托福基础阅读讲义

【关键字】托福托福强化班阅读讲义范琛Samuel100VSPStrategy /skills反衬凡塵Mortaldust10028 26 23 23Input vs outputOutputinput30考试报名：送一套OG 3Delta-Blue 4Delta-Red 6TPO 13InputOutput一、词汇题：1.题型概括:近义2.解题思路i.“生僻”词汇ii.熟词僻义iii.上下文理解5%Context3.备考提示数量词源词性i.背诵词汇的优先顺序a)通用的V & Adj,特别是已经学过的简单词汇的升级版(书面语b)常用的名词c)专有名词jargonii.背单词的方法:词根词缀iii. B. Delta p63-p66Vocabulary Builder4.例题OG 43-11,B.Delta 72-8, 73-9, 73-1, 74-3*, 75-8/9, 76-2, 79-,Dis-banded band dismissSophisticatedUniqueBan brandSophisticatedDis-band-edUniqueThis custom is unique to the southwestern aboriginal tribes.=only found inXXXXX (风俗) is unique to XXX Tribe.二、指代题1.题型概述i.基本原则:a)代词指名词b)代词通常指前（相邻句子）没有歧义：同一句相邻句子：两句话c)单复数一致代词指后When he returned to homeland, the ambassador embarked on anew course.主从句/主句+状语从句/状语在前，主句在后，则名词完整形式放主句中，代词放从句/状语中2.解题思路代入检查i.主语同指主1 xxxxxxxx. 主2（代词）xxxxx ii.上下文理解112-43.例题OG 42-5 62-9 71-5 92-2Delta 48-1/2 49-4 51-1 52-6三、插入题：1.题型概述2.解题思路i.代词（指代）黑体句句首：代词+名词→原文（重复/同义替换）黑体句首有This→段落最开头的方格必错ii.总分/隐含先后关系a)明显标记词(之后的名词) Both, also, again, another; a third, finalb)先抽象后具体●在抽象句子开头有结论性词语，则颠倒顺序Thus, in conclusion, consequently…c)A of B = B’s Ad)要比较先介绍A: xxx, B: xxx A>B三转折13ChaosSalonUltimate clue: Cohesion between ‘Repeated’ nouns3.例题OG: 43-12 52-12 63-12 84-11 107-11 114-12 指代73-11 95-11 121-11*Delta:143-7/9(先抽象后具体)144-10 (both) 145-3(AofB) 146-6(要比较先描述) 147-8(先整体后个体)486-39* ,514-38*,538-24,红Delta:36-2444-49 210-24四、句子改写（简化）1.题型概述Essential Infoi.主谓宾ii.逻辑关系条件/因果/转折/对比/比较级2.解题思路i.简单句筛选主’谓’提示：竖读选项排除具有相同错误的选项看上文：◆句首代词◆主语内涵不明◆呼应结构(also)ii.并列句筛选主谓宾小心：并列句原句前短后长，答案将对原句进行缩减，要把握句子重心And ;➢原句隐含关系在选项表面化分词→结果/原因/目的/伴随iii.复杂句抓住原句逻辑关系词筛选选项3.例题Delta:一124例题131-7 135-7；128-2* 129-4*（看上文）二126-7 128-1 130-6* （错项）130-5*（分词/隐含关系）三127例题131-8 133-3 135-10OG:一93-7二81-2*（句子重心的把握）三43-10 51-10 60-3 72-8*（whereas）106-10 112-6* 120-9 Respectively五、细节题纯粹细节Infer否定(先看选项，观察共性) EXCEPT NOT细节题重大出题点：i.相似性/差异性描述As …as比较级The same, similar, different, like/unlike关系/内容ii.否定信息/强调信息否定/最高级、绝对化表达、each /every,强调语气、强调句iii.逻辑关系改变转折iv.从结构看细节2.错项特征i.新概念ii.新逻辑（小心隐含）iii.绝对化表达only all 最高级never always（原文没有）3.例题OG 41-1*/2* 61-6* 81-1* 51-11 105-9**（逻辑关系转变）OG 43-9* 92-5* 42-7/8红Delta 213-26*蓝Delta449-10*六、修辞目的Why/in order to1.答案特征功能&对象（同义替换）2.解题思路i.例证关系：a)标记词such as, for example,e.g. –PrevailPrevailb)对称/相似结构描述同类现象，往前找答案ii.相似性/差异性：判断关系确定内容A VS B:为啥提到A: 为了B (互为目的)为啥提到A：为了告诉你B是XXX(= / 不= A)Delta:108-1 112-2 OG 92-3 60-3 iii.逻辑关系的另外一半A 细节与B细节用逻辑关系词相联，两者互为目的。

新东方托福阅读教师讲义托福阅读是很多人的心头大患，下面小编给大家整理的是新东方托福阅读教师讲义，希望对大家有帮助。

托福考试教师阅读讲义(一)1. 句子简化题The Great Red SpotOne distinctive feature of the planet Jupiter is the Great Red Spot, a massive oval of swirling reddish-brown clouds. Were Earth to be juxtaposed with the Great Red Spot, our planet would be dwarfed in comparison, with a diameter less than half that of the Great Red Spot. The Spot’s clouds, most likely tinted red as a result of the phosphorus that they contain, circulate in a counterclockwise direction. The outer winds require six Earth days to complete the circumference of the Great Red Spot, a length of time indicative of vastness of the Great Red Spot.1. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A. The density of the Great Red spot is much higher than that the Earth.B. If the diameter of the Great Red Spot were doubled, it would equal that of the Earth.C. By placing the Earth next to the Great Red Spot, one could see the Earth has a much smaller diameter.D. Because the Earth is close to the Great Red Spot, Earth is influenced by its huge size.答案：C2.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essentialinformation in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A. The Earth’s outer winds move a distance equal to the circumference of the Great Red Spot.B. The outer winds of the Great Red Spot move more quickly than do those on Earth.C. The Winds moving across the Great Red Spot finally change direction every six Earth days.D. The fact that the winds take so long to move around the Great Red Spot proves how big it is.答案：DPassage One (Question 1-2)CamouflageCamouflage is one of the most effective ways for animals to avoid attack in the treeless Arctic. However, the summer and winter landscapes there are so diverse that a single protective coloring scheme would, of course, prove ineffective in one season or the other. Thus, many of the inhabitants of the Arctic tundra change their camouflage twice a year. The arctic fox is a clear-cut example of this phenomenon; it sports a brownish-gray coat in the summer which then turns white as cold weather sets in, and the process reverses itself in the springtime. Its brownish-gray coat blends in with the barren tundra landscape in the months without snow, and the white coat naturally blends in with the landscape of the frozen wintertime tundra.1. Which of the sentences below expresses the essential information in the first highlighted sentence in the passage?Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A. Opposite conditions in summer and in winter necessitate different protective coloration for Arctic animals.B. The coloration of the summer and winter landscapes in the Arctic fails to protect the Arctic tundra.C. In a single season, protective coloring scheme are ineffective in the treeless Arctic.D. For many animals, a single protective coloring scheme effectively protects them during summer and winter months.答案：A2. Which of the sentences below expresses the essential information in the second highlighted sentence in the passage?Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A. The arctic fox is unusual in that he color of its coat changes for no reason.B. The arctic fox lives in an environment that is brownish gray in the summer and white in the winter.C. It is a phenomenon that the coat of the arctic fox turns white I the springtime and gray in the fall.D. The arctic fox demonstrates that protective coloration can change during different seasons.答案：DPassage Two (Question 3-6)Post-it NotesPost-it Notes were invented in the 1970s at the 3M company in Minnesota quite by accident, Researchers at 3M were working on developing different types of adhesives, and one particularly weak adhesive, a compound of acrylate copolymer microspheres, was developed. Employees at 3M were asked if they could think of a use for a weak adhesive which, provided it did not get dirty,could be reused. One suggestion was that it could be applied to a piece of paper to use as a bookmark that would stay in place in a book. Another use was found when the product was attached to a report that was to be sent to a colleague with a request for comments on the report; the colleague made his comments on the paper attached to the report and returned the report. The idea for Post-it Notes was born.It was decided within the company that there would be a test launch of product in 1977 in four American cities. Sales of this innovative product in test cities were less than stellar, most likely because the product, while innovative, was also quite unfamiliar.A final attempt was then made in the city of Boise to introduce the product. In that attempt, 3M salesmen gave demonstrations of the product in offices throughout Boise and gave away free samples of the produce. When the salesmen returned a week later to the office workers, having noted how useful the simple little product could be, were interested in purchasing it. Over time, 3M came to understand the huge potential of this new product, and over the next few decades more than 400 varieties of Post-it products - in different colors, shapes, and sizes –have been developed.3. Which of the sentences below expresses the essential information in the first highlighted sentence in the passage 1?Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A. Of the many adhesives that were being developed at 3M, one was not a particularly strong adhesive.B. Researchers at 3M spent many years trying to develop a really weak adhesive.C. Numerous weak adhesives resulted from a program todevelop the strongest adhesive of all.D. Researchers were assigned to develop different types of uses for acrylate copolymer microspheres.答案：A4. Which of the sentences below expresses the essential information in the second highlighted sentence in the passage 1?Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A. The 3M company suggested applying for a patent on the product in a report prepared by a colleague.B. One unexpectedly-discovered use for the adhesive was in sending and receiving notes attached to documents.C. A note was attached to a report asking for suggestion for uses of one of 3M’s products.D. A colleague who developed the new product kept notes with suggestions by other workers.答案：B5. Which of the sentences below expresses the essential information in the first highlighted sentence in the passage 2?Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A. The 3M company was unfamiliar with the process of using test cities to introduce innovative products.B. Sales of the product soared even though the product was quite unfamiliar to most customers.C. The new product did not sell well because potential customers did not understand it.D. After selling the product for a while, the company understood that the product was not innovative enough.答案：C6. Which of the sentences below expresses the essential information in the second highlighted sentence in the passage 2?Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A. The company immediately understood the potential of the product and began to develop it further.B. The company worked overtime to develop its new product, initially creating numerous varieties to make it successful.C. The company initially introduced 400 varieties of the product and then watched for decades as sales improved.D. It took some time for the company to understand how important its new product was and how many variation were possible.答案：D托福考试教师阅读讲义(二)Sand Dunes1 Sandy deserts contain enormous volumes of sand eroded from mountains and carried to the deserts by wind or water. The huge quantities of sand that make up sandy deserts are blow about into dunes of various shapes.2 Ridge dunes form where there are large amounts of sand, generally in the interiors of deserts, and winds blow in one direction. Under there conditions, parallel ridges of sand, known as transverse dunes, form at right angles to the wind.3 When the direction of the wind changes so that it comes from different directions, star-shaped dunes form from the massive amounts of sand in desert interiors. Star-shaped dunes are relatively stable dunes that reach incredible heights, up to 80 meters high in some deserts, and are quite common in massive deserts such as the Sahara.4 Crescent dunes form on the edges of deserts where there is less sand and where the winds blow mainly in one direction. These dunes, which are also known as barchan dunes are less stable than star-shaped dunes and can shift as much as 20 meters per year as winds blow over the outer curves of the crescent in the direction of the pointed ends.Directions: Select the appropriate sentences from the answer choices, and match them to the critical information about the sand dunes to which they relate. THREE of the answer choices will not be used. This question is worth 3 points.amount ofsand··direction ofwinds··Answer Choices (choose 4 to complete the chart):(1) Ridge and crescent dunes form where the winds blow from one direction.(2) Crescent dunes are also known as barchan dunes.(3) Star-shaped dunes form where the winds blow from different directions.(4) Transverse dunes are created parallel to the wind.(5) Ridge and star dunes form where there is a lot of sand.(6) Star-shaped dunes are more stable than crescent dunes.(7) Crescent dunes form where there is less sand.参考答案：第一栏：(5)、(7)第二栏：(1)、(3)William Faulkner1 Author William Faulkner is today recognized as one of America's greatest writers on the basis of a body of novels that so convincingly portray the culture of the South in the years following the Civil War, with its citizens overcome by grief and defeat and trying to cling to old values while struggling to take their place in a changing world. The acclaim that today is Faulkner's, however, was slow in coming.2 Though Faulkner was praised by some critics and reviewers during the first part of his career, is novels did not sell well and he was considered a fairly marginal author. For the first few decades of his career, he made his living writing magazine articles and working as a screenwriter rather than as a novelist. Throughout this period, he continued to write, though his novels, sometimes noted for the stirring portrait that they presented of life in the post-Civil War South, were generally relegated to the category of strictly regional writing and were not widely appreciated.3 Beginning in 1946, Faulkner's career took an unexpected and dramatic turn as Faulkner came to be recognized as considerably more than a regional writer. The Portable Faulkner was published in that year by Viking Press; two years later he was elected to the prestigious National Academy of Arts and Letters; he was awarded the Nobel Prize for literature in 1949. Over the next decade, his work was recognized in various ways, including a National Book Award and two Pulitzer Prizes, and he became a novelist in residence at the University of Virginia. His success led to a degree of affluence that enabled him to take up the life of a southern gentleman, including horseback riding and fox hunting. Ironically, he died as a result of an accident related to these gentlemanly pursuits, succumbing as a result of injuries sufferedduring a fall from a horse.Directions: Select the appropriate phrases from the answer choices, and match them to the phase of William Faulkner's career to which they relate. TWO of the answer choices will not be used. This question is worth 3 points.Faulkner in the first phase of his career·Faulkner in the second phase of his career·Answer Choices (choose 6 to complete the chart):(1) Was considered one of America's greatest writers(2) Received a small amount of critical acclaim(3) Died as a result of a horseback-riding incident(4) Received numerous awards and acclaim(5) Was considered merely a regional writer(6) Wrote novels about various American regions(7) Made his living as a novelist(8) Made his living with writing other than novels参考答案：第一栏：(2)、(5)、(8)第二栏：(1)、(4)、(7)托福考试教师阅读讲义(三)修辞目的性题Xerography1 One more familiar use of electrochemistry that has made its way into the mainstream is xerography, a process for replicating documents that is dependent on photoconductive materials. A photoconductive material is an insulator in the dark but becomes a conductor when exposed to bright light. When a photocopy is being made, an image of a document is projected onto the surface of a rotating drum, and bright light causes the photoconductive material on the surface of the drum to become conductive.2 As a result of the conductivity, the drum loses its charge inthe lighted areas, and toner (small grains to which dry ink adheres) attaches itself only to the darker parts of the image. The grains are then carried to a sheet of paper and fused with heat. When a laser printer is used, the image is projected by means of a laser beam, which creates a brighter light and a greater contrast between lighter and darker areas and therefore results in sharper printed images.1. The author begins the first paragraph with One more familiar use of electrochemistry in order to(A) explain that xerography is one of the less familiar uses of electrochemistry(B) make it clear that electrochemistry requires photoconductive materials(C) show that xerography is the only known use for electrochemistry(D) indicate that other less familiar uses have already been discussed2. Why does the author explain that A photoconductive material is an insulator in the dark but becomes a conductor when exposed to bright light?(A) It gives an explanation of a property that is necessary for xerography.(B) It indicates that bright light is required for insulation to take place.(C) It gives one example of a successful xerographic process.(D) It explains the role of insulation in xerography.3. The author places the phrase small grains to which dry ink adheres in parentheses in order to(A) provide information that contradicts the previous statement(B) provide another example of conductivity(C) provide further detail information about toner(D) provide an alternate explanation for the effectiveness of toner4. Why is a laser printer mentioned?(A) It is an alternative to xerography.(B) It is a way of duplicating without using electrochemistry.(C) It is a second example of xerography.(D) It is a lesseffectivetype of xerography than is a photocopier.正确答案：D_A_C_C。

iBT-TOEFL 新托福阅读讲义（ Mark ）一、新托福阅读简介1、每篇文章700词；2、40道题左右；3、原始分45分左右、标准分30分；4、如果阅读部分是3篇文章，则时间为60分钟（时间限定为：第一篇必须在20分钟完成；第二、第三篇在剩下的40分钟完成；在限定的时间段内考生可返回检查、更改）；如果阅读部分是5篇文章，则时间为100分钟（其中的3篇为计分考题，时间限定60分钟，另外两篇为加试题，时间为40分钟。

）加试题一般为：第四篇"Mesopotamia & Egypt culture"；第五篇"Natural Selection of Darwin"5、阅读考试题型共分10种（另表详示）；6、文章选材一般为研究类、学术人文类以及科普类；一般文中会出现大量的专有名词。

7、每篇最后一题的评分：81）答案为3项，总分为2分：答对2项给1分，答对3项给2分；2）答案为5项，总分为3分：答对3项给1分，答对4项给2分，答对5项给3分。

三、新托福阅读方法论：1、狂背单词2、狂练题型3、狂做题目4、狂看机经四、考场经验：1. 关于考场:!建议考试之前一定要去踩下点, 不要怕耽误那几个小时的时间,如果因为当天找不到考场而影响自己正常发挥,那实在是一件得不偿失的事情! l* j+ ~9 `4 Q) f2.关于到场时间:. I0 v$ j* Y: o; G4 v: z建议提前一小时到场早去以防万一53.关于证件:& I9 W% J$ }4 _; h; y记住带上护照和身份证即可缺一不可，检查证件比想象的要严格g) T) ^* j4 x* q, R* ^- Y4.关于进场:*不要太早进否则写作会受做口语的人干扰，' E% i# o3 q# P& {' r. a也不要太晚进，否则听力会受做口语的人干扰，所以最好排中间进场因为对于抗干扰能利较弱的托友第一种干扰可能不可避免，但是第二种干扰却是可以避免的只要在听力时把声音调大些即可) C% @, N* L p L i2 f5. 关于阅读:没有看整篇文章的时间建议不要看全文直接看题&，还有要给每篇的最后一题流出充分时间思考不要在前面的小分题上浪费太多时间，对于词汇好的同学词汇题完全可以不看原文+ F; C" Q3 L7 z% j, |' ^3 v: K& V$ I4 ^9 g5篇阅读看完后有点精疲力竭所以平时要多锻炼身体阅读部分是最容易出现机器传输问题的如果你的机器出现卡机现象，* g8 f4 V# @! e# K# @1 Z; _( X一定要确认秒表是否还继续在走，如果在走一定要找老师，% @$ c# D. ~9 \如果没在走那你就没事偷着了吧，因为卡机的时间无形中增加了你的考试时间所以不要发慌好好利用卡机的时间继续阅读机器一会就好% L' c+ T4 Y) h3 b$ s6. 关于听力：比想象得要难许多，学术性很强所以不像旧托听不懂是没法蒙的，建议大家在平时注意名词的积累尤其是学科类的名词，) k) [- ^# \. w1 S平日一定要多锻炼记笔记的能力，(当然为了记笔记而去记笔记结果会很惨)& q, y$ B: L e+ c+ @5 y4 [7. 关于口语：告诉大家一大招: 3 z. u6 l4 C c _* K/ G* s! f利用好休息的时间上个洗手间喝点水吃点东西就马上回座位上乖乖地坐着吧，当然不是回去傻坐着而是要"窃"题7，因为在你之前的托友可能正在说口语你可以从他们的回答中知道考题，4 h3 R( M6 Q( @/ G& y所以你的准备时间不再是15/20秒了而是5分钟甚至更多，& e9 \4 ~& F9 N# a v( K. U当然平日多加练习口语才是提高口语的唯一途径。

托福阅读课讲义（花花整理）阅读课讲义怎样的考试和怎样的我们…….托福考试的本质探求——对”Test of English as a Foreign Language”的再认知托福到底有多难？◆习惯的说法：⾼考－>六级－>考研－>托福－>SA T－>GRE－>GMA T－>LSA T◆⽤合理的⽅式进⾏难度的评价从“OF”到“IN”◆Test OF English：“对”英语的测试●TOEFL (Test Of English as a Foreign Language)●IEL TS (International English Language Testing System)●TOEIC (Test Of English for International Communication)●CET-4 (College English Test-Band 4)●CET-6 (College English Test-Band 6)●PETS (Public English T est System)◆Test IN English：“⽤”英语的测试●GRE (Graduate Record Examination)●GMA T (Graduate Management Admission Test)●SA T (Scholastic Assessment Test)●LSA T (Law School Admission Test)●NCEE (National College Entrance Examination)●NGEE (National Graduate Entrance Examination)托福作为语⾔考试的本质◆测试考⽣对英语的综合应⽤能⼒——包括听、说、读、写的独⽴能⼒和综合能⼒；◆测试考⽣在实际的学习、⽣活过程中的语⾔应⽤能⼒——所有测试内容均与实际结合；◆考⽣的英语⽔平与分数具有直接相关性——零基础测试假设；◆包含且仅包含语⾔使⽤过程中的所有因素——词汇、句⼦、语篇、语境、交流⽅式。

一. 准备知识1.iBT托福阅读理解的形式特点(1) 文章数量:3-5篇(和听力相对应:3篇阅读,9个听力段子或5篇阅读,6个听力段子)(2) 文章长度:650-750词/篇(3) 题目数量:12-14个/篇(每篇有一个多选,形式为6选3,7选5或9选7)(4) 测试时间:20分钟/篇(5) 测试分数:0-30分(由原始分42分换算到标准分30分)2.iBT托福阅读的考察重点(1) 主题:辨析文章的主要观点,并与局部小观点区分;辨析段落主题.(注:所有文章都有标题)(2) 细节:概括性信息的把握并判别具体信息的真伪---- TRUE? FALSE? NOT GIVEN? General statement ideasSome details(3) 词汇:辨析词汇和短语的含义,并通过上下文推断某些词汇和短语的含义:认知(一词多义);词汇推断(4) 推断:根据上下文推断出隐藏的信息(5) 态度:根据文章描述判断作者意图和态度:WHY目的;HOW手段.(6) 结构:判断句子和句子之间的逻辑关系,并确定段落的结构托福阅读是以句子为核心的3.阅读的本质:(1) 获取有效信息(2) 消除阅读障碍4.文章结构特点(1) 文章主体分为结构主体和细节主体.➢结构主体(支撑): 主题段(文章的前几段)和主题句(每段的前几句).➢细节主体(填充)(2) 文章具体结构如下:➢Intro: background(细节) & topic(结构)➢Body: sub-topic(结构), analysis(细节) & evidence(细节)➢Conclusion: topic(结构)5.快速笔记方法(1) 快速笔记的意义:➢辅助思维框架形成➢索引功能(2) 快速笔记的内容➢结构主体的核心词➢时间和数字:同步记录时间及相应的事件;一律记录为数字➢人名\地名\专有名词:使用首字母标记➢举例主体➢新概念和核心概念➢重要的逻辑关系(3) 快速笔记的简单符号体系(4)快速笔记的重要性和必要性----阅读中的指导性逻辑(PREDICTING)(5) 好笔记的特点:➢笔记中有清晰的逻辑脉络➢根据笔记可以对文章进行有效复述6.阅读和口语的关系:(1) 规范口语的逻辑(2) 提供口语表达的素材二.阅读方法1.精读----句子结构分析和解析方法(1) 句子阅读中的障碍1) 定语➢前置定语: adj+n➢后置定语:n+ adj phrase形容词短语: a book useful for youprep phrase介词短语: a pen on the deskv-ing/-ed phrase分词短语: a person walking on the road; a tool developedfor the project不定式: a way to solve the problem注:✧分词短语作后置定语时,其逻辑主语是其修饰的名词✧不定代词只能用后置定语修饰✧不定式作后置定语其逻辑主语是第三方: sb use the way to solve the problem➢定语从句:✧关系代词引导定语从句: that, which, who, whom, whose( 其中that, which,who, whom引导的是非完整句, whose 引导的是完整句)✧关系连词: when, where, why在句子中不作成分, 引导的是完整句✧介词+关系代词: in which, 此关系代词不包括what2) 同位语: 同插入语一样处理----删除➢A, B( 定语从句/同位语从句)➢A, or B➢ A that + 句子( 完整句)➢ A of B: the city of Beijing3) 状语: 处理方式----隔离➢Adv 副词➢Prep phrase 介词短语➢分词短语➢不定式注: 非谓语动词作状语其逻辑主语是句子的主语4) 并列结构➢并列连词的用法: 并列连词连接结构\功能\性质均相同的成分----必须完全对等5) that引导的各种从句➢S+V+THAT+句子(完整句)----宾语从句S+系动词+表语+句子----表语从句➢It + Vi + that +句子It + be + adj +that +句子完整句That +句子+ VN+ that +句子+ 同位语(完整句)定语从句(非完整句)➢S + Vi + that+ 句子: The sun rises that is bright.S + be + adj + that + 句子: The desk is clean that is used by the student(定语从句); The fact is true that Tom is handsome(同位语从句).(2) 复杂句的阅读方法----层次化句子阅读法1) 括号匹配➢…… 关联词(完整句)➢…… (关联词+ 非完整句)2) 化右括号的条件:➢句子终结➢连接句子的并列连词或标点符号之前例1: However, for many years physicists thought that (atom and molecules always were much more likely to emit light spontaneously)and that (stimulated emission thus always would be much weaker)例2: It appeared that 〔Canada was once more falling in step with the trend toward smaller families (that had occurred all through the Western world since the time of the Industrial Revolution)〕.例3: The history of clinical nutrition, or the study of the relationship between health and how the body takes in and utilizes food substances(同位语,删除), can be divided into four distinct eras: the first began in the nineteenth century and extended into the early twentieth century (when it was recognized for the first time that (food contained constituents (that were essential for human function) )and that (different foods provided different amounts of these essential agents).例4: Using techniques first developed for the offshore oil and gas industry, the DSDP’s drill ship, the Glomar Challenger(同位语), was able to maintain a steady position on the ocean’s surface and drill in very deep water, extracting samples of sediments and rock from the ocean floor.例5: The desperate plight of the South has eclipsed the fact that (reconstruction had to be undertaken also in North, though less spectacularly).例6: The technique of direct carving was a break with the nineteenth century in which (the making of a clay model was considered the creative act) and (the work was then turned over to studio assistant to be cast in plaster or bronze or carved in marble).例7: Anyone (who has handle a fossilized bone) knows that (it is usually not exactly like its modern counterpart), the most obvious difference being that( it is often much heavier)独立主格结构.例8: The impressive gain in output 〔stemmed primarily from the way in which (workers made goods since 1790’s)〕, North American enterpreneurs----even without the technological improvement----had broadended the scope of the outwork system (that made manufacturing more efficient by distributing materials to succession of workers (who each performed a single step of the production process))例9: The fact that (artisanss, (who were locked on as mechanics or skilled workersin the eighteenth century), (are frequently considered artists today) is directly attibutable to the Arts and Crafts Movement of the nineteenth century)例10: A few art collectors James Bowdoin III of Boston, William Bbyrd of Virginian, and the Aliens abd Hamiltons of Philadelphia (同位语)introduced European art traditions to those colonists〔privileged to visit their galleries, especially aspiring artists〕and established in their respective communities the idea of the value of art and the need for institutions 〔devoted to its encouragement〕.(2) 倒装句的阅读方法1) 部分倒装处理方法: 把提前的助动词/be动词/情态动词去掉或还原,并按顺序理解.2) 完全倒装的处理方法➢构成主语的成分:名词代词The +形容词不定式主语从句动名词➢完全倒装的判断流程例1: Herein (adv) lay(宾语) the beginning of what ultimately(最终) turned from ignorance(无知) to denial of the value of nutrition therapies in medicine(主语).例2: Surrounding the column are three sepals and three petals(主语), sometimes easily recognizable as such, often distorted into gorgeous, weird, but always functional shapes.例3:With the growing prosperity brought on by the Second World War and the economic boom( that followed it)独立主格,young people married and established households earlier and began to raise larger families than had their predecessors during the Depression. 没有倒装例4: Basic to any understanding of Canada in the 20years after the Second World War(宾语) is the country’s impressive population growth(主语).句子结构: adj + prep +B+ be + A = A + be +adj +prep +B例5: Among the species of seabirds (that use the windswept cliff of the Atlantic coast of Canada in the summer to mate, lay eggs, and rear their young) are common murres, Atlantic puffins, black-legged kittiwakes, and northern gannets(主语).句子结构: Among A + be + B = B是A的一部分例6: Implicit in it is an aesthetic principle as well: (that the medium has certain qualities of beauty and expressiveness with which (sculptors must bring their own aesthetic sensibilities into harmony)).例7: Most important perhaps, was that (they had all maintained with a certain fidelity(状语) a manner of technique and composition consistent with those of America’s first popular landscapes artist, Thomas Cole, (who built a career painting the Catskill Mountain scenery 〔bording the Hudson River〔)).句型结构: S + Vt + prep + n1 (介词短语)+ n2, Vt的宾语实际上是n2.例8: With the turn-of-century Crafts movement and the discovery of nontraditional sources of inspiration(独立主格), such as wooden African figures and masks, there arose a new urge for hands-on, personal execution of art and an interaction with the medium(主语).例9: Accustomed though we are to(倒装) speaking of the films made before 1927 as ‘slient’, the film has never been seen, in the full sense of the word, silent.句型结构: adj + though + S + be + prep + n = though + S +be + adj + prep + n, 仅发生在让步状语从句中.例10: Coincident with concerns about the accelerating loss of species and habitats has been a growing appreciation of the importance of biological diversity, the number of species in a particular ecosystem(同位语), to the health of the Earth and human well-being(主语).句型结构: the importance of A to B = A 对B 的重要性例11: Matching the influx of foreign immigrants into the larger cities of the United States during the late nineteenth century was a domestic migration(主语), from town and farm to city, within the United States.例12: Indeed, had it not been for the superb preservation of these fossils(虚拟条件句if it had not been) , they might well have been classified as dinosaurs.(4) 强调句的阅读方法➢构成：It + be + 强调成分＋that/ who+ 其他成分➢注意：把强调结构去掉句子仍然完整＼正确的就是强调句．强调句不强调形容词和代词．例1: It was just a decade before this (强调句)that many drug companies had found their vitamin sales skyrocketing and were quick to supply practicing physicians with generous samples of vitamins and literature extolling the virtue of supplementation for a vatiety of health-related conditions.例2: It was she, a Baltimore printer, (强调句)who published the first office copies of the Declaraton, the first copie (that included the names of its singers and therefore heralded the support of all thirteen colonies).例3: It was in the cities(强调句)that the elements (that can be associated with modern capitalism first appeared-----the use of money and commercial paper in place of barter, open competition in place of social deference and hierarchy, with an attendant rise in social disorder, and the appearance of factories using coal or water power in place of independent craftspeople working with hand tools).2. 泛读----快速阅读与有效阅读(1) 阅读中的详略结合-----SKIMMING1) 需要详细阅读的内容➢结构主体的内容➢非举例性质的概括描述➢题目映射回原文的内容2) 可以快速浏览的内容➢大量的数据堆砌➢明显的举例: 为何而举,举例主体,结束位置➢对比\类比读一半➢让步\转折读一半(转折以后的那一半)(2) 理解单位扩大和阅读中逻辑的构建----模糊理解理论1) 阅读中的恶习----指读\声读\回读\视角高度过低\二次阅读2) 理解单位和阅读逻辑➢加大理解单位,变单词为意群组合----焦点训练法✓可以合并为意群的成分:✧副词✧介词短语✧分词短语✧非谓语的不定式✧主语和谓语或谓语和宾语✧固定搭配例: Generally, in order to be preserved in the fossil record, organisms must prosess hard body parts such as shells or bones. Soft, fleshy structures are quickly destroyed by predators or decayed by bacteria. Even hard parts left on the surface for certain length of time will be destroyed. Therefore, organisms must be buried rapidly to escape destruction by elements and to be protected against agents of weathering and erosion. Marine organisms thus are better candidates for fossilization than those living on the land because the ocean is typically the site of sedimentation, whereas the land is largely the site of erosion.➢构建阅读逻辑, 变翻译为整体理解----强调一遍阅读(3) 文章的类型和题材1) 文章类型: :参见OG第19页➢顺承式: 时间及时间发展线索.(线型结构)➢分类式: 分类方式及类别特征. (树型结构)➢问题解决式\现象解释式: 解决方案\解释及最终结论.(伞型结构)2) 题材分类➢自然科学a. 生物学✧植物学: 植物的分类和特征✧动物学: 动物的分类和行为.鸟类\群体昆虫\海洋生物✧微生物学: 真菌(蘑菇\真菌的顽固)b. 地理\地质学✧地形\地貌特征: 成因\分布\气候\生态\影响✧地质事件: 成因或原理\过程\影响c. 天文学✧具体的星体特征: 基本特征(形状\距离\轨道\旋转\温度\质量); 大气层(氢气\氦气\氨气\甲烷); 表面特征; 水和生命形式; 人的探索✧天文学事件: 成因\过程\影响d. 考古学✧古生物: 恐龙(灭绝), 鸟类( 进化史pterosaur→archaeopteryx→modernbirds)✧古代遗址\遗迹: 中国的古代遗迹e.气象学✧灾害性天气: 成因\过程\危害\预防✧天气预报: 卫星\计算机技术f. 新技术和新事物✧发展史✧特征及应用➢人文科学a. 美国历史✧土人: 生活\宗教\艺术✧都市化过程: 人口增长\城市扩张\交通发展\经济繁荣b. 历史学和人类学✧原始人生活变迁: 游牧到定居(农业)✧古代文明c. 文学✧流派: 产生\思想\代表✧作家: 生平\作品d. 绘画和雕塑✧流派✧类型:城市艺术✧画家e. 音乐✧ 类型: country, ragtime… ✧ 乐器f.心理学: 人类情感分析三. 新托福阅读题型解析1. 词汇题(Vocabulary Question)(1) 词汇题简介和提问方式: 参见OG 第25页 (2) 词汇题的解答方法➢ 认识：直接解题，沾边就对。