南开大学08-09_一_C 试卷_A卷_

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2008年南开大学经济学基础（微、宏观）考研真题详解一、简答题（共10分，共60分）1．简述“科斯定理”的含义。

【分析】科斯定理是重点，2010年考卷又考了此知识点。

需要指出的是，给出的答案是按照论述题来组织言语的，实际上对于10分的简答题，完全可以只答要点，不需要过多展开，否则时间可能不够用。

【答案】科斯定理是一种产权理论，由斯蒂格勒根据科斯于20世纪60年代发表的《社会成本问题》这篇论文的内容概括而成。

其内容是：只要财产权是明确的，并且其交易成本为零或者很小，则无论在开始时财产权的配置是怎么样的，市场均衡的最终结果都是有效率的。

科斯定理进一步扩大了“看不见的手”的作用。

按照科斯定理，只要那些假设条件成立，则外部影响就不可能导致资源配置不当，从而外部性问题总能通过市场自身来解决，而不需要政府的干预。

或者以另一角度来说，在所给条件下，市场力量足够强大，总能够使外部影响以最经济的办法来解决，从而仍然可以实现帕累托最优状态。

西方学者认为，明确的财产权及其转让可以使得私人成本（或利益）与社会成本（或利益）趋于一致。

以污染问题为例，科斯定理意味着，一旦所需条件均被满足，则污染者的私人边际成本曲线就会趋于上升，直到与边际社会成本曲线完全重合，从而污染者的利润最大化产量将下降至社会最优产量水平。

对于科斯定理，需要理解以下几点：（1）科斯定理最基本的断言是：只有交易（谈判）成本会阻碍自愿谈判达到帕累托最优。

（2）庇古主张动用政府的税收，即对造成负外部性的当事人征税，用以补贴遭受负的外部性损失的当事人，以此来改善资源配置。

南开大学入学考试试题一、选择题（每题3分，共30分）1. 以下哪项是南开大学的校训？A. 厚德载物B. 博学笃志C. 自强不息D. 厚德博学2. 南开大学位于哪个城市？A. 北京B. 上海C. 天津D. 广州3. 南开大学成立于哪一年？A. 1919年B. 1920年C. 1921年D. 1922年4. 下列哪位是南开大学的创始人？A. 蔡元培B. 张伯苓C. 严复D. 胡适5. 南开大学的主要学科门类包括哪些？A. 文、理、工、商B. 文、理、工、医C. 文、理、工、法D. 文、理、工、农6. 南开大学图书馆藏书量是多少？A. 300万册B. 400万册C. 500万册D. 600万册7. 南开大学有多少个学院？A. 21个B. 22个C. 23个D. 24个8. 南开大学有多少个国家重点学科？A. 14个B. 15个C. 16个D. 17个9. 南开大学有多少个博士后科研流动站？A. 26个B. 27个C. 28个D. 29个10. 南开大学有多少个国家重点实验室？A. 2个B. 3个C. 4个D. 5个二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）11. 南开大学是中国近代教育史上第一所综合性大学，其前身是_________。

12. 南开大学位于天津市南开区，占地面积约为_________平方米。

13. 南开大学有_________个校区，分别是八里台校区、津南校区和_________校区。

14. 南开大学的校歌是《_________》，由张伯苓作词，萧友梅作曲。

15. 南开大学在_________年被确定为国家“211工程”重点建设的大学。

16. 南开大学在_________年被确定为国家“985工程”重点建设的大学。

17. 南开大学在_________年被确定为世界一流大学建设高校。

18. 南开大学在_________年被确定为世界一流学科建设高校。

19. 南开大学有_________个国家级实验教学示范中心。

南开大学某级文科类高等数学统考试卷(doc 9页)部门： xxx时间： xxx整理范文，仅供参考，可下载自行编辑南开大学2008级文科类高等数学统考试卷 （A 卷闭卷部分 考试时间60分钟） 2009年6月28日 草稿区（说明：答案务必写在装订线右侧，写在装订线左侧无效。

影响成绩后果自负。

）一、(本题10分)袋中装有10个号码球，分别标有1~10号。

现从袋中任取3个球，记录下其号码，求（1）最小号码为5的概率；（2）中间号码为5号的概率.二、(本题10分)由现在的天气状况分析，政府有90％的概率进行人工降雨，10%的概率不进行人工降雨。

若进行人工降雨后下雨的概率为0.8, 不进行人工降雨而下雨的概率为0.15， 试求 （1）下雨的概率；（2）在已知没有下雨的条件下，求没有进行人工降雨的概率.文科类A4—1草稿区三、(本题8分)若随机事件A , B , C 为相互独立事件, 且2.0)(=A P ，4.0)(=B P ，5.0)(=C P ，求事件A , B , C 中至少有一个发生的概率.四、(本题12分)若随机变量X 的分布函数为 ⎪⎪⎪⎩⎪⎪⎪⎨⎧≥<≤<≤<≤<=31328.0212.01000)(x x x x a x x F且已知1019)(=X E ，求（1）常数a 的值；（2）D (X ); (3) )25.0(≤≤X P .文科类A4—2草稿区五、(本题12分)设随机变量X 的密度函数为⎩⎨⎧<<=其他20)(2x cx x f ，求（1）c 的值；（2）)11(<<-X P ; (3) E (2X -1).六、(本题6分)设A ，B 为两个随机事件，已知31)()(==B P A P ，且)|()|(A B P A B P =，求)|(A B P .文科类A4—3七、(本题6分)某种电子元件的寿命X （小时）服从正态分布N (500, 402)， 草稿区 求一只该种元件在工作500小时未失效的条件下，还能再工作100小时的概率.八、(本题6分)设随机变量ξ服从[0, 2]上的均匀分布，η表示对ξ的三次独立重复试验中事件}21{≤ξ出现的次数，求)2(P =η.文科类A4—4南开大学2008级文科类高等数学统考试卷 （A 卷开卷部分考试时间40分钟） 2009年6月28日 草稿区（说明：答案务必写在装订线右侧，写在装订线左侧无效。

南开大学2008年数学分析考研试题.一．计算题1．求极限21lim[ln(1)]x x x x→∞-+。

2．求和()()∑∞=-+-1121n n n n 。

3．已知()()()1f x x f x ''-=-，求()x f ？ 4．设2ln 261txdt e π=-⎰，则x =？5．设区域()[][]{}1,1,2,0,-∈∈=y x y x D ，求Dx y dxdy -⎰⎰。

二．设61-≥x 61+=+n n x x ，(1,2,)n = ，证明数列{}n x 收敛，并求其极限。

三．设()[]b a C x f ,∈，并且[]b a x ,∈∀，[]b a y ,∈∃，使()()x f y f 21≤，证明[]b a ,∈∃ξ，使得()0=ξf .四．设()x f 在[)+∞,a 一致连续，且广义积分()af x dx +∞⎰收敛，求证()0lim =+∞→x f x 。

五．设()x f 在(,)-∞+∞上可微，对任意(,)x ∈-∞+∞，()0f x >， ()()f x mf x '≤， 其中10<<m ，任取实数0a ，1ln ()n n a f a -=，(1,2,)n = ，证明级数11||n n n a a ∞-=-∑收敛。

六．证明函数项级数()1nxn f x ne∞-==∑，（1）在()+∞,0上收敛，但不一致收敛；（2）和函数()x f 在()+∞,0上任意次可导。

七．作变换xy u =，x v =，w xz y =-，将方程2222z z yyyx∂∂+=∂∂变换为w 关于自变量(),u v 方程。

八．求由曲面2224x y az a ++=将球体2224x y z az ++≤分成两部分的体积之比。

九、设()f x 是(0,)+∞上具有二阶连续导数的正函数，且()0f x '≤，(0,)x ∈+∞，()f x ''在(0,)+∞上有界，则lim ()0x f x →+∞'=。

南开大学本科考试试卷真题考生注意：本试卷为南开大学本科考试试卷真题，考试时间为120分钟，满分为100分。

请考生认真审题，仔细作答。

一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 下列哪个选项不是南开大学的传统精神？A. 爱国B. 进步C. 团结D. 创新2. 南开大学成立于哪一年？A. 1919年B. 1920年C. 1921年D. 1925年3. 南开大学位于我国的哪个城市？A. 北京B. 上海C. 天津D. 南京4. 南开大学的主要学科门类包括以下哪项？A. 医学B. 法学C. 工学D. 以上都是5. 南开大学曾培养出哪些领域的杰出人才？A. 政治家B. 科学家C. 文学家D. 以上都是6. 南开大学的校训是什么？A. 厚德载物B. 自强不息C. 笃学敦行D. 知行合一7. 南开大学图书馆藏书量超过多少万册？A. 100万B. 200万C. 300万D. 400万8. 南开大学校园内最著名的景点是？A. 未名湖B. 荷花池C. 钟楼D. 校史馆9. 南开大学每年的新生入学典礼通常在哪个月份举行？A. 8月B. 9月C. 10月D. 11月10. 南开大学本科生毕业前需要修满多少学分？A. 120B. 150C. 180D. 200二、填空题（每空1分，共10分）11. 南开大学是由著名教育家_________创立的。

12. 南开大学校园内有一个以_________命名的广场。

13. 南开大学的校歌是《_________》。

14. 南开大学在_________年被确定为国家重点支持的大学。

15. 南开大学本科生毕业论文的最低字数要求是_________字。

三、简答题（每题10分，共20分）16. 请简述南开大学的历史沿革。

17. 请列举南开大学在学术研究方面取得的几项重要成就。

四、论述题（每题25分，共50分）18. 论述南开大学在培养人才方面的特点和优势。

19. 论述南开大学在推动社会进步和国家发展中所发挥的作用。

2023-2024学年第一学期期末试卷1、Kate was very sad over loss of the photos she had shot in China, ____this was a memory she especially treasured.A．if B．whenC．as D．which2、—Did Max go to the concert with his family yesterday?—The report scheduled to be handed in tomorrow, he _______ it.A．couldn’t have attended B．needn’t have attendedC．wouldn’t attend D．shouldn’t attend3、In fact，most of us would the consequences of stupid decisions taken byothers.A．handle B．solve C．follow D．suffer4、Premier Li Keqiang officially ______ the plan to develop the Bay Area in his governmentwork report delivered at the start of the National People’s Congress session in March.A．laid out B．laid offC．laid down D．laid up5、carefully for long time,the opening ceremony won a great success.A．Having prepared B．To be prepared C．Being prepared D．Having been prepared6、I’m most awfully grateful to you. I can’t think what I ________ without you.A．could do B．would doC．should have done D．must have done7、He always keeps an eye on shortcomings of his brother’s _________ refusing to admit hisown mistakes.学校________________班级____________姓名____________考场____________准考证号…………………………密…………封…………线…………内…………不…………要…………答…………题…………………………A ．butB ．whileC ．althoughD ．though 8、Simply raise your hand ，and a taxi appears ________ A ．at no time B ．at one time C ．in no time D ．for the time being 9、The man ________ the fake news that 18 firefighters lost their lives in the explosion was arrested. A ．having circulating B ．to circulate C ．circulating D ．to have circulated 10、By the time we ________ from our school, we have been close friends for more than ten years. A ．graduated B ．will graduate C ．are graduating D ．graduate 第二部分 阅读理解（满分20分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A 、B 、C 、D 四个选项中，选出最佳选项。

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南开大学2008年会计学考研真题解析内部资料复试线考录比南开大学2008年硕士研究生入学考试试题学院：140商学院考试科目：885会计学综合专业：会计学注意：请将答案写在专用答题纸上，答在此试卷上无效！本试卷可以使用计算器。

第一部分财务会计（满分50分）一、单项选择题（每题2分，共20分）1．在处理下列各项会计业务时，体现谨慎性原则的是（）A．无形资产摊销B．固定资产折旧C．按历史成本确认存货入账价值D．应收账款提取坏账准备2.企业贴现带追索权的商业汇票时，由于承担连带责任而应该确认（）A．预计负债B．或有负债C．流动资产D．营业外支出3.企业提取存货减值准备，应该借记（）A．营业费用B．主营业务成本C．资产减值准备D．存货减值准备4．如果在选择设备折旧方法时，不考虑由于技术进步导致的无形损失，仅考虑实际使用所导致的有形磨损，应该选择（）A．年数总和法B．加速折旧法C．直线法D．工作量法5.采用权益法核算时，下列各项不会引起投资企业长期股权投资账面价值发生增减变动的是（）A．被投资单位接受捐赠B．被投资单位发生亏损C．被投资单位宣告分配股票股利D．被投资单位宣告分配现金股利6.下列事项中不属于或有负债的是（）A.产品质量保证B．未决诉讼C.商业票据背书转让与贴现D.为关联企业提供贷款担保7.企业以库存商品换入一批原材料，换入库存商品的公允价值应确认为（）A.主营业务收入B．资本公积C．营业外收入D．公允价值变动损益8．企业为鼓励生产车间职工自愿接受裁减而给予的补偿，应借记的会计科目是A．制造费用B．营业外支出C．管理费用 D.生产成本9.下列各项中，不会引起留存收益总额发生增减变动的是（）A.分配股票股利B．提取任意盈余公积C.盈余公积转增资本D．盈余公积弥补亏损10.企业在编制现金流量表时，下来业务中，属于经营活动产生的现金流量是（）A．收到出租无形资产的租金B.收到应付利息C.收到现金股利D．支付在建工程人员的工资二、业务分析和计算（每题8分，共16分）1.假定A公司是用的所得税税率为25%，2007年利润总额为760万元。

2008年南开大学英语专业（基础英语）真题试卷(总分120,考试时间90分钟)1. 选择题1. She gets along very well with everyone, so she is the most______member of our family.A. congenitalB. impetuousC. congenialD. imperious2. Lucy Stone,______ first feminists in the United States, helped organize the American Woman Suffrage Association in 1869.A. the oneB. who was theC. anotherD. one of the3. A very full cup is filled to the______.A. plugB. dentC. hatchD. brim4. The English weather defies forecast and hence is a source of interest and______to everyone.A. speculationB. attributionC. utilizationD. proposition5. At present, it is not possible to confirm or to refute the suggestion that there is a causal relationship between the amount of fat we eat and the______of heart attacksA. incidenceB. impetusC. ruptureD. emergence6. Executives of **pany enjoyed an______lifestyle of free gifts, fine wines and high salaries.A. exquisiteB. extravagantC. exoticD. eccentric7. A membership card______the holder to use the club"s facilities for a period of twelve months.A. approvesB. authorizesC. rectifiesD. endows8. The members of the club voted to______the meeting until after lunch.A. adjournB. adjoinC. adjustD. adjudge9. What I am telling you is strictly______. Don"t let anyone know of it.A. secretiveB. specialC. confidentD. confidential10. She felt sad for a while, but fortunately, the feeling was______.A. short-sightedB. transitoryC. shiftyD. transcendent11. Supposing the weather ______ bad, where would you go?A. isB. will beC. wereD. be12. Van Gogh"s rise to______fame as one of the world"s great artists came despite the fact that he scarcely sold a single painting during his lifetime.A. postmodernB. posthumousC. postmortemD. posterior13. ______your request for an additional assistant, I can only say at this stage that this is being considered.A. For the purpose ofB. In regard toC. In terms ofD. In view of14. Money sent______the broadcast appeal will be used to buy blankets and medical supplies.A. in favor ofB. in return forC. in exchange forD. in response to15. Sheep, cattle and antelope are______, unlike dogs and cats, they show no interest in meat.A. voraciousB. omnivorousC. carnivorousD. herbivorous16. A body weighs______from the surface of the earth.A. less the farther it getsB. the farther it gets, the lessC. less than it gets fartherD. less than the farther it gets17. Essentially, a theory is an abstract, symbolic representation of ______reality.A. that is conceivedB. that is being conceived ofC. what it is conceivedD. what is conceived to be18. Captain Henry,______, crept slowly through the underbrush.A. being remote from the enemyB. attempting to not encounter the enemyC. trying to avoid the enemyD. not involving himself in the enemy19. Human facial expressions differ from those of animals in the degree______they can be deliberately controlled and modified.A. to whichB. in whichC. at whichD. on which20. The formal language he used was much too______for his trivial subject.A. austereB. eccentricC. pompousD. languid2. 完形填空For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked A, B, C andD. Choose the best one and mark your answer on the Answer Sheet. Until recently most historians spoke very critically of the Industrial Revolution. They【C1】______that in the long runindustrialization greatly raised the standard of living for the【C2】______man. But they insisted that its【C3】______results during the period from 1750 to 1850 were widespread poverty, and misery for the【C4】______of the English population. 【C5】______contrast, they saw in the preceding hundred years from 1650 to 1750, when England was still a【C6】______agricultural country, a period of great abundance and prosperity. This view, 【C7】______, is generally thought to be wrong. Specialists【C8】______history and economics, have【C9】______two things: that the period from 1650 to 1750 was【C10】______by great poverty, and that industrialization certainly did not worsen and may have actually improved the conditions for the majority of the populace.1. 【C1】A. admittedB. believedC. claimedD. predicted2. 【C2】A. plainB. averageC. meanD. normal3. 【C3】A. momentaryB. promptC. instantD. immediate4. 【C4】A. bulkB. hostC. grossD. magnitude5. 【C5】A. OnB. WithC. ForD. By6. 【C6】A. broadlyB. thoroughlyC. generallyD. completely7. 【C7】A. howeverB. meanwhileC. thereforeD. moreover8. 【C8】A. atB. inC. aboutD. for9. 【C9】A. manifestedB. approvedC. shownD. speculated10. 【C10】A. notedB. impressedC. labeledD. marked3. 阅读理解There are four passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C andD. You should decide onthe best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet. Overland transport in the United States was still extremely primitive in 1790. Roads were few and short, usually extending from **munities to the nearest river town or seaport. Nearly all **merce was carried out by sailing ships that served the bays and harbors of the seaboard. Yet, in 1790 the nation was on the threshold of a new era of road development. Unable to finance road construction, states turned for help to **panies, organized by merchants and land speculators who had a personal interest in **munications with the interior. The pioneer in this move was the state of Pennsylvania, which chartered a company in 1792 to construct a turnpike, a road for the use of which a toll, or payment, is collected, from Philadelphia to Lancaster. The legislature gave **pany the authority to erect tollgates at points along the road where payment would be collected, though it carefully regulated the rates.(The states had unquestioned authority to regulate private business in this period.) **pany built a gravel road within two years, and the success of the Lancaster Pike encouraged imitation. Northern states generally relied on **panies to build their toll roads, but Virginia constructed a network at public expense. Such was the road building fever that by 1810 New York alone had some 1, 500 miles of turnpikes extending from the Atlantic to Lake Erie. Transportation on these early turnpikes consisted of freight carrier, wagons and passenger stagecoaches. The **mon road freight carrier was the Conestoga wagon, a vehicle developed in the mid-eighteenth century by German immigrants in the area around Lancaster, Pennsylvania. It featured large, broad wheels able to negotiate all, but the deepest ruts and holes, and its round bottom prevented the freight from shifting on a hill. Covered with canvas and drawn by four to six horses, the Conestoga wagon rivaled the log cabin as the primary symbol of the frontier. Passengers traveled in a variety of stagecoaches, the **mon of which had four benches, each holding three persons. It was only a platform on wheels, with no springs; slender poles held up the top, and leather curtains kept out dust and rain.1. Paragraph 1 discusses early road building in the United States mainly in terms of the______.A. popularity of turnpikesB. financing of new roadsC. development of the interiorD. laws governing road use2. In 1790 most roads connected towns in the interior of the country with______.A. other **munitiesB. towns in other statesC. river towns or seaportsD. construction sites3. The phrase "on the threshold of in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to______.A. in need ofB. in place ofC. at the start ofD. with the purpose of4. According to the passage, why did states want **panies to help with road building?A. The states could not afford to build roads themselves.B. The states were not as well equipped as **panies.C. **panies **plete roads faster than the states.D. **panies had greater knowledge of the interior.5. Virginia is mentioned as an example of a state that______.A. built roads without tollgatesB. built roads with government moneyC. completed 1,500 miles of turnpikes in one yearD. introduced new law restricting road use6. The "large, broad wheels" of the Conestoga wagon are mentioned in the last paragraph as an example of a feature of wagons that was______.A. unusual in mid-eighteenth century vehiclesB. first found in GermanyC. effective on roads with uneven surfacesD. responsible for frequent damage to freightDrunken driving—sometimes called America"s socially accepted form of murder—has become a national infectious disease. Every hour of every day about three Americans on average are killed by drunken drivers, adding up to an incredible 250,000 over the past decade. A drunken driver is usually defined as one with a 0.01 blood alcohol content or roughly three beers, glasses of wine or shots of whisky drunk within two hours. Heavy drinking used to be an acceptable part of the American strong man image and judges were not severe in most courts, but the drunken slaughter has recently caused so many well-publicized tragedies, especially involving young children, that public opinion is no longer so tolerant. Twenty states have raised the legal drinking age to 21, reversing a trend in the 1960s to reduce it to 18. After New Jersey lowered it to 18, the number of people killed by 18-20-year-old drivers more than doubled, so the state recently upped it back to 21. Reformers, however, fear raising the drinking age will have little effect unless accompanied by educational programs to help young people to develop "responsible attitudes" about drinking and teach them to resist strong pressure to drink. Tough new laws have led to increased arrests and tests and, in many areas already, to a marked decline in fatalities. Some states are also penalizing bars for serving customers too many drinks. An inn in Massachusetts was fined for serving six or more double brandies to a customer who was "obviously drunk" and later drove off the road, killing a nine-year-old boy. As the fatalities continue to occur daily in every state, some Americans are even beginning to speak well of the 13 years of national prohibition of alcohol that began in 1991, what President Hoover called the "noble experiment". They forget that legal prohibition didn"t stop drinking, but encouraged political corruption and organized crime. As with booming drug trade generally, there is no easy solution.7. Drunken driving has become a major problem in America because______.A. most Americans are heavy drinkersB. Americans are now less shocked by road accidentsC. accidents attract so much publicityD. drinking is a socially accepted habit in America8. Why has public opinion regarding drunken driving changed?A. Detailed statistics are now available.B. The news media have revealed the problem.C. Judges are giving more severe sentences.D. Drivers are more conscious of their image.9. Statistics issued in New Jersey suggested that______.A. many drivers were not of legal ageB. young drivers were often bad driversC. the level of drinking increased in the 1960sD. the legal drinking age should be raised10. Laws recently introduced in some states have______.A. reduced the number of punishmentB. resulted in fewer serious accidentsC. prevented bars from serving drunken customersD. specified the amount drivers can drink11. Why is the problem of drinking and driving difficult to solve?A. Alcohol is easily obtained.B. Drinking is linked to organized crime.C. Legal prohibition has already failed.D. Legislation alone is not sufficient.Native Americans probably arrived from Asia in successive waves over several millennia, crossing a plain hundreds of miles wide that now lies inundated by 160 feet of water released by melting glaciers. For several periods of time, the first beginning around 60, 000 B.C. and the last ending around 7, 000 B.C., this land bridge was open. The first people traveled in the dusty trails of the animals they hunted. They brought with them not only their families, weapons, and tools but also a broad metaphysical understanding, sprung from dreams and visions and articulated in myth and song, **plemented their scientific and historical knowledge of the lives of animals and of people. All this they shaped in a variety of languages, bringing into being oral literatures of power and beauty. Contemporary readers, forgetting the origins of western epic, lyric, and dramatic forms, are easily disposed to think of "literature" only as something written. But on reflection it becomes clear that the more critically useful as well as the more frequently employed sense of the term concerns the artfulness of the verbal creation, not its mode of presentation. Ultimately, literature is aesthetically valued, regardless of language, culture, or mode of presentation, because some significant verbal achievement results from the struggle in words between tradition and talent. Verbal art has the ability to shape out a compelling inner vision in some skillfully crafted public verbal form. Of course, the differences between the written and oral modes of expression are not without consequences for an understanding of Native American literature. The essential difference is that a speech event is an **munication, an "emergent form", the shape, functions and aesthetic values of which become more clearly realized over the course of the performance. In performing verbal art, the performer assumes responsibility for the manner as well as the content of the performance, while the audience assumes the responsibility for evaluating the performer"s competence in both areas. It is this intense mutual engagement that elicits the display of skill and shapes the emerging performance. Where written literature provides us with a tradition of texts, oral literature offers a tradition of performances.12. According to the passage, why did the first people who came to North America leave their homeland?A. They were hoping to find a better climate.B. They were seeking freedom.C. They were following instructions given in a dream.D. They were looking for food.13. The word "compelling" in the second paragraph is closest in meaning to______.A. joyousB. intricateC. competingD. forceful14. What is the main point of the second paragraph?A. Public performance is essential to verbal art.B. Oral narratives are a valid form of literature.C. Native Americans have a strong oral tradition in art.D. The production of literature provides employment for many artists.15. What can be inferred about the nature of the Native American literature discussed in the passage?A. It reflects historical and contemporary life in Asia.B. Its main focus is on daily activities.C. It is based primarily on scientific knowledge.D. It is reshaped each time it is experienced.16. According to the passage, what responsibility does the audience of a verbal art performance have?A. They provide financial support for performances.B. They judge the quality of the content and presentation.C. They participate in the performance by chanting responses.D. They determine the length of the performance by requesting a continuation.17. Which of the following is NOT true of the Native American literature discussed in the passage?A. It involves acting.B. It has ancient origins.C. It has a set form.D. It expresses an inner vision.18. What can be inferred from the passage about the difference between written and oral literature?A. Written literature reflects social values better than oral literature does.B. Written literature involves less interaction between audience and creator during the creative progress than oral literature does.C. Written literature usually is not based on historical events, whereas oral literature is.D. Written literature is not as highly respected as oral literature is.19. What is the author"s attitude toward Native American literature?A. Admiring of its form.B. Critical of the cost of its production.C. Amused by its content.D. Skeptical about its origins.In the United States the per capita costs of schooling have risen almost as fast as the cost of medical treatment. But increased treatment by both doctors and teachers has shown steadily declining results. Medical expenses concentrated on those above forty-five have doubled several times over a period of forty years with a resulting 3 percent increase in the life expectancy of men. The increase in educational expenditures has produced even stranger results; otherwise President Nixon could not have been moved this spring to promise that every child shall soon have the "Right to Read" before leaving school. In the United States it would take eighty billion dollars per year to provide what educators regard as equal treatment for all in grammar and high school. This is well over twice the $36 billion now being spent. Independent cost projections prepared atHEW and at the University of Florida indicate that by 1974 **parable figures will be $107 billion as against the $45 billion now projected, and these figures wholly omit the enormous costs of what is called "higher education", for which demand is growing even faster. The United States, which spent nearly eighty billion dollars in 1969 for "defense", including its deployment in Vietnam, is obviously too poor to provide equal schooling. The President"s committee for the study of school finance should ask not how to support or how to trim such increasing costs, but how they can be avoided. Equal obligatory schooling must be recognized as at least economically unfeasible. In Latin America the amount of public money spent on each graduate student is between 350 and 1, 500 times the amount spent on the median citizen(that is, the citizen who holds the middle ground between the poorest and the richest). In the United States the discrepancy is smaller, but the discrimination is keener. The richest parents, some 10 percent, can afford private education for their children and help them to benefit from foundation grants. But in addition they obtain ten times the per capita amount of public funds if this is compared with the per capita expenditure made on the children of the 10 percent who are poorest. The principal reasons for this are that rich children stay longer in school, that a year in a university is disproportionately more expensive than a year in high school, and that most private universities depend—at least indirectly—on tax-derived finances. Obligatory schooling inevitably polarizes a society; it also grades the nations of the world according to an international caste system. Countries are rated like castes whose educational dignities determined by the average years of schooling of its citizens, a rating which is closely related to per capita gross national product, and much more painful.20. Which one of the following best expresses the main idea of the passage?A. The educational **ings of the United States, in contrast to those of Latin America, are merely the result of poor allocation of available resources.B. Both education and medical care are severely underfunded.C. Obligatory schooling must be scrapped if the goal of educational equality is to be realized.D. Obligatory education does not and cannot provide equal education.21. The author most likely would agree with which one of the following solutions to the problems presented by obligatory education?A. Education should not be obligatory at all.B. Education should not be obligatory for those who cannot afford it.C. More money should be diverted to education for the poorest.D. Countries should cooperate to **mon minimal educational standards.22. According to the passage, education is like health care in all of the following ways EXCEPT______.A. it has reached a point of diminishing returns, increased spending no longer results in significant improvementB. it has an inappropriate "more is better" philosophyC. it is unfairly distributed between rich and poorD. the amount of money being spent on older students is increasing23. Why does the author consider the results from increased educational expenditures to be "even stranger" than those from increased medical expenditures?A. The aging of the population should have had an impact only on medical care, not on education.B. The "Right to Read" should be a bare minimum, not a Presidential ideal.C. Education has become even more discriminatory than health care.D. It inevitably polarizes society.24. Which one of the following most accurately characterizes the author"s attitude with respect to obligatory schooling?A. Qualified admiration.B. Critical.C. Neutral.D. Ambivalent.25. By stating "In Latin America the amount of public money spent on each graduate student is between 350 and 1, 500 times the amount spent on the median citizen" and "In the United States the discrepancy is smaller" the author implies that______.A. equal education is possible in the United States but not In Latin AmericaB. equal education for all at the graduate level is an unrealistic idealC. educational spending is more efficient in the United StatesD. higher education is more expensive than lower education both in Latin America and in the United States, but more so in Latin America4. 英译汉1. Translate the following two passages into Chinese on the Answer Sheet.(24 points) I had scarcely got into bed when a strain of music seemed to break forth in the air just below the window. I listened, and found it proceeded from a band, which I concluded to be the amateur musicians from some neighboring village. They went round the house, playing under the windows.I drew aside the curtains to hear them more distinctly. The moonbeams fell through the upper part of the window, partially lighting up the antiquated apartment. The sounds, as they receded, became more soft and aerial and seemed to accord with the quiet moonlight. I listened and listened—they became more and more tender and remote, and, as they gradually died away, my head sunk upon the pillow, and I fell asleep.2. A plant breeder(植物育种工作者)tries to assemble a combination of genes in a crop plant which will make it as useful and productive as possible. Depending on where and for what purpose the plant is grown, desirable genes may provide features such as higher yield or improved quality, pest or disease resistance, or tolerance to heat, cold and drought. Combining the best genes in one plant is a long and difficult process, especially as traditional plant breeding has been limited to artificially crossing plants within the same species or with closely related species to bring different genes together. For example, a gene for protein in soybean could not be transferred to a completely different crop such as corn using traditional techniques.5. 汉译英1. Translate the following passages into English on the Answer Sheet.(26 points) 某年某月某日，气象台预报天气：B市今日睛转阴，气温27℃至32℃。

1/18【育明教育】中国考研考博专业课辅导第一品牌官方网站： 开设课程：【网络函授班】【精品小班】【高端一对一】【状元集训营】【定向保录】1育明教育天津分校2015年天津地区15所高校考研辅导必备天津分校地址南京路新天地大厦2007专注考研专业课辅导8年天津地区专业课辅导第一品牌天津分校王老师与大家分享资料育明教育，创始于2006年，由北京大学、中国人民大学、中央财经大学、北京外国语大学的教授投资创办，并有北京大学、武汉大学、中国人民大学、北京师范大学复旦大学、中央财经大学、等知名高校的博士和硕士加盟，是一个最具权威的全国范围内的考研考博辅导机构。

更多详情可联系育明教育天津分校王老师。

2/18【育明教育】中国考研考博专业课辅导第一品牌官方网站： 开设课程：【网络函授班】【精品小班】【高端一对一】【状元集训营】【定向保录】2南开大学2015年考研行政管理学2008年考研真题解析考研经验南开大学2008年硕士研究生入学考试试题一、筒答题（每题l5分，共90分）1．如何理解行政学的综合性特征？2．中国古代人事管理制度的主要内容及其启示3．行政沟通与行政协调及其相互关系4．行政组织原则及其对行政组织建设的作用5．怎样理解行政执行是国家行政机关最根本的职能，是行政权的集中体现？6.行政立法与立法机关立法的异同二、论述题（每题30分，共60分）1．服务型政府理念的确立及其对深化中国行政管理体制改革的意义2．现代信息技术的运用对政府管理的意义及其挑战【参考答案】一、筒答题（每题l5分，共90分）1．如何理解行政学的综合性特征？（需完善）答：行政学的综合性特征主要表现在：（1）行政学具有广泛的知识框架行政管理和行政管理的思想古而有之．但行政学作为一门独立的学科产生于现代西方社会。

它历经近百年的发展，目前已成为政治学、法学、心理学、生态学、统计学、运筹学等多种学科互相交叉、互相渗透的综合性学科。

公共管理学具有更广泛的学科知识框架，更具跨学科、综合性的特点。

南开大学2008年硕士研究生入学考试试题南开大学2008年硕士研究生入学考试试题学院：100外国语学院考试科目：860 专业英语专业：英语语言文学注意：请将答案写在专用答题纸上，答在此题上无效（Linguistics 50%）1.Define the following terms and explain with examples where necessary:(10%)1. diachronic2. linguistic determinism3. Creole4. competence5. assimilation6. converse antonymy7. allophone8. hyponymy9. acronym10. morphophonemicsII Specify the difference between each pair of sounds using distinctive features:(10%)1. [I][I]2. [p h][p]3. [t∫][d]4. [k][g]5. [i][u]III. Work out a phrase structure grammar that can generate the structures of the following three sentences:(10%)1. The little boy kicked the ball on the sports ground.2. Her runs fast.3. We know the person who borrowed the book from the library. VI. Answer the following questions:(20%)4. To what extent can we say that constituent analysis is moreinformative than traditional linear structure analysis?5. Why can’t we have the English so und clusters such as *help,*lupm, *rpay, *lkasp, or *wqick etc. in onset and coda positions?Explain with examples:(Literature 50%)V. Define the following terms: (10%)1. American Puritanism2. Transcendentalism3. American Naturalism4. English RomanticismVI. Filling the blanks:(10%)1.______conquered England on October 14, 1066. From then on began the medieval period.2. John Donne and his followers wrote what would later be called______ complex, highly intellectual verse filled with metaphors.3. The publication______ by William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge marked the beginning of the Romantic Age in English literature.4. A very influential book to come out of the post-war world is a novel by J.D. Salinger entitled _____.5. ________by Joseph Heller is the representative novel of black humor. VII. Answer the questions after the poems: (30%) Anecdote of the JarI placed a jar in Tennessee,And round it was, upon a hill.It made the slovenly wildernessSurround that hill.The wilderness rose up to it,And sprawled around, no longer wild.The jar was round upon the groundAnd tall and of a port in air.It took dominion every where.The jar was gray and bare.It did not give of bird or bush,Like nothing else in Tennessee.1. What shape is the jar? Where does the speaker place it?2. According to the second stanza, what happens to the wilderness around the jar?3. What does the jar “take” everywhere? Of what does it “not give”?4. Explain in your own words the effect of the jar on the Tennessee wilderness. Does its effect seem positive in the first two stanzas? In the third? Why is jar an appropriate word?5. How is a jar different from the wilderness? What might the jar represent?6. Do you think ambiguity makes a poem more memorable? More effective?The Sick RoseO Rose thou art sick.The invisible worm,That flies in the nightIn the howling storm:Has found out thy bedOf crimson joy:And his dark secret loveDoes thy life destroy.7. What is the literal meaning of the poem?8. In The Sick rose what might the rose symbolize?9. What might the worm symbolize?10. What is the theme of the poem?(Translation 50%)VIII 英译汉：（15%）Part one Translate the following English passage into Chinese I’m a climber. That’s what I do. I don’t get paid for it. I don’t get my face in magazines or on television. People don’t recognize me as a climber. But if you ask the right questio n, not “What do you do?” but perhaps “what activity consumes your thoughts, time and money?” I’dsay climbing.It’s in that moment tha t I step onto my definition of the summit. If the weather prevents me from reaching the top, it doesn’t matter. I’ve succ eeded. The mountain’s been defeated. I’ve gone to my limit. I’ve hit the wall, and I’ve pressed on nevertheless.IX. 汉译英（15%）Part Two translate the following Chinese passage into English 有人说作为诗人的徐志摩是一个孩子。