Each branch was given powers and duties that ensured that the other branches would not have too much power.(三权分立，分权制衡定义)13.the New Deal: Roosevelt’s program of “Relief, Recovery and Reform” was popularly known as “the NewDeal”, a program that significantly and dramatically increased the national government’s intervention in the economy.(罗斯福新政定义)14.Prohibition: The 18th Amendment to the Constitution(1919) is known as “Prohibition”, because it prohibitedthe sale of alcoholic beverages in the United States.(禁酒法令定义)15.Cold War:The “Cold War”, a term popularized by Winston Churchill in 1946, means alternative forms ofwarfare that rely on limited violence and ideological, economic and political methods.(美苏冷战定义)16.Mayflower: In 1620, a group of 132 Separatists (Puritans who had “separated” or left the Church of England)boarded the Mayflower and sailed for Virginia. The Mayflower was blown off course and landed in what is now Massachusetts, far to the north of Virginia.(五月花)简答、填空、选择1.What role did Winston Churchill play in World War II? (丘吉尔在二战中起到什么作用？)⑴He played the important role in World War II.⑵In 1941, he led the country through the miracle of Dunkirk, that was 338000 allied solders’ evacuation to Britain.⑶In 1943, he met Stalin and Roosevelt at Teheran Conference and decided to open the Second Battlefield West Europe.⑷In 1945, he proposed to fight against the Japanese Army till the end of the war.2.Why did I.R firstly take place in Britain?（工业革命首先在英国爆发的原因？）There are four prerequisites.4个先决条件Firstly, the accumulation of original capital.资本的原始积累Second, the development of capitalistic farming.资本主义农业取得发展Third, the appearance of free labor reserve.自由劳动力的出现Fourth, the expansion of markets, domestic and foreign.国内外市场的扩张3.New York为什么叫Big Apple?New York’s nickname is “the Big Apple”, a phrase used by jazz musicians to explain the ultimate in achievement, size and excitement.4.The first major Greek philosopher was Thales. Thales claimed that Nature is rational. He asked, “From whatdo all things come and to what do all things return?”（泰勒斯）5.Furthermore,this was the origin of metaphysics, the philosophical study which probes the nature of realityitself.形而上学6.数学家Pythagoras explained the entire natural world with numbers.(提出数字3)3=1(unity）+2（diversity）Three elements of Universe------earth, ocean, heavenThree elements of World ------animals, plants, mineralsThree elements of Gods ------Jupiter, Neptune, PlutoThree elements of Goddess ------Fate, Revenge, Beauty早期基督教教义Trinity (三位一体)人类3个indispensables------body, soul, spirit7.赫拉克利特Heraclitus is remembered because he introduced the concept of change as the onlyunchanging reality in the universe.He compared life to a flowing river:A person cannot step into the same river twice.8.德谟克利特Democritus. He argued that everything in the universe obeys the laws of necessity(必然性法则).9.观点：机械论His mechanistic view of the world was accepted by western thinkers as early as the 16thcentury.10.“Atom” means “uncuttable”(原子→不可分割)11.At the time when Chinese scholars, Confucians and Taoists, were concerned with social relationships andhuman harmony with the natural world, Greek philosophers were arguing about what Nature itself was.12.Athens was famous for its writers, architects, sculptors, thinkers and sports contests, including the originsof the modern-day Olympic Games.(雅典，奥林匹克发源地)13.Socrates→Lived in Athens.(苏格拉底，雅典人)One thing only I know, and that is that I know nothing.He distinguished between two types of knowledge: inner knowledge and empirical knowledge.Inner指each person has Virtue which is not learned through the physical sense.Another major contribution was his question-and-answer technique.14.Aristotle亚里士多德If Plato’s motto was “Mind over Matter”, then Aristotle’s motto was “Matter over Mind”.Aristotle founded the science of logic. His method is called a syllogism which argues from a general principle to a specific examples:General Principle: All men are mortal.Connection: I am a man.Deductive Conclusion: I am mortal.15.牛顿运动定律Newton’s laws of motion explained all visible motions,from those of stars to those of tinypebbles.16.培根Bacon, a British statesman and writer, wrote the first description of the modern scientific method.“Of studies”, “Essays”17.笛卡尔Descartes has also been called the father of modern Rationalism and the father of modern westernphilosophy.(近代理性主义之父，近代西方哲学之父)I think; therefore, I am.我思故我在。

（完整word版）英国文学选读复习资料Part I The Middle AgeChapter 1 the Anglo-Saxon period (449-1066)1. Beowulf（贝奥武甫）: England’s national epic.（第一部民族史诗）2. artistic feature: ① using alliteration② using metaphor and understatementChapter 3 Geoffrey Chaucer (ca1343-1400)1.Geoffrey Chaucer is the father of English poetry and one of the most greatest narrative（叙事）poets of England.2.首创双韵体. tonico-syllabic verse. 运用London dialect.3. writing style: wisdom, humor, humanity.4.代表作：The Canterbury Tales-----In this book, Chaucer created a strikingly brilliant and picturesque panorama of his time and his country. In this poem Chaucer’s realism, trenchant irony and freedom of views reached such a high level of power that it had no equal in all the English literature up to the 16th century. But Chaucer was not entirely devoid of medieval prejudices. [乔叟为他那个时代和国家勾勒出一幅生机勃勃而又充满诗情画意的社会百态图。