自考商务英语复习资料

商务英语05844总复习资料月高等教育自学考试国际商务英语及答案年4全国2011课程代码：05844Ⅰ. Translate the following words and expressions from English into Chinese. (10%)1. in a detour 迂回竞争性贬值 2. competitive devaluation寄售人 3. consignor客户流动性 4. customer mobility豁免条款 5. escape clauses股东 6. share holders潜在损失7. potential loss运载船只8. carrying vessel粗心大意9. negligent从量税10. specific dutyⅡ. Translate the following words and expressions from Chinese into English. (10%)11.债权国The credit countryInternational contract 国际合同12.Term payment /分阶段付款13.定期付款The insured 被保险人14.The population plan 15.人口计划The preferential duty16.特惠税Infrastructure construction project 17.基础设施项目Shipping list 18.装箱单Disrupted19.破产Land and labor force20.土地和劳动力Ⅲ. Match the words and expressions on the left with the explanations on the right. (10%)21. facilities( d )a. the price or cost of transportation22. premises( g ) b. easily to go bad23. middleman( f ) c. not to do something that has been arranged or decided upon24. perishable ( b ) d. something designed, built or installed to serve a specificfunction or perform a particular service25. access( j ) e. the act of paying a bill, debt, charge, etc.26. controversy( i ) f. trader through whom goods pass between the producer andthe customer27. carriage( a ) g. a tract of land including its buildings28. settlement( e ) h. an official group of persons who direct or supervise someactivities of a firm29. board( h ) i. public argument about something which many peopledisagree with30. cancel( c ) j. a way by which a place, esp. property can be reached orentered or usedⅣ. Make brief explanations of the following terms or give the full name of the abbreviation in English. (10%)31. term draft 远期汇票A draft which requires to pay after sight or in a given period of time after representation of relevant documents.32. transferable credit可转让信用证Credit which can be transferred to other parties during the transportation of goods.33. direct quote直接报价A certain amount of foreign currency, usually oneunit or one hundred unit, is marked with equivalent amount of homecurrency.34. acquisition收购Buying existing facilities35. GATT关税和贸易总协定The General Agreement of Tariff and Trade.V. Answer the following questions in English. (20%)36. What are the five major modes of the modern freight transportation system?Water, air, road, rail, pipeline37. What do “valued”policies mean?Valued policies mean that a country provide investors with preferential policies for insured return in order to attract foreign investment.38. What is the purpose to establish GSP(the Generalized System of Preference)?The purpose of GSP is to help development of developing countries by provide tariff concession to them.39. What is the relationship between MNEs and their host countries?The relationship of MNEs and their host countries is interdependable and interactive.Ⅵ. Translate the following into Chinese. (15%)40. The Bank for International Settlement (BIS) is a unique institution. Many of its operations are of types normally performed by a commercial bank, but it is owned principally by central banks, and managed by central banks and its principal customers are central banks. The objects of BIS are to promote the cooperation among central banks and toprovide additional facilities for international operations.国际结算银行是一个独特的机构。

Lesson l International Business1.certificate of deposit 大额存单2. management contract 管理合同3.turnkey project “交钥匙”工程4.copyright 版权5．maturity 到期日 6.价值链value chain 7．承包生产contract manufacturing 8．特许经营者franchisee 9．国内生产总值gross domestic product 10.商标trademarkLesson 2 Income Level and the World Market1．GNP 国民生产总值2．Consumerism 消费主义 3 . factors of production 生产要素 4. purchasing power 购买力5．PPP 购买力平价 6.个市场的收人分布状况6. income distribution of a market 7．人均国内生产总值per capita GDP 8．经济合作与发展组织Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development 9．四方组合Quad 10.大路货staple goodsLesson 3 Regional Economic Integration1.political entity 政治实体2.OPEC 石油输出国组织3. settlement 结算4. council of ministers 部长理事会5．territory economies 区域性经济体 6.行政（执行）机构executive body 7．欧元euro 8．欧盟委员会European Commission 9．签字国，签字人signatory 10.关税税率tariff ratesLesson 4 Economic Globalization1.economic globalization 经济全球化2. technical improvements技术进步3．Inputs投入 4.headquarters总部5.parent company 母公司6．子公司affiliate 7．日常管理day-to-day running 8．国际经济环境international economic environment 9．跨国公司（企业）multinational corporation ( enterprise ) 10.职权jurisdiction Lesson 5 International Trade (I)1.international trade 国际贸易2. the theory of absolute advantage绝对利益理论3. nd and labor 资本、土地和劳动力4. with respect to关于5．appeal吸引力6．国际生产专门化international specialization 7．劳务services 9．比较利益comparative advantageLesson 6 International Trade (II)1.reasonable costs合理的成本2. inland water vessels内河船只3. cargo compartment货仓4.tariffs 关税5．customs union 关税同盟6．数量限制quantitative restrictions 7．外汇收入foreign exchange earnings 8.配额quota 9．关税减让tariff concessions 10.移民汇款immigrant remittanceLesson 7 Incoterms 20001．EDI 电子数据交换 2.Ex Work 工厂交货3．Free Carrier货交承运人4．CIF 成本、保险费加运费5．negotiable 可转让的，可流通的6．贸易术语trade terms 7．装运港船上交货FOB( Free on Board) 8．目的地，终点destination 9．无关税区customs-free zones 10.商业发票commercial invoicesLesson 8 The Business Contract1.offeree 收盘人2. sales confirmation．销售确认书3. binding obligations 约束性责任4. cotton piece goods棉布5．trunk call 长途电话6．报价quotation 7.仲裁arbitration 8．寄售合同consignment contract 9.购货合同9．purchase contract 10.书面谈判10. written negotiationLesson 9 Modes of Trade1.buyback 回购交易2. foreign exchange 外汇3. auction拍卖4．Creditor债权人 5. Volkswagen众汽车公司6.贸易方式modes of trade 7.反向购买，互购counter purchase 8.跨国界合同cross-border contract 9．代理agency 10.补偿贸易compensation tradeLesson 10 International Payment1. open account记账交易2. drawer出票人3. D/P at sight即期付款交单4.documentary draft跟单汇票5. consigment transaction寄售交易6．外汇管制foreign exchange control 7．远期付款交单D/P aft.er sight 8．受款人payee 9.汇率波动exchange rate fluctuations 10.光票clean draftLesson 11The Letter of Credit（ll）1．amendment修改2．negotiating bank 议付行 3. credit worthiness资信 4.carrying vessel运载船只5. legal action法律行动6．单价unit price 7．转船transshipment 8．信用证letter of credit 9．申请人applicant 10.保兑行confirming bankLesson 12 The Letter of Credit (lI)1.double assurance双重保障2. deferred payment推迟付款3.mechanism机制4. the maturity of the draft 汇票到期5．clean credit 光票信用证6．无汇票信用证non-draft credit 7．不可链讣信用证non-transferable credit 8．远期信用证usance credit 9．贴现discount 10.资金周转capital turnoverLesson 13 Major Documents Required in World Trade1.take delivery of提货2. port of shipment起运港，发货港3．notify party被通知人4．packing list 装箱单5．weight list重量单6．货运收据cargo receipt 7.收货人consignee 8．承运人carrier 9．单据documents 10.合法持有人legal holderLesson 14 International Transportation1.in a broad sense从广义上讲2. per-unit每一单位3. private carrier自有承运人4. logistics物流5. cost economies 节约成本（成本节约）6.契约承运人contract carrier 7．货物运输freight transportation 8．库存，存货inventory 9．生产率productivity 10.产品自然领域natural product provincesLesson 15 Insurance (l)1.Insured被保险人，保户，投保人2. handmaiden起服务（或辅助）作用的事物3. jeopardy危险，风险4. multi- modal transportation多种方式的运输5.known premium已知的保险费6．承保人insurer 7．保证margin 8．顾客client 9．共同款项pool 10.海上保险marine insuranceLesson 16 Insurance (ll)1.forwarding charges远期费用2. free from particular average平安险3. all risks一切险4．Pro rata按比例5．terms of sale 价格条件6．水渍险with particular average 7．导致损失的直接原因proximate cause of the loss 8．分摊contribution 9．可保权益insurable interest 10.最大诚信utmost good faithLesson 17 The International Monetary System and Exchange Rate1.the international monetary system国际货币体系2. direct quote直接标价3- flexible exchange rate浮动汇率 4. gold standard金本位制 5. special drawing right特别提款权6．买入价buying rate 7．利率interest rate 8.卖出价buying rate 9．通货膨胀inflation 10.国际收支平衡international balance of paymentLesson 18 International Financial Organizations1．hard loans硬贷款2．voting power 投票权3. development strategy发展策略 4. telecommunications电信5 . population-planning人口计划 6.私营经济private sector 7．借款权borrowing power 8．优惠期grace period 9．储备份额reserve tranche 10.股权投资equity investmentLesson 19 Foreign Direct Investment1．integrated company 综合公司2．supply factors供给方面的因素 3. distribution networks销售网 4. start from scratch白手起家5．after-sale service售后服务6．投资政策investment policies 7．外国直接投资foreign direct investment 8．并购acquisition 9．贸易壁垒trade barriers 10.营销优势marketing advantageLesson 20 The International Stock Exchange1．investor 投资者2．Jobber股票买卖经纪人3．indices 指数4.Equities普通股5- market maker证券交易商6．套期保值hedge 7．事业机构投资商institutional investors 8．所得税income tax 9．长期资本long-term capital 10.证券交易所stock exchangeLesson 21 The World Trade Organization and China1.non-discriminate 非歧视的2. GATT关贸总协定3．verdict裁决，判决 4. standard of living生活水平5．enforcement power 执行权6．最惠国条款most-favored nation clause 7．贸易保护措施protectionist measures 8.敏感产业sensitive industries 9．贸易赤字trade deficit 10.充分就业full employmentLesson 22 The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development1.preference优先权2. territory领土，领地3. transfer of technology技术转让4. industrialization process工业化进程5. international monetary system 国际货币体系6．联合国大会United Nations General Assembly 7．行动纲领action program 8.殖民地colony 9．机构organ 10.豁免条款escape clause全真模拟演练（一）1．correspondent bank 往来行，关系行2．tax holiday免税期3．gold tranche黄金份韧4．hyperinflation 极度通货膨胀5．negotiable transport document可转让装运单据6．bill of exchange汇票7．grace period 优惠期，宽限期8. preferential customs tariffs特惠税9．dirty float肮脏浮动10. endowment of nature自然的赋予11.关税减让tariff concession 12.从量税specific duties 13.贴现率discount rate 14.反补贴措施counter-veiling measures 15 .空运收据airway bill 16.差别待遇differential treatment 17.非关税壁垒non-tariff barrier 18.装船通知shipping advice 19.补偿贸易compensation trade 20.借款权borrowing power全真模拟演练（二）1．common market共同市场 2. certificate of origin产地证书3．business line业务范围 4. investment returns投资回报5．idle funds游资 6. cash in advance 预付现金7.title to the goods货物所有权8．direct quote直接标价9．trade terms贸易术语10. firm offer实盘11.分阶段付款periodic payments 12.价格条款price terms 13.跟单托收documentary collection 14.实际头寸net positions 15.大路货staple goods 16.结关customs clearance 17.唛头shipping marks 18.风险转移risk transfer 19.竞争性贬值competitive devaluation 20.起运港port of shipmentLesson l International Business1．国际贸易和国内贸易在法制体系、货币、文化背景和自然条件与经济条件方面都有所不同。

2023年自考专业(国贸)《国际商务英语》考试历年真题摘选附带答案第1卷一.全考点综合测验(共20题)1.【单选题】We take the liberty____writing to you with a hope to get your best offers for Chinese bicycles.A.toB. inC.ofD.with2.【单选题】The letter we sent last week is an enquiry _______ color TV sets.A.aboutB. forC.ofD.as3.【单选题】Please see to it that the goods we ordered are shipped as soon as the covering letter of credit ______ you.A.getsesC.arrivesD. reaches4.【单选题】We agree to the amendments to the contract _____requested in your letter of May5.A.asB.likeC. to beD. when5.【单选题】Our bank offers minimum interest ______ for seller financing and for loans of cash.A.levelsB.ratesC.basesD.percentage6.【单选题】We regret the need for you to write to us and hope the steps we are taking____the safe arrival of all your orders in the future.A.insureB. assureC.sureD.ensure7.【单选题】On receipt of your instruction, we shall carry out this order ______.A.in returnB.without least delayC.with least delayD.without delays8.【单选题】The importer will go to the wharf and____delivery of the goods.A.makeB.effectC.fulfillD.take9.【单选题】After unpacking the case we found the goods did not____with the original sample.pareB. matchC.agreeD.measure10.【单选题】____shipment, please amend the L/C to allow transshipment.A.RegardingB.CoveringC.ConcerningD. Referring11.【单选题】We cannot accept any fresh orders _______ heavy commitments.A.due toB.owing toC.becauseD.on account of12.【单选题】Because there is no direct steamer from here to your port, we suggest that you____trans-shipment at Hong Kong.A.may acceptB.acceptC.must acceptD. can accept13.【单选题】Many international companies produce a large number of products, often divided into product________.A.categoriesB.mixC.brandsD.lines14.【单选题】We would like to take this ______ to establish business relations with you.A.openingB.opportunityC. stepD.advantage15.【单选题】We have received your enquiry of October 15_____we learn that you are interested in our Sewing Machines.A.from whichB.in whichC. whichD.at which16.【单选题】______our catalogues for your reference.A.EnclosingB. Please find encloseC.Enclosed please findD.Enclosure17.【单选题】No discount will be allowed ____ you could place an order for more than 5,000pcs.A.untilB. exceptC.besidesD.unless18.【单选题】The credit of letter will be confirmed by the Bank of China, Shanghai, that will _______your draft on the documents at sight for the amount of your invoice.A. acceptB.pay forC. receiveD.obtain19.【单选题】To comply with your request, we are quoting you _____.A.as followingB.as followC. as followsD.follow20.【单选题】As we are ____ the market for Table cloth, we should be glad if you would send us your best quotation。

本科毕业论文设计题目：小故事，大作为--小学英语教学中的故事教学Stories,make a deference--Stories Teaching works in Primary English Teaching学院：继续教育学院姓名： xxxxxxxxxx专业：英语教育年级： 2013级_指导教师： xxxxxxxxxxx时间： 2015年11月14日致谢这篇论文是在我的论文导师谢枝龙博士的悉心指导下完成的。

成文之际我向他给予的细心指导和帮助表示由衷感谢。

感谢所有教过我的老师们，在老师们的悉心教导和严格要求下，我的知识不断的积累和丰富，为今后的工作和生活做好了更充足的准备。

感谢我的父母，感谢他们对我的养育之恩。

他们给我的不但是物质上的养育，更有精神上的教育。

他们朴实的品格和吃苦耐劳的精神深深地扎根于我的思想中，激励我勇往直前!小故事，大作为--小学英语教学中的故事教学学科专业：英语教育指导教师：xxxxxxxxxx论文作者：xxxxxxx 毕业学校：江西师范大学[摘要]：故事是儿童成长过程中不可缺少的一部分，故事对儿童具有一种普遍的吸引力，生动、有趣的故事不但能够唤起学生学习的兴趣，为学生提供各方面的语言训练，还能培养学生的想象能力、思维能力、理解能力以及写作能力。

本文从以故事为载体，通过听故事、讲故事、演故事、编故事等多种方式，进行生动活泼的英语教学，阐述故事教学的魅力。

Stories, make a deference--Stories Teaching worksin Primary English TeachingMajor: English TeachingSupervisor: xxxxxxxxxxxAuthor: xxxxxxxxxxSchool Graduated: Jiangxi Normal University[Abstract]: Children's growth story is an indispensable part of the process, the story of the children to have a universal appeal, lively, interesting stories not only to arouse students 'interest in learning, to provide students with various aspects of language training, but also to cultivate students' imagination ability, thinking ability, comprehension and writing skills. In this paper, as the carrier from a story by listening to stories, telling stories, my story, stories and other means, lively teaching English to explain the story of teaching charm.[关键词]：英语教学故事趣味快乐[Key words]: English Teaching. Stories. Fun. Happy目录内容摘要 (2)Abstract (2)第一章绪论1.1引言 (4)1.2研究故事教学的意义 (4)1.3故事教学的重要性 (5)1.3.1激发学习兴趣，活跃课堂气氛 (5)1.3.2 形成健康人格，培养合作精神 (5)第二章如何运用英语小故事进行教学 (7)2.1故事教学法在词汇教学中的运 (7)2.2故事教学法在会话教学中的运用 (7)2.3故事教学法在语法教学中的运用 (8)第三章故事教学过程中的活动设计 (9)第四章故事教学的延伸——话题与故事 (10)第五章应用故事表演需要注意的问题 (11)5.1故事的选择：改编与创作 (11)5.2表演活动的设计.... .. (11)第六章结论 (13)[参考文献] ..... ...... ................... (14)第一章绪论1.1引言故事教学法是教师在课堂上根据所讲授的内容穿插些相关的简明、短小故事、以说明注解强调所讲内容，或者干脆就用故事内容代替讲课内容，吸引学生注意、激发学生听课兴趣、启发学生思考、直接从故事中悟到蕴涵的道理、掌握其中的知识技术等的一种深入浅出、化繁为简、寓教于乐、喜闻乐见的教学方法。

商务英语复习资料商务英语在当今全球化的商业环境中扮演着至关重要的角色。

无论是与国际客户进行沟通、参与商务谈判，还是撰写商务报告和邮件，良好的商务英语能力都能为您带来显著的优势。

以下是为您精心整理的商务英语复习资料，希望能对您的学习和提升有所帮助。

一、商务英语词汇1、商务常用词汇掌握诸如“accounting（会计）”、“marketing（市场营销）”、“finance（金融）”、“logistics（物流）”等核心词汇是理解商务领域的基础。

2、商务术语熟悉“breakeven point（盈亏平衡点）”、“market share（市场份额）”、“return on investment（投资回报率）”等术语，能够在商务交流中准确表达和理解专业概念。

3、行业特定词汇不同行业有其特定的词汇，例如在国际贸易中，“customs duty（关税）”、“freight forwarder（货运代理）”等；在金融领域，“credit rating （信用评级）”、“bond（债券）”等。

二、商务英语语法1、正式文体商务英语通常采用较为正式的语法结构，避免使用口语化或过于随意的表达方式。

例如，使用“it is necessary to”而不是“it’s gotta be”。

2、时态运用在描述过去的业务情况时，使用过去时态；在预测未来或提出建议时，常用将来时态。

3、被动语态商务场合中，为了突出客观性，被动语态的使用较为频繁，如“The contract was signed last week（合同上周签订了。

）”三、商务英语写作1、商务邮件邮件格式要规范，包括称呼、正文、结束语等。

语言简洁明了，表达清晰，注意礼貌和尊重。

例如：Dear Mr Smith,I am writing to inquire about the availability of the product you mentioned in our last meetingThank you for your attention and I look forward to your prompt replyBest regards,Your Name2、商务报告报告结构通常包括引言、正文、结论和建议。

(一)名词解释题1.non-finite clauses:The non-finite clauses are the ones that leave subjects unsaid and verbs in non-finite forms.plex sentence:The complex sentence is a sentence that contains more than one clause that are joined together by subordinating one to another.3.statements:Statements in the form of simple sentences are the foundation stone of all the English sentences.Their primary function is to convey information,in a positive way or in a negative way.There are two major types of statements on a polarity―positive statements and negative statements.4.non-assertion:A non-assertive sentence is either an interrogative sentence or a negative sentence.It is associated to non-assertive words and negative words.5.semi-negatives:Semi-negatives refer to words which are negative in meaning but not in appearance.They include seldom,rarely,hardly,barely,little,few,etc.Th eir similarities to the ordinary negative items are such that they are followed by non-assertive rather than assertive words and that they are followed by positive rather than negative tag questions.6.transferred negation:T ransferred negation refers to the shift of negation from the subordinate clause,where it senmantically belongs,to the main clause.It normally occurs with such verbs as think,believe,suppose,imagine and expect,that is,verbs that express“opinion”.7.WH-questions:They cover all questions that normally begin with WH-series of word,i.e.what,when,where,why,who,who se,which and how.Spoken with a final falling tone,they are sometimes called “information questions”because they require some specific information in the reply.Rather,they ask for details about apart of it.8.alternative questions:They fall intotwo subclasses:one is forned on the basisof YES-NO questions;the other on thebasis of WH-questions.They suggest twoalternatives and usually imply that one ofthem could be true.They expect one of thesuggested answers.mands:Commands are alsocalled directives.It is used by the speaker orwriter when they intend to get thingsdone.They typically take the form of animperative sentence and the main verb inan imperative sentence takes the baseform and the sentence generally goeswithout a subject.10.How-exclamations:Thisexclamation is introduced by how.“How”is an adverb.It highlights theadjective,adverb,or verb in exclamations.11.tag question:Atag question is aquestion that normally consists of astatement and a question tag.The tag is aYES-NO question cut short into anoperator and a subject that mirror thesubject and auxiliary of thestatement.Contraction is the norm in anegative tag.e.g.Y ou went to see a film lastnight,didn’t you?12.countable nouns:They refer to thenouns that can take plural forms.13.number；Number is the importantcriteria in distinguishing classes ofnouns.In terms of number,some nouns arevariable and some are usually not.14.proper nouns:They denoteindividual persons,places,etc.A propernoun normally begins with a capitalletter,has no plural form and cannot occurafter an article.These are general rules.15.mass nouns:According to thistextbook,mass is preferred to uncountablenoun,to avoid the ambiguous meaning ofthe latter word.Mass nouns refer to thenouns that can not take plural forms ascountable nouns do.16.irregular plurals:Bydefinition,irregular plurals areunpredictable from the form ofcorresponding singulars,which means thatgeneralization is usually not applicable andthat the plurals have to be listed andlearned as individual lexical units.Thegeneral types of irregular pluralsinclude:nouns with irregular speeling orpronounciation or both,nouns with zeroplurals and nouns that take foreign plurals.17.foreign plurals:W oeds that areborrowed from other languages oftenhave foreign plurals.Many such wordshave become naturalized and so take theregular plural forms.W ords that still keepforeign plural forms include nouns endingin-a(Latin),in-eau(French),in-ex-ix(Latin) ,in-is(Greek),in-on(Greek) ,in-um(Latin)and in-us(Latin).18.unit nouns:Unit nouns,also referredto as“partitives”,are a very special class ofwords that are used to specify thequantities of the modified noun.They areespecially used to indicate the plural notionof a mass noun.But unit nouns alsomodify countable nouns by referring tonumber,measure,shape,etc.19.zero article:Generic reference canalso be realized by a plural countable nounthat goes without an article-a usage that istermed in modern grammar“zero article”.20.forms of genitive:The genitive isgenerally formed in writing by adding“’s”to singular nouns and to the plural nounsthat do not end in-s.Plural nouns that endin-s take apostrophe as genitive marker.21.local genitive:The genitive issometimes used alone without a followingnoun.Nouns used in the local genitive areinvariably nouns referring to persons anddenoting residence,public buildings,places where business is conducted,etc.Unless this is a case of ellipsis,the meaning is usually a place.22.double genitive:It is also referred to as the“post genitive”.The double genitive is so called because it is a combination of the genitive and the of-phrase.23.tense:T ense usually points to temporal locations.English verbs have two tenses―the present tense and the past tende,which are termed the simple present tense and the simple past tense if the verb is not premodified by any auxiliary. 24.the simple present:It is primarily used to express the present time and typically implies the sense of permanence.Other uses of the simple present include reference to the past and to the future in appropriate contexts.25.aspect:According to quirk,aspect generally marks the state of an action-whether it is completed or not. 26.the present perfect:It is basically used to denote a relation between the past and the present,i.e.to refer to a past occurrence as conceived to be related with the present.27.the present perfect progressive:It is used to reinforce the unfinished use of the present perfect.28.the past perfect progressive:It is to strengthen the sense of future continuation and to replace the past perfect in its unfinished use.The past perfect progressive in its finished use also carries the implication of recency or immediacy of an early state of affairs.29.the present progressive:The present progressive may refer to different temporal distinctions in different contexts with a variety of semantic overtones such as duration,simultaneity,temporariness,inco mpleteness,vividness,emphasis,etc. 30.voice:V oice is a grammatical categorythat makes it possible to view the action ofa sentence in either of the two ways thatis,one that performs the action and theother affected by the action,withoutchange in the facts rported.31.the be-subjunctive:Thebe-subjunctive is formally marked by theuse of the verb;that is,the verb invariablyoccurs in the base form free from theconcord constraints with the subject andfrom the tense agreement with otherverbs.The be-subjunctive is furtherdivided into the formulaic subjunctive andthe mandative subjunctive.32.predicative meaning of modalauxiliaries:The predictive meaning,isconcerned with the speaker’s assumptionor assessment of probability and,in mostcases,indicates the speaker’s confidenceor lack of confidence in the truth of hisstatement.e.g.It must be John.33.non-predictivemeaning:Non-predictive meaning ofmodal auxiliaries,are very heterogeneousin nature;that is,this category covers avariety of meanings,except“prediction”.34.the-ing participle:The-ing participleused to be called“the present participle”or“the gerund”.Now the two“participles”have merged into one because,whateverfunction they may perform in a givencontext,they take the same form,which isthe foundation stone for presentgrammatical categorization.35.dangling participle:It refers to thesubject of a participle which is notexpressed,it is normally understood to bethe main clause.It is usually poorgrammar,and sometimes absurd.But therule is often broken when the subject isvaguely understood to be“one”, “we”,“you”,people in general.36.subjectcomplement:Semantically,subjectcomplements denote what the subject is orwhat the subject becomes the two notionsthat are most typically expressed by beand become.37.adjectives:The adjective,according tothe modern grammar,is defined by theirpositions,their functions,and their formsfour features are identified to becharactenistic of adjectives:attributivefunction,predicativefunction,premodification by the intensifier“very”,and comparative forms.38.gradable adjectives:They refer toadjectives which can take comparativeforms,inflectional or periphrastic,or theycan be modified by intensifies like“very”and “so”and graded on a scale ofintensity.39.non-inherent adjective s:Theyidentify qualities in an indirect way.A bigeater,for example,does not refer to the sizeof the eater.40.restrictive adjectives:Restrictiveadjectives help identify the referent of thenoun by describing its distinctivequalities,e.g.fat in a fat woman isrestriotive.parison:Comparison is relatedwith to adjectives,adverbs and somedeterminers that aregradable.Grammarians have generalizedthree degrees of comparison:positivedegree,comparative degree andsuperlative degree,which are neatlycorrelated with three grammaticalconstructions.42.prepositions:A preposition is a closedword class.Its major function is to connectwords of the noun,verb and adjectiveclasses to other parts of the sentence.Inform,prepositions are either simple orcomplex.A preposition is usuallymeaningful in its own right,but sometimesit is rendered meaning less when attached to a noun,a verb,or an adjective to form a fixed collocation.43.forms of prepositions:Prepositions can be divided into two types:simple prepositions and complex plex prepositions can be further divided into prepositions consisting of two words and those of more than two words.plex prepositions:A complex preposition consists of two words or more than two words.In principle,a complex preposition is an unalterable,fixed form.45.free prepositional phrases:A free prepositional phrase also consists of two words or more than two words.In principle,a free prepositional phrase is a changesble un fixed prepositional phrase.46.non-durative prepositions:It refers to prepositions which denote temporal positions.47.coordinators:They can be divided into central coordinators,correlative coordinators,semi-coordinators and quasi-coordinators.The functions of coordinators are to be used to join units in coordination.48.correlative coordinators:They are almost invariably found conjoining two parallel units.49.subordination:Subordination is typically realized by subordinators,which involves the linking of two units,usually two clauses,at different syntactic levels and results in a complex sentence.50.the main clause:In a complex sentence,the inclusive clause on the higher level is termed the main clause.51.subordinate clauses:In a complex sentence,the attached clauses on s lower level is termed the subordinate clause.The majority of the subordinate clauses bear a status marker―the subordinator. 52.the relative clause:The relativeclause is often defined as a clausalmodifier of preceding noun or nounphrase.It occurs in the form of a finiteclauses or a non-finite clause.53.a restrictive clause:A restrictiveclause provides essential information forthe identification of what its antecedentrefers to.54.antecedent:The antecedent is thatpreceding item which the relative clausemodifies.It has two kinds:nominalantecedents and non-nominal antecedents.55.relative adverbs:Where,when,andwhy play a special role inpostmodification.They serverbials in therelative clause.56.integrated adverbials:They arecommonly referred to as adjuncts,whichtypically modify the verb.57.adjuncts:An adjunct is a word or agroup of words which we add to a clauseto say something about the circumstancesof an event or situation.W e have a varietyof adjuncts such as time adjuncts,placeadjuncts and manner adjuncts.58.disjuncts:They are sometimes called“sentence adjuncts”or“sentenceadverbials”.They are peripherallyattached to the main clause rather thanmerged into it like adjuncts.They aresyntactically“superordinate”because theyseem to have a scope that extends over thewhole sentence.They fall into two types insemantic terms:style-disjuncts andcontent-disjuncts.59.conjuncts:Adverbial which functionas conjuncts do not modify;nor do theycomment.Their sole function is to putsentences together by establishing a logicalconnection between the clause to whichthey are attached and the precedingcontext.60.concord:Concord,also termed“agreement”,can be defined as“therelationship between two grammaticalunits such that one of them displays aparticular feature that accords with adisplayed feature in the other”.61.given information:The giveninformation is assumed to be familiar tothe receiver because it was explicitlyprovided in the preceding linguisticcontext or implicitly provided in view ofthe situational context or the sharedcultural background.rmation focus:It is usually themost important part of the newinformation and is the content which thespeaker trys to stress.63.discontinuity:It is a special subtype ofpostponement.It moves only part of aclause element.64.cohesion:Cohesion is a semanticconcept referring to the relation ofmeaning within the text.This relation doesnot come into being until we have tointerpret a certain element by recouse toanother.65.substitution:It is a structuralcorrespondence,and it can be divided intothree types in accordance with thegrammatical functions of substitutionitems:nominal substitution,verbalsubstitution,and clausal substitution.66.parallelism:It is in fact a kind ofrepetition―a special kind,as it were,forwhat is repeated is not a particular word orphrase,but the structure of a precedingsentence.67.ellipsis:The basic principle of ellipsisis leaving out something understood andhence produces incomplete sentenceswith such a structure as to presuppose apreceding item.Ellipsis,somehow likesubstitutions,sets up cohesion on the basisof structural recoverability with referenceto the linguistic context.(二)简答题 at least five methods of word-formation and cite examples for each.①affixation e.g.unfair ②composition e.g.manservant ③conversion e.g.answer ④blending e.g.motel(motor+hotel) ⑤back-formation e.g.advise(from advisor) ⑥shortening e.g.ad(advertisement) ⑦acronyms e.g.UN(the United Nations) 2.What are the seven clause patterns?①SV The baby is crying.②SVC He is innocent.③SVO She bought a skirt.④SVOO He gave her a rose.⑤SVOC All of us believed him honest.⑥SV A They live in Los A ngeles.⑦SVOA He put the coin in his mouth.3.Why do we need to go beyond the sentence and study the text? Because to express a clear and complete idea or thought,we need more than one sentence.It is quite rare that we only use one sentence to express our ideas.When an idea or thought is expressed in more than one sentence,we have a text,which relates sentences together.In other words,sentences in a text are coherent so that they help each other in expressing a complete idea.The study of the text is to know how sentences can be joined together coherently so that they can best express ideas.4.What is the primary function of WH-question?The primary function of a WH-question has two: ⑴the require some specific information in the reply.They do not query the truth of the statement as a YES – NO question does.⑵they ask for details abouta part of it.5.How do we reinforce a command？There are two ways in reinforcingcommand:one is that the subject you isretained for emphatic effect;the other is toadd initial do.6.What’s the difference betweencountable nouns and uncountablenouns?Nouns that can take plural are calledcountable nouns (a book∕books)andthose that cannot take plural are calledmass nouns (butter∕butters).The term“mass”is preferred to“uncountable”because the latter word is usedambiguously.Sometimes it is used as asynonym for“mass”and sometimes itincludes words which are pluralonly,though some of these arecountable:three people.Concrete nounscan be either countable (book,desk)ormass (butter,cheese);abstract nouns caneither be countable (speech,problem)ormass (homework,music),too.7.What are the difference betweendeterminers and adjectives?⑴Determiners usually precede adjectivesin premodification.⑵The choice ofdeterminers is often determined by thehead word but not that of adjectives.⑶Adjectives describe the head word byshowing its characteristics,but determinersdetermine the head word by identifying orquantifying.⑷Adjectives can postmodifythe head word,but not determiners (exceptenough).⑸Adjectives have comparativeforms,inflectional or periphrastic,but notdeterminers (except few,little,many andmuch).8.What are generic reference andspecific reference?Generic reference denotes classmembership and it can also refer to a classas a whole.It is realized by a singularcountable noun that goes with anindefinite article“a(n)”,or a singularcountable noun with a definite article“the”,or a plural countable noun thatgoes without an article.Specific referencecan be made either in a definite way or inan indefinite way.Definite specificreference indentifies the referent inquestion and is realized by a noun with adefinite article“the”.Indefinite specificreference,however,points to aparticular,actual example of class,and it isrealized by a singular countable noun withan indefinite to article“a(n)”.9.Explain the relationship betweentense and time.T ime and tense are not the samething;time is a concept and tense is agrammatical device.A particular tenseform can express different temporalnotions in different contexts.10.When the simple present referenceto the present time,what are itscharacteristic uses?The characteristic uses of simple presentreferring to the present time: ⑴It denotesno limitation of the extension of aparticular state of affairs through thepresent time into the past and future time.⑵It denotes the present existence or stateof affairs.⑶The simple present is alsocommonly used to refer to something thatis characterized by regular recurrence,e.g.ahabit.Another important use of the simplepresent with reference to the presenttime,is found in the presentation of anevent that happens simultaneously withspeech.11.Why is the past tense often used forpoliteness?The simple past with reference to thepresent usually expresses the speaker’sattitude or hypothesis.The attitudinal usenormally occurs in independent clausesexpressing a less direct question,request orsuggestion and implying an overstone onthe part of the speaker.12.What are some of the typical semantic components of the present progressive?Some of the typical semantic components of the present progressive are duration,simultaneity,temporariness,inco mpleteness,vividnes and emphasis. 13.How many types of voice constraints have we discussed in this chapter?⑴grammatical constraint:it mainly refer to same transitive verbs which and only be used in an active voice or only in a passive voice.For example,“I have a lot of friends”,we can’t say“a lot of friends are had by me”.⑵semantic constraints:especially when quantifiers and modal auxiliaries are involved in an active voice,we can not find its corresponding passive voice in semantics.For example,you can use the car now.It is not equivalent to the sentence the car can be used now. “can”in the former one is most probably used in the “permission”sense and“can”in the latter could be interpreted as the possibility sense.⑶stylistic constraints:the passive voice often removes the agent,it tends to strike as more impersonal,thus more objective,than the active voice.Imaginative prose,therefore,displays a relatively lower frequency of the passive voice.14.What is special about the pseudo-passive?A pseudo-passive sentence is passive in form but active in meaning.Its-ed particible is adjectivalized so that it becomes a subject complement in the SVC structure.As an adjective,therefore,it can occur in a comparative construction,with a variety of prepositional phrases other than byphrase,and with other link verbs besides be and get. 15.Under what circumstances do weneed to leave out the prepositionalphrase of by﹢agent from a passivevoice sentence?⑴It is difficult to identify the agent.⑵It isunnecessary to tell who the agent is.⑶W emay wish to conceal the agent’s identityor to distance ourselves from our ownaction.⑷In accounts of processes andscientific experiments we avoidmentioning the agent and focus on whathappens and not on who or what makes ithappen.16.What are the two major types of thesubjunctive mood?They are the be-subjunctive and thewere-subjunctive.17.What are the three major semanticcomponents of can?The three majer semantic components ofcan are possibility,ability and permission.18.What the special use of will in thepredictive meaning?⑴W ill demonstrates a large amount ofconfidence on the part of thespeaker.Unlike what he does with may,thespeaker is rather certain.⑵W ill in this useexpresses the speaker’s assumption of astate of affairs,rather than as“a future tensemarker”.19.What are the differences betweenhave to and have got to?⑴Have to is more formal;have got tobelongs to a more colloquial style andgenerally occurs only in the spoken contexts.⑵Have got to is rare in the past tenseform.⑶Have got to has no non-finiteforms.⑷Have to tends to expressobjective necessity-compulsion fromexternal factors-while have got to is oftensubjective,overlapping in meaning withmust.20.What are attributive adjectives andpredicative adjectives?Attributive adjectives mean an adjectivegenerally modifies a noun.It can standeither before or after the noun in a nounphrase―premodifier and postmodifier asthey are respectively called.Predicative adjectives mean an adjectivewhich also modifies a noun by way ofserving as a subject complement or anobject complement,in which case theadjective performs the predictive function.21.When adjectives are used in thedynamic sense,what are their syntacticand semantic features?When adjectives are used in the dynamicsense,especially when they occur in thepredicative position to denote subjectivemeasurement or suggest a temporary state.22.Point out the characteristics ofcollocations of prepositions.When prepositions occur withverbs,adjectives and nouns,wherebyidiomatic collocations often arise.Thecollocation between the preposition andother word classes is arbitrary to such anextent that derivatives of the same rootsometimes require the use of differentprepositions.23.Explain the stative and dynamicuses of prepositions with reference tospatial relations.W e use prepositions to indicate the placewhere someone or something is,or theplace where an action occurs.Thisdistinction may also be regarded as onebetween the stative use and the dynamicuse of prepositions,the former related withstatic location and the latter withmovement with respect to an intendeddirection.24.What are the types of subordinateclauses?Subordinate clauses are usually dividedinto three types by their function:relativeclauses,adverbial clauses and nominalclauses.In form,subordinate clauses may be also divided into three types:finite clauses,non-finite clauses and verbless clauses.25.What are the major types of finite and non-finite subordinate clauses? The major types of finite subordinate clauses are relative clauses,adverbial clause and nominal clause.The major types of non-finite subordinate clauses are infinitive clause, -ing participle clause and –ed participle clause and verbless clause.26.Expain the differences in form and in function between the restrictive and the non-restrictive relative clauses.In form: ⑴the non-restrictive relative clauses are set off in writing by commas,which is indicated in speech by a slight pause and characteristic change in pitch both before and after.The restrictive relative clauses are not set off by such features. ⑵If the clause is introduced by that,it must be a restrictive relative clause.That cannot be used with the non-restrictive relative clause;if it is introduced by which or other wh-words,it may be either restrictive or non-restrictive.W ith the non-restrictive relative clause that cannot be used. In function the non-restrictive relative clause merely offers additional information which is not needed to identify the person of thing we are talking about and may be discarded without serious injuring to the understanding of the sentence as a whole.The restrictive relative clause is an integral part of the noun phrase and gives essential information for the identification of what its antecedent refers to.27.What is a double relative clause?Hoe many types of the double relative clause do we have?Double relative clause is a type of multiple postmodification which is realized more than one relative clause modifying thesame head word.It falls into two types:onethat consists of parallel clauses and theother of hierarchical clauses.28.Provide examples to illustratestyle―disjuncts and content―disjuncts.⑴Style―disjuncts express the speaker’sattitude towards what is beingsaid:Frankly,he isn’t working hardenough. ⑵Content―disjuncts denote thespeaker’s comment on the content ofwhat is being said:Obviously,she couldn’t deal with these problems.One formalcriterion that helps to distinguish the twotypes of disjuncts is whether or not we caninsert the word speaking.29.What is the difference between acoordinator and a conjunct?Conjuncts are different from coordinatorsin that most conjuncts are mobile butcoordinators which are put before theclause that they introduce,and coordinatorsare mutually exclusive,but not withconjuncts.30.Explain the three principles ofconcord and their relations.There are three complementary principlesof concord:the grammatical principle,thenotional principle and the principle ofproximity. ⑴The grammatical principlestipulates that the verb matches its subjectboth in person and in number. ⑵Thenotional principle,as the name suggests,isconcerned with the subject―verb concordon the semantic basis,i.e.according to thenotion of number rather than the physicalpresence of the grammatical marker ofthat notion.Such a concord is especiallycommon between a verb and its subjectthat contains a collective noun. ⑶Theprinciple of proximity denotes“agreementof the verb with a closely preceding nounphrase in preference to agreement with theverb with a closely preceding noun phrasethat functions as subject.” Generallyspeaking,the grammatical principleapplies to formal English and therefore isrecommended for classroomteaching.The notional principle and theprinciple of proximity,on the otherhand,play an auxiliary role in supportingthe grammatical principle in informalEnglish.31.Explain the complemetarity of thethree principles of concord in the caseof a coordinated noun phrase assubject.⑴When coordinated noun phrases areused as subject,the grammatical principleof concord normally applies if theconjoined items refer to differentthings.The same is usually true of theconjoined items that go without and orwith the coordinator hidden in theabbreviated expression of etc. ⑵Thesingular verb can be used on the notionalprinciple of concord if the conjoined itemsrefer to different components of the sameobject or if they actually refer to the samething,the same person or sameconcept.The singular verb is also preferredif the conjoined items are premodified byeach or every,so as to enhance thedistributive effect. ⑶The coordinatorsor,either…or,neither…nor,and not only…but also usually favour the proximityprinciple of concord,even in formalEnglish.32.Provide examples to illustrate themajor types of postponement.The major types of postponement are: ⑴active―to―passive transformation forexample:①The rain destroyed the flowers.②The flowers were destroyed by the rain.⑵Extraposition is the major types ofpostponement,it is grammaticallyoptional,depending on whether or not the。

国际商务英语学科考试复习要点Lesson 1 International Business商务术语：FDI GDP BOT patent copyright value chain franchising (紫色书10-11页)考点：国际商务贸易的主要类型（major types of international business）A．Trade（贸易）：a. commodity trade (商品贸易,也叫有形贸易visible trade )b. trade (服务贸易, 也叫无形贸易invisible trade)B. Investment (投资): a. foreign direct investment (FDI 外国直接投资)b. portfolio investment (证券投资)C. Other types (其他类型): a. licensing and franchising (国际许可与特许经营)b. management contract and contract manufacturing (管理合同和承包生产)翻译练习:1.随着经济全球化的发展,无形贸易即使在发展中国家的国际贸易中所占的比例也逐渐增大With the development of economic globalization, invisible trade accounts for an increasing proportion of the world trade even in the developing countries2.BOT是“交钥匙”工程的一种流行的变通形式BOT is a popular variant of the turnkey projectLesson 2 Income Level and the World Market商务术语:GNP PPP ( purchasing power parity 购买力平价) Staple goods (大路货)creditor country ( 债权国) (紫色书25页)考点:国民生产总值和国生产总值(GNP 和GDP)GNP: refers to the market value of goods ands produced by the property and labor owned by the residents of an economyGDP:refers to the market value of all goods ands produced within the geographic area of an economy.Per capita income (人均收入): It is calculated by dividing its national income by its population Triad and Quad (三方组合和四方组合): A. United StatesB. Western EuropeC. JapanD. Canada翻译练习:1.国民生产总值和国生产总值体现了一个国家的全部收入,在衡量国民收入方面可以互换使用。