Efficient FPGA Implementation of H.264 CAVLC Entropy Decoder

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for ZP-OFDM System Over Deep Fading Channels》原文链接:https:///academic-journal-foreign_broadcasting-ieee-transactions_thesis/020*********.html139.《A Synchronization Design for UWB-Based Wireless Multimedia Systems》原文链接:https:///academic-journal-foreign_broadcasting-ieee-transactions_thesis/020*********.html140.《Frequency Domain Decision Feedback Equalization for Uplink SC-FDMA》原文链接:https:///academic-journal-foreign_broadcasting-ieee-transactions_thesis/020*********.html141.《A 2 2 MIMO DVB-T2 System: Design, New Channel Estimation Scheme and Measurements With Polarization Diversity》原文链接:https:///academic-journal-foreign_broadcasting-ieee-transactions_thesis/020*********.html142.《Impact of the Receive Antenna Arrays on Spatio-Temporal Availability in Satellite-to-Indoor Broadcasting》原文链接:https:///academic-journal-foreign_broadcasting-ieee-transactions_thesis/020*********.html143.《Reducing Channel Zapping Time in IPTV Based on User's Channel Selection Behaviors》原文链接:https:///academic-journal-foreign_broadcasting-ieee-transactions_thesis/020*********.html144.《On the Methodology for Calculating SFN Gain in Digital Broadcast Systems》原文链接:https:///academic-journal-foreign_broadcasting-ieee-transactions_thesis/020*********.html145.《Statistical Multiplexing of Upstream Transmissions in DOCSIS Cable Networks》原文链接:https:///academic-journal-foreign_broadcasting-ieee-transactions_thesis/020*********.html146.《Bit-Rate Allocation for Broadcasting of Scalable Video Over Wireless Networks》原文链接:https:///academic-journal-foreign_broadcasting-ieee-transactions_thesis/020*********.html147.《Full-Reference Video Quality Metric for Fully Scalable and Mobile SVC Content》。

基于HDLC协议的图像实时压缩传输技术研究张修建;梁伟伟;王兵;赵茜;靳硕【摘要】针对航天某领域视频监测需求,解决在图像传输过程中误码率较高,传输链路可靠性较低的问题,提出了一种基于HDLC协议的图像实时压缩传输系统;在给出系统体系结构的基础上,对视频压缩算法、码流控制和环形缓冲区算法进行了研究分析,介绍了图像实时压缩传输技术的设计和软件实现方法,采用多线程技术设计了两种视频监测模式,采取编码器结构优化和压缩算法优化等技术途径,保证图像压缩的实时性和正确性,实现了多路视频的单路切换和多路并行两种模式下的视频监测技术;该系统保证了码流的平稳发送并按照HDLC协议传输至测试台控制单元中,连续运行5小时内无图像丢帧,并能够准确地表达剧烈突变的运动,性能可靠,在应用中取得了良好的效益.%According to the video surveillance requirement in a certain field of spaceflight,solve problems in the process of image trans mission with high bit error rate,low transmission link reliability,a real-time image compression and transmission system based on HDLC protocol is proposed.Based on the proposed system framework,the image compression algorithm,stream control and ring buffer algorithm are studied and analyzed.The paper introduces the design and software implementation of the real-time image compression transmission technology.To ensure the real-time image compression and correctness,two kinds of video monitoring mode design using multi-thread technology,adopt the encoder structure optimization and compression algorithm optimization approach,has realized the multi-channel video single path switching and multiplex parallel video monitoring technologyin the two modes.The system ensures the steady transmission of the bit stream and is transmitted to the center controller in accordance with the HDLC protocol,which has been running continuously for 5 hours without image missing frame,and can accurately express the dramatic changes in the movement.The system is reliable in performance and has achieved good results in applications.【期刊名称】《计算机测量与控制》【年(卷),期】2018(026)002【总页数】4页(P203-206)【关键词】实时压缩;H.264;HDLC协议;多路并行【作者】张修建;梁伟伟;王兵;赵茜;靳硕【作者单位】北京航天计量测试技术研究所,北京100076;北京航天计量测试技术研究所,北京100076;北京航天计量测试技术研究所,北京100076;华北计算技术研究所,北京100083;北京航天计量测试技术研究所,北京100076【正文语种】中文【中图分类】TP2730 引言视频泛指将一系列静态影像以电信号方式加以捕捉、纪录、处理、储存、传送与重现的各种技术，随着通信技术的不断发展和网络带宽的快速增长，视频不断应用于各种传统及新兴行业中[1]。

H.264百科名片H.264，同时也是MPEG-4第十部分，是由ITU-T视频编码专家组（VCEG）和ISO/IEC动态图像专家组（MPEG）联合组成的联合视频组（JVT，Joint Video Team）提出的高度压缩数字视频编解码器标准。

目录[隐藏]H.264基本概况H.264算法的优势H.264的发展历史H.264的高级技术背景H.264的特征和高级优势H.264标准概述H.264标准的主要特点H.264标准的关键技术H.264基本概况H.264算法的优势H.264的发展历史H.264的高级技术背景H.264的特征和高级优势H.264标准概述H.264标准的主要特点H.264标准的关键技术∙H.264的技术亮点∙H264编码技术∙H264层次构成∙H.264解码∙H.264的性能比较∙H.264的错误恢复工具∙H.264在移动中通应急图像传输中的应用∙关于H.264的六个问题∙国内H.264编解码器生产厂家∙Intel G965支持H.264[编辑本段]H.264基本概况随着HDTV的兴起，H.264这个规范频频出现在我们眼前，HD-DVD和蓝光DVD 均计划采用这一标准进行节目制作。

而且自2005年下半年以来，无论是NVIDIA 还是ATI都把支持H.264硬件解码加速作为自己最值得夸耀的视频技术。

H.264到底是何方“神圣”呢？H.264是一种高性能的视频编解码技术。

目前国际上制定视频编解码技术的组织有两个，一个是“国际电联（ITU-T）”，它制定的标准有H.261、H.263、H.263+等，另一个是“国际标准化组织（ISO）”它制定的标准有MPEG-1、MPEG-2、MPEG-4等。

而H.264则是由两个组织联合组建的联合视频组（JVT）共同制定的新数字视频编码标准，所以它既是ITU-T的 H.264，又是ISO/IEC的MPEG-4高级视频编码（Advanced Video Coding，AVC），而且它将成为MPEG-4标准的第10部分。

一种基于FPGA高性能H．264变换量化结构设计摘要：H．264作为最新的视频编码标准具有很高的压缩性能，对它的研究具有重要的意义。

根据H．264的变换量化算法设计一种基于FPGA的高性能变换量化处理结构，该结构采用流水线操作和分时复用技术。

结果显示，该设计既节省了资源，又保证了效率；能够同时处理整个4× 4块的全部16个残差输入数据，并在236个时钟内完成对1个宏块的残差数据从输入到反变换输出重建值的完整变换量化过程。

它的处理速度和性能大大提高，可用于硬件加速。

关键词：H．264；变换；量化；FPGA0 引言H．264高效的编码效率是以其高复杂性为代价的，因此制约了它在高分辨率、实时处理等方面的应用。

而FPGA器件采用流水控制策略和并行处理方式，可为H．264复杂的编码模块提供硬件加速引擎。

变换量化模块在H．264编码算法中被频繁调用。

因此研究在尽量合理控制其资源消耗的前提下，提高变换量化模块的工作频率及处理数据的吞吐量，并完成变换量化一系列完整功能的变换量化结构具有重要的实际意义，也成为当前研究的首要问题。

H．264．变换是基于DCT的，其全部采用整数DCT变换，这样就避免了正变换和反变换的失配问题，既不丢失解码精度，也适合于FPGA硬件实现。

1 算法原理及分析1．1 变换算法及分析H．264变换是整数DCT变换，该算法实现了编码端和解码端反变换之间的零匹配，从而减少了解码精度的丢失。

通常H．264变换编码以4×4块为单位，核心变换矩阵如下：当核心变换矩阵中a＝1时，为DCT正向变换矩阵Cf，；若将DCT正向变换矩阵Cf，中所有的2变为1，并保持所有符号不变，则变成Hadamard变换矩阵Hi；若将以上矩阵中所有的2变为1，并使a=1／2，保持所有符号不变，则为DCT反向变换矩阵CTi。

1．2 量化算法及分析H．264的分级标量量化器支持多达52个量化步长Qstep，用量化参数QP进行索引。

27卷 第12期2010年12月微电子学与计算机MICROELECTRONICS &COM PU TERVo l.27 No.12December 2010收稿日期:2009-10-19;修回日期:2009-12-18H.264反量化编码的优化设计与FPGA 验证韩斯晓,邵丙铣(复旦大学国家微电子材料与元器件微分析中心,上海200433)摘 要:反量化、反变换(IQ IT )是H.264解码过程中的重要环节之一.文中根据H.264规范,设计了一种节省资源的IQ IT 模块.通过对其中矩阵运算单元进行多次复用,大大降低了对资源的占用,并通过FP GA 进行了验证.该设计结构能够满足低功耗、便携式解码设备要求.关键词:反量化;反离散余弦变换;H.264中图分类号:T N4 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1000-7180(2010)12-0124-03Optimization Design for IQ Coded and FPGA VerifyH AN Si xiao,SH AO Bing xian(N ational M icro analysis Center,Fudan U niver sity,Shang hai 200433,China)Abstract:IQ IT is an impor tant process in H.264deco ding.In this paper,a resource efficient structure com pliant wit h H.264standard is present ed.By multiplex ing the IDCT module in differ ent w ays,the co nsumed r eso ur ce w as ex tr emely reduced.T his str ucture is verified on FPG A and is suitable fo r lo w-pow er and po rtable deco ding device.Key words:I Q;IDCT ;H.2641 引言H.264/AVC 视频编码标准是由国际电信联合会(ITU )和国际标准化组织(ISO)联合视频小组(JVT )共同制定的新一代视频编码标准.H.264拥有更高的压缩率,得益于复杂的编码算法,这在节省传输带宽和存储空间的同时对编码、解码的设备和算法都提出了更高的要求,其中主要体现在完成逻辑运算的同时控制电路规模和功耗,降低延时.文中根据规范,设计了一种基于FPGA 的高效反变换、反量化(IQIT)模块.2 H.264中的整数DCT 算法原理H.264/AVC 标准中采用的是4 4整数离散余弦(DCT)变换[1].图像中空间上的样点经过变换后变成频率系数.图像在空间上具有连续性和相似性导致这是由于离散余弦变换具有很强的 能量集中!特性∀∀∀能量都集中在离散余弦变换后的低频部分.由于低频信号的重要性,通常将频率最低的系数称为DC 系数以示区别,而将其他系数称为AC 系数.AC 系数通常非常小,故可对其进行饱和截位达到压缩数据、节省空间的目的.设输入变量为矩阵X ,H.264中整数IDCT 变换根据如下公式进行:Y =1111112-12-11-1-1112-11-12[X ]11112112-1-11-12-111-11-12a 2ab a 2ab ab b 2ab b 2a 2ab a 2ab ab b 2abb 2其中,a =12,b =22cos 8,c =22co s 3 8.克罗内克乘法可以和量化过程合并同时完成.第12期韩斯晓,等:H.264反量化编码的优化设计与FPG A 验证该变换算法中所有的操作数均为整数而非浮点无理数,这样的安排能够保证正变换和反变换的完全可逆,消除了变换过程中由于浮点精度不够带来的误差.另外,该变换中通过加减法和移位取代了乘法,大大降低了运算复杂度,从而提高了性能.3 H.264中的预测和量化H.264编码标准采用了多种预测方式便于灵活使用,但因其核心都是基于4 4离散余弦变换(DCT)及其反离散余弦变换(IDCT ),所以大部分预测都是以4 4的色度、亮度块为单位进行.此外,也针对大面积简单图像,使用16 16亮度块和8 8色度块为单位进行预测.对于这两种宏块,操作时先划分成4 4子块进行DCT,再将子块变换后的DC 系数量化后拼成4 4或2 2的DC 系数块进行H adamard 变换以进一步利用空间上的冗余信息.IQ IT 则是这一过程的逆过程.根据这些不同的帧预测模式,对残差矩阵进行处理.其输入可相应分为16 16亮度块系数、8 8色度块系数和其他4 4亮度或色度系数[2 3].(1)4 4亮度色度块这是基本操作块,可直接根据IDCT 公式变换并量化.(2)8 8色度块对DC 系数作2 2hadamard 变换,公式为Y=111-1[X ]111-1,矩阵X 为DC 系数.变换后的DC 系数经反量化后即可与同一子块中的AC 系数组装变成基本4 4单元,即可进行IDCT 变换.Chroma 变换如图1所示.图1 Chro ma 变换(3)16 16亮度块对DC 系数作4 4hadamard 变换,公式为Y =111111-1-11-1-111-11-1[X ]111111-1-11-1-111-11-1,矩阵X 为DC 系数.余下的系数拼装变换与前面88的输入相同.Luma 变换如图2所示.4 实现方案基本的蝶形变换单元如图3所示.图2 L uma 变换图3 蝶形变换文中发现4 4hadamard 变换和IDCT 变换矩阵形式相同,只不过有4个系数有的是1,有的是1/2.据此对蝶形变换单元加一个控制信号,来控制是进行hadam ar d 变换还是IDCT 变换.除2运算只需右移1位,不会影响电路性能.由于二维变换需要分别进行行、列两次变换,将行变换的结果用16个寄存器保存.保存时结果依次存入reg 0~reg15,进行列变换时,数据依次从reg0,reg 4,reg8,reg12,reg1,reg5,reg9##读出,完成矩阵的转秩.读出的数据再次送入同样的蝶形单元,即完成了列变换.这样可以减少一个蝶形单元和一组寄存器[4].再分析2 2hadam ar d 变换.Y =111-1[X ]111-1将2 2的DC 写成[X 0,X 2,X 3,X 1]T 的形式后,即可用一次4 4行变换替代2 2的行、列变换.到此为止,所有的矩阵预算都可以由一个蝶形运算单元和简单的控制逻辑来完成.整个IQ IT 的数据流程如图4所示.图4 I QIT 的数据流程最后,为了提高整体电路设计以及避免寄存器不必要的空翻,需要检测DC 系数是否为零.对于零DC 块的情况,可以直接作旁路设计.另外由于该设计中大量使用组合逻辑,为了提高性能,根据标识位将主时钟分频,可以提高主时钟频率,也有利于减少不必要的空翻.5 测试结果文中根据上述设计思路,通过modelsim 进行了仿真,结果如图5所示.其中D0~D3为变换的输入,F0~F3为变换输出.图5验证了二维DCT 变换中先实现行125微电子学与计算机2010年变换,将结果转秩后进行列变换并输出的过程.图5 仿真结果用Quartus 在Stratix IV 系列器件EP4SGX 530中进行了综合、布局布线和时序分析,得到结果如表1所示.因为进行反量化时需要使用到16 16的乘法运算,如采用内置18bit DSP,会影响工作频率,对DSP 资源也是一种浪费.这里全部采用逻辑单元,显然更加适合,这也在结果中得到印证.时序上该模块在最慢工艺角中主时钟可以运行在90MHz,对一个4 4宏块的平均处理过程不超过25个时钟周期.6 结束语文中通过对IDCT 运算单元的复用,设计了一种结构精简的IQ IT 模块.与文献[2]中的140000个LE 相比,节省了超过90%的资源.并且主时钟可以运行在90M H z,这样的结果在延时和吞吐率上能够满足1080线全高清H.264解码过程的要求,可以广泛的运用在低功耗和便携式设备中.表1 测试结果比较采用电路资源占用工作频率乘法器IP 1393L E +4DSP1870M Hz 采用纯逻辑电路1774LE90M Hz参考文献:[1]I nter national T eleco mmunicatio n U nion I T U -T Recommendation H.264:A dv anced v ideo coding for g ener ic audiov isua l serv ices[S].Ver sion 2007.11.[2]赵爽,王勇.H.264中的反变换反量化器的硬件设计[J].微电子学与计算机,2008,25(1):144-148.[3]张晓燕,谢珺堂.H.264的整数DCT 变换编码与量化过程[J].军民两用技术与产品,2005(4):40-43.[4]蒋剑飞,郭炜.H.264中一种基于矩阵分解的变换算法及硬件实现[J].微电子学与计算机,2007,24(5):189-193.作者简介:韩斯晓 男,(1985-),硕士研究生.研究方向为数字电路的系统及VL SI 设计与实现.邵丙铣 男,教授,博士生导师.研究方向为微电子技术和半导体集成电路设计与分析.(上接第123页)模拟出功率放大器的非线性特性,记忆Saleh 函数模型能够较好的模拟出功率放大器的非线性和记忆效应.从表1中可以看到,对于记忆Saleh 函数模型和记忆多项式模型,在相同记忆深度的情况下,记忆Saleh 函数模型的NRMS 要好于三阶记忆多项式模型劣于五阶记忆多项式模型,因此Saleh 函数模型更适合于弱非线性功率放大器.4 结束语精确模型功率放大器的行为和了解模型的适用情况是进行系统仿真时关键的内容,对实际设计具有重要的参考意义.文中在原Saleh 模型的基础上,提出了无记忆Saleh 函数模型和记忆Saleh 函数模型,并对其两种模型进行了仿真.结果表明,所提出的模型结构简洁,系数数量少,复杂度相对较低,能够精确描述功率放大器的非线性和记忆效应,更适用于弱非线性系统电路中.参考文献:[1]罗志聪,林伟,孙奇燕,等.一个功率可控型蓝牙CM O S 功率放大器设计[J].微电子学与计算机,2009,26(6):202-205.[2]丘春辉,陈向东,沈冰.射频功率放大器前馈线性化技术研究[J].微电子学与计算机,2008,25(11):133-136.[3]Saleh A.Fr equency -independent and fr equency -dependent nonlinear mo dels of T WT amplifiers[J].IEEE T mun,1981(29):1715-1702.[4]Jose C Pedro ,Stephen A M ass.A comparative o verv iewo f micro wave and w ireless pow er -amplifier behavio ral mo deling a ppro aches [J].IEEE transactions o n micr o wav e theo ry and techniques,2005,53(4):1150-1163.[5]南敬昌.Fr eescale dev ice data -w ireless RF pro duct[M ].China,F reescale simeconducto r,Inc.2005:495-499.[6]南敬昌.宽带功率放大器非线性、行为模型与数字预失真系统研究[D].北京:北京邮电大学,2007.作者简介:张玉梅 女,(1985-),硕士研究生.研究方向为射频功放模型与仿真技术.南敬昌 男,(1971-),博士,教授.研究方向为射频电路与器件、多媒体信息编码、通信系统仿真等.126。

中文图书分类号：TN919.81密级：公开UDC：004学校代码：10005硕士学位论文MASTERAL DISSERTATION论文题目：基于FPGA的H.264视频压缩编码SOPC设计论文作者：李幸原学科：计算机科学与技术指导教师：侯义斌教授王素玉副教授论文提交日期: 2013年6月UDC：004学校代码：10005中文图书分类号：TN919.81 学号：S201025008密级：公开北京工业大学工学硕士学位论文题目：基于FPGA的H.264视频压缩编码SOPC设计英文题目：H.264 VIDEO CODING SOPC DESIGN BASED ON FPGA论文作者：李幸原学科专业：计算机科学与技术研究方向：嵌入式软件与系统申请学位：工学硕士指导教师：侯义斌教授王素玉副教授所在单位：软件学院答辩日期：2013年5月授予学位单位：北京工业大学独创性声明本人声明所呈交的论文是我个人在导师指导下进行的研究工作及取得的研究成果。

尽我所知，除了文中特别加以标注和致谢的地方外，论文中不包含其他人已经发表或撰写过的研究成果，也不包含为获得北京工业大学或其它教育机构的学位或证书而使用过的材料。

与我一同工作的同志对本研究所做的任何贡献均已在论文中作了明确的说明并表示了谢意。

李幸原签名：日期：2013 年 6 月29 日关于论文使用授权的说明本人完全了解北京工业大学有关保留、使用学位论文的规定，即：学校有权保留送交论文的复印件，允许论文被查阅和借阅；学校可以公布论文的全部或部分内容，可以采用影印、缩印或其他复制手段保存论文。

（保密的论文在解密后应遵守此规定）签名：李幸原日期： 2013 年6 月29 日导师签名：侯义斌日期： 2013 年6 月29 日摘要近几年来，智能移动终端和新一代移动网络的普及给视频应用提供了广阔的空间。

但是，相对于日渐庞大的视频业务需求，网络资源是极其有限的。

为此，学术界和产业界投入了大量的精力进行视频压缩编码技术的研究，H.264视频编码标准便是其成果之一。

计算机期刊大全【前言】随着计算机技术的快速发展，越来越多的人开始关注计算机期刊，以获取最新的科研成果和技术进展。

本文旨在介绍全球范围内主要的计算机期刊，帮助读者了解各期刊的主题范围、影响因子、最新收录论文等信息，以提高论文发表效率和科研成果的质量。

【一、计算机科学顶级期刊】计算机领域的顶级期刊，对于任何一位计算机科学家来说，都是非常重要的。

这些期刊的文章水平高、质量优，其发表文章往往具有一定的权威性和影响力。

以下是全球最著名的计算机科学顶级期刊：1.《ACM Transactions on Computer Systems》（ACM TOCS）主题范围：该期刊关注计算机系统的设计、分析、实现和评估等方面，特别是操作系统、网络、分布式系统、数据库管理系统和存储系统等方面的最新研究成果。

影响因子：3.612发行周期：每年4期最新收录论文：Content-Based Data Placement for Efficient Query Processing on Heterogeneous Storage Systems, A Framework for Evaluating Kernel-Level Detectors, etc.2.《IEEE Transactions on Computers》（IEEE TC）主题范围：该期刊刊登计算机科学领域的创新性研究成果，重点关注计算机系统、组件和软件的设计、分析、实现和评估等方面的最新进展。

影响因子：4.804发行周期：每月1期最新收录论文：A Comprehensive View of Datacenter Network Architecture, Design, and Operations, An Efficient GPU Implementation of Imperfect Hash Tables, etc.3.《IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering》（IEEE TSE）主题范围：该期刊涉及软件工程领域的各个方面，包括软件开发、可靠性、维护、测试等方面的最新研究成果。