TOEFL Online 杜昶旭托福阅读方法课讲义 2

2011托福基础班阅读练习材料细节题APP LIED ARTS AND FINE ARTSSculp tures must, for exa mple, be stable, which requires an un dersta nding of the prop erties of mass, weightdistributi on, and stress. Pain ti ngs must have rigid stretchers so that the canvas will be taut, and the paint must not deteriorate, crack, or discolor. These are p roblems that must overcome by the artist because they tend to in trude upon his or her concep tio n of the work. For example, in the early Italian Renaissanee, bronze statues of horseswith a raised foreleg usually had a cannon ball un der that hoof. This was done because the cannon ball was n eeded to support the weight of the leg. In other words, the dema nds of the laws of p hysics, not the scu Ip tor's aesthetic inten ti ons, p laced the ball there. That this device was a n ecessary structural compro mise is clear from the fact that the cannon ball quickly disa pp eared whe n scu Ip tors lear ned how to strengthen the internal structure of a statue with iron braces (iron being much stronger than bron ze).Q1： Accord ing to p aragra ph 2, scu Ip tors in the Italia n Ren aissa nee stopped using cannon balls in bronze statues of horses because(A) They began using a material that made the statues weigh less(B) They found a way to strengthen the statues internally(C) The aesthetic tastes of the public had changed over time(D) The cannon balls added too much weight to the statuesLAKE BAIKALCrescent-shaped Lake Baikal, in Siberia, is only the ninth largest lake in area at 385 miles (650 km) in len gthand 46 miles (74 km) in width, yet it is easily the largest body of fresh water in the world. It holds on e-fifth of the world's total fresh water, which is more tha n the total of all the water in the five Great Lakes; it holds so much fresh water in sp ite of its less-tha n-im pressive area because it is by far the world's dee pest lake. The average depth of the lake is 1,312 feet (400 meters) below sea level, and the Olkh on Crevice, the lowest known poin t, is more tha n 5,250 feet (1,600 meters) dee p.Lake Baikal, which today is located n ear the cen ter of the Asia n penin sula, is most likely the world's oldest lake. It bega n formi ng 25 millio n years ago as Asia started sp litti ng apart in a series of great faults. The Baikal Valley dropped away, eventually filling with water and creating the dee pest of the world's lakes.Q2： What is stated in p aragra ph 1 about the sha pe of Lake Baikal?(A) It is wider tha n it is long.(B) It is circular in sha pe.(C) Its width is on e-half of its len gth.(D) It is sha ped like a new moon.It is in dicated in p aragra ph 1 that the area of Lake Baikal(A) is less tha n the area of eight other lakes(B) is one-ninth the area of Siberia(C) is greater tha n the area of any other freshwater lake(D) is equal to the area of the five Great LakesQ4: Accordi ng to p aragra ph 1, Lake Baikal(A) holds on e-fifth of the world's waterbe Q3(B)holds five times the water of the Great Lakes(C)holds one-ninth of the world's water(D)holds 20 p erce nt of the world's fresh waterQ5： Accord ing to p aragra ph 1, the Olkh on Crevice is(A)outside of Lake Baikal(B)400 meters below sea level(C)the dee pest part of Lake Baikal(D)5,000 meters deepQ6: It is men ti oned in p aragra ph 2 that Lake Baikal(A)is not as old as some other lakes(B)formed whe n secti ons of the Earth were movi ng away from each other(C)was fully formed 25 millio n years ago(D)is today located on the edge of the Asia n penin sulaTHE P OSTAGE STA MPThe postage stamp has been around for only a relatively short period of time. The use of stamps for postage wasfirst proposed in England in 1837, when Sir Rowland Hill published a pamphlet entitled "Post Office Reform: Its Importanee and Practicability" to put forth the ideas that p ostal rates should not be based on the dista nee that a letter or p ackage travels but should in stead be based on the weight of the letter or p ackage and that fees for p ostal services should be collected in adva nee of the delivery, rather tha n after, through the use of p ostage sta mps.The ideas proposed by Hill went into effect in England almost immediately, and other countries soon followed suit. The first English stamp, which featured a portrait of then Queen Victoria, was printed in 1840. This stamp, the "penny black," came in sheets that needed to be sep arated with scissors and pro vided eno ugh p ostage for a letter weigh ing 14 grams or less to any desti natio n. In 1843, Brazil was the n ext n ati on to p roduce n ati onal po stage sta mps, and various areas in what is today Switzerla nd also p roduced po stage sta mps later in the same year. Po stage sta mps in five-a nd ten-cent denomin atio ns were first appro ved by the U.S. Con gress in 1847, and by 186O P ostage sta mps were being issued in more tha n 90 gover nmen tal jurisdict ions worldwide.Q7： Accord ing to p aragra ph 1, p ostage sta mps were first suggested(A)in the first half of the eightee nth cen tury(B)in the sec ond half of the eightee nth cen tury(C)in the first half of the nin etee nth cen tury(D)in the sec ond half of the nin etee nth cen turyQ8: It is in dicated in p aragra ph 1 that Sir Rowla nd Hill believed that p ostage fees(A)should be p aid by the sen der(B)should be related to dista nee(C)should have nothing to do with how heavy a p ackage is(D)should be collected after the p ackage is deliveredQ9: I What is stated in paragraph 2 about the first English postage stamp?(A)It was desig ned by Quee n Victoria.(B)It contained a draw ing of a black penny.(C)It was p roduced in sheets of 14 sta mps.(D)It could be used to send a lightweight letter.Q1O: Accord ing to p aragra ph 2, Brazil in troduced po stage sta mps(A)before En gla nd(B)before Switzerla nd(C)after the Un ited States(D)after Switzerla ndQ I1: It is mentioned in paragra ph 2 that in 1847(A)p ostage sta mps were in use in 90 differe nt coun tries(B)it cost fiftee n cents to mail a letter in the Un ited States(C)two differe nt denomin ati ons of p ostage sta mps were in troduced in the Un ited States(D)the U.S. Con gress in troduced the "penny black" sta mpFLATFISHMembers of the flatfish family, sand dabs and floun ders, have an evoluti onary adva ntage over many colorfully decorated ocea n n eighbors in that they are able to ada pt their body coloratio n to differe nt en vir onmen ts. These aquatic chamele ons have flatte ned bodies that are well-suited to life along the ocea n floor in the shallower areas of the con ti nen tal shelf that they in habit. They also have remarkably sen sitive color visi on that registers the subtlest gradati ons on the sea bottom and in the sea life around them. Information about the coloration of the environment is carried through the nervous system to chromatophores, which are pigment-carrying skin cells. These chromatophores are able to accurately reproduce not only the colors but also the texture of the ocea n floor. Each time that a sand dab or floun der finds itself in a new en vir onment, the p atter n on the body of the fish ada pts to fit in with the color and texture around it.Q12: It is NOT stated in the passage that sa nd dabsA are a type of flatfishB are in the same family as floun dersC have evolvedD are colorfully decoratedQ13: Accord ing to the p assages, it is NOT true that sand dabs and floun ders A have flatte ned bodiesB live along the ocea n floorC live in the dee pest part of the ocea nD live along the con ti nen tal shelfQ I4: All of the following are stated about the vision of sand dabs and flounders EXCEPT that they areA overly sen sitive to lightB able to see colorsC able to see the sea bottomD aware of their surr oundingsIt is NOT true that chromat op hores A are ski n cellsQT5B carry p igme ntC ada pt to surr ounding colorsD cha nge the ocea n floorQ16: It is NOT men tio ned in the p assage that sand dabs and floun ders A move to new en vir onmentsB ada pt their behaviorC can cha nge colorD ada pt to textures around themWRIGLEY'S CHEWING GUMWrigley's chewing gum was actually developed as a premium to be given away with other p roducts rather tha n as a p rimary p roduct for sale. As a tee nager, William Wrigley Jr. was worki ng for his father in Chicago selling soap that had been manufactured in five cents, and this selling p rice did not leave a good p rofit margin for the mercha nts. Wrigley convin ced his father to raise the price to ten cents and to give away cheap umbrellas as a premium for the merchants. This worked successfully, confirming to Wrigley that the use of p remiums was an effective sales tool.Wrigley then established his own company; in his company he was selling soap as a wholesaler, giving bak ing soda away as a p remium, and using a cookbook to pro mote each deal. Over time, the bak ing soda and cookbook became more popu lar tha n the soa p, so Wrigley bega n a new op erati on selli ng bak ing soda. He bega n hun ti ng for a new p remium item to give away with sales of baking soda; he soon decided on chewing gum. Once again, when Wrigley realized that dema nd for the p remium was stron ger tha n the dema nd for the origi nal p roduct, he created the Wm. Wrigley Jr. Company to p roduce and sell chew ing gum.Wrigley started out with two brands of gum, Vassar and Lotta Gum, and soon introduced Juicy Fruit and Spearmint. The latter two brands grew in popularity, while the first two were p hased out. Juicy Fruit and Sp earm int are two of Wrigley's main brands to this day.Q17： It is NOT in dicated in p aragra ph 1 that young William was work ing A in ChicagoB for his fatherC as a soa p salesma nD in his father's factoryQ18: Accord ing to p aragra ph 1, it is NOT true that the soa p that young Wrigley was selli ngA was origi nally well-likedB was orig in ally p riced at five centsC origi nally pro vided little p rofit for mercha ntsD eve ntually became more popu lar with mercha ntsQ19： Accord ing to p aragra ph 2, it is NOT true that, whe n Wrigley first foun ded his own company, he wasA selli ng soa pB selli ng chew ing gumC giving away cookbooksD using bak ing soda as a p remiumQ2O: It is NOT mentioned in paragra ph 2 that Wrigley laterA sold bak ing sodaB used chew ing gun as a p remium to sell bak ing sodaC sold chew ing gumD used bak ing soda as a p remium to sell chew ing gumQ21:| Accordi ng to paragra ph 3, the Wm. Wrigley Jr. Company did all of the followi ng EXCE PT A beg in with two brands of gumB add new brands to the orig inal twoC p hase out the last two brandsD p hase out the first two brands推断题TIGER MOTHSOne of the most beautiful of the more tha n 100,000 known sp ecies in the order Lepidop tera are the tiger moths, moths known for the strik ing app eal of their dist in ctive colorati on. This type of moth is covered with highly conspi cuous oran ge-a nd-black or yellow-a nd-black p atter ns of spots and stri pes. Such boldly p atter ned color comb in atio ns are com monp lace in the ani mal world, serving the function of forewarning potential predators of unpleasant tastes and smells. This is unq uesti on ably the fun cti on served by the strik ing colorati on of the garde n tiger moth, which isquite visually attractive but is also poisonous to p redators. Certai n gla nds in the garde n tiger moth p roduce strong tox ins that circulate throughout the in sect's bloodstream, while other gla nds secrete bubbles that p roduce a no xious warning smell. The tiger moth, in deed, is a clear exa mple of a concept that many p redators in tuitively un dersta nd, that creatures with the brightest colorati on are ofte n the least suitable to eat.Q22：It is imp lied in the p assage about the order Lep ido ptera that(A)all members of the order are moths(B)there may be more tha n 100,000 sp ecies in this order(C)all members of the order are brightly colored(D)there are most likely fewer tha n 100,000 sp ecies in this orderQ23: It can be in ferred from the p assage that the tiger moth was so n amed because(A)its colorati on resembles that of a tiger(B)it is ferocious p redator, like the tiger(C)its habitat is the same as the tiger's(D)it is a member of the same scie ntific classificati on as the tigerQ24: What would most likely happen to a p redator that wan ted to eat a tiger moth?(A)The p redator would be un able to catch it(B)The p redator would cap ture it by poisoning it.(C)The p redator would be un able to find it.(D)The p redator would back away from it.Q25： Which of the followi ng would a p redator be most likely to attack successfully?(A) A purple and orange moth(B) A gree n and blue moth(C) A brow n and grey moth(D) A red and yellow mothTHE FILIBUSTERThe term filibuster has bee n in use since the mid-nin etee nth cen tury to describe the tactic of delay ing legislative acti on in order to p reve nt the p assage of a bill. The word comes from the Dutch freebooter, or pirate, and most likely devel oped from the idea that some one con duct ing a filibuster is trying to steal away the opportun ity that proponents of a bill have to make it successful.In the earlier history of the U.S. Congress, filibusters were used in both the House of Rep rese ntatives and in the Sen ate, but they are now much more a part of the culture of the Sen ate tha n of the House. Because the House is a much larger body tha n is the Sen ate, the House now has rules which greatly limit the amount of time that each membermay sp eak, which effectively serves to elimi nate the filibuster as a mecha nism for delay ing legislatio n in the House.In the Sen ate, the smaller of the two bodies, there are now rules that can con strain but not totally elimi nate filibusters. The Sen ate ado pted its first cloture rule in 1917, a rule which requires a vote of two-thirds of the Sen ate to limit debate to one hour on each side. The rule was cha nged in 1975 and now requires a vote of three-fifths of the members to inv oke cloture in most situati ons.The Iongest filibuster on record occurred in 1957, when Senator Strom Thurmond of South Caroli na wan ted to delay vot ing on civil rights legislatio n. The filibuster was con ducted for twenty-four hours and 18 minutes on August 28 and 29, when Thurmond held the floor of the Sen ate by lecturi ng on the law and read ing from court decisi ons and n ews paper colu mn s. It was his hope that this filibuster would rally opponents of civil rights legislati on; however, two weeks after the filibuster, the Civil Rights Act of 1957 passed.Q26: It can be in ferred from the in formatio n in p aragra ph 1 that around 1800(A)the first filibuster took p lace(B)legislative actio n was n ever delayed(C)the term filibuster was not in use in the U.S. Con gress(D)the Dutch in troduced the term freebooterQ27： It can be determ ined from p aragra ph 1 that a freebooter was most likely some one who(A)served in the Sen ate(B)robbed p ass ing shi ps(C)en acted legislatio n(D)served in the Dutch gover nmentQ28: It is imp lied in p aragra ph 2 that, i n its early years, the House(A)had no rules aga inst filibusters(B)had few filibusters(C)had fewer filibusters tha n the Sen ate(D)had the Ion gest filibuster on recordQ29： Based on the in formatio n in p aragra ph 3, a vote of cloture would most likely be used to(A)in itiate filibusters(B)break filibusters(C)exte nd filibusters(D)en courage filibustersQ30： It can be in ferred from the in formatio n in p aragra ph 3 that the 1975 rule cha nge(A)in creased the nu mber of people n eeded to vote for cloture(B)made it easier to limit a filibuster(C)covered all types of Sen ate votes(D)decreased the nu mber of people in the Sen ateQ31： It is imp lied in p aragra ph 4 that Sen ator Thurm ond was opp osed to(A)filibusters(B)lecturi ng on the law(C)sp eak ing in the Sen ate(D)the Civil Rights Act of 1957THE CAMBRIAN EXP LOSIONMany of the major p hyla of ani mals arose duri ng the Cambria n p eriod, in what is called the Cambria n Expl osi on. P rior to the Cambria n p eriod, simp le on e-celled orga nism had slowly evolved into p rimitive multicellular creatures. Then, in a relatively rap id expl osi on duri ng the p eriod from 540 millio n years ago to 500 milli on years ago, there was a p eriod of ast onishing diversificati on in which quickly devel oping orga nism became widely distributed and formed comp lex com mun ities.One theoretical explanation for the rapid diversification that occurred during the Cambrian p eriod is known as the theory of po lar wan der. Accordi ng to this theory, the rapid diversificati on occurred because of an unusually rapid reorganization of the earth ' crust during the Cambrian p eriod. This rapid cha nge in the Earth 'crust in itiate evoluti onary cha nge in asmuch as cha nge in the en vir onment serves to trigger evoluti onary cha nge.Q32: It can be in ferred from the p aragra ph 1 that(A)some major p hyla devel oped duri ng p eriods other tha n the Cambria n p eriod(B)many other p hyla of ani mals became exti net duri ng the Cambria n Expl osi on(C)descri ptio n of various ani mals p hyla were created duri ng the Cambria n p eriod(D)the major p hyla of ani mals that came about duri ng the Cambria n p eriod died out in the CEQ33： It can be determ ined from p aragra ph 1 that the Cambria n Expl osi on most likely lasted(A)40 millio n years(B)450 millio n years(C)500 millio n years(D)540 millio n yearsQ34: It is imp lied in the p aragra ph 2 that(A)only one theory to explain the rapid diversificati on has bee n prop ose(B)the po lar wan der explan ati on is acce pted by all scie ntists(C)the theory of po lar wan der fails to adequately exp lai n the rapid diversificati on(D)the theory of po lar wan der is not the only theory to explain the rapid diversificati onQ35： It can be in ferred from p aragra ph 2 that one basis of the theory of po lar wan der is that(A)relatively little cha nge in the earth 'crust took p lace duri ng the Cambria n p eriod(B)rap id diversificatio n was un able to take p lace because of the cha nges in the Earth ' crust(C)the Earth 'crust changed more slowly in other periods(D)evoluti onary cha nge is un related to cha nges in the en vir onment为何举例题XEROGRAPHYOne more familiar use of electrochemistry that has made its way into the main stream is xerogra phy, a p rocess for rep licati ng docume nts that is dependent on p hotoc on ductive materials. A p hotoc on ductive material is an insulator in the dark but becomes a con ductor whe n exp osed to bright light. When a photocopy is being made, an image of a document is projected onto the surface of a rotati ng drum, and bright light causes the p hotoc on ductive material on the surface of the drum to become con ductive.As a result of the con ductivity, the drum loses its charge in the lighted areas, and toner (small grains to which dry ink adheres) attaches itself on ly to the darker p arts of the image. The grains are the n carried to a sheet of paper and fused with heat. Whe n a laser prin ter is used, the image is p rojected by means of a laser beam, which creates a brighter light and a greater con trast betwee n lighter and darker areas and therefore results in shar per printed images.Q37： The author beg ins the first p aragra ph with One more familiar use of electrochemistry in order to(A)expl ai n that xerogra phy is one of the less familiar uses of electrochemistry(B)make it clear that electrochemistry requires p hotoc on ductive materials(C)show that xerogra phy is the on ly known use for electrochemistry(D)in dicate that other less familiar uses have already bee n discussedQ38: Why does the author exp lai n that A p hotoc on ductive material is an in sulator in the dark but becomes a con ductor whe n expo sed to bright light?(A)It gives an explan atio n of a prop erty that is n ecessary for xerogra phy.(B)It in dicates that bright light is required for in sulatio n to take p lace.(C)It gives one exa mple of a successful xerogra phic p rocess.(D)It explains the role of in sulati on in xerogra phy.Q39：The author p laces the p hrase small grains to which dry ink adheres in paren theses in order to(A)p rovide in formatio n that con tradicts the prev ious stateme nt(B)pro vide ano ther exa mple of con ductivity(C)pro vide further detail in formati on about toner(D)p rovide an alternate explan ati on for the effective ness of tonerQ40： Why is a laser prin ter men tio ned?(A)It is an alter native to xerogra phy.(B)It is a way of dup licati ng without using electrochemistry.(C)It is a sec ond exa mple of xerogra phy.(D)It is a less effective type of xerogra phy tha n is a p hotoc op ier.DEMOGRA PHIC CHANGEBy the end of the 1920s, American society had undergone a long and historic demographic cha nge. Since the 1870s, the country had bee n movi ng from a more rural mode that was based on high birthrates-as high as 50 births annually per thousand people in the early nineteenth century-to a more metropolitan mode. Prior to the 1870s, the population of the country wasin creas ing by about a third every decade; however, by the end of the 1920s, a radical about-face had take n p lace.One major factor to affect the demogra phics of the country duri ng this p eriod was a dramatic decrease in birthrates. The trend duri ng this era was more pronoun ced in urba n areas but also had an effect in rural areas. As a result of the trend toward smaller families, p articularly in cities, the birthrate was dow n to 27.7 births annu ally per thousa nd wome n by 1920 and had dropped eve n further-to 21.3 births annu ally per thousa nd wome n-by 1930.At the same time, the death rate, too, was falling. Urban living led to better sanitation, refrigerati on, and water p urificatio n; it also resulted in better medical care as doctors and hos pitals were more readily available. Most likely as a result of these factors, there were only eleve n deaths per thousa nd annu ally by the early 1920s, which was half the rate of the 1880s.Q41： Why does the author in clude the p hrase as high as 50 births annu ally per thousa nd people in the early nin etee nth cen tury in p aragra ph 1?(A)To show that metro polita n areas of the country had higher birthrates tha n rural areas(B)To pro vide statistical evide nee of the elevated birthrate in the 1870s(C)To qua ntify what had happened with the America n popu lati on in the p revious cen tury(D)To argue aga inst the belief that the demogra phics of the country had cha ngedQ42The author uses the word however in p aragra ph 1 in order to(A)to make it clear that an extreme cha nge had take n pl ace(B)to emp hasize how treme ndously the popu lati on was in creas ing(C)to point out an alter nate explan ati on for the cha nge(D)to in dicate a differe nee of opinion with other demogra phersQ43：The author in cludes the word too in paragraph 3(A)to in dicate that both the birthrate and the death rate were holdi ng steady(B)to show that the rural mode was similar to the metro polita n mode(C)to clarify the explan ati on that popu lati on trends before and after 1870 were similar(D)to emp hasize that p aragra ph 3 discusses a sec ond factor in the demogra phic cha ngeQ44：I Why does the author mention better medical care in paragraph 3?(A)It helps to explain why the birthrate is in creas ing.(B)It is an exa mple of a factor that con tributed to the impro ved birthrate.(C)It helps to expl ai n why the death rate is in creas ing.(D)It is an exa mple of a factor that con tributed to the imp roved death rate.Q45： The author in cludes the exp ressi on Most likely in p aragra ph 3 to show(A)that the data about the average nu mber of deaths was not verified(B)that doctors and hos pitals may not have actually bee n more available(C)that other factors may have con tributed to the decreas ing death rate(D)that the death rate may not have decreased as much as statedTERRITORIALITYIn many species, members of the species exhibit aggressive behavior toward one another, ofte n with a focus on territoriality, the fight for exclusive con trol of a p articular area. The level of violenee in territorial aggression varies widely from species to species, though few species fightother members of the sp ecies to death and in stead rely on non-lethal con tests for con trol of territory that invo Ives no ise-mak ing man euvers such as roari ng or hiss ing or aggressive p osturi ng or gestures.Most bird sp ecies are known to be territorial to some degree, though the territorial behaviors exhibited by most sp ecies are limited to singing con tests, which can go on for days, or threate ning p ostures with wi ngs lifted or exte nded. The swa n, on the other han d, is quite un like other birds in this res pect. The swan may seem p articularly elega nt and sere ne as it glides across the surface of a lake; however, male swa ns are, i n reality, quite territorial and will fight other male swa ns for the exclusive use of a lake no matter how large the lake is. Males will en gage in ferocious con tests, with their n ecks entwined as they atte mpt to cause mortal injury to each other.046: Why does the author in clude the fight for exclusive con trol of a p articular area in p aragra ph 1(A)It p rese nts an argume nt aga inst a p reviously stated point.(B)It pro vides a defi niti on of a p reviously stated term.(C)It p rese nts a sec ond area of focus of aggressive behavior.(D)It in troduces a new idea to be further devel oped in the p aragra ph.Q47： The author uses the word in stead in p aragra ph 2 to show that the in formatio n that follows(A)con tradicts what p recedes it(B)expands upon what p recedes it(C)pro vides an exa mple of what p recedes it(D)explains an effect of what p recedes itQ48Why does the author men ti on singing con tests in p aragra ph 2?(A)To dem on strate that birds create beautiful sounds(B)To pro vide an exa mple of unu sual behavior by birds(C)To show how viole ntly aggressive some bird behavior is(D)To dem on strate that some types of territorial behaviors are not very aggressiveQ49: The author discusses the swa n in p aragra ph 2 to pro vide an exa mple of(A) a bird that makes threate ning p ostures with its wings(B) a bird whose territorial behavior is extremely aggressive(C)non-lethal con tests for con trol of territory(D)the limited aggressive behavior gen erally exhibited by birdsQ50： The author men ti ons their n ecks entwined in p aragra ph 2 in order(A)to in dicate that swa ns are really rather affecti on ate(B)to emp hasize how long swa ns' n ecks are(C)to make the point that the swans are only p rete nding to hurt one ano ther(D)to create a men tal image for the reader of fighti ng swa ns四、词汇指代题SMOGThe oxidation of exhaust gases is one of the primary sources of the world's pollution. The brown haze that is poised over some of the world's largest cities is properly called photochemical smog; it results from chemical react ions that take pl ace in the air, using the en ergy of sun light. The p roduct ion of smog beg ins when gases are created in the cyli nders of vehicle engin es. It is there that oxyge n and n itroge n gas comb ine as the fuel burns to form nitric oxide (NO), a colorless gas. The n itric oxide is forced out into the air through the vehicle tail pipe along with other gases.When the gas reaches the air, it comes into con tact with available oxyge n from the atmos phere and comb ines with the oxyge n to p roduce n itroge n dioxide (NO2), which is a gas with a brow nish hue . This n itroge n dioxide pl ays a role in the formatio n of acid rain in wetter or more humid climates and tends to deco mpose back into n itric oxide as it releases an oxyge n atom from each molecule; the released oxyge n atoms quickly comb ine with oxyge n (O2) molecules to form ozone (O3). The brow nish colored n itroge n dioxide is p artially res pon sible for the brow n color in smoggy air; the ozone is the toxic substa nee that causes irritati on to eyes.Q51： The word poised is closest in meaning to(A)in teracti ng(B)sitt ing(C)blowi ng(D)poisoningQ52：The p hrase take place— is closest in meaning to(A)p ositi on themselves(B)p ut(C)are seated(D)occurQ53： The word forced could best be rep laced by(A)obliged(B)required(C)pushed(D)comma nded。

新东方托福阅读教师讲义托福阅读是很多人的心头大患，下面小编给大家整理的是新东方托福阅读教师讲义，希望对大家有帮助。

托福考试教师阅读讲义(一)1. 句子简化题The Great Red SpotOne distinctive feature of the planet Jupiter is the Great Red Spot, a massive oval of swirling reddish-brown clouds. Were Earth to be juxtaposed with the Great Red Spot, our planet would be dwarfed in comparison, with a diameter less than half that of the Great Red Spot. The Spot’s clouds, most likely tinted red as a result of the phosphorus that they contain, circulate in a counterclockwise direction. The outer winds require six Earth days to complete the circumference of the Great Red Spot, a length of time indicative of vastness of the Great Red Spot.1. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A. The density of the Great Red spot is much higher than that the Earth.B. If the diameter of the Great Red Spot were doubled, it would equal that of the Earth.C. By placing the Earth next to the Great Red Spot, one could see the Earth has a much smaller diameter.D. Because the Earth is close to the Great Red Spot, Earth is influenced by its huge size.答案：C2.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essentialinformation in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A. The Earth’s outer winds move a distance equal to the circumference of the Great Red Spot.B. The outer winds of the Great Red Spot move more quickly than do those on Earth.C. The Winds moving across the Great Red Spot finally change direction every six Earth days.D. The fact that the winds take so long to move around the Great Red Spot proves how big it is.答案：DPassage One (Question 1-2)CamouflageCamouflage is one of the most effective ways for animals to avoid attack in the treeless Arctic. However, the summer and winter landscapes there are so diverse that a single protective coloring scheme would, of course, prove ineffective in one season or the other. Thus, many of the inhabitants of the Arctic tundra change their camouflage twice a year. The arctic fox is a clear-cut example of this phenomenon; it sports a brownish-gray coat in the summer which then turns white as cold weather sets in, and the process reverses itself in the springtime. Its brownish-gray coat blends in with the barren tundra landscape in the months without snow, and the white coat naturally blends in with the landscape of the frozen wintertime tundra.1. Which of the sentences below expresses the essential information in the first highlighted sentence in the passage?Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A. Opposite conditions in summer and in winter necessitate different protective coloration for Arctic animals.B. The coloration of the summer and winter landscapes in the Arctic fails to protect the Arctic tundra.C. In a single season, protective coloring scheme are ineffective in the treeless Arctic.D. For many animals, a single protective coloring scheme effectively protects them during summer and winter months.答案：A2. Which of the sentences below expresses the essential information in the second highlighted sentence in the passage?Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A. The arctic fox is unusual in that he color of its coat changes for no reason.B. The arctic fox lives in an environment that is brownish gray in the summer and white in the winter.C. It is a phenomenon that the coat of the arctic fox turns white I the springtime and gray in the fall.D. The arctic fox demonstrates that protective coloration can change during different seasons.答案：DPassage Two (Question 3-6)Post-it NotesPost-it Notes were invented in the 1970s at the 3M company in Minnesota quite by accident, Researchers at 3M were working on developing different types of adhesives, and one particularly weak adhesive, a compound of acrylate copolymer microspheres, was developed. Employees at 3M were asked if they could think of a use for a weak adhesive which, provided it did not get dirty,could be reused. One suggestion was that it could be applied to a piece of paper to use as a bookmark that would stay in place in a book. Another use was found when the product was attached to a report that was to be sent to a colleague with a request for comments on the report; the colleague made his comments on the paper attached to the report and returned the report. The idea for Post-it Notes was born.It was decided within the company that there would be a test launch of product in 1977 in four American cities. Sales of this innovative product in test cities were less than stellar, most likely because the product, while innovative, was also quite unfamiliar.A final attempt was then made in the city of Boise to introduce the product. In that attempt, 3M salesmen gave demonstrations of the product in offices throughout Boise and gave away free samples of the produce. When the salesmen returned a week later to the office workers, having noted how useful the simple little product could be, were interested in purchasing it. Over time, 3M came to understand the huge potential of this new product, and over the next few decades more than 400 varieties of Post-it products - in different colors, shapes, and sizes –have been developed.3. Which of the sentences below expresses the essential information in the first highlighted sentence in the passage 1?Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A. Of the many adhesives that were being developed at 3M, one was not a particularly strong adhesive.B. Researchers at 3M spent many years trying to develop a really weak adhesive.C. Numerous weak adhesives resulted from a program todevelop the strongest adhesive of all.D. Researchers were assigned to develop different types of uses for acrylate copolymer microspheres.答案：A4. Which of the sentences below expresses the essential information in the second highlighted sentence in the passage 1?Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A. The 3M company suggested applying for a patent on the product in a report prepared by a colleague.B. One unexpectedly-discovered use for the adhesive was in sending and receiving notes attached to documents.C. A note was attached to a report asking for suggestion for uses of one of 3M’s products.D. A colleague who developed the new product kept notes with suggestions by other workers.答案：B5. Which of the sentences below expresses the essential information in the first highlighted sentence in the passage 2?Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A. The 3M company was unfamiliar with the process of using test cities to introduce innovative products.B. Sales of the product soared even though the product was quite unfamiliar to most customers.C. The new product did not sell well because potential customers did not understand it.D. After selling the product for a while, the company understood that the product was not innovative enough.答案：C6. Which of the sentences below expresses the essential information in the second highlighted sentence in the passage 2?Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A. The company immediately understood the potential of the product and began to develop it further.B. The company worked overtime to develop its new product, initially creating numerous varieties to make it successful.C. The company initially introduced 400 varieties of the product and then watched for decades as sales improved.D. It took some time for the company to understand how important its new product was and how many variation were possible.答案：D托福考试教师阅读讲义(二)Sand Dunes1 Sandy deserts contain enormous volumes of sand eroded from mountains and carried to the deserts by wind or water. The huge quantities of sand that make up sandy deserts are blow about into dunes of various shapes.2 Ridge dunes form where there are large amounts of sand, generally in the interiors of deserts, and winds blow in one direction. Under there conditions, parallel ridges of sand, known as transverse dunes, form at right angles to the wind.3 When the direction of the wind changes so that it comes from different directions, star-shaped dunes form from the massive amounts of sand in desert interiors. Star-shaped dunes are relatively stable dunes that reach incredible heights, up to 80 meters high in some deserts, and are quite common in massive deserts such as the Sahara.4 Crescent dunes form on the edges of deserts where there is less sand and where the winds blow mainly in one direction. These dunes, which are also known as barchan dunes are less stable than star-shaped dunes and can shift as much as 20 meters per year as winds blow over the outer curves of the crescent in the direction of the pointed ends.Directions: Select the appropriate sentences from the answer choices, and match them to the critical information about the sand dunes to which they relate. THREE of the answer choices will not be used. This question is worth 3 points.amount ofsand··direction ofwinds··Answer Choices (choose 4 to complete the chart):(1) Ridge and crescent dunes form where the winds blow from one direction.(2) Crescent dunes are also known as barchan dunes.(3) Star-shaped dunes form where the winds blow from different directions.(4) Transverse dunes are created parallel to the wind.(5) Ridge and star dunes form where there is a lot of sand.(6) Star-shaped dunes are more stable than crescent dunes.(7) Crescent dunes form where there is less sand.参考答案：第一栏：(5)、(7)第二栏：(1)、(3)William Faulkner1 Author William Faulkner is today recognized as one of America's greatest writers on the basis of a body of novels that so convincingly portray the culture of the South in the years following the Civil War, with its citizens overcome by grief and defeat and trying to cling to old values while struggling to take their place in a changing world. The acclaim that today is Faulkner's, however, was slow in coming.2 Though Faulkner was praised by some critics and reviewers during the first part of his career, is novels did not sell well and he was considered a fairly marginal author. For the first few decades of his career, he made his living writing magazine articles and working as a screenwriter rather than as a novelist. Throughout this period, he continued to write, though his novels, sometimes noted for the stirring portrait that they presented of life in the post-Civil War South, were generally relegated to the category of strictly regional writing and were not widely appreciated.3 Beginning in 1946, Faulkner's career took an unexpected and dramatic turn as Faulkner came to be recognized as considerably more than a regional writer. The Portable Faulkner was published in that year by Viking Press; two years later he was elected to the prestigious National Academy of Arts and Letters; he was awarded the Nobel Prize for literature in 1949. Over the next decade, his work was recognized in various ways, including a National Book Award and two Pulitzer Prizes, and he became a novelist in residence at the University of Virginia. His success led to a degree of affluence that enabled him to take up the life of a southern gentleman, including horseback riding and fox hunting. Ironically, he died as a result of an accident related to these gentlemanly pursuits, succumbing as a result of injuries sufferedduring a fall from a horse.Directions: Select the appropriate phrases from the answer choices, and match them to the phase of William Faulkner's career to which they relate. TWO of the answer choices will not be used. This question is worth 3 points.Faulkner in the first phase of his career·Faulkner in the second phase of his career·Answer Choices (choose 6 to complete the chart):(1) Was considered one of America's greatest writers(2) Received a small amount of critical acclaim(3) Died as a result of a horseback-riding incident(4) Received numerous awards and acclaim(5) Was considered merely a regional writer(6) Wrote novels about various American regions(7) Made his living as a novelist(8) Made his living with writing other than novels参考答案：第一栏：(2)、(5)、(8)第二栏：(1)、(4)、(7)托福考试教师阅读讲义(三)修辞目的性题Xerography1 One more familiar use of electrochemistry that has made its way into the mainstream is xerography, a process for replicating documents that is dependent on photoconductive materials. A photoconductive material is an insulator in the dark but becomes a conductor when exposed to bright light. When a photocopy is being made, an image of a document is projected onto the surface of a rotating drum, and bright light causes the photoconductive material on the surface of the drum to become conductive.2 As a result of the conductivity, the drum loses its charge inthe lighted areas, and toner (small grains to which dry ink adheres) attaches itself only to the darker parts of the image. The grains are then carried to a sheet of paper and fused with heat. When a laser printer is used, the image is projected by means of a laser beam, which creates a brighter light and a greater contrast between lighter and darker areas and therefore results in sharper printed images.1. The author begins the first paragraph with One more familiar use of electrochemistry in order to(A) explain that xerography is one of the less familiar uses of electrochemistry(B) make it clear that electrochemistry requires photoconductive materials(C) show that xerography is the only known use for electrochemistry(D) indicate that other less familiar uses have already been discussed2. Why does the author explain that A photoconductive material is an insulator in the dark but becomes a conductor when exposed to bright light?(A) It gives an explanation of a property that is necessary for xerography.(B) It indicates that bright light is required for insulation to take place.(C) It gives one example of a successful xerographic process.(D) It explains the role of insulation in xerography.3. The author places the phrase small grains to which dry ink adheres in parentheses in order to(A) provide information that contradicts the previous statement(B) provide another example of conductivity(C) provide further detail information about toner(D) provide an alternate explanation for the effectiveness of toner4. Why is a laser printer mentioned?(A) It is an alternative to xerography.(B) It is a way of duplicating without using electrochemistry.(C) It is a second example of xerography.(D) It is a lesseffectivetype of xerography than is a photocopier.正确答案：D_A_C_C。

托福强化阅读Advanced TOEFLReading讲义Learning MaterialsLecture 1 Get Ready for TOEFL Reading 托福阅读强化预备1. 自测问题Self-evaluating questions✓托福阅读有几篇文章？每篇有几道题目？每篇文章大约多少字？考试时间多久？✓托福阅读有哪些题型？哪种题最简单？哪种题最难？我是否掌握了每周题型的解题方法和步骤？✓托福阅读满分多少分？我如果一共做对了15个可以得多少分？答案十大题型Basic Information（提取信息）①词汇题Vocabulary 词②指代题Reference③简化句子题Sentence Simplification 句④插入文本题Insert Text⑤事实信息题Factual Information⑥否定排除题Negative Factual Information 段Inferencing（分析推理）⑦推断题Inference⑧修辞目的题Rhetorical PurposeReading to Learn （学以致用）⑨图表题Fill in a Table 篇⑩小结题Prose Summary机考界面评分标准（2019年8月之后）2. 托福阅读文章特点（Characteristics of TOEFL reading text）“TOEFL iBT® reading passages are excerpts from college-level textbooks thatwould be used in introductions to a discipline or topic. The excerpts are changedas little as possible because the goal of the test is to assess how well test takerscan read the kind of writing that is used in an academic environment.The passages cover a variety of subjects. Do not worry if you are unfamiliar with the topic of a passage. All the information needed to answer the questions is in the passage.”Official Guide 5th edition作为一项语言能力测试，托福阅读备考是考查考生能否具备足够的语言交流能力，以期在北美完成正常的学习任务和研究工作。

一. 准备知识1.iBT托福阅读理解的形式特点(1) 文章数量:3-5篇(和听力相对应:3篇阅读,9个听力段子或5篇阅读,6个听力段子)(2) 文章长度:650-750词/篇(3) 题目数量:12-14个/篇(每篇有一个多选,形式为6选3,7选5或9选7)(4) 测试时间:20分钟/篇(5) 测试分数:0-30分(由原始分42分换算到标准分30分)2.iBT托福阅读的考察重点(1) 主题:辨析文章的主要观点,并与局部小观点区分;辨析段落主题.(注:所有文章都有标题)(2) 细节:概括性信息的把握并判别具体信息的真伪---- TRUE? FALSE? NOT GIVEN? General statement ideasSome details(3) 词汇:辨析词汇和短语的含义,并通过上下文推断某些词汇和短语的含义:认知(一词多义);词汇推断(4) 推断:根据上下文推断出隐藏的信息(5) 态度:根据文章描述判断作者意图和态度:WHY目的;HOW手段.(6) 结构:判断句子和句子之间的逻辑关系,并确定段落的结构托福阅读是以句子为核心的3.阅读的本质:(1) 获取有效信息(2) 消除阅读障碍4.文章结构特点(1) 文章主体分为结构主体和细节主体.➢结构主体(支撑): 主题段(文章的前几段)和主题句(每段的前几句).➢细节主体(填充)(2) 文章具体结构如下:➢Intro: background(细节) & topic(结构)➢Body: sub-topic(结构), analysis(细节) & evidence(细节)➢Conclusion: topic(结构)5.快速笔记方法(1) 快速笔记的意义:➢辅助思维框架形成➢索引功能(2) 快速笔记的内容➢结构主体的核心词➢时间和数字:同步记录时间及相应的事件;一律记录为数字➢人名\地名\专有名词:使用首字母标记➢举例主体➢新概念和核心概念➢重要的逻辑关系(3) 快速笔记的简单符号体系(4)快速笔记的重要性和必要性----阅读中的指导性逻辑(PREDICTING)(5) 好笔记的特点:➢笔记中有清晰的逻辑脉络➢根据笔记可以对文章进行有效复述6.阅读和口语的关系:(1) 规范口语的逻辑(2) 提供口语表达的素材二.阅读方法1.精读----句子结构分析和解析方法(1) 句子阅读中的障碍1) 定语➢前置定语: adj+n➢后置定语:n+ adj phrase形容词短语: a book useful for youprep phrase介词短语: a pen on the deskv-ing/-ed phrase分词短语: a person walking on the road; a tool developedfor the project不定式: a way to solve the problem注:✧分词短语作后置定语时,其逻辑主语是其修饰的名词✧不定代词只能用后置定语修饰✧不定式作后置定语其逻辑主语是第三方: sb use the way to solve the problem➢定语从句:✧关系代词引导定语从句: that, which, who, whom, whose( 其中that, which,who, whom引导的是非完整句, whose 引导的是完整句)✧关系连词: when, where, why在句子中不作成分, 引导的是完整句✧介词+关系代词: in which, 此关系代词不包括what2) 同位语: 同插入语一样处理----删除➢A, B( 定语从句/同位语从句)➢A, or B➢ A that + 句子( 完整句)➢ A of B: the city of Beijing3) 状语: 处理方式----隔离➢Adv 副词➢Prep phrase 介词短语➢分词短语➢不定式注: 非谓语动词作状语其逻辑主语是句子的主语4) 并列结构➢并列连词的用法: 并列连词连接结构\功能\性质均相同的成分----必须完全对等5) that引导的各种从句➢S+V+THAT+句子(完整句)----宾语从句S+系动词+表语+句子----表语从句➢It + Vi + that +句子It + be + adj +that +句子完整句That +句子+ VN+ that +句子+ 同位语(完整句)定语从句(非完整句)➢S + Vi + that+ 句子: The sun rises that is bright.S + be + adj + that + 句子: The desk is clean that is used by the student(定语从句); The fact is true that Tom is handsome(同位语从句).(2) 复杂句的阅读方法----层次化句子阅读法1) 括号匹配➢…… 关联词(完整句)➢…… (关联词+ 非完整句)2) 化右括号的条件:➢句子终结➢连接句子的并列连词或标点符号之前例1: However, for many years physicists thought that (atom and molecules always were much more likely to emit light spontaneously)and that (stimulated emission thus always would be much weaker)例2: It appeared that 〔Canada was once more falling in step with the trend toward smaller families (that had occurred all through the Western world since the time of the Industrial Revolution)〕.例3: The history of clinical nutrition, or the study of the relationship between health and how the body takes in and utilizes food substances(同位语,删除), can be divided into four distinct eras: the first began in the nineteenth century and extended into the early twentieth century (when it was recognized for the first time that (food contained constituents (that were essential for human function) )and that (different foods provided different amounts of these essential agents).例4: Using techniques first developed for the offshore oil and gas industry, the DSDP’s drill ship, the Glomar Challenger(同位语), was able to maintain a steady position on the ocean’s surface and drill in very deep water, extracting samples of sediments and rock from the ocean floor.例5: The desperate plight of the South has eclipsed the fact that (reconstruction had to be undertaken also in North, though less spectacularly).例6: The technique of direct carving was a break with the nineteenth century in which (the making of a clay model was considered the creative act) and (the work was then turned over to studio assistant to be cast in plaster or bronze or carved in marble).例7: Anyone (who has handle a fossilized bone) knows that (it is usually not exactly like its modern counterpart), the most obvious difference being that( it is often much heavier)独立主格结构.例8: The impressive gain in output 〔stemmed primarily from the way in which (workers made goods since 1790’s)〕, North American enterpreneurs----even without the technological improvement----had broadended the scope of the outwork system (that made manufacturing more efficient by distributing materials to succession of workers (who each performed a single step of the production process))例9: The fact that (artisanss, (who were locked on as mechanics or skilled workersin the eighteenth century), (are frequently considered artists today) is directly attibutable to the Arts and Crafts Movement of the nineteenth century)例10: A few art collectors James Bowdoin III of Boston, William Bbyrd of Virginian, and the Aliens abd Hamiltons of Philadelphia (同位语)introduced European art traditions to those colonists〔privileged to visit their galleries, especially aspiring artists〕and established in their respective communities the idea of the value of art and the need for institutions 〔devoted to its encouragement〕.(2) 倒装句的阅读方法1) 部分倒装处理方法: 把提前的助动词/be动词/情态动词去掉或还原,并按顺序理解.2) 完全倒装的处理方法➢构成主语的成分:名词代词The +形容词不定式主语从句动名词➢完全倒装的判断流程例1: Herein (adv) lay(宾语) the beginning of what ultimately(最终) turned from ignorance(无知) to denial of the value of nutrition therapies in medicine(主语).例2: Surrounding the column are three sepals and three petals(主语), sometimes easily recognizable as such, often distorted into gorgeous, weird, but always functional shapes.例3:With the growing prosperity brought on by the Second World War and the economic boom( that followed it)独立主格,young people married and established households earlier and began to raise larger families than had their predecessors during the Depression. 没有倒装例4: Basic to any understanding of Canada in the 20years after the Second World War(宾语) is the country’s impressive population growth(主语).句子结构: adj + prep +B+ be + A = A + be +adj +prep +B例5: Among the species of seabirds (that use the windswept cliff of the Atlantic coast of Canada in the summer to mate, lay eggs, and rear their young) are common murres, Atlantic puffins, black-legged kittiwakes, and northern gannets(主语).句子结构: Among A + be + B = B是A的一部分例6: Implicit in it is an aesthetic principle as well: (that the medium has certain qualities of beauty and expressiveness with which (sculptors must bring their own aesthetic sensibilities into harmony)).例7: Most important perhaps, was that (they had all maintained with a certain fidelity(状语) a manner of technique and composition consistent with those of America’s first popular landscapes artist, Thomas Cole, (who built a career painting the Catskill Mountain scenery 〔bording the Hudson River〔)).句型结构: S + Vt + prep + n1 (介词短语)+ n2, Vt的宾语实际上是n2.例8: With the turn-of-century Crafts movement and the discovery of nontraditional sources of inspiration(独立主格), such as wooden African figures and masks, there arose a new urge for hands-on, personal execution of art and an interaction with the medium(主语).例9: Accustomed though we are to(倒装) speaking of the films made before 1927 as ‘slient’, the film has never been seen, in the full sense of the word, silent.句型结构: adj + though + S + be + prep + n = though + S +be + adj + prep + n, 仅发生在让步状语从句中.例10: Coincident with concerns about the accelerating loss of species and habitats has been a growing appreciation of the importance of biological diversity, the number of species in a particular ecosystem(同位语), to the health of the Earth and human well-being(主语).句型结构: the importance of A to B = A 对B 的重要性例11: Matching the influx of foreign immigrants into the larger cities of the United States during the late nineteenth century was a domestic migration(主语), from town and farm to city, within the United States.例12: Indeed, had it not been for the superb preservation of these fossils(虚拟条件句if it had not been) , they might well have been classified as dinosaurs.(4) 强调句的阅读方法➢构成：It + be + 强调成分＋that/ who+ 其他成分➢注意：把强调结构去掉句子仍然完整＼正确的就是强调句．强调句不强调形容词和代词．例1: It was just a decade before this (强调句)that many drug companies had found their vitamin sales skyrocketing and were quick to supply practicing physicians with generous samples of vitamins and literature extolling the virtue of supplementation for a vatiety of health-related conditions.例2: It was she, a Baltimore printer, (强调句)who published the first office copies of the Declaraton, the first copie (that included the names of its singers and therefore heralded the support of all thirteen colonies).例3: It was in the cities(强调句)that the elements (that can be associated with modern capitalism first appeared-----the use of money and commercial paper in place of barter, open competition in place of social deference and hierarchy, with an attendant rise in social disorder, and the appearance of factories using coal or water power in place of independent craftspeople working with hand tools).2. 泛读----快速阅读与有效阅读(1) 阅读中的详略结合-----SKIMMING1) 需要详细阅读的内容➢结构主体的内容➢非举例性质的概括描述➢题目映射回原文的内容2) 可以快速浏览的内容➢大量的数据堆砌➢明显的举例: 为何而举,举例主体,结束位置➢对比\类比读一半➢让步\转折读一半(转折以后的那一半)(2) 理解单位扩大和阅读中逻辑的构建----模糊理解理论1) 阅读中的恶习----指读\声读\回读\视角高度过低\二次阅读2) 理解单位和阅读逻辑➢加大理解单位,变单词为意群组合----焦点训练法✓可以合并为意群的成分:✧副词✧介词短语✧分词短语✧非谓语的不定式✧主语和谓语或谓语和宾语✧固定搭配例: Generally, in order to be preserved in the fossil record, organisms must prosess hard body parts such as shells or bones. Soft, fleshy structures are quickly destroyed by predators or decayed by bacteria. Even hard parts left on the surface for certain length of time will be destroyed. Therefore, organisms must be buried rapidly to escape destruction by elements and to be protected against agents of weathering and erosion. Marine organisms thus are better candidates for fossilization than those living on the land because the ocean is typically the site of sedimentation, whereas the land is largely the site of erosion.➢构建阅读逻辑, 变翻译为整体理解----强调一遍阅读(3) 文章的类型和题材1) 文章类型: :参见OG第19页➢顺承式: 时间及时间发展线索.(线型结构)➢分类式: 分类方式及类别特征. (树型结构)➢问题解决式\现象解释式: 解决方案\解释及最终结论.(伞型结构)2) 题材分类➢自然科学a. 生物学✧植物学: 植物的分类和特征✧动物学: 动物的分类和行为.鸟类\群体昆虫\海洋生物✧微生物学: 真菌(蘑菇\真菌的顽固)b. 地理\地质学✧地形\地貌特征: 成因\分布\气候\生态\影响✧地质事件: 成因或原理\过程\影响c. 天文学✧具体的星体特征: 基本特征(形状\距离\轨道\旋转\温度\质量); 大气层(氢气\氦气\氨气\甲烷); 表面特征; 水和生命形式; 人的探索✧天文学事件: 成因\过程\影响d. 考古学✧古生物: 恐龙(灭绝), 鸟类( 进化史pterosaur→archaeopteryx→modernbirds)✧古代遗址\遗迹: 中国的古代遗迹e.气象学✧灾害性天气: 成因\过程\危害\预防✧天气预报: 卫星\计算机技术f. 新技术和新事物✧发展史✧特征及应用➢人文科学a. 美国历史✧土人: 生活\宗教\艺术✧都市化过程: 人口增长\城市扩张\交通发展\经济繁荣b. 历史学和人类学✧原始人生活变迁: 游牧到定居(农业)✧古代文明c. 文学✧流派: 产生\思想\代表✧作家: 生平\作品d. 绘画和雕塑✧流派✧类型:城市艺术✧画家e. 音乐✧ 类型: country, ragtime… ✧ 乐器f.心理学: 人类情感分析三. 新托福阅读题型解析1. 词汇题(Vocabulary Question)(1) 词汇题简介和提问方式: 参见OG 第25页 (2) 词汇题的解答方法➢ 认识：直接解题，沾边就对。

12.10托福考试解析之二：阅读1 鸟如何学习sing。

2 非洲狩猎文明如何朝农耕文明转变。

第一段说人们最初是通过筛选野外植物，保留容易生长能吃的植物的种子，开始种植农作物。

同样的大家也选那些易于驯服的动物变成家畜，主要是通过protect—部分动物免于受predator抓捕。

第二段说通过开始农耕，社会形式有了很大改变，人们开始建造石头房子，需要很多storage空间，还造了很多有不同功能的pottery,这些pottery和石头的遗迹，是历史学家考证当时人们生活形态的重要证据。

第三段说农耕社会人们有了个系统的计划什么时间播种收获，每年种多少，然后就有了很多剩余富足的粮食应对天灾。

这些多余的粮食也解放了很多生产力，越来越多的人开始从事非农业活动，食物可以跟其他部落相互交换，也产生了craftsmanship、神职人员和administrator。

为家庭负担，可以更多人去带孩子，所以家庭规模越来越大。

第四段说然而农耕文明也有一些弊端，会造成社会阶级分化，种田的变成穷人，管田的变成富人，而过去hunting的社会更加人人平等。

最后一部分说出了农耕文化还出现了游牧民族，他们需要大规模迁移去寻找pasture。

但他们的好处就是有可以保证的食物milk meat之类来源，放牧的动物。

但这并不代表他们人更少，他们也有很多可以随时迁徙的财产和很多人口3 美国的一个炼钢技术进步。

开头交代一下背景，大部分钢是用来商业用途，但无法支撑铁路这些需要durative (单词题)的钢。

所以B 这个人研究出了个新装置。

(中间配了个装置图，反正也看不懂)这个装置是梨形的，上面有个口，底部有很多孔让空气进去。

然后讲了工作原理。

这个步骤再来一次，同时加进去一些化学物质，造出来的钢就很坚硬。

接下来说这个装置坏处就是价格贵，然后人们就在这个基础上发明了别的价格便宜，但B这个人还是很伟大的，没有他就没有后来的技术。

这些钢普及之后钢产量大大增加，但这些设备都是机器的，所以很多过去的技术工人就失业了。

Lascaux Cave PaintingsIn Southwest France in the 1940’s, playing children discovered Lascaux Grotto, a series of narrow cave chambers that contain huge prehistoric paintings of animals. Many of these beasts are as large as 16 feet (almost 5 meters). Some follow each other in solemn parades, but others swirl about, sideways and upside down. The animals are bulls, wild horses, reindeer, bison, and mammoths outlined with charcoal and painted mostly in reds, yellow, and browns. Scientific analysis reveals that the colors were derived from ocher and other iron oxides ground into a fine powder. Methods of applying color varied: some colors were brushed or smeared on rock surfaces and others were blown or sprayed. It is possible that tubes made from animal bones were used for spraying because hollow bones, some stained with pigment, have been found nearby.One of the most puzzling aspects of the paintings is their location. Other rock paintings—for example, those of Bushmen in South Africa—are either located near cave entrances or completely in the open. Cave paintings in France and Spain, however, are in recesses and caverns far removed from original cave entrances. This means that artists were forced to work in cramped spaces and without sources of natural light. It also implies that whoever made them did not want them to be easily found. Since cave dwellers normally lived close to entrances, there must have been some reason why so many generations of Lascaux cave dwellers hid their art.Scholars offer three related but different opinions about the mysterious origin and significance of these paintings. One opinion is that the paintings were a record of seasonal migrations made by herds. Because s ome paintings were made directly over others, obliterating them, it is probable that a painting’s value ended with the migration it pictured. Unfortunately, this explanation fails to explain the hidden locations, unless the migrations were celebrated with secret ceremonies.Another opinion is that the paintings were directly related to hunting and were an essential part of a special preparation ceremony. This opinion holds that the pictures and whatever ceremony they accompanied were an ancient method of psychologically motivating hunters. It is conceivable that before going hunting the hunters would draw or study pictures of animals and imagine a successful hunt. Considerable support exists for this opinion because several animals in the pictures are wounded by arrows and spears. This opinion also attempts to solve the overpainting by explaining that an animal’s picture had no further use after the hunt.A third opinion takes psychological motivation much further into the realm of tribal ceremonies and mystery: the belief that certain animals assumed mythical significance as ancient ancestors or protectors of a given tribe or clan. Two types of images substantiate this theory: the strange, indecipherable geometric shapes that appear near some animals, and the few drawings of men. Wherever men appear they are crudely drawn and their bodies are elongated and rigid. Some men are in a prone position and some havebird or animal heads. Advocates for this opinion point to reports from people who have experienced a trance state, a highly suggestive state of low consciousness between waking and sleeping. Uniformly, these people experienced weightlessness and the sensation that their bodies were being stretched lengthwise. Advocates also point to people who believe that the forces of nature are inhabited by spirits, particularly shamans* who believe that an animal’s spirit and energy is transferred to them while in a trance. One Lascaux narrative picture, which shows a man with a birdlike head and a wounded animal, would seem to lend credence to this third opinion, but there is still much that remains unexplained. For example, where is the proof that the man in the picture is a shaman? He could as easily be a hunter wearing a headmask. Many tribal hunters, including some Native Americans, camouflaged themselves by wearing animal heads and hides.Perhaps so much time has passed that there will never be satisfactory answers to the cave images, but their mystique only adds to their importance. Certainly a great art exists, and by its existence reveals that ancient human beings were not without intelligence, skill, and sensitivity.Shamans: holy people who act as healers and divinersParagraph 1: In Southwest France in the 1940’s, playing children discovered Lascaux Gro tto, a series of narrow cave chambers that contain huge prehistoric paintings of animals. Many of these beasts are aslarge as 16 feet (almost 5 meters). Some follow each other in solemn parades, swirl about, sideways and upside down. The animals are bulls, wild horses, reindeer, bison, and mammoths outlined with charcoal and painted mostly in reds, yellow, and browns. Scientific analysis reveals that the colors werecolors were brushed or smeared on rock surfaces and others were blown or sprayed. It is possible that tubes made from animal bones were used for spraying because hollow bones, some stained with pigment, have been found nearby.1○chambers○paintings○beasts○parades○Ways○Shades○Stages○Rules3. What are the bones found in the Lascaux caves believed to indicate?○Wild animals sometimes lived in the cave chambers.○Artists painted pictures on both walls and bones.○Artists ground them into a fine powder to make paint.○Artists developed special techniques for painting the walls.Paragraph 2: One of the most puzzling aspects of the paintings is their location. Other rock paintings—for example, those of Bushmen in South Africa—are either located near cave entrances or completely in the open. Cave paintings in France and Spain, however, are in recesses and caverns far removed from original cave entrances. This means that artists were forced to work in cramped spaces and without sources of natural light. It also implies that whoever made them did not want them to be easily found. Since cave dwellers normally lived close to entrances, there must have been some reason why so many generations of Lascaux cave dwellers hid their art.4. Why does the author mention Bushmen in South Africa in paragraph 2?○To suggest that ancient artists from all over the w orld painted animals on rocks○To contrast the location of their rock paintings to those found at Lascaux○To support the claim that early artists worked in cramped spaces○To give an example of other artists who painted in hidden locations5. What can be inferred from paragraph 2 about cave painters in France and Spain?○They also painted rocks outside caves.○They did not live close to the cave entrances.○They developed their own sources of light to use while painting.○Their painting practices did not last for many years.Paragraph 3: Scholars offer three related but different opinions about the mysterious origin and significance of these paintings. One opinion is that the paintings were a record of seasonal migrations made by herds. Because some paintings were made directly over others, obliterating them, it is probable that a painting’s value ended with the migration it pictured. fails to explain the6. Why does the author mention secret ceremonies?○To present a common opinion held by many scholars○To suggest a similarity between two opinions held by scholars○To suggest a possible explanation for a weakness in an opinion expressed in the passage○To give evidence that contradicts a major opinion expressed in the passageParagraph 4: Another opinion is that the paintings were directly related to hunting and were an essentialThis opinion holds that the pictures and whatever ceremony theywere an ancient method of psychologically motivating hunters. It is conceivable that before going hunting the hunters would draw or study pictures of animals and imagine a successful hunt. Considerable support exists for this opinion because several animals in the pictures are wounded by arrowsand spears. This opinion also attempts to solve the overpainting by explaining that an animal’s picture had no further use after the hunt.○represented○developed into○were associated with○came after8. According to paragraph 4, why do some scholars believe that the paintings were related to hunting?○Because some tools used for painting were also used for hunting○Because cave inhabitants were known to prefer animal food rather than plant food○Because some of the animals are shown wounded by weapons○Because many hunters were also typically pa intersParagraph 5: A third opinion takes psychological motivation much further into the realm of tribal ceremonies and mystery: the belief that certain animals assumed mythical significance as ancient ancestors or protectors of a given tribe or clan. Two types of images substantiate this theory: the strange, indecipherable geometric shapes that appear near some animals, and the few drawings of men. Wherever men appear they are crudely drawn and their bodies are elongated and rigid. Some men are in a pronehave a highly suggestive state of low consciousness between waking and sleeping. Uniformly, these people experienced weightlessness and the sensation that their bodies were being stretched lengthwise. Advocates also point to people who believe that the forces of nature are inhabited by spirits, particularly shamans* who believe that an animal’s spirit and energy is transferred to them while in a trance. One Lascaux narrative picture, which shows a man with a birdlike head and a wounded animal, would seem to lend credence to this third opinion, but there is still much that remains unexplained. For example, where is the proof that the man in the picture is a shaman? He could as easily be a hunter wearing a headmask. Many tribal hunters, including some Native Americans, camouflaged themselves by wearing animal heads and hides.paintings?○To explain the state of consciousness the artists were in when they painted their pictures○To demonstrate the mythical significance of the strange geometric shapes○To indicate that trance states w ere often associated with activities that took place inside caves○To give a possible reason for the strange appearance of the men painted on the cave walls10. According to paragraph 5, if the man pictured with the birdlike head is not a shaman, he may have worn the headmask○to look like an animal while a hunt took place○to frighten off other hunters competing for food○to prove that he is not a shaman○to resist forces of nature thought to be present in animalsParagraph 6: Perhaps so much time has passed that there will never be satisfactory answers to the cave images, but their mystique only adds to their importance. Certainly a great art exists, and by its existence reveals that ancient human beings were not without intelligence, skill, and sensitivity.11. According to paragraph 6, why might the puzzling questions about the paintings never be answered?○Keeping the paintings a mystery will increase their importance.○The artists hid their tools with great intelligence and skill.○Too many years have gone by since the images were painted.○Answering the question is not very important to scholars.Paragraph 2: One of the most puzzling aspects of the paintings is their location. Other rock paintings—for example, those of Bushmen in South Africa—are either located near cave entrances or completely in the open. █Cave paintings in France and Spain, however, are in recesses and caverns far removed from original cave entrances. █This means that artists were forced to work in cramped spaces a nd without sources of natural light. █It also implies that whoever made them did not want them to be easily found. █Since cave dwellers normally lived close to entrances, there must have been some reason why so many generations of Lascaux cave dwellers hid their art.12. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.This made it easy for the artists to paint and display them for the rest of the cave dwellers.Where would the sentence best fit?13. Directions:An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.Scholars have wondered about the meaning of the subjects, location, and overpainting of Lascaux cave images.●●●Answer Choices○The paintings may have recorded information about animal migrations, and may only have been useful for one migration at a time.○The human figures represented in the paintings appear to be less carefully shaped than those of animals.○It is possible that the animals in the paintings were of mythical significance to the tribe, and the paintings reflected an important spiritual practice.○Unlike painters of the recently discovered paintings, other Lascaux cave painters usually painted on rocks near cave entrances or in open spaces outside the caves.○Some scholars believe that the paintings motivated hunters by allowing them to picture a successful hunt.○Scientific analysis suggests that paintings were sprayed onto the rock walls with tubes made from animal bones.参考答案：1. ○ 32. ○ 13. ○ 44. ○25. ○36. ○ 37. ○ 38. ○ 39. ○410. ○111. ○ 312. ○113.The paintings may have…It is possible that the animals…Some scholars believe that…。

阅读课讲义主讲：杜昶旭——花花（Fleur）根据老杜录音整理✧怎样的考试和怎样的我们…….托福考试的本质探求——对”Test of English as a Foreign Language”的再认知⏹托福到底有多难？◆习惯的说法：高考－>六级－>考研－>托福－>SA T－>GRE－>GMA T－>LSA T◆用合理的方式进行难度的评价⏹从“OF”到“IN”◆Test OF English：“对”英语的测试●TOEFL (Test Of English as a Foreign Language)●IEL TS (International English Language Testing System)●TOEIC (Test Of English for International Communication)●CET-4 (College English Test-Band 4)●CET-6 (College English Test-Band 6)●PETS (Public English T est System)◆Test IN English：“用”英语的测试●GRE (Graduate Record Examination)●GMA T (Graduate Management Admission Test)●SA T (Scholastic Assessment Test)●LSA T (Law School Admission Test)●NCEE (National College Entrance Examination)●NGEE (National Graduate Entrance Examination)⏹托福作为语言考试的本质◆测试考生对英语的综合应用能力——包括听、说、读、写的独立能力和综合能力；◆测试考生在实际的学习、生活过程中的语言应用能力——所有测试内容均与实际结合；◆考生的英语水平与分数具有直接相关性——零基础测试假设；◆包含且仅包含语言使用过程中的所有因素——词汇、句子、语篇、语境、交流方式。

托福阅读基础班讲义Version20100625Table of ContentsⅠ.Basic Reading Requirements (2)1.1. Material Reference (2)1.2. V ocabulary (2)1.3 Sentence (7)1.3.1 Parallel Constructions (12)1.3.2Parenthetical sentence (13)1.3.3Phrases (13)1.3.4Appositons (16)1.3.5Attributive clauses (16)1.3.6Complex sentences (17)Ⅱ.Effective Reading Practice (20)2.1 Coherence (20)2.2. Structure (23)Ⅲ.Critical Reading Practice (24)3.1Distinguish fact from opinion (24)3.2Topic (generalization) and main idea (25)3.3. Purpose and inference (26)Table of words with various meanings: (28)Table of Correlative words (29)Complex sentences for practice (30)V ocabulary with Contexts (34)Ⅰ.Basic Reading Requirements1.1. Material Reference•§Building Skills for the TOEFL iBT (North Star)•§Old TOEFL Reading Passages•§Old TOEFL Vocabulary•§Effective Reading in a Changing World1.2. Vocabulary•§How many words?•§How to promote efficiency?•§What kinds of words?•√multivocal words•√abstract words•√academic words•√correlative words√multivocal words•Little test:1.The Native Americans of northern California were highly skilled at basketry, using the reeds, grasses, bards, and roots they found around them to fashion articles of all sorts and sizes -not only trays, containers, and cooking pots, but hats, boats, fish traps, baby carriers, and ceremonial objects.rge domestic animals became the societies’main source of animal protein, replacing wild game, and they also furnished wool, leather, and land transport.3.The advantage of nesting on cliffs is the immunity it gives from foxes, which cannot scale the sheer rocks, and from ravens and other species of gulls, which have difficulty in landing on narrow ledges to steal eggs.4.Most machines, no matter how complex they may be, are combinations of the lever and the inclined plane.5.In the foreground rose the Gongtang Pagoda with its dazzling gilded stupa rising above a rectangular series of green tiled sloping roofs. Beyond, leading up to the mountains lay the fabled Labrang Monastery. Surrounding the entire complex stretched a reddish-brown wall, severalkilometers long, lined with hundreds of prayer wheels.•More about multivocal words:1.One result of rent control is a decrease in the construction of new rental units. Rent controls have artificially depressed the most important long-term determinant of profitability-----rents.2. The first wells were drilled into the Ogallala during the drought years of the early 1930’s. The ensuing rapid expansion of irrigation agriculture, especially from the 1950’s onward, transformed the economy of the region.3. The author mentions the Ice Age rope found in the French cave of Lascaux as an example of an item on which the marks of wear imply that it was used by a right-handed person4. When an association continues long enough for two people to become linked together by a relatively stable set of expectations, it is called a relationship.5. Black was considered inappropriate because of its association with death.6. There is little doubt, however, that desertification in most areas results primarily from human activities rather than natural processes. The semiarid lands bordering the deserts exist in a delicate ecological balance and are limited in their potential to adjust to increased environmental pressures.7. As a famous woman, Fengjie’s disposition has been marked as extreme self-confidence. The disposition of Furong’s “S”posture cannot match up with Fengjie’s sudden turn of her face with a charming smile. The disposition of all these national treasures overseas has ignited the admiration of foreign news agency, such as the report of Brother sharp.8. Passed from generation to generation by word of mouth, every society has a favorite imagined figure that is seen in the surface markings of the full moon. In Asia and Europe, it is commonly a hare, while North Americans see the "man in the moon" or the "lady in the moon."9. In order for the structure to achieve the size and strength necessary to meet its purpose, architecture employs methods of support that, because they are based on physical laws, have changed little since people first discovered them –even while building materials have changed dramatically.10. Reflection on a complex task such as teaching is not easy." The teachers were taken through a program of talking about teaching events, moving on to reflecting about specific issues in a supported, and later an independent manner.the reflection in a mirrordo sth. without sufficient reflectionreflections on the current situationHe is simply a reflection of his father.Recommended Solution•Table of Mutivocal words•Requirements:•Look all these words up•Write down all the meanings√abstract words•Little test:1. Most psychologists, perplexed by the feelings they acknowledge are aroused by aesthetic experience, have claimed that these emotions are genuine, but different in kind from nonaesthetic emotions. This, however, is a descriptive distinction rather than an empirical observation and consequently lacks explanatory value.2. This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail.•Desire; demand; need•Special; specific•establish; set up3.NS advance, page 10:•Reasonable; reasoning•Prioritize; priority4. When experimentally deprived baby robins are placed in a nest with normally fed siblings, the hungry nestlings beg more loudly than usual but so do their better-fed siblings, though not as loudly as the hungrier birds.The researchers found that the temporal lobe of the brain, the region involved in language processing, was activated during verbal tasks in rested subjects but not in deprived subjects.•Definition: 抽象•Range: verbs and adjectivesRecommended Solution•List of Old TOEFL Actual V ocabulary•Reading passages of NS, high intermediate and advanced•Requirements:• 1.Mark all the abstract words• 2.Make differences between synonymy• 3.Make sentence with each abstract words√academic words•Elaboration of academic background• 1.Natural and Physical Sciences• 2.Biological Sciences• 3.Arts and American History• 4.Social Sciences• 5.Humanities• 6.Biography and others1.Natural and Physical SciencesThe nuclear energy is released at the Sun's center as high-energy gamma radiation, a form of electromagnetic radiation like light and radio waves, only of very much shorter wavelength. This gamma radiation is absorbed by atoms inside the Sun, to be re-emitted at slightly longer wavelengths. This radiation, in its turn, is absorbed and re-emitted. As the energy filters through the layers of the solar interior, it passes through the x-ray part of the spectrum, eventually becoming light. At this stage, it has reached what we call the solar surface, and can escape into space, without being absorbed further by solar atoms. A very small fraction of the Sun's light and heat is emitted in such directions that, after passing unhindered through interplanetary space, it hits the Earth.2.Biological SciencesMolt of the flight feathers is the most highly organized part of the process. Some species, for example, begin by dropping the outermost primary feathers on each side (to retain balance in the air) and wait until the replacement feathers are about one-third grown before shedding the next outermost, and so on. Others always start with the innermost primary feathers and work outward. Yet other species begin in the middle and work outward on both sides. Most ducks shed their wing feathers at once, and remain flightless for two or three weeks while the replacement feathers grow.3.Arts and American HistoryThe American Revolution was not a revolution in the sense of a radical or total change. It was not a sudden and violent overturning of the political and social framework, such as later occurred in France and Russia, when both were already independent nations. Significant changes were ushered in, but they were not breathtaking. What happened was accelerated evolution rather than outright revolution. During the conflict itself people went on working and praying, marrying and playing. Most of them were not seriously disturbed by the actual fighting, and many of the more isolated communities scarcely knew that a war was on.4.Social SciencesThe term “satellite city”is used to describe the relationship between a large city and neighboring smaller cities and towns that are economically dependent upon it. Satellite cities may be collection and distribution points in the commercial linkages of a trading metropolis, or they may be manufacturing or mining centers existing with one industry economics as the creatures of some nearby center. This latter form is what is generally meant when one uses the term "satellite city." Taken in this sense, nineteenth - century Chicopee and Lowell, Massachusetts, were satellites of Boston. Both were mill towns created by Boston investors to serve the economy of that New England metropolis.5.HumanitiesThe most interesting architectural phenomenon of the 1970's was the enthusiasm for refurbishing older buildings. Obviously, this was not an entirely new phenomenon. What is new is the wholesale interest in reusing the past, in recycling, in adaptive rehabilitation. A few trial efforts, such as Ghirardell Square in San Francisco, proved their financial viability in the 1960's, but it was in the 1970’s. with strong government support through tax incentives and rapid depreciation, as well as growing interest in ecology issues, that recycling became a major factor on the urban scene.6.Biography and othersThough Faulkner was praised by some critics and reviewers during the first part of his career, his novels did not sell well and he was considered a fairly marginal author. For the first few decades of his career, he made his living writing magazine articles and working as a screenwriter rather than as a novelist. Throughout this period, he continued to write, though his novels, sometimes noted for the stirring portrait that they presented of life in the post-Civil War South, were generally relegated to the category of strictly regional writing and were not widely appreciated.Recommended Solution•Old TOEFL Actual V ocabulary (1st time)•Old TOEFL Reading Passage (2nd time)•Requirement:• 1.Mark the frequent academic words• 2.Write down all these words in specific category and proper notebook√correlative words•The importance of CW•Table of CW1.3 Sentence• 1.3.1 Parallel Constructions• 1.3.2Parenthetical sentence• 1.3.3Phrases• 1.3.4Appositons• 1.3.5Attributive clauses• 1.3.6Complex sentences分句：包含一个主语和一个谓语。

新托福阅读讲义杜昶旭一. 准备知识1.iBT托福阅读理解的形式特点(1) 文章数量:3-5篇(和听力相对应:3篇阅读,9个听力段子或5篇阅读,6个听力段子)(2) 文章长度:650-750词/篇(3) 题目数量:12-14个/篇(每篇有一个多选,形式为6选3,7选5或9选7)(4) 测试时间:20分钟/篇(5) 测试分数:0-30分(由原始分42分换算到标准分30分)2.iBT托福阅读的考察重点(1) 主题:辨析文章的主要观点,并与局部小观点区分;辨析段落主题.(注:所有文章都有标题)(2) 细节:概括性信息的把握并判别具体信息的真伪---- TRUE? FALSE? NOT GIVEN?General statement ideasSome details(3) 词汇:辨析词汇和短语的含义,并通过上下文推断某些词汇和短语的含义:认知(一词多义);词汇推断(4) 推断:根据上下文推断出隐藏的信息(5) 态度:根据文章描述判断作者意图和态度:WHY目的;HOW手段.(6) 结构:判断句子和句子之间的逻辑关系,并确定段落的结构托福阅读是以句子为核心的3.阅读的本质:(1) 获取有效信息(2) 消除阅读障碍4.文章结构特点(1) 文章主体分为结构主体和细节主体.结构主体(支撑): 主题段(文章的前几段)和主题句(每段的前几句).细节主体(填充)(2) 文章具体结构如下:Intro: background(细节) & topic(结构)Body: sub-topic(结构), analysis(细节) & evidence(细节) Conclusion: topic(结构)5.快速笔记方法(1) 快速笔记的意义:辅助思维框架形成索引功能(2) 快速笔记的内容结构主体的核心词时间和数字:同步记录时间及相应的事件;一律记录为数字人名\地名\专有名词:使用首字母标记举例主体新概念和核心概念重要的逻辑关系(3) 快速笔记的简单符号体系(4)快速笔记的重要性和必要性----阅读中的指导性逻辑(PREDICTING)(5) 好笔记的特点:笔记中有清晰的逻辑脉络根据笔记可以对文章进行有效复述6.阅读和口语的关系:(1) 规范口语的逻辑(2) 提供口语表达的素材二.阅读方法1.精读----句子结构分析和解析方法(1) 句子阅读中的障碍1) 定语前置定语: adj+n后置定语:n+ adj phrase形容词短语: a book useful for youprep phrase介词短语: a pen on the deskv-ing/-ed phrase分词短语: a person walking on the road; a tooldeveloped for the project不定式: a way to solve the problem注:✧分词短语作后置定语时,其逻辑主语是其修饰的名词✧不定代词只能用后置定语修饰✧不定式作后置定语其逻辑主语是第三方: sb use the way to solvethe problem定语从句:✧关系代词引导定语从句: that, which, who, whom, whose( 其中that, which, who, whom引导的是非完整句, whose 引导的是完整句)✧关系连词: when, where, why在句子中不作成分, 引导的是完整句✧介词+关系代词: in which, 此关系代词不包括what2) 同位语: 同插入语一样处理----删除A, B( 定语从句/同位语从句)A, or BA that + 句子( 完整句)A of B: the city of Beijing3) 状语: 处理方式----隔离Adv 副词Prep phrase 介词短语分词短语不定式注: 非谓语动词作状语其逻辑主语是句子的主语4) 并列结构并列连词的用法: 并列连词连接结构\功能\性质均相同的成分----必须完全对等5) that引导的各种从句S+V+THAT+句子(完整句)----宾语从句S+系动词+表语+句子----表语从句It + Vi + that +句子It + be + adj +that +句子完整句That +句子+ VN+ that +句子+ 同位语(完整句)定语从句(非完整句)S + Vi + that+ 句子: The sun rises that is bright.S + be + adj + that + 句子: The desk is clean that is used by the student(定语从句); The fact is true that Tom is handsome(同位语从句).(2) 复杂句的阅读方法----层次化句子阅读法1) 括号匹配……关联词(完整句)…… (关联词+ 非完整句)2) 化右括号的条件:句子终结连接句子的并列连词或标点符号之前例1: However, for many years physicists thought that (atom and molecules always were much more likely to emit light spontaneously)and that (stimulated emission thus always would be much weaker)例2: It appeared that 〔Canada was once more falling in step with the trend toward smaller families (that had occurred all through the Western world since the time of the Industrial Revolution)〕.例3: The history of clinical nutrition, or the study of the relationship between health and how the body takes in and utilizes food substances(同位语,删除), can be divided into four distinct eras: the first began in the nineteenth century and extended into the early twentieth century (when it was recognized for the first time that (food contained constituents (that were essential for human function) )and that (different foods provided different amounts of these essential agents).例4: Using techniques first developed for the offshore oil and gas industry, the DSDP’s drill ship, the Glomar Challenger(同位语), was able to maintain a steady position on the ocean’s surface and drill in very deep water, extracting samples of sediments and rock from the ocean floor.例5: The desperate plight of the South has eclipsed the fact that (reconstruction had to be undertaken also in North, though less spectacularly).例6: The technique of direct carving was a break with the nineteenthcentury in which (the making of a clay model was considered the creative act) and (the work was then turned over to studio assistant to be cast in plaster or bronze or carved in marble).例7: Anyone (who has handle a fossilized bone) knows that (it is usually not exactly like its modern counterpart), the most obvious difference being that( it is often much heavier)独立主格结构.例8: The impressive gain in output 〔stemmed primarily from the way in which (workers made goods since 1790’s)〕, North American enterpreneurs----even without the technological improvement----had broadended the scope of the outwork system (that made manufacturing more efficient by distributing materials to succession of workers (who each performed a single step of the production process))例9: The fact that (artisanss, (who were locked on as mechanics or skilled workers in the eighteenth century), (are frequently considered artists today) is directly attibutable to the Arts and Crafts Movement of the nineteenth century)例10: A few art collectors James Bowdoin III of Boston, William Bbyrd of Virginian, and the Aliens abd Hamiltons of Philadelphia (同位语)introduced European art traditions to those colonists〔privileged to visit their galleries, especially aspiring artists〕and established in their respective communities the idea of the value of art and the need for institutions 〔devoted to its encouragement〕.(2) 倒装句的阅读方法1) 部分倒装处理方法: 把提前的助动词/be动词/情态动词去掉或还原,并按顺序理解.2) 完全倒装的处理方法构成主语的成分:名词代词The +形容词不定式主语从句动名词完全倒装的判断流程阅读和写作的关系：为写作提供原始模仿素材，并且是抽象结构．Basic to any understanding of the disadvantages ofbuilding a large factory near a community is_________.例1: Herein (adv) lay(宾语) the beginning of what ultimately(最终) turned from ignorance(无知) to denial of the value of nutrition therapies in medicine(主语).例2: Surrounding the column are three sepals and three petals(主语), sometimes easily recognizable as such, often distorted into gorgeous, weird, but always functional shapes.例3:With the growing prosperity brought on by the Second World War and the economic boom( that followed it)独立主格, young people married and established households earlier and began to raise larger families than had their predecessors during the Depression. 没有倒装例4: Basic to any understanding of Canada in the 20years after the Second World War(宾语) is the country’s impressive population growth(主语).句子结构: adj + prep +B+ be + A = A + be +adj +prep +B例5: Among the species of seabirds (that use the windswept cliff of the Atlantic coast of Canada in the summer to mate, lay eggs, and rear their young) are common murres, Atlantic puffins, black-legged kittiwakes, and northern gannets(主语).句子结构: Among A + be + B = B是A的一部分例6: Implicit in it is an aesthetic principle as well: (that the medium has certain qualities of beauty and expressiveness with which (sculptors must bring their own aesthetic sensibilities into harmony)). 例7: Most important perhaps, was that (they had all maintained with a certain fidelity(状语) a manner of technique and composition consistent with those of America’s first popular landscapes artist, Thomas Cole, (who built a career painting the Catskill Mountain scenery 〔bording the Hudson River〔)).句型结构: S + Vt + prep + n1 (介词短语)+ n2, Vt的宾语实际上是n2.例8: With the turn-of-century Crafts movement and the discovery of nontraditional sources of inspiration(独立主格), such as wooden African figures and masks, there arose a new urge for hands-on, personal execution of art and an interaction with the medium(主语).例9: Accustomed though we are to(倒装) speaking of the films made before 1927 as ‘slient’, the film has never been seen, in the full sense of the word, silent.句型结构: adj + though + S + be + prep + n = though + S +be + adj + prep + n, 仅发生在让步状语从句中.例10: Coincident with concerns about the accelerating loss of species and habitats has been a growing appreciation of the importance of biological diversity, the number of species in a particular ecosystem(同位语), to thehealth of the Earth and human well-being(主语).句型结构: the importance of A to B = A 对B 的重要性例11: Matching the influx of foreign immigrants into the larger cities of the United States during the late nineteenth century was a domestic migration(主语), from town and farm to city, within the United States.例12: Indeed, had it not been for the superb preservation of these fossils(虚拟条件句if it had not been) , they might well have been classified as dinosaurs.(4) 强调句的阅读方法构成：It + be + 强调成分＋that/ who+ 其他成分注意：把强调结构去掉句子仍然完整＼正确的就是强调句．强调句不强调形容词和代词．例1: It was just a decade before this (强调句)that many drug companies had found their vitamin sales skyrocketing and were quick to supply practicing physicians with generous samples of vitamins and literature extolling the virtue of supplementation for a vatiety of health-related conditions.例2: It was she, a Baltimore printer, (强调句)who published the first office copies of the Declaraton, the first copie (that included the names of its singers and therefore heralded the support of all thirteen colonies).例3: It was in the cities(强调句) that the elements (that can be associated with modern capitalism first appeared-----the use of money and commercial paper in place of barter, open competition in place of socialdeference and hierarchy, with an attendant rise in social disorder, and the appearance of factories using coal or water power in place of independent craftspeople working with hand tools).2. 泛读----快速阅读与有效阅读(1) 阅读中的详略结合-----SKIMMING1) 需要详细阅读的内容结构主体的内容非举例性质的概括描述题目映射回原文的内容2) 可以快速浏览的内容大量的数据堆砌明显的举例: 为何而举,举例主体,结束位置对比\类比读一半让步\转折读一半(转折以后的那一半)(2) 理解单位扩大和阅读中逻辑的构建----模糊理解理论1) 阅读中的恶习----指读\声读\回读\视角高度过低\二次阅读2) 理解单位和阅读逻辑加大理解单位,变单词为意群组合----焦点训练法✓可以合并为意群的成分:✧副词✧介词短语✧分词短语✧非谓语的不定式✧主语和谓语或谓语和宾语✧固定搭配例: Generally, in order to be preserved in the fossil record, organisms must prosess hard body parts such as shells or bones. Soft, fleshy structures are quickly destroyed by predators or decayed by bacteria. Even hard parts left on the surface for certain length of time will be destroyed. Therefore, organisms must be buried rapidly to escape destruction by elements and to be protected against agents of weathering and erosion. Marine organisms thus are better candidates for fossilization than those living on the land because the ocean is typically the site of sedimentation, whereas the land is largely the site of erosion.构建阅读逻辑, 变翻译为整体理解----强调一遍阅读法(3) 文章的类型和题材1) 文章类型: :参见OG第19页顺承式: 时间及时间发展线索.(线型结构)分类式: 分类方式及类别特征. (树型结构)问题解决式\现象解释式: 解决方案\解释及最终结论.(伞型结构) 2) 题材分类自然科学a. 生物学✧植物学: 植物的分类和特征✧动物学: 动物的分类和行为.鸟类\群体昆虫\海洋生物✧微生物学: 真菌(蘑菇\真菌的顽固)b. 地理\地质学✧地形\地貌特征: 成因\分布\气候\生态\影响✧地质事件: 成因或原理\过程\影响c. 天文学✧具体的星体特征: 基本特征(形状\距离\轨道\旋转\温度\质量);大气层(氢气\氦气Helium \氨气ammonia \甲烷); 表面特征; 水和生命形式; 人的探索✧天文学事件: 成因\过程\影响d. 考古学✧古生物: 恐龙(灭绝), 鸟类( 进化史pterosau r翼龙目动物；飞龙→archaeopteryx n.始祖鸟→modern birds)✧古代遗址\遗迹: 中国的古代遗迹e.气象学✧灾害性天气: 成因\过程\危害\预防✧天气预报: 卫星\计算机技术f. 新技术和新事物✧发展史✧特征及应用人文科学a. 美国历史✧土人: 生活\宗教\艺术✧都市化过程: 人口增长\城市扩张\交通发展\经济繁荣b. 历史学和人类学✧原始人生活变迁: 游牧到定居(农业)✧古代文明c. 文学✧流派: 产生\思想\代表✧作家: 生平\作品d. 绘画和雕塑✧流派✧类型:城市艺术✧画家e. 音乐✧类型: country, ragtime…✧乐器f.心理学: 人类情感分析三. 新托福阅读题型解析1. 词汇题(V ocabulary Question)(1) 词汇题简介和提问方式: 参见OG第25页(2) 词汇题的解答方法认识：直接解题，沾边就对。

TOEFL快速笔记 WORD文档使用说明：TOEFL快速笔记来源于本WOED文件是采用在线转换功能下载而来，因此在排版和显示效果方面可能不能满足您的应用需求。

如果需要查看原版WOED文件，请访问这里TOEFL快速笔记文件原版地址:/84e292002a672d200812f7ba.pdfTOEFL快速笔记|PDF转换成WROD_PDF阅读器下载杜昶旭按：这是一篇过去曾经写给《新东方英语》的稿件，今天碰巧给翻出来了，就贴在这里供大家参考吧。

实际上，在托福阅读课上，我会非常详细地讲解关于快速笔记的知识，本文只是一个简单的概述。

另外，在 Langlib 的阅读平台中，也有类似的功能供大家练习使用。

在大家所熟悉和经历过的若干种英语考试中，阅读理解一直以来都占据着重要的地位，“得阅读者得高分”的说法也是屡见不鲜。

考试的设计者之所以对阅读理解如此重视，是因为阅读能力本身对于一门语言的使用者来说都是最为重要的，这种能力将决定一个人所获取信息的数量和质量。

同样，现行的托福考试也没有忽略对阅读能力的考查，并且，托福考试不仅有单独的阅读理解测试，还在口语和写作的测试中也对阅读能力提出了要求，这无疑也体现了阅读理解在这门考试中的重要意义。

然而，对于习惯了传统的纸笔考试的考生来说，托福考试这种以互联网为平台，以计算机为测试工具的考试形式，将严重地挑战大家若干年来养成的阅读方法和习惯，甚至需要考生培养一些新的习惯。

其中，阅读过程中的快速笔记就是很重要的一项。

在人类若干年的阅读实践中，“边读边记” 一直是被人们提倡和鼓励的阅读方式。

但是，在面对传统的书籍或写在纸上的文章时，所谓的“记”大多数时候都变成了“勾画”和“圈点”。

尤其在英语阅读考试中，无论是国内的四六级考试，还是过去的托福以及雅思考试，考生们都会在读文章的同时“勾画”或“圈点”出他们认为重要的信息点，以便于在题目解答的时候能让答案一目了然。

然而，在现在的托福考试中，所有的阅读――包括阅读测试部分和其他部分涉及的阅读文章――都需要考生们直接面对电脑屏幕完成，这就使得过去大家已经习惯的“勾画”和“圈点”都无法完成了。