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高三英语科学前沿动态练习题50题(答案解析)1. The recent ______ in gene - editing technology has brought both hopes and ethical debates.A. breakthroughB. breakdownC. break - upD. break - out答案：A。
解析：“breakthrough”表示突破，在基因编辑技术方面的突破会带来希望和伦理争论，符合语境。
“breakdown”表示故障、崩溃；“break - up”表示分裂、解体；“break - out”表示爆发，这三个词都不符合基因编辑技术发展语境下的语义。
2. Scientists are exploring the ______ of artificial intelligence in medical diagnosis.A. applicationsB. appliancesC. appraisalsD. apprehensions答案：A。
解析：“applications”表示应用，科学家探索人工智能在医疗诊断中的应用是合理的。
“appliances”通常指电器设备；“appraisals”表示评估、评价；“apprehensions”表示担忧、恐惧，这三个选项不符合此处关于人工智能在医疗诊断方面的语境。
3. With the development of space exploration, the ______ of findingnew habitable planets has increased.A. potentialB. potencyC. possibilityD. probability答案：D。
解析：“probability”强调事情发生的可能性，在太空探索发展的情况下，发现新的宜居行星的可能性增加，这个词更侧重于从数学或统计角度的可能性。
高三英语科学前沿练习题30题1.The new scientific discovery is extremely _____.A.astonishB.astonishingC.astonishedD.astonishment答案：B。
“astonishing”令人惊讶的，修饰物；“astonished”感到惊讶的，修饰人；“astonish”是动词；“astonishment”是名词。
这里修饰“scientific discovery”科学发现，用“astonishing”。
2.The scientist is known for his _____ research.A.preciseB.precisionC.preciselyD.preciseness答案：A。
“precise”精确的，形容词，修饰“research”；“precision”是名词；“precisely”是副词；“preciseness”也是名词。
这里需要形容词修饰名词。
3.The experiment was carried out with great _____.A.accuracyB.accurateC.accuratelyD.accurateness答案：A。
“accuracy”准确性，名词；“accurate”精确的，形容词；“accurately”精确地，副词；“accurateness”也是名词，但不常用。
这里“with great”后面接名词。
4.The technology is highly _____.A.advanceB.advancedC.advancementD.advancing答案：B。
“advanced”先进的，形容词，修饰“technology”；“advance”作动词或名词；“advancement”是名词；“advancing”是动词的现在分词形式。
5.The scientific breakthrough is truly _____.A.spectacularB.spectacleC.spectacularlyD.spectacles答案：A。
高三英语科学前沿动态单选题30题1. The new scientific discovery has opened up ______ possibilities for future research.A. numerousB. rareC. fewD. single答案：A。
本题主要考查词汇的含义。
A 选项“numerous”意思是“众多的，许多的”，符合语境，新的科学发现为未来研究开辟了许多可能性。
B 选项“rare”表示“罕见的，稀有的”；C 选项“few”表示“很少的，几乎没有”，与语境不符；D 选项“single”意思是“单一的”，也不符合“开辟多种可能性”的语境。
2. The latest space exploration mission requires ______ technology and advanced equipment.A. complexB. simpleC. ancientD. common答案：A。
本题考查词汇理解。
A 选项“complex”意为“复杂的”，最新的太空探索任务需要复杂的技术和先进的设备，符合逻辑。
B 选项“simple”表示“简单的”；C 选项“ancient”是“古老的”；D 选项“common”为“普通的”，都不符合太空探索任务对技术和设备的要求。
3. Scientists are working hard to find a ______ to the global warming problem.A. solutionB. questionC. causeD. result答案：A。
“solution”有“解决办法”的意思。
科学家努力工作是为了找到全球变暖问题的解决办法，A 选项符合。
B 选项“question”是“问题”；C 选项“cause”指“原因”；D 选项“result”意为“结果”，均不符合题意。
4. The breakthrough in artificial intelligence has brought ______ changes to our daily lives.A. slightB. hugeC. tinyD. minor答案：B。
初二物理现象英语阅读理解30 题1<背景文章>Optical phenomena are very common in our daily life. One of the most basic optical phenomena is reflection. Reflection occurs when light bounces off a surface. For example, when we look at ourselves in a mirror, what we see is the result of light reflection. The law of reflection states that the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection. Mirrors are widely used in our life, not only for people to check their appearance, but also in some optical instruments like telescopes.Another important optical phenomenon is refraction. Refraction happens when light passes from one medium to another, for example, from air to water. This causes the light to change its direction. A common example is a straw in a glass of water. The straw seems to be bent at the water - air interface. This is because the speed of light is different in water and air. Lenses are based on the principle of refraction. They are used in glasses to correct people's vision, and also in cameras to focus light.Light dispersion is also an interesting optical phenomenon. It is the separation of white light into its component colors. We can see this phenomenon in a rainbow. When sunlight passes through raindrops, the different colors of light are refracted by different amounts, and thus areseparated. Prisms can also be used to create light dispersion in a laboratory setting. These optical phenomena play important roles in various fields such as art, science, and technology.1. <问题1>A. Reflection is when light __________ a surface.A. goes throughB. bounces offC. is absorbed byD. is generated from答案：B。
高二英语科研项目实施单选题40题(带答案)1.In the scientific research project, we need to collect data _____.A.accuratelyB.exactlyC.preciselyD.correctly答案：A。
“accurately”强调准确地，在科研项目中收集数据需要准确无误。
“exactly”表示确切地、完全地；“precisely”精确地，和“accurately”意思较为接近但在科研收集数据的场景下，“accurately”更常用；“correctly”正确地，通常用于方法等正确，不太符合收集数据的语境。
2.When presenting the research results, we should express our ideas _____.A.clearlyB.obviouslyC.apparentlyD.visibly答案：A。
“clearly”清晰地，在展示研究结果时要表达清晰。
“obviously”明显地；“apparently”显然地；“visibly”看得见地，后三个选项不太符合表达想法的语境。
3.The scientific research project requires ______ teamwork.A.cohesiveB.unitedC.cooperativeD.joined答案：C。
“cooperative”合作的，科研项目需要合作的团队合作。
“cohesive”有结合力的；“united”联合的；“joined”连接的，这三个选项不太符合团队合作的语境。
4.We must analyze the data ______ to draw accurate conclusions.A.thoroughlypletelyC.entirelyD.wholely答案：A。
“thoroughly”彻底地，分析数据需要彻底才能得出准确结论。
高三英语科学前沿动态练习题50题1.The latest research on genes shows that they play a crucial role in determining our physical characteristics. What does "crucial" mean?A.importantB.unnecessaryC.interestingD.difficult答案：A。
“crucial”意思是至关重要的。
选项A“important”也是重要的意思，符合题意。
选项B“unnecessary”是不必要的；选项C“interesting”是有趣的；选项D“difficult”是困难的。
本题主要考查词汇理解。
2.In biology, cells are the basic units of life. Which of the following is not a type of cell?A.plant cellB.animal cellC.mineral cellD.bacterial cell答案：C。
生物学中，细胞是生命的基本单位，有植物细胞、动物细胞、细菌细胞等，但没有矿物细胞。
本题考查生物学常识和词汇理解。
3.Biologists have discovered a new species of insect. The discovery is significant because it adds to our understanding of biodiversity. Whatdoes "biodiversity" mean?A.the variety of lifeB.the study of insectsC.the importance of plantsD.the function of cells答案：A。
初二英语科学发现练习题40题(答案解析)1.Stephen Hawking is famous for his great contributions to the field of _____.A.physicsB.chemistryC.biologyD.history答案解析：A。
Stephen Hawking 以在物理学领域的贡献而闻名。
B 选项chemistry 化学；C 选项biology 生物学；D 选项history 历史。
都不符合Stephen Hawking 的研究领域。
2.The discovery of penicillin was a major breakthrough in _____.A.medicineB.mathematicsC.geographyD.literature答案解析：A。
青霉素的发现是医学领域的重大突破。
B 选项mathematics 数学；C 选项geography 地理；D 选项literature 文学。
都与青霉素的发现无关。
3.The Wright brothers made a significant contribution to _____.A.space explorationB.aviationC.oceanographyD.archaeology答案解析：B。
莱特兄弟对航空领域做出了重大贡献。
A 选项space exploration 太空探索；C 选项oceanography 海洋学；D 选项archaeology 考古学。
都不是莱特兄弟的贡献领域。
4.Newton's discovery of gravity is one of the most important in _____.A.opticsB.astronomyC.mechanicsD.electromagnetism答案解析：C。
牛顿发现重力是力学领域最重要的发现之一。
初二英语科学发现过程曲折经历单选题50题(答案解析)1.Scientists are always looking for new discoveries. In this process, they need a lot of _____.A.patienceB.courageC.creativityD.carefulness答案：C。
“patience”意为“耐心”；“courage”意为“勇气”；“creativity”意为“创造力”；“carefulness”意为“细心”。
在科学发现过程中，科学家需要很多创造力才能有新的发现。
2.The great scientist spent years on his research. His _____ finally paid off.A.effortB.timeC.moneyD.energy答案：A。
“effort”意为“努力”；“time”意为“时间”；“money”意为“钱”；“energy”意为“精力”。
科学家花了很多年做研究，他的努力最终得到了回报。
3.The experiment was very difficult, but they didn't give up. They showed great _____.A.determinationB.confidenceC.hopeD.pride答案：A。
“determination”意为“决心”；“confidence”意为“自信”；“hope”意为“希望”；“pride”意为“骄傲”。
实验很难但他们没放弃，表现出很大的决心。
4.In the scientific discovery, data is very important. We need to be _____ when collecting data.A.accurateB.fastC.carelessD.slow答案：A。
高一英语科学探索方向单选题50题1. In a scientific experiment, the variables should be controlled carefully. The underlined word "variables" means _____.A. 常量B. 变量C. 系数D. 函数答案：B。
“variables”常见释义为“变量”。
A 选项“常量”通常用“constant”；C 选项“系数”常用“coefficient”；D 选项“函数”是“function”。
在科学实验中，需要仔细控制的是变量。
2. The scientist observed the phenomenon ______ for several months.A. continuouslyB. occasionallyC. rarelyD. frequently答案：A。
“continuously”表示“连续不断地”；B 选项“occasionally”意思是“偶尔”；C 选项“rarely”意为“很少”；D 选项“frequently”是“频繁地”。
科学家连续观察这个现象好几个月，需要表达持续的意思，所以选A。
3. To draw a conclusion from the research, we need ______ evidence.A. sufficientB. deficientC. efficientD. proficient答案：A。
“sufficient”是“足够的”；B 选项“deficient”指“不足的”；C 选项“efficient”意为“有效率的”；D 选项“proficient”表示“熟练的”。
从研究中得出结论，我们需要足够的证据，故选A。
4. The method of the scientific study is based on ______.A. assumptionB. hypothesisC. suppositionD. speculation答案：B。
高二英语物理科学前沿发展趋势单选题40道1. The latest research in quantum physics shows that particles can exist in multiple states _____.A. simultaneouslyB. sequentiallyC. independentlyD. separately答案：A。
本题考查副词的词义辨析。
simultaneously 表示“同时地”；sequentially 意为“相继地”；independently 指“独立地”；separately 是“分别地”。
在量子物理的最新研究中，粒子能够同时存在于多种状态，A 选项符合语境。
2. The discovery of new materials in the field of nanotechnology has ______ many potential applications.A. led toB. resulted fromC. brought aboutD. come up with答案：A。
led to 表示“导致”；resulted from 意思是“由……造成”，逻辑关系不符；brought about 也有“引起，导致”的意思；come up with 是“提出，想出”。
纳米技术领域新材料的发现导致了许多潜在的应用，A 选项和C 选项都有“导致”的意思，但led to 更常用，A 选项更合适。
3. The study of black holes ______ significant challenges to our understanding of the universe.A. posesB. raisesC. createsD. produces答案：A。
pose 有“造成，引起（威胁、问题等）”的意思；raise 主要指“举起，提高，筹集”；create 侧重于“创造，创建”；produce 意为“生产，制造”。
a r X i v :h e p -ph /0012198v 115De c200UR-1612ER/40685/950SEPTEMBER 2000RECENT RESULTS ON BFKL PHYSICSLYNNE H.ORRDepartment of Physics and Astronomy,University of Rochester,Rochester,NY 14627-0171,USA E-mail:orr@ W.J.STIRLING Departments of Physics and Mathematical Sciences,University of DurhamDurham DH13LE,England E-mail:W.J.Stirling@ Virtual photon scattering in e +e −collisions can result in events with the electron-positron pair pro-duced at large rapidity separation in association with hadrons.The BFKL equation resums large logarithms that dominate the cross section for this process.After a brief overview of analytic BFKL resummation and its experimental status,we report on a Monte Carlo method for solving the BFKL equation that allows kinematic constraints to be taken into account.We discuss results for e +e −col-lisions using both fixed-order QCD and the BFKL approach.We conclude with some brief comments on the status of NLL calculations.Presented at XXXth International Conference on High Energy Physics,Osaka,Japan,July 27–August 2,20001Introduction Many processes in QCD can be described by a fixed order expansion in the strong coupling constant αS .In some kinematic regimes,however,each power of αS gets mul-tiplied by a large logarithm (of some ratio of relevant scales),and fixed-order calcula-tions must give way to leading-log calcula-tions in which such terms are resummed.The BFKL equation 1resums these large loga-rithms when they arise from multiple (real and virtual)gluon emissions.In the BFKL regime,the transverse momenta of the con-tributing gluons are comparable but they are strongly ordered in rapidity.The BFKL equation can be solved an-alytically,and its solutions usually result in (parton-level)cross sections that increase as the power λ,where λ=4C A ln 2αs /π≈0.5.a For example,in dijet production at large rapidity separation ∆in hadron colliders,2BFKL predicts for the parton-level cross sec-tion ˆσe λ∆.In virtual photon scattering,for example in e +e −collisions,where the electron-positron pair at emerge with a large rapidity separation and hadronic activity in between,3BFKL predicts σγ∗γ∗(W 2/Q 2)λ.W 2is the invariant mass of the hadronic sys-tem (equivalently,the photon-photon center-of-mass energy)and Q 2is the invariant mass of either photon.2Experimental Status and Improved Predictions The experimental status of BFKL is ambigu-ous at best,with existing results being farfrom definitive.The data tend to lie be-tween the predictions offixed-order QCD and analytic solutions to the BFKL equa-tion.This happens,for example,for the az-imuthal decorrelation in dijet production at the Fermilab Tevatron4and for the virtual photon cross section at LEP.5Similar results are found in ep collissions at HERA.bIt is not so surprising that analytic BFKL predicts stronger effects than seen in data. Analytic BFKL solutions implicitly contain sums over arbitrary numbers of gluons with arbitrary energies,but the kinematics are leading-order only.As a result there is no kinematic cost to emit gluons,and en-ergy and momentum are not conserved,and BFKL effects are artifically enhanced.This situation can be remedied by a Monte Carlo implementation of solutions to the BFKL equation.7,8In such an implemen-tation the BFKL equation is solved by iter-ation,making the sum over gluons explicit. Then kinematic constraints can be imple-mented directly,and conservation of energy and momentum is restored.This tends to lead to a suppression of BFKL-type effects. The Monte Carlo approach has been applied to dijet production at hadron colliders,7,8,9 leading to better(though still not perfect) agreement with the dijet azimuthal decorre-lation data.7Applications to forward jet pro-duction at HERA and to virtual photon scat-tering in e+e−collisions are underway;an up-date on the latter appears in the next section. 3γ∗γ∗Scattering:A Closer LookBFKL effects can arise in e+e−collisions via the scattering of virtual photons emit-ted from the initial e+and e−.The scat-tered electron and positron appear in the for-ward and backward regions(“double-tagged”QCD and BFKL are most easily understood by looking atW2Q21Q22d3σs/W.The asymptotic regime then corresponds to large W2/Q2.This quantity is shown in Figure1 for Q21=Q22=Q2=10GeV2and√s is more directly rel-evant.Figure2shows W2Q21Q22d3σs=500GeV. The solid lines show the exactfixed-order QCD prediction.The dashed line is the asymptotic four-quark production cross sec-tion,and the dotted line is the analytic BFKL prediction.Now we see that all of the curves fall offat large W,but the BFKL cross sec-tion lies well above theothers.Figure 2.Exact(solid lines)and analytic asymp-totic(dashed line)e+e−→e+e−q¯q and e+e−→e+e−q¯q q¯q cross sections versus W2/Q2atfixed√s=183and189–202GeV,with Q2= 14GeV2and Q2=15GeV2,respectively,as a function of y=ln(W2/Q2).In this variable the asymptotic QCD four-quark cross section isflat,and the analytic BFKL cross section rises,similarly to Figure1.The data lie be-tween the two predictions,and the higher statistics data at the higher energies show a clear rise in the data,though not as steep as predicted by analytic BFKL.We expect that the BFKL Monte Carlo prediction(in progress)will be closer to the data.But one can also ask whether the asymptotic QCD limit for four-quark produc-tion is appropriate here.We compare the ex-act and asymptotic QCD curves at the LEP energy√Figure 3.Exact (solid lines)and analytic asymp-totic (dashed line)e +e −→e +e −q ¯q and e +e −→e +e −q ¯q q ¯q cross sections versus W 2/Q 2at fixed √c This does not automatically imply that fixed-order QCD describes the data,because there are unresolved normalization issues involved.The good news is that there is much progress in understanding these problems,which can mostly be traced to the fact that at NLL glu-ons can be close together in rapidity,leading to collinear divergences.Several methodsfor solving this problem are summarized in 10,and the NLL BFKL corrections appear to be coming under control.5Conclusions In summary,BFKL physics is a complicated business.Tests are being performed in a vari-ety of present experiments (Tevatron,HERA,LEP)and there is potential for the future as well (LHC,LC).Unfortunately,compar-isons between theory and experiment are not straightforward;leading order BFKL is in-sufficient,and subleading corrections such as kinematic constraints can be very impor-tant.A worst-case scenario which is not ruled out may be that we cannot reach sufficiently asymptotic regions in experiments to see un-ambiguous BFKL effects.However,reports of the demise of BFKL physics due to insta-bility of the next-to-leading-order corrections are greatly exaggerated,and the source of the large corrections is understood and they are being brought under control.In summary,the jury on BFKL physics is still out,but there continues to be much progress.6Acknowledgments Work supported in part by the U.S.De-partment of Energy and the U.S.National Science Foundation,under grants DE-FG02-91ER40685and PHY-9600155.References 1.L.N.Lipatov,Sov.J.Nucl.Phys.23(1976)338;E.A.Kuraev,L.N.Lipatov and V.S.Fadin,Sov.Phys.JETP 45(1977)199;Ya.Ya.Balitsky and L.N.Li-patov,Sov.J.Nucl.Phys.28(1978)822.2.A.H.Mueller and H.Navelet,Nucl.Phys.B282,727(1987).3.S.J.Brodsky, F.Hautmannand D.E.Soper,Phys.Rev.D56,6957 (1997).4.S.Abachi et al.[D0Collaboration],Phys.Rev.Lett.77,595(1996).5.M.Wadhwa for the L3collaboration,these proceedings.6.B.Pope for the D0collaboration,theseproceedings.7.L.H.Orr and W.J.Stirling,Phys.Rev.D56(1997)5875.8.C.R.Schmidt,Phys.Rev.Lett.78(1997)4531.9.L.H.Orr and W.J.Stirling,Phys.Lett.B429(1998)135;Phys.Lett.B436 (1998)372.10.G.P.Salam,Acta Phys.Polon.B30,3679(1999);hep-ph/0005304,and ref-erences therein.。
