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《联合国气候变化框架公约》（英语：U nited N ations F ramework C onvention on C limate C hange，UNFCCC或FCCC）是一个国际公约，于1992年5月在纽约联合国总部通过，1992年6月在巴西里约热内卢召开的有世界各国政府首脑参加的联合国环境与发展会议期间开放签署。
1994年3月21日，该公约生效。
该公约缔约方自1995年起每年召开缔约方会议（Conferences of the Parties，COP）以评估应对气候变化的进展。
1997年，《京都议定书》达成，使温室气体减排成为发达国家的法律义务。
按照2007年通过的《巴厘路线图》的规定，2009年在哥本哈根召开的缔约方会议第十五届会议将诞生一份新的《哥本哈根议定书》，以取代2012年到期的《京都议定书》。
气候变化谈判，走过风云变幻20年气候变化谈判历程和南非德班气候大会展望气候变化是人类面临的严峻挑战，必须各国共同应对。
自1992年《联合国气候变化框架公约》诞生以来，各国围绕应对气候变化进行了一系列谈判，这些谈判表面上是为了应对气候变暖，本质上还是各国经济利益和发展空间的角逐。
政府间气候变化专门委员会（IPCC）评估结果表明：全球气候正在变暖，而导致变暖的原因主要是人类燃烧化石能源和毁林开荒等行为向大气排放大量温室气体，导致大气温室气体浓度升高，加剧温室效应的结果。
据美国国家大气和海洋管理局（NOAA）最新报告，全球大气中二氧化碳平均浓度已由工业革命前的280ppm（ppm：百万分之一）左右升高到了2010年的389ppm。
政府间气候变化专门委员会历次评估报告还在不断地警醒国际社会，应当尽快大幅减少温室气体排放。
否则，全球气温升高将导致海平面上升、粮食减产、传染病增加、水资源短缺、濒危物种灭绝等严重后果，对自然生态系统和人类社会产生相当不利的影响。
因此，必须积极行动起来，应对气候变暖。
哥本哈根协议哥本哈根协议是联合国气候变化框架公约的一项重要协议，旨在应对全球变暖和气候变化的挑战。
该协议于2009年12月在丹麦哥本哈根召开的联合国气候变化大会上通过，并于2012年正式生效。
本文将介绍哥本哈根协议的背景、目标、原则和主要内容，并评估其成果和挑战。
背景气候变化是全球面临的重大挑战之一，由于人类活动导致的温室气体排放，地球温度不断升高，引发了极端天气事件和生态系统的破坏。
为应对这一挑战，国际社会于1992年通过联合国气候变化框架公约，旨在减缓温室气体的排放和适应不可避免的气候变化。
然而，随着公约的实施，各国间在减排目标和行动上存在重大分歧，因此需要进一步的协商和具体措施。
目标哥本哈根协议的主要目标是控制全球气候变暖，在本世纪末将全球平均气温上升控制在2摄氏度以下，并努力将目标下调至1.5摄氏度，以减少极端天气事件和生态系统的破坏。
为实现这一目标，各国同意采取行动，包括减少温室气体排放、增强适应能力和提供财务支持。
原则哥本哈根协议倡导共同但有区别的责任原则，根据各国的发展水平和历史排放量，将减排目标分配给发达国家和发展中国家。
协议还强调“公平”原则，即国际社会应维护发展中国家的利益，帮助其实现可持续发展和适应气候变化。
主要内容哥本哈根协议要求各国提交自愿的减排目标，即各国根据自身国情和发展需求，制定和实施减排措施。
各国提交的减排目标被称为“国家自主贡献”（Nationally Determined Contributions，简称NDCs），并在联合国气候变化大会上予以公开和监测。
协议还设立了国际气候资金，用于支持发展中国家应对气候变化的适应和减排措施。
发达国家承诺逐步增加对发展中国家的资金和技术转让，以帮助其应对气候变化并实现可持续发展。
成果和挑战哥本哈根协议的通过标志着国际社会在应对气候变化方面取得了重要进展。
然而，协议存在一些挑战。
首先，协议的减排目标是自愿性的，缺乏法律约束力。
“巴厘岛路线图”共有13项内容和1个附录，其中亮点如下：1、强调了国际合作。
与会各方同意长期合作共同行动，包括一个关于减排温室气体的全球长期目标，以实现《公约》的最终目标。
2、把美国纳入进来。
由于拒绝签署《京都议定书》，美国如何履行发达国家应尽义务一直存在疑问。
“巴厘岛路线图”明确规定，《公约》的所有发达国家缔约方都要履行可测量、可报告、可核实的温室气体减排责任，这把美国纳入其中。
3、强调了三个在以前国际谈判中曾不同程度受到忽视的问题：适应气候变化问题、技术开发和转让问题以及资金问题。
这三个问题是广大发展中国家在应对气候变化过程中极为关心的问题。
4、为下一步落实《公约》设定了时间表。
规定2009年前就应对气候变化问题新安排举行谈判。
5、中国制定并公布了《中国应对气候变化国家方案》，所作出的一系列努力受到好评，为绘成“巴厘岛路线图”作出了自己的贡献。
《哥本哈根协议》具体内容：气温升幅限制全球气温升幅应限制在摄氏2度以内法律约束力文本无明确列明对《京都议定书》存续问题无明确表示全球减排目标全球温室气体排放量应尽快封顶，但无定下年限。
各国在2010年2月1日前，向联合国提出2020年减排目标。
未提及2050年减排目标。
减排监察所有新兴经济体必须自我监察减排进度，并每两年向联合国汇报。
国际人员可以视察，前提是不损害国家主权。
资金发达国家将在2020年起，向发展中国家及小岛国等提供1,000亿美元(约7,757亿港元)援助。
未提及资金来源及使用方向。
未来3年内发达国将提供300亿美元(约2,327亿港元)，当中欧盟、日本及美国将联合出资252亿美元(约1,955亿港元)。
其它提供足够资金限制森林砍伐考虑透过碳市场达致减排目标哥本哈根大会最后形成了《哥本哈根协议》，它虽然不是法律性公约，但为今后的谈判打下了基础。
但会议中的五大关键问题尚未解决：一是谈判的基础文件，二是减排目标，三是“三可”问题（可测量、可报告和可核实），四是长期目标，五是资金问题。
哥本哈根协议介绍哥本哈根协议（Copenhagen Accord）是一个国际气候变化文件，于2009年12月在哥本哈根举行的第15届联合国气候变化大会上通过。
该协议的目的是为了限制全球温室气体排放并减缓气候变化的进程。
本文将详细介绍哥本哈根协议的背景、目标、重点项目以及实施情况。
背景全球气候变化是当前世界面临的一大挑战，气候变暖、海平面上升、极端天气事件等影响已经日益显现。
为了应对这一全球性的问题，联合国气候变化大会于1992年通过了《联合国气候变化框架公约》（UNFCCC），旨在统一国际社会对气候变化问题的认识和行动。
然而，在多年的谈判和努力之后，各国之间在减排目标和行动方案上存在很大分歧。
为了推动国际气候谈判进程，联合国气候变化大会决定在哥本哈根举行一次特殊会议，这就是哥本哈根大会。
目标哥本哈根协议的目标是通过限制全球温室气体排放，将全球平均温度升温控制在不超过2摄氏度的目标范围内。
具体来说，协议提出了以下几个主要目标：1.提高发达国家在2020年对温室气体排放的减少目标。
2.为发展中国家提供财务、技术和能力建设援助，以支持其应对气候变化的努力。
3.建立透明、可验证的制度来监测和报告各国减排行动的进展情况。
4.建立一个新的气候基金，用于支持发展中国家应对气候变化的项目和措施。
重点项目为实现哥本哈根协议的目标，各国提出了一系列减排和适应气候变化的重点项目。
以下是其中的一些项目：1.清洁能源转型：各国承诺加强在可再生能源领域的投资和发展，减少对化石燃料的依赖。
2.能效改善：通过技术进步和政策手段，提高能源利用效率，降低能源消耗和碳排放。
3.重新造林和森林保护：通过大规模森林保护和重新造林计划，增加森林碳储量，吸收更多的温室气体。
4.气候变化适应措施：加强城市规划、水资源管理和农业方面的适应措施，应对气候变化带来的灾害和风险。
实施情况自哥本哈根协议通过以来，各国在减排和适应气候变化方面都取得了一些成果。
Today world leaders, including Wen Jiabao, the Chinese premier, will gather in Copenhagen. Deal or no deal, they know that there must be a global effort to tackle climate change. China is upbeat about the prospect.今天，包括中国总理温家宝在内的世界各国领导人齐聚哥本哈根。
不论能否达成协议，他们认识到全球应携手共同应对气候变化。
中方对会议前景表示乐观。
In the United Nations Development Programme's Billion Trees campaign, the Chinese people planted 2.6 billion trees, two per person and more than any other country in the world. It has become fashionable for young couples to plant trees to celebrate their weddings.在联合国环境署倡议的“全球10亿棵树”活动中，中国人种了26亿棵树，也就是人均2棵，居全球首位。
新婚夫妇种树留念成为时尚。
What is more, in the stimulus package of more than ￡400 billion to tackle the financial crisis, about 15 per cent is, or will, be invested in projects related to addressing climate change and improving the environment.为应对国际金融危机，中国在新增4000多亿英镑的经济刺激方案中，应对气候变化、改善环境的投资达15%。
哥本哈根协议全文（中英对照）2009-12-25 来源:未知【大中小】我要投稿划词已开启哥本哈根联合国气候变化大会当地时间18日达成协议文本，文本篇幅很短，简明扼要地列出了12个条款，符合此前预期。
文件没有提及各国的具体温室气体减排目标。
以下是协议文本全文：Full text of the Copenhagen AccordThe Heads of State, Heads of Government, Ministers, and other heads of delegation present at the United Nations Climate Change Conference 2009 in Copenhagen,各国领导人、政府首脑、官员以及其他出席本次在哥本哈根举行的联合国2009年气候变化会议的代表：In pursuit of the ultimate objective of the Convention as stated in its Article 2,Being guided by the principles and provisions of the Convention,Noting the results of work done by the two Ad hoc Working Groups,Endorsing decision x/CP.15 on the Ad hoc Working Group on Long-term Cooperative Action and decision x/CMP.5 that requests the Ad hoc Working Group on Further Commitments of Annex I Parties under the Kyoto Protocol to continue its work,Have agreed on this Copenhagen Accord which is operational immediately.为最终达成本协议第二款所述的会议目标，在会议原则和愿景的指引下，考虑到两个特别工作组的工作成果，我们同意特别工作组关于长期合作行动的x/CP.15号决议，以及继续按照特别工作组x/CMP.5号决议要求，履行附录I根据《京都议定书》列出的各方义务。
哥本哈根世界气候大会[摘要] 2009年12月7日-18日哥本哈根联合国气候大会在丹麦首都哥本哈根贝拉中心〔Bella Center〕举行，超过85个国家元首或政府首脑、192个国家的环境部长出席。
会议的主要目的在于商讨《京都议定书》一期承诺到期后的后续方案，就未来应对气候变化的全球行动签署新的协议。
会议在争吵声中最终只达成了一个无法律约束力的《哥本哈根协议》，但是《哥本哈根协议》维护了《联合国气候变化框架公约》及其《京都议定书》确立的“共同但有区别的责任”原则，就发达国家实行强制减排和发展中国家采取自主减缓行动作出了安排，并就全球长期目标、资金和技术支持、透明度等焦点问题达成广泛共识。
一、哥本哈根联合国气候变化大会哥本哈根气候大会全称是《联合国气候变化框架公约》第15次缔约方会议暨《京都议定书》第5次缔约方会议，由于该次会议是在丹麦首都哥本哈根举行，因此也被称为哥本哈根联合国气候变化大会。
1992年，联合国联合国环境与发展大会〔以下简称联合国环发大会〕在巴西的里约热内卢召开，大会通过了《联合国气候变化框架公约》〔United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change，以下简称《框架公约》，英文缩写UNFCCC)。
公约于1994年3月21日正式生效，截至目前为止，公约已拥有192个缔约方。
《框架公约》是世界上第一个为全面控制二氧化碳等温室气体排放，以应对全球气候变暖给人类经济和社会带来不利影响的国际公约。
此外，公约还为国际社会在对付全球气候变化问题上进行国际合作提供了一个基本框架。
联合国气候变化大会就是公约缔约方基于这一基本框架，为妥善解决全球气候变化所带来的一系列问题而举行的。
自1995年3月28日首次缔约方大会在柏林举行以来，缔约方每年都召开会议。
迄今为止，不包括2009年哥本哈根大会在内，联合国气候变化大会已经召开了14次。
2009年12月7日-18日哥本哈根气候大会在丹麦首都哥本哈根贝拉中心〔Bella Center〕举行，超过85个国家元首或政府首脑、192个国家的环境部长出席。
论应对全球气候变暖的共同但有区别责任原则[摘要]随着全球气候变暖问题日益严重，各国不得不相互合作共同采取行动。
共同但有区别责任原则表明，由于气候变暖问题的全球性和严重性，世界各国应当对环境问题承担共同责任，以及由于发达国家的历史责任和能力优势，其应当承担与发展中国家有所区别的责任。
该原则随着国际气候立法的发展得以确立和适用，然而从目前的形势来看该原则在将来也许会受到一定程度的挑战。
[关键词]共同但有区别责任原则共同责任区别责任全球气候变暖“地球人命运共同体的意识是我们所处的这个新千年最具深刻意义的事件：我们与地球息息相关，患难与共。
我们必须护理好地球，否则我们只有死亡。
”1地球的生态环境尤其是气候状况与人类的生存息息相关，由于地球是一个整体，任何一个国家排放温室气体造成的温室效应都不可能仅影响一隅之地，气候问题的全球性决定了世界各国必须携起手来共同解决；气候变化的国际立法也逐步确立了共同但有区别责任原则，该原则体现了世界各国对气候变暖问题的重视以及对国家责任分配的主张，尽管从提出到正式确立再到实际适用这一原则并非一帆风顺，但共同但有区别责任原则依然且应当受到世界各国的重视并贯彻实行。
一、共同但有区别责任原则概述（一）共同但有区别责任原则的历史发展共同但有区别责任原则早在20世纪60-70年代的一些国际法文件中就有所体现，只是这些早期的文件并未使用“共同与区别责任”这一术语。
在这段时期，该原则还处于萌芽状态，各类国际法文件更多的是强调“共同责任”，例如1959年《南极条约》的序言指出：“承认为了全人类的利益,南极应永远专为和平目的而使用，不应成为国际纷争的场所和对象。
”再如，1967年《外层空间条约》序言指出：“确认为了和平目的发展、探索和利用外层空间，是全人类的共同利益”。
这两份条约中的“全人类的利益”和“共同利益”均隐含了共同责任的意蕴。
1972年在斯德哥尔摩召开的人类环境会议通过的《人类环境宣言》提出了与共同但有区别责任原则类似的概念。
哥本哈根气候大会协议（英文版）The Heads of State, Heads of Government, Ministers, and other heads of delegation present at the United Nations Climate Change Conference 2009 in Copenhagen,In pursuit of the ultimate objective of the Convention as stated in its Article 2,Being guided by the principles and provisions of the Convention,Noting the results of work done by the two Ad hoc Working Groups,Endorsing decision x/CP.15 on the Ad hoc Working Group on Long-term Cooperative Action and decision x/CMP.5 that requests the Ad hoc Working Group on Further Commitments of Annex I Parties under the Kyoto Protocol to continue its work,Have agreed on this Copenhagen Accord which is operational immediately.1. We underline that climate change is one of the greatest challenges of our time. We emphasize our strong political will to urgently combat climate change in accordance with the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities. To achieve the ultimate objective of the Convention to stabilize greenhouse gas concentration in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system, we shall, recognizing the scientific view that the increase in global temperature should be below 2 degrees Celsius, on the basis of equity and in the context of sustainable development, enhance ourlong-term cooperative action to combat climate change. We recognize the critical impacts of climate change and the potential impacts of response measures on countries particularly vulnerable to its adverse effects and stress the need to establish a comprehensive adaptation programmer including international support.2. We agree that deep cuts in global emissions are required according to science, and as documented by the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report with a view to reduce global emissions so as to hold the increase in global temperature below 2 degrees Celsius, and take action to meet this objective consistent with science and on the basis of equity. We should cooperate in achieving thepeaking of global and national emissions as soon as possible, recognizing that the time frame for peaking will be longer in developing countries and bearing in mind that social and economic development and poverty eradication are the first and overriding priorities of developing countries and that a low-emission development strategy is indispensable to sustainable development.3. Adaptation to the adverse effects of climate change and the potential impacts of response measures is a challenge faced by all countries. Enhanced action and international cooperation on adaptation is urgently required to ensure the implementation of the Convention by enabling and supporting the implementation of adaptation actions aimed at reducing vulnerability and building resilience in developing countries, especially in those that are particularly vulnerable, especially least developed countries, small island developing States and Africa. We agree that developed countries shall provide adequate, predictable and sustainable financial resources, technology and capacity-building to support the implementation of adaptation action in developing countries.4. Annex I Parties commit to implement individually or jointly the quantified economywide emissions targets for 2020, to be submitted in the format given in Appendix I by Annex I Partiesto the secretariat by 31 January 2010 for compilation in an INF document. Annex I Parties that are Party to the Kyoto Protocol will thereby further strengthen the emissions reductions initiated by the Kyoto Protocol. Delivery of reductions and financing by developed countries will be measured, reported and verified in accordance with existing and any further guidelines adopted by the Conference of the Parties, and will ensure that accounting of such targets and finance is rigorous, robust and transparent.5. Non-Annex I Parties to the Convention will implement mitigation actions, including those to be submitted to the secretariat by non-Annex I Parties in the format given in Appendix II by 31 January 2010, for compilation in an INF document, consistent with Article 4.1 and Article 4.7 and in the context of sustainable development. Least developed countries and small island developing States may undertake actions voluntarily and on the basis of support. Mitigation actions subsequently taken and envisaged by Non-Annex I Parties, including national inventory reports, shall be communicated through national communications consistent with Article 12.1(b) everytwo years on the basis of guidelines to be adopted by the Conference of the Parties. Those mitigation actions in national communications or otherwise communicated to the Secretariat will be added to the list in appendix II. Mitigation actions taken by Non-Annex I Parties will be subject to their domestic measurement, reporting and verification the result of which will be reported through their national communications every two years. Non-Annex I Parties will communicate information on the implementation of their actions through National Communications, with provisions for international consultations and analysis under clearly defined guidelines that will ensure that national sovereignty is respected. Nationally appropriate mitigation actions seeking international support will be recorded in a registry along with relevant technology, finance and capacity building support. Those actions supported will be added to the list in appendix II. These supported nationally appropriate mitigation actions will be subject to international measurement, reporting and verification in accordance with guidelines adopted by the Conference of the Parties.6. We recognize the crucial role of reducing emission from deforestation and forest degradation and the need to enhance removals of greenhouse gas emission by forests and agree on the need to provide positive incentives to such actions through the immediate establishment of a mechanism including REDD-plus, to enable the mobilization of financial resources from developed countries.7. We decide to pursue various approaches, including opportunities to use markets, to enhance the cost-effectiveness of, and to promote mitigation actions. Developing countries, especially those with low emitting economies should be provided incentives to continue to develop on a low emission pathway.8. Scaled up, new and additional, predictable and adequate funding as well as improved access shall be provided to developing countries, in accordance with the relevant provisions of the Convention, to enable and support enhanced action on mitigation, including substantial finance to reduce emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD-plus), adaptation, technology development and transfer and capacity-building, for enhanced implementation of the Convention. The collective commitment by developed countries is to provide new and additional resources, including forestry and investments through international institutions, approaching USD 30 billion for the period 2010. 2012 with balanced allocation between adaptation and mitigation. Funding foradaptation will be prioritized for the most vulnerable developing countries, such as the least developed countries, small island developing States and Africa. In the context of meaningful mitigation actions and transparency on implementation, developed countries commit to a goal of mobilizing jointly USD 100 billion dollars a year by 2020 to address the needs of developing countries. This funding will come from a wide variety of sources, public and private, bilateral and multilateral, including alternative sources of finance. New multilateral funding for adaptation will be delivered through effective and efficient fund arrangements, with a governance structure providing for equal representation of developed and developing countries. A significant portion of such funding should flow through the Copenhagen Green Climate Fund.9. To this end, a High Level Panel will be established under the guidance of and accountable to the Conference of the Parties to study the contribution of the potential sources of revenue, including alternative sources of finance, towards meeting this goal.10. We decide that the Copenhagen Green Climate Fund shall be established as an operating entity of the financial mechanism of the Convention to support projects, programmer, policies and other activities in developing countries related to mitigation including REDD-plus, adaptation, capacity building, technology development and transfer.11. In order to enhance action on development and transfer of technology we decide to establish a Technology Mechanism to accelerate technology development and transfer in support of action on adaptation and mitigation that will be guided by a country-driven approach and be based on national circumstances and priorities.12. We call for an assessment of the implementation of this Accord to be completed by 2015, including in light of the Convention’s ultimate objective. This would include consideration of strengthening the long-term goal referencing various matters presented by the science, including in relation to temperature rises of 1.5 degrees Celsius.。
