22 Resultant force

机械设计专业术语的英语译阿基米德蜗杆Archimedes worm平安系数safety factor;factor of safety平安载荷safe load凹面、凹度concavity扳手wrench板簧flat leafspring半圆键woodruff key变形deformation摆杆oscillating bar摆动从动件oscillating follower 摆动从动件凸轮机构cam wit h oscillating follower摆动导杆机构oscillating guide -bar mechanism摆线齿轮cycloidal gear摆线齿形cycloidal tooth profil 摆线运动规律cycloidal motio n 摆线针轮cycloidal-pin wheel 包角angle of contact保持架cage背对背安装back-to-back arran gement背锥back cone ; normal con e 背锥角back angle背锥品巨back cone distance 比例尺scale比热容specific heat capacity 闭式链closed kinematic chain 闭链机构closed chain mechan ism臂部arm变频器frequency converters 变频调速frequency control of motor speed变速speed change变速齿轮change gear ; chang e wheel变位齿轮modified gear变位系数modification coeffic ient标准齿轮standard gear标准直齿轮standard spur gear 外表质量系数superficial mass factor外表传热系数surface coefficie nt ofheat transfer外表粗糙度surface roughness 并联式组合combination in pa rallel并联机构parallel mechanism 并联组合机构parallel combinedmechanism并行工程concurrent engineeri ng并行设计concurred design, C D 不平衡相位phase angle of un balance不平衡imbalance (or unbalanc e)不平衡量amount of unbalanc e 不完全齿轮机构intermittent g earing波发生器wave generator波数number of waves补偿compensation参数化设计parameterization d esign,PD剩余应力residual stress操纵及限制装置operation cont rol device槽车G Geneva wheel槽轮机构Geneva mechanism ；Maltese cross槽数Geneva numerate槽凸轮groove cam侧隙backlash差动轮系differential gear train 差动螺旋机构differential scre w mechanism差速器differential常用机构conventional mechan ism; mechanism in common us e 车床lathe承载量系数bearing capacity f actor承载水平bearing capacity成对安装paired mounting尺寸系歹U dimension series齿槽tooth space 齿槽宽spacewidth 齿侧间隙backlash 齿顶高addendum 齿顶圆addendum circle 齿根高dedendum齿根圆dedendum circle齿厚tooth thickness齿品巨circular pitch齿宽face width齿廓tooth profile 齿廓曲线tooth curve 齿轮gear齿轮变速箱speed-changing ge ar boxes齿轮齿条机构pinion and rack 齿轮插刀pinion cutter; pinion -shaped shaper cutter 齿轮滚刀hob ,hobbing cutter 齿轮机构gear 齿轮轮坯blank 齿轮传动系pinion unit 齿轮联轴器gear coupling 齿条传动rack gear 齿数tooth number 齿数比gear ratio 齿条rack齿条插刀rack cutter; rack-sha ped shaper cutter齿形链、无声链silent chain齿形系数form factor齿式棘轮机构tooth ratchet m echanism插齿机gear shaper重合点coincident points重合度contact ratio冲床punch传动比transmission ratio, speedratio传动装置gearing; transmission gear传动系统driven system传动角transmission angle传动轴transmission shaft 串联式组合combination in se ries串联式组合机构series combin ed mechanism串级调速cascade speed contr ol仓惭innovation ; creation仓惭设计creation design垂直载荷、法向载荷normal l oad唇形橡胶密封lip rubber seal磁流体轴承magnetic fluid bea ring从动带轮driven pulley 从动件driven link, follower从动件平底宽度width of flat face从动件停歇follower dwell从动件运动规律follower moti on从动轮driven gear粗线bold line粗牙螺纹coarse thread大齿轮gear wheel打包机packer打滑slipping带传动belt driving带轮belt pulley带式制动器band brake单歹U轴承single row bearing 单向推力轴承single-direction thrust bearing单万向联轴节single universal joint单位矢量unit vector当量齿轮equivalent spur gear;virtual gear当量齿数equivalent teeth nu mber; virtual nu mber of teeth当量摩擦系数equivalent coeff icient of friction当量载荷equivalent load刀具cutter导数derivative倒角chamfer导热性conduction of heat导程lead导程角lead angle等加等减速运动规律parabolic motion; constant acceleration anddeceleration motion等速运动规律uniform motion; constant velocity motion等径凸轮conjugate yoke radia l cam等宽凸轮constant-breadth ca m等效构件equivalent link等效力equivalent force等效力矩equivalent momentof force等效量equivalent等效质量equivalent mass 等效转动惯量equivalent mom ent of inertia等效动力学模型dynamically e quivalent model 底座chassis 彳氐副lower pair 点戈U线chain dotted line〔疲劳〕点蚀pitting垫圈gasket垫片密封gasket seal碟形弹簧belleville spring顶隙bottom clearance定轴轮系ordinary gear train;gear train with fixed axes 动力学dynamics动密封kinematical seal动能dynamic energy动力粘度dynamic viscosity 动力润滑dynamic lubrication 动平衡dynamic balance 动平衡机dynamic balancing machine动态特性dynamic characteristi cs动态分析设计dynamic analysis design动压力dynamic reaction 动载荷dynamic load 端面transverse plane 端面参数transverseparameters端面齿品巨transverse circular pi tch端面齿廓transverse tooth pro file 端面重合度transverse contactratio端面模数transverse module 端面压力角transverse pressur e angle锻造forge对称循环应力symmetry circul ating stress对心滚子从动件radial (or in-l ine ) roller follower对心直动从动件radial (or in-l ine ) translating follower对心移动从动件radial recipro cating follower对心曲柄滑块机构in-line slid er-crank (or crank-slider) mech anism多歹U轴承multi-row bearing 多楔带poly V-belt多项式运动规律polynomial m otion多质量转子rotor with several masses惰轮idle gear额定寿命rating life 额定载荷load rating II级杆组dyad 发生线generating line 发生面generating plane 法面normal plane法面参数normal parameters 法面齿品巨normal circular pitch 法面模数normal module 法面压力角normal pressure a ngle法向齿距normal pitch法向齿廓normal tooth profile 法向直廓蜗杆straight sided n ormal worm 法向力normal force反应式组合feedback combini ng反向运动学inverse ( or back ward) kinematics 反转法kinematic inversion 反正切Arctan范成法generating cutting 仿形法form cutting方案设计、概念设计concept design, CD防振装置shockproof device 飞轮flywheel飞轮矩moment of flywheel 非标准齿轮nonstandard gear 非接触式密封non-contact seal 非周期性速度波动aperiodic s peed fluctuation非圆齿轮non-circular gear 粉末合金powder metallurgy 分度线reference line; standardpitch line分度圆reference circle; standa rd (cutting) pitch circle分度圆柱导程角lead angle atreference cylinder 分度圆柱螺旋角helix angle at refe rence cylinder分母denominator分子numerator分度圆锥reference cone; stan dard pitch cone分析法analytical method 封闭差动轮系planetary differential复合较链compound hinge复合式组合compound combi ning复合轮系compound (or comb ined) gear train复合平带compound flat belt复合应力combined stress 复式螺旋机构Compound scre w mechanism复杂机构complex mechanis m 杆组Assur group干预interference刚度系数stiffness coefficient 刚轮rigid circular spline钢丝软轴wire soft shaft 刚体导引机构body guidance mechanism刚性冲击rigid impulse (shock) 刚性转子rigid rotor刚性轴承rigid bearing 刚性联轴器rigid coupling 高度系歹U height series 高速带high speed belt 高副higher pair格拉晓夫定理Grashoffs law根切undercutting公称直径nominal diameter高度系歹U height series功work工况系数application factor工艺设计technological design 工作循环图working cycle dia gram工作机构operation mechanism 工作载荷external loads工作空间working space工作应力working stress工作阻力effective resistance 工作阻力矩effective resistance moment公法线common normal line公共约束general constraint公制齿轮metric gears功率power功能分析设计function analyse s design共轲齿廓conjugate profiles共轲凸轮conjugate cam构件link鼓风机blower固定构件fixed link; frame固体润滑剂solid lubricant关节型操作器jointed manipul ator 惯性力inertia force惯性力矩moment of inertia ,s haking moment惯性力平衡balance of shakin g force惯性力完全平衡full balance of shaking force惯性力局部平衡partial balanc e of shaking force惯性主矩resultant moment of inertia惯性主失resultant vector of i nertia冠轮crown gear广义机构generation mechanis m广义坐标generalized coordinat e轨迹生成path generation轨迹发生器path generator滚刀hob滚道raceway滚动体rolling element滚动轴承rolling bearing滚动轴承代号rolling bearing i dentification code滚针needle roller滚针轴承needle roller bearing 滚子roller滚子轴承roller bearing滚子半径radius of roller滚子从动件roller follower滚子链roller chain滚子链联轴器double roller c hain coupling滚珠丝杆ball screw滚柱式单向超越离合器roller clutch过度切割undercutting函数发生器function generator 函数生成function generation 含油轴承oil bearing 耗油量oil consumption 耗油量系数oil consumption f actor赫兹公式H. Hertz equation 合成弯矩resultant bending m oment 合力resultant force合力矩resultant moment of f orce黑箱black box横坐标abscissa互换性齿轮interchangeable ge ars 花键spline滑键、导键feather key滑动轴承sliding bearing 滑动率sliding ratio 滑块slider环面蜗杆toroid helicoids wor m 环形弹簧annular spring缓冲装置shocks; shock-absorb smer灰铸铁grey cast iron回程return回转体平衡balance of rotors混合轮系compound gear trai n积分integrate机电一体化系统设计mechani cal-electrical integration system design 机构mechanism机构分析analysis of mechanis m机构平衡balance of mechanis m 机构学mechanism机构运动设计kinematic design of mechanism机构运动简图kinematic sketc h of mechanism机构综合synthesis of mechani 机构组成constitution of mech anism机架frame, fixed link机架变换kinematic inversion机器machine机器人robot机器人操作器manipulator机器人学robotics技术过程technique process 技术经济评价technical and e conomic evaluation技术系统technique system 机械machinery机械创新设计mechanical crea tion design, MCD机械系统设计mechanical syst em design, MSD机械动力分析dynamic analysi s of machinery机械动力设计dynamic design of machinery机械动力学dynamics of mach inery机械的现代设计modern mac hine design机械系统mechanical system 机械利益mechanical advantage机械平衡balance of machiner y机械手manipulator机械设计machine design; mec hanical design机械特性mechanical behavior 机械调速mechanical speed go vernors机械效率mechanical efficiency 机械原理theory of machines and mechanisms机械运转不均匀系数coefficie nt of speed fluctuation 机械无级变速mechanical stepl ess speed changes根底机构fundamental mechani sm根本额定寿命basic rating life基于实例设计case-baseddesig n,CBD基圆base circle基圆半径radius of base circle基圆齿品巨base pitch基圆压力角pressure angle of base circle基圆柱base cylinder基圆锥base cone急回机构quick-return mechani sm急回特性quick-return characte ristics急回系数advance-to return-ti me ratio急回运动quick-return motion棘车ratchet棘轮机构ratchet mechanism棘爪pawl极限位置extreme (or limiting) position极位夹角crank angle between extreme (or limiting) positions计算机辅助设计computer aid ed design, CAD计算机辅助制造computer aid ed manufacturing, CAM计算机集成制造系统compute r integrated manufacturing syst em, CIMS计算力矩factored moment; ca lculation moment计算弯矩calculated bending moment加权系数weighting efficient 力口速度acceleration力口速度分析acceleration analys is力口速度曲线acceleration diagra m尖点pointing; cusp尖底从动件knife-edge follower间隙backlash间歇运动机构intermittent mo tion mechanism减速比reduction ratio减速齿轮、减速装置reduction gear减速器speed reducer减摩性anti-friction quality渐开螺旋面involute helicoid渐开线involute渐开线齿廓involute profile 渐开线齿轮involute gear 渐开线发生线generating lineof involute渐开线方程involute equation渐开线函数involute function渐开线蜗杆involute worm 渐开线压力角pressure angle of involut e渐开线花键involute spline简谐运动simple harmonic mo tion键key键槽keyway交变应力repeated stress交变载荷repeated fluctuating load交叉带传动cross-belt drive 交错轴斜齿轮crossed helicalgears胶合scoring角力口速度angular acceleration 角速度angular velocity 角速比angular velocity ratio角接触球轴承angular contact ball bearin g角接触推力轴承angular conta ct thrust bearing角接触向心轴承angular conta ct radial bearing角接触轴承angular contact be aring钱链、枢纽hinge校正平面correcting plane接触应力contact stress接触式密封contact seal 阶梯轴multi-diameter shaft 结构structure结构设计structural design截面section节点pitch point节品巨circular pitch; pitch of te eth节线pitch line节圆pitch circle节圆齿厚thickness on pitch c ircle节圆直径pitch diameter节圆锥pitch cone节圆锥角pitch cone angle解析设计analytical design 紧边tight-side紧固件fastener径节diametral pitch径向radial direction径向当量动载荷dynamic equi valent radial load径向当量静载荷static equival ent radial load径向根本额定动载荷basic dy namic radial load rating径向根本额定静载荷basic sta tic radial load tating径向接触轴承radial contact b earing径向平面radial plane 径向游隙radial internal cleara nce径向载荷radial load径向载荷系数radial load fact or径向间隙clearance静力static force静平衡static balance静载荷static load静密封static seal局部自由度passive degree of freedom矩阵matrix矩形螺纹square threaded for m 锯齿形螺纹buttress thread fo rm 矩形牙嵌式离合器square-jaw positive-contact clutch绝对尺寸系数absolute dimens ional factor绝对运动absolute motion绝对速度absolute velocity均衡装置load balancing mech anism抗压弓®度compression strength开口传动open-belt drive 开式链open kinematic chain 开链机构open chain mechanism可靠度degree of reliability 可靠性reliability可靠性设计reliability design, RD 空气弹簧air spring空间机构spatial mechanism 空间连杆机构spatial linkage空间凸轮机构spatial cam 空间运动副spatial kinematic pair空间运动链spatial kinematic c hain空转idle宽度系列width series框图block diagram雷诺方程Reynolds ' s equation 离心力centrifugal force离心应力centrifugal stress 离合器clutch离心密封centrifugal seal理论廓线pitch curve理论啮合线theoretical line of action隶属度membership力force力多边形force polygon力封闭型凸轮机构force-drive (or force-closed) cam mechani sm力矩moment力平衡equilibrium力偶couple力偶矩moment of couple连杆connecting rod, coupler连杆机构linkage连杆曲线coupler-curve连心线line of centers链chain链传动装置chain gearing链车s sprocket ; sprocket-wheel ;sprocket gear ; chain wheel 联组V 带tight-up V belt联轴器coupling ; shaft coupli ng 两维凸轮two-dimensional cam 临界转速critical speed 六杆机构six-bar linkage 龙门包烁double Haas planer 轮坯blank 轮系gear train 螺杆screw 螺距thread pitch 螺母screw nut螺旋锥齿轮helical bevel gear螺车丁screws螺栓bolts螺纹导程lead螺纹效率screw efficiency螺旋传动power screw螺旋密封spiral seal螺纹thread (of a screw)螺旋副helical pair螺旋机构screw mechanism 螺旋角helix angle螺旋线helix ,helical line 绿色设计green design ; desig n for environment马耳他机构Geneva wheel ; Geneva gear马耳他十字Maltese cross 脉动无级变速pulsating steples s speed changes脉动循环应力fluctuating circu lating stress脉动载荷fluctuating load 钏车丁rivet迷宫密封labyrinth seal密封seal密封带seal belt密封胶seal gum密封元件potted component 密封装置sealing arrangement 面对面安装face-to-face arrang ement面向产品生命周期设计designfor product's life cycle, DPLC名义应力、公称应力nominal stress模块化设计modular design, MD模块式传动系统modular syste m模幅箱morphology box模糊集fuzzy set模糊评价fuzzy evaluation模数module摩擦friction摩擦角friction angle摩擦力friction force摩擦学设计tribology design, TD 摩擦阻力frictional resistance摩擦力矩friction moment摩擦系数coefficient of friction 摩擦圆friction circle磨损abrasion ;wear; scratching 末端执行器end-effector目标函数objective function 而寸腐蚀性corrosion resistance 而寸磨性wear resistance挠性机构mechanism with flex ible elements挠性转子flexible rotor内齿轮internal gear内齿圈ring gear内力internal force内圈inner ring能量energy能量指示图viscosity逆时针counterclockwise (or a nticlockwise) 啮出engaging-out 啮合engagement, mesh, gearin g啮合点contact points啮合角working pressure angle啮合线line of action啮合线长度length of line of action啮入engaging-in牛头刨床shaper凝固点freezing point; solidifyingpoint扭转应力torsion stress扭矩moment of torque扭簧helical torsion spring诺模图NomogramO 形密封圈密封O ring seal盘形凸轮disk cam盘形转子disk-like rotor抛物线运动parabolic motion疲劳极限fatigue limit疲劳强度fatigue strength偏置式offset偏〔心、〕品巨offset distance偏心率eccentricity ratio偏心质量eccentric mass 偏品巨圆offset circle偏心盘eccentric偏置滚子从动件offset roller f ollower偏置尖底从动件offset knife-e dgefollower偏置曲柄滑块机构offset slide r-crank mechanism 拼接matching评价与决策evaluation and de cision频率 frequency平带flat belt平带传动flat belt driving平底从动件flat-face follower平底宽度face width平分线bisector平均应力average stress平均中径mean screw diamete r平均速度average velocity 平衡balance平衡机balancing machine平衡品质balancing quality 平衡平面correcting plane 平衡质量balancing mass 平衡重counterweight 平衡转速balancing speed 平面副planar pair, flat pair 平面机构planar mechanism 平面运动副planar kinematic pair 平面连杆机构planar linkage 平面凸轮planar cam 平面凸轮机构planar cam mec hanism平面轴斜齿轮parallel helical gears普通平键parallel key其他常用机构other mechanis m in common use 起动阶段starting period 启动力矩starting torque气动机构pneumatic mechanis 奇异位置singular position起始啮合点initial contact ,beg inning of contact气体轴承gas bearing千斤顶jack嵌入键sunk key强迫振动forced vibration切齿深度depth of cut曲柄crank曲柄存在条件Grashoff s law 曲柄导杆机构crank shaper (g uide-bar) mechanism曲柄滑块机构slider-crank (or crank-slider) mechanism曲柄摇杆机构crank-rocker me chanism曲齿锥齿轮spiral bevel gear 曲率curvature曲率半径radius of curvature 曲面从动件curved-shoe follo wer曲线拼接curve matching曲线运动curvilinear motion 曲轴crank shaft驱动力driving force驱动力矩driving moment (tor que)全齿高whole depth 权重集weight sets 球ball球面滚子convex roller球轴承ball bearing 球面副spheric pair 球面渐开线spherical involute 球面运动spherical motion 球销副sphere-pin pair球坐标操作器polar coordinate manipulator燃点spontaneous ignition 热平衡heat balance; thermal e quilibrium人字齿轮herringbone gear 冗余自由度redundant degree of freedom柔轮flexspline 柔性冲击flexible impulse; soft shock柔性制造系统flexible manufa cturing system; FMS柔性自动化flexible automatio n 润滑油膜lubricant film润滑装置lubrication device润滑lubrication润滑剂lubricant三角形花键serration spline三角形螺纹V thread screw三维凸轮three-dimensional ca m三心定理Kennedy's theorem 砂轮越程槽grinding wheel gr oove砂漏hour-glass少齿差行星传动planetary driv e with small teeth difference设计方法学design methodolohanism,设计变量design variable设计约束design constraints 深沟球轴承deep groove ball bearing 生产阻力productive resistance 升程rise升距lift实际廓线cam profile十字滑块联轴器double slider coupling; Oldham ' scoupling矢量vector输出功output work输出构件output link输出机构output mechanism输出力矩output torque 输出轴output shaft 输入构件input link 数学模型mathematic model 实际啮合线actual line of action双滑块机构double-slider mec ellipsograph 双曲柄机构double crank mec hanism双曲面齿轮hyperboloid gear 双头螺柱studs双万向联轴节constant-velocity (or double) universal joint双摇杆机构double rocker me chanism双转块机构Oldham coupling 双歹蚱由承double row bearing 双向推力轴承double-direction thrust bearing松边slack-side顺时针clockwise瞬心instantaneous center死点dead point四杆机构four-bar linkage 速度velocity速度不均匀(波动)系数co efficient of speed fluctuationgy速度波动 speed fluctuation速度曲线velocity diagram速度瞬心instantaneous center of velocity塔轮step pulley踏板pedal台钳、虎钳vice太阳轮sun gear弹性滑动elasticity sliding moti on弹性联轴器elastic coupling ; flexible coupling弹性套柱销联轴器rubber-cus hioned sleeve bearing coupling 套筒sleeve梯形螺纹acme thread form 特殊运动链special kinematicchain特性characteristics替代机构equivalent mechanis m 调节modulation, regulation 调心滚子轴承self-aligning roll er bearing调心球轴承self-aligning ball b earing调心轴承self-aligning bearing 调速speed governing调速电动机adjustable speed motors调速系统speed control syste m 调压调速variable voltage cont rol调速器regulator, governor铁磁流体密封ferrofluid seal停车阶段stopping phase停歇dwell同步带synchronous belt同步带传动synchronous belt drive凸的, 凸面体convex凸轮cam凸轮倒置机构inverse cam mechanism凸轮机构cam , cam mechanis m 凸轮廓线cam profile凸轮廓线绘制layout of cam profile凸轮理论廓线pitch curve凸缘联轴器flange coupling图册、图谱atlas图解法graphical method推程rise推力球轴承thrust ball bearing推力轴承thrust bearing退刀槽tool withdrawal groove退火anneal陀螺仪gyroscopeV 带V belt外力external force外圈outer ring外形尺寸boundary dimension万向联轴器Hooks coupling ; universal coupling 外齿轮external gear 弯曲应力beading stress 弯矩bending moment 腕部wrist往复移动reciprocating motion 往复式密封reciprocating seal 网上设计on-net design, OND 微动螺旋机构differential scre w mechanism位移displacement位移曲线displacement diagra m 位姿pose , position and orien tation稳定运转阶段steady motion period稳健设计robust design 蜗杆worm蜗杆传动机构worm gearing 蜗杆头数number of threads 蜗杆直径系数diametral quotie nt蜗杆蜗轮机构worm and wor m gear蜗杆形凸轮步进机构worm ca minterval mechanism 蜗杆旋向hands of worm 蜗轮worm gear 涡圈形盘簧power spring 无级变速装置stepless speed c hanges devices 无穷大infinite系杆crank arm, planet carrier现场平衡field balancing 向心轴承radial bearing 向心力centrifugal force 相对速度relative velocity 相对运动relative motion 相对间隙relative gap 象限quadrant 橡皮泥plasticine 细牙螺纹fine threads 销pin消耗consumption小齿轮pinion小径minor diameter橡胶弓M簧balata spring修正梯形加速度运动规律mo dified trapezoidal acceleration motion 修正正弦加速度运动规律mo dified sine acceleration motion 斜齿圆柱齿轮helical gear 斜键、钩头楔键taper key 泄漏leakage谐波齿轮harmonic gear 谐波传动harmonic driving 谐波发生器harmonic generator斜齿轮的当量直齿轮equivale nt spur gear of the helical gear心轴spindle行程速度变化系数coefficient of travel speed variation行程速比系数advance-to retur n-time ratio行星齿轮装置planetary trans mission行星轮planet gear行星轮变速装置planetary spe ed changing devices行星轮系planetary gear train形封闭凸轮机构positive-drive (or form-closed) cam mechani sm虚拟现实virtual reality虚拟现实技术virtual reality te chnology, VRT虚拟现实设计virtual reality d esign, VRD虚约束redundant (or passive) constraint许用不平衡量allowable amount of unbalance许用压力角allowable pressure angle许用应力allowable stress; per missible stress悬臂名构cantilever structure 悬臂梁cantilever beam 循环功率流circulating powerload旋转力矩running torque旋转式密封rotating seal旋转运动rotary motion选型type selection压力pressure压力中央center of pressure压缩机compressor压应力compressive stress压力角pressure angle牙嵌式联轴器jaw (teeth) posi tive-contact coupling 雅可比矩阵Jacobi matrix 摇杆rocker液力传动hydrodynamic drive 液力耦合器hydraulic couplers 液体弹簧liquid spring液压无级变速hydraulic steples s speed changes液压机构hydraulic mechanism 一般化运动链generalized kine matic chain移动从动件reciprocating follo wer移动副prismatic pair, sliding pair移动关节prismatic joint 移动凸轮wedge cam 盈亏功increment or decrement work应力幅stress amplitude应力集中stress concentration应力集中系数factor of stress concentration应力图stress diagram应力一应变图stress-strain d iagram优化设计optimal design油杯oil bottle 油壶oil can油沟密封oily ditch seal有害阻力useless resistance有益阻力useful resistance有效拉力effective tension 有效圆周力effective circle force有害阻力detrimental resistanc e 余弦加速度运动cosine acceler ation (or simple harmonic) mo tion预紧力preload原动机primer mover圆带round belt圆带传动round belt drive圆弧齿厚circular thickness 圆弧圆柱蜗杆hollow flank worm圆角半径fillet radius圆盘摩擦离合器disc friction clutch圆盘制动器disc brake 原动机prime mover 原始机构original mechanism 圆形齿轮circular gear 圆柱滚子cylindrical roller 圆柱滚子轴承cylindrical roller bearing圆柱副cylindric pair圆柱式凸轮步进运动机构barr el (cylindric) cam圆柱螺旋拉伸弹簧cylindroid helical-coil extension spring 圆柱螺旋扭转弹簧cylindroid helical-coil torsion spring 圆柱螺旋压缩弹簧cylindroid helical-coil compression spring 圆柱凸轮cylindrical cam 圆柱蜗杆cylindrical worm 圆柱坐标操作器cylindrical co ordinate manipulator圆锥螺旋扭转弹簧conoid heli cal-coil compression spring 圆锥滚子tapered roller圆锥滚子轴承tapered roller b earing圆锥齿轮机构bevel gears圆锥角cone angle原动件driving link约束constraint约束条件constraint condition约束反力constraining force跃度jerk跃度曲线jerk diagram运动倒置kinematic inversion运动方案设计kinematic prece pt design运动分析kinematic analysis运动副kinematic pair运动构件moving link运动简图kinematic sketch运动链kinematic chain运动失真undercutting运动设计kinematic design运动周期cycle of motion运动综合kinematic synthesis运转不均匀系数coefficient of velocity fluctuation运动粘度kenematic viscosity载荷load载荷一变形曲线load—defo rmation curve载荷一变形图load—deform ation diagram窄V 带narrow V belt 毡圈密封felt ring seal 展成法generating 张紧力tension 张紧轮tension pulley 振动vibration振动力矩shaking couple振动频率frequency of vibration振幅amplitude of vibration正切机构tangent mechanism 正向运动学direct (forward) ki nematics正弦机构sine generator, scotc h yoke 织布机100m正应力、法向应力normal stre ss制动器brake直齿圆柱齿轮spur gear 直齿锥齿轮straight bevel gear 直角三角形right triangle 直角坐标操作器Cartesian coo rdinate manipulator 直径系数diametral quotient 直径系歹U diameter series 直廓环面蜗杆hindley worm 直线运动linear motion 直轴straight shaft 质量mass 质心center of mass 执行构件executive link; worki ng link 质径积mass-radiusproduct 智能化设计intelligent design,ID中间平面mid-plane中央距 center distance中央闻巨变动center distance ch ange中央轮central gear中径mean diameter终止啮合点final contact, endof contact周节pitch周期性速度波动periodic spee d fluctuation周转轮系epicyclic gear train肘形机构toggle mechanism轴shaft轴承盖bearing cup轴承合金bearing alloy轴承座bearing block轴承高度bearing height轴承宽度bearing width轴承内径bearing bore diameter轴承寿命bearing life轴承套圈bearing ring轴承夕卜径bearing outside diam eter轴颈journal 轴瓦、轴承衬bearing bush轴端挡圈shaft end ring轴环shaft collar轴肩shaft shoulder轴角shaft angle轴向axial direction轴向齿廓axial tooth profile轴向当量动载荷dynamic equi valent axial load轴向当量静载荷static equival ent axial load轴向根本额定动载荷basic dy namic axial load rating轴向根本额定静载荷basic sta tic axial load rating轴向接触轴承axial contact be aring轴向平面axial plane轴向游隙axial internal clearan ce轴向载荷axial load主动件driving link主动齿轮driving gear主动带轮driving pulley转动导杆机构whitworth mech anism转动副revolute (turning) pair转速swiveling speed ; rotating speed转动关节revolute joint转轴revolving shaft转子rotor转子平衡balance of rotor装酉己条件assembly condition 锥齿轮bevel gear锥顶common apex of cone锥品巨cone distance锥轮bevel pulley; bevel wheel锥齿轮的当量直齿轮equivale 轴向载荷系数axial load facto r轴向分力axial thrust loadnt spurgear of the bevel gear 锥面包络圆柱蜗杆milled heli coids worm准双曲面齿轮hypoid gear子程序subroutine子机构sub-mechanism自动化automation自锁self-locking自锁条件condition of self-loc king自由度degree of freedom, m obility总重合度total contact ratio总反力resultant force总效率combined efficiency; o verall efficiency组成原理theory of constitution组合齿形composite tooth for m 组合安装stack mounting组合机构combined mechanism阻抗力resistance最大盈亏功maximum differen ce work between plus and min us work 纵向重合度overlap contact ra 纵坐标ordinate组合机构combined mechanis m 最少齿数minimum teeth num ber最小向径minimum radius作用力applied force坐标系coordinate frametio。

GeoStudio软件中参数的选取GeoStudio吧，欢迎大家加入在GeoStudio软件中，如果选择M-C强度模型，需要输入三个量，重度（U），黏聚力（C）和内摩擦角（Phi）。

从GeoStudio软件的计算原理，可以知道，在软件中，即可以选用有效应力参数，也可以选取总应力参数，但是很多人搞不清楚，到底输入的是什么参数，或者说输入参数之后，软件如何来识别是有效应力参数还是总应力参数。

从软件对稳定性安全系数的计算公式可以看以，不管是总应力参数还是有效应力参数，软件都有对应的计算公式，唯一不同的是对于有效应力参数而言，还需要提供孔隙水压力，也就是说需要同时提供孔隙水压力，有效应力参数才有意义，所以在GeoStudio软件中，是通过用户是否提供了孔隙水压力，来判断用户是提供什么样的参数。

如果用户提供了孔隙水压力（绘制了水位线或者提供了Ru系数等），软件就会采用有效应力那个公式来计算稳定性安全系数。

相反，如果用户没有提供孔隙水压力，软件就会采用总应力的计算公式来计算稳定性安全系数。

理论上，不管是总应力参数还是有效应力参数，计算出来的稳定性安全系数应该是一样，前提是能够提供准确的参数值。

当然在现实工程中，到底使用哪一种计算参数，需要用户自行判断，对于不同的工况，需要选择更为合适、合理的计算参数。

举个例子，对于施工期，由于无法提供准确的孔隙水压力，或者提供的孔隙水压力不真实，这时候选用总应力参数计算结果就会更合理。

好了，我们已经知道了，GeoStudio软件是如何通过用户输入的参数来选用合适的计算公式，取决于用户是否能够提供孔隙水压力。

在边坡分析中还有一个重要概念，就是对于水位线以下，重度是如何计算的。

我们知道：在水位线以上，浸润线以上，重度应该选用天然重度；在水位线以上，浸润线以下，重度应该选用饱和重度；在水位线以下，浸润线以下，重度应该选用浮溶度；那么在，GeoStudio软件中，是如何选用这些重度的呢，这里我拿GeoStudio软件与Slide软件进行对比。

Basic Concept in MechanicsThe branch of scientific analysis which deals with motions , time , and forces is called mechanics and is made up of two parts , statics and dynamics , Statics deals with the analysis of stationary systems , i.e. , those in which time is not a factor , and dynamics deals with systems which change with time .对运动、时间和作用力做出科学分析的分支称为力学。

它由静力学和动力学两部分组成。

静力学对静止系统进行分析，即在其中不考虑时间这个因素，动力学对随时间而变化的系统进行分析。

When a number of bodies are connected together to form a group or system , the forces of action and reaction between any two of the connecting bodies are called constraint forces . These forces constrain the bodies to behave in a specific manner . Forces external to this system of bodies are called applied forces .当一些物体连接在一起形成一个组合体或者系统时，任何两个相连接的物体之间的作用力和反作用力被称为约束力。

这些力约束着各个物体，使其处于特定的状态。

从外部施加到这个物体的系统的力被称为外力。

I. Theoretical Mechanics理论力学Gravitational Force, Gravity重力Concurrent Force汇交力, Coplanar Force共面力Force, Torque / Moment扭矩, Couple 约束力，反应，被动力，内力Constraint Force, Reaction, Passive Force, Internal/External Force 静力学直角坐标分量，合力，平行四边形准则Rectangular Components, Resultant Force, Parallelogram Law 1. Statics Composition of Force力的合成, Free Body Diagram隔离体Vector (Magnitude, Direction)矢量, Scalar标量静力平衡平衡方程平衡条件Net Force = 0Static Equilibrium, Equation of Equilibrium, Conditions for EquilibriumNet Torque/Moment = 0Rectilinear MovementMotion of Particle粒子运动Curvilinear Movement运动学 Translation平移2. Kinematics Motion of Rigid Body刚体运动Rotation扭转Linear线性的Velocity速度, Acceleration加速度Angular有角的Momentum, Kinetic Energy, Potential Energy动量，动能，势能动力学Moment of Inertia (Rectangular, Polar), Radius of Gyration惯性矩，回转半径3. Dynamics, Kinetics Centroid (Center of Mass/Gravity)中心Vibration, Oscillation (Free/Forced/Damped/Undamped)振动Simple Harmonic Motion, Period, Frequency简谐振动，周期，频率Pendulum, Centrifugal/Centripetal Force钟摆，离/向心力II. Mechanics of Materials材料力学材料强度 Compressive, Compression压缩1. Strength of Materials Tensile, Tension (Elongation, Extension)伸长Shear, Shearing剪切Linear, Hooke’s LawElastic弹性, Elasticity Non-linearViscoelasticity, Pseudo-elasticity, Super-elasticity粘弹性，拟弹性，超弹性应力应变关系塑性 Perfect Plasticity理想塑性2. Stress-Strain Relation/Behavior Plastic, Plasticity Viscoplasticity, Viscosity黏性, Creeping徐变, RelaxationBrittle脆性, Ductile柔性Work Hardening/Softening, Strain Hardening/Softening弹性模量，弹性系数 Young’s Modulus = Axial Stress / Axial Strain杨氏模量3. Modulus of Elasticity, Elastic Modulus Shear Modulus = Shear Stress / Shear Strain剪切模量Bulk Modulus = Volumetric Stress / Volumetric Strain体积弹性模量破坏理论，失效准则，屈服准则 Maximum Principal Stress Theory最大应力准则4. Failure Theory, Failure Criteria, Yield Criteria Shear Stress TheoryMohr-Coulomb Theory库伦理论Shear Force剪力, Bending Moment弯矩, Flexural Load弯曲荷载梁 Bending Stress弯曲应力, Normal Stress正应力, Shear Stress剪应力 (Horizontal/Longitudinal, Vertical/Transverse)5. Beam Neutral Axis中性轴, Flexure屈曲, Deflection挠曲Cantilever Beam悬臂梁, Simply Supported Beam简支梁, Pin-end, Fixed End固定端Uniformly/Linearly Distributed Load均布荷载, Concentrated Load集中荷载Buckling屈曲系数, Euler’s Equation欧拉方程6. Column 长细比，有效长度，临界荷载，偏心率Slenderness Ratio, Effective Length, Critical Load/Stress, Eccentricity RatioTension弹力, Compression压缩, Uniaxial/Axial Load单轴荷载7. Shaft杆, Rod长杆, Bar Inner/Outer Diameter内/外径Torsion扭转, Torque扭矩, TwistingRadial Distance辐射距离平面应变平面应力双向应力（单轴，三轴）应变能最大/小主应力8. Plane Strain, Plane Stress, Biaxial Stress (Uniaxial, Triaxial), Strain Energy, Major (Minor) Principal Stress Deformation变形, Displacement位移, Deflection偏向Stiffness, Rigidity刚度, Hardness硬度, Flexibility弹性, ComplianceDynamic Loading动力荷载, Cyclic/Fluctuating Loading脉冲荷载, Fatigue疲劳度Thermal Stress热应力/Strain/Deformation, Coefficient of Thermal Expansion热膨胀系数Factor of Safety安全系数, Safety FactorLimit State Design极限状态设计 (Ultimate Limit State极限状态, Serviceability Limit State正常使用极限状态), Probabilistic Design概率设计III. Structural Mechanics, Structural AnalysisRod, Shaft, Bar构件Beam, Girder1. Structural Element Column, PillarPlate, Shell, MembraneShear Wall, Shear Panel2. Truss构架, 3-hinge Arch, Rigid Frame刚性框架 (Joint节点, Pin-Joint, Hinge, Node)3. Statically Determinate静定, Statically Indeterminate超静定, Degree of Static Indeterminacy, N-fold Statically Indeterminate, Degree of Freedom自由度虚功原理 Virtual Displacement, (Matrix) Displacement Method, Stiffness Method4. Virtual Work Principle Virtual Force, (Matrix) Force Method, Flexibility MethodFinite Element MethodIV. Theory of Elasticity(Differential) Equilibrium Equation, Physical Equation, Compatibility/Geometrical EquationBoundary Conditions。

高中物理二级结论最全总结In high school physics。

XXX understand。

Here are some examples:1.Force and XXX1.1 Statics1) XXX.2) The supporting force (or pressure) on an object always points XXX and towards the object being supported (or pressed)。

The pressure N is not necessarily equal to the weight G.3) The range of the magnitude of the resultant force of two forces is |F1 - F2| ≤ F ≤ F1 + F2.4) If three coplanar forces are in equilibrium。

then any two forces have XXX to the third force。

This is also true for XXX.5) If the resultant force F of two component forces F1 and F2 is known (or one of the component forces is known)。

and the n of the other component force (or the resultant force) is known。

then the magnitude of the unknown force XXX.6) If an object slides down a nless XXX at a constant velocity。

then μ = tanα.1.2 n and Force1) For an object XXX: a = μg.2) For an object sliding down a nless inclined plane: a = gsinα.3) For an object sliding down a rough inclined plane: a =g(sinα - μcosα).4) For an object XXX XXX 2: m2F.5) For a system of objects moving together and a force acting on m1.the n force een m1 and m2 is N =。

IDisplacement is the distance travelled in a particular direction.Velocity is defined by the word equation velocity=change in displacementtime takenThe gradient of a displacement-time graph is equal to velocity:velocity=∆s∆t Distance and speed are scalar quantities. A scalar quantity has only magnitude. Displacement and velocity are vector quantities. A vector quantity has both magnitude and direction.Vector quantities may be combined by vector addition to find their resultant.IIAcceleration is equal to the rate of change of velocity.Acceleration is a vector quantity.The gradient of a velocity-time graph is equal to acceleration: a=∆v∆tThe area under a velocity-time graph is equal to displacement (or distance travelled). The equations of motion (for constant acceleration in a straight line) are:v=u+at s=ut+12at2s=(u+v)2t v2=u2+2asVectors such as forces can be resolved into components. Components at right angles to one another can be treated independently of one another. For a velocity v at an angle θ to the x-direction, the components are:x-direction: vcosθy-direction: vsinθFor projectiles, the horizontal and vertical components of velocity can be treated independently. In the absence of air resistance, the horizontal component of velocity is constant while the vertical component velocity downwards increases at a rate of 9.81m s-2.IIIAn object will remain at rest or in a state of uniform motion unless it is acted on by an external force. This is Newton’s first law of motion.For a body of constant mass, the acceleration is directly proportional to the resultant force applied to it. Resultant force F, mass m and acceleration a are related by the equation:resultant force = mass × acceleration or F=maThis is a form of Newton’s second law of motion.When two bodies interact, the forced they exert on each other are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction. This is Newton’s third law of motion.The acceleration produced by a force is in the same direction as the force. Where there are two or more forces, we must determine the resultant force.A newton (N) is the force required to give a mass of 1kg an acceleration of 1m s-2 in the direction of the force.The greater the mass of an object, the more it resists changes in its motion. Mass is a measure o f the object’s inertia.The weight of an object is a result of the pull of gravity on it:weight = mass × acceleration of free fall (W=mg)weight = mass × gravitational field strengthAn object falling freely under gravity has a constant acceleration provided the gravitational field strength is constant. However, fluid resistance (such as air resistance) reduces its acceleration. Terminal velocity is reached when the fluid resistance is equal to the weight of the object.IVForces are vector quantities that can be added by means of a vector triangle. Their resultant can be determined using trigonometry or by scale drawing.Vectors such as forces can be resolved into components. Components at right angles to one another can be treated independently of one ano ther. For a force F at an angle θ to the x-direction, the components are:x-direction: Fcosθy-direction: FsinθThe moment of a force = force × perpendicular distance of the pivot from the line of action of the force.The principle of moments state that for any object that is in equilibrium, the sum of the clockwise moments about any point provided by the forces acting on the object equals the sum of the anticlockwise moments about that same point.A couple is a pair of equal, parallel but opposite forces whose effect is to produce a turning effect on a body without giving it linear acceleration.torque of a couple = one of the forces × perpendicular distance between the forces For an object to be in equilibrium, the resultant force acting on the object must be zero and the resultant moment must be zero.VThe work done W when a force F moves through a displacement s in the direction of the force:W=Fs or W=Fs cosθwhere θ is the angle between the force a nd the displacement.A joule is defined as the work done (or energy transferred) when a force of 1N moves a distance of 1m in the direction of the force.The work done W by a gas at pressure p when it expands:W=pΔVwhere ΔV is the increase in its volume.When an object of mass m rises through a height h, its gravitational potential energy E p increases by an amount:E p=mghThe kinetic energy E k of a body of mass m moving at speed v is:E k=1/2mv2The principle of conservation of energy states that for a closed system, energy can be transformed to other forms but the total amount of energy remains constant.The efficiency of a device or system is determined using the equation:efficiency=(useful output energy)/(total input energy)×100%Power is the rate at which work is done (or energy is transferred):P=W/t and P=FvA watt is defined as a rate of transfer of energy of one joule per second.VILinear momentum is the product of mass and velocity:momentum = mass × velocity or p = mvThe principle of conservation of momentum:For a closed system, in any direction the total momentum before an interaction (e.g. collision) is equal to the total momentum after the interaction.In all interactions or collisions, momentum and total energy are conserved.Kinetic energy is conserved in a perfectly elastic collision; relative speed is unchanged in a perfectly elastic collision.In an inelastic collision, kinetic energy is not conserved. It is transferred into other forms of energy (e.g. heat or sound). Most collisions are inelastic.Newton’s first law of motion: An object will remain at rest or keep traveling at constant velocity unless it is acted on by a resultant force.Newton’s second law of motion: The resultant force acting on a body is equal to the rate of change of its momentum:resultant force = rate of change of momentum or F=∆p∆tNewton’s third law of motion: When two bodies interact, the forces they exert on each other ae equal and opposite.The equation F=ma is a special case of Newton’s second law of motion when mass m remains constant.VIIDensity is defined as the mass per unit volume of a substance: density=massvolume Pressure is defined as the normal force acting per unit cross-sectional area:pressure=forceareaPressure in a fluid increases with depth: ρ=mghHooke’s law state that the extension of a material is directly proportional to the applied force. For a spring or a wire, F=kx, where k is the force constant. The force constant has units of N m-1.Stress is defined as stress=forcecross−sectional area or σ=FAStrain is defined as strain=extentionoriginal length or ε=xLTo describe the behavior of a material under tensile and compressive forces, we have to draw a graph of stress against strain. The gradient of the initial linear section of the graph is equal to the Young modulus. The Young modulus is an indication of the stiffness of the material.The Young modulus E is given by E=stressstrain =σεThe unit of the Young modulus is pascal (Pa) or N m-2The area under a force-extension graph is equal to the work done by the force. For a spring or a wire obeying Hooke’s law, the elastic potential energy E is givenby E=12Fx F x=12kx2VIIIAn electric field is a field of force, created by electric charges, and can be represented by electric field lines.The strength of the field is the force acting per unit positive charge at a point in thefield, E=FQIn a uniform field (e.g. between two parallel charged plates), the force on a charge isthe same at all points; the strength of the field is given by E=−Vd.An electric charge moving initially at right-angles to a uniform electric field follows a parabolic path.IXElectric current is the rate of flow of charge. In a metal this is due to the flow of electrons. In an electrolyte, the flow of positive and negative ions produces the current. The direction of conventional current is from positive to negative; the direction of electron flow is from negative to positive.The SI unit of charge is coulomb (C). One coulomb is the charge which passes a point when a current of 1A flow for 1s.charge = current × time (ΔQ=IΔt)The elementary charge e = 1.9 × 1019C.The current I in a conductor of cross-sectional area A depends on the mean drift velocity v of the charge carriers and their number density n.I = nAvqThe term potential difference (p.d.) is used when charges lose energy in a component. It is defined as the energy transferred per unit charge.V=WΔQor W=VΔQThe term electromotive force (e.m.f.) is used when charges gain electrical energy from a battery or similar device. It is also defined as the energy transferred per unit charge.E=WΔQor W=EΔQA volt is a joule per coulomb. That is, 1V = 1J C-1.Power is the rate of energy transfer. In electrical terms, power is the product of voltage and current. That is, P= VI.Resistance is defined as the ratio of voltage to current. That is:resistance=voltagecurrent (R=VI)The resistance of a component is 1 ohm when a potential difference of 1 volt is produced per ampere.For a resistance R, the power dissipated is given by:P=I2R or P=V 2REnergy transferred in a circuit in a time Δt is given by:W = IVΔtXKirchhoff’s first law states that the sum of the currents entering any point in a circuit is equal to the sum of the currents leaving that point.Kirchhoff’s second law states that the sum of the e.m.f.s around any loop in a circuit is equal to the sum of the p.d.s around the loop.The combined resistance of resistors in series is given by the formula:R = R1 + R2+ …The combined resistance of resistors in parallel is given by the formula:1 R =1R1+1R2+⋯Ammeters have a low resistance and are connected in series in a circuit. Voltmeters have a high resistance and are connected in parallel in a circuit.XIA conductor obeys Ohm’s law if the current in it is directly proportional to the potential difference across its ends.Ohmic components include a wire at constant temperature and a resister.Non-ohmic components include a filament lamb and a light-emitting diode.A semiconductor diode allows current in one direction only.As the temperature of a metal increases, so does its resistance.A thermistor is a component which shows a rapid change in resistance over a narrow temperature range. The resistance of an NTC thermistor decreases as its temperature is increased.The resistivityρ of a metal is defined as ρ=RAL, where R is the resistance of a wire of that material, A is its cross-sectional area and L is its length. The unit of resistivity is ohm meter (Ω m).XIIA source of e.m.f., such as a battery, has an internal resistance. We can think of the source as having an internal resistance r in series with an e.m.f. E.The internal p.d. of a source of e.m.f. is less that the e.m.f. because of ‘lost volts’across the internal resistor:terminal p.d. = e.m.f. –‘lost volts’V = E – IrA potential divider circuit consists of two or more resistors connected in series to a supply. the output voltage V out across the resistor of resistance R2 is given by:)×V inV out=(R2R1+R2A potentiometer can be sued to compare potential differences.XIIIMechanical waves are produced by vibrating objects.A progressive wave carries energy from one place to another.Two points on a wave separated by a distance of one wavelength have a phase difference of 0° or 360°.There are two types of wave –longitudinal and transverse. Longitudinal waves have vibrations parallel to the direction in which the wave travels, whereas transverse waves have vibrations at right angles to the direction in which the wave travels..The frequency f of a wave is related to its period T by the equation f=1TThe frequency of a sound wave can be measured using a calibrated cathode-ray oscilloscope.The speed of all waves is given by the wave equation:wave speed = frequency × wavelengthv=fλThe Doppler effect is the change in an observed wave frequency when a source moves with speed v s. The observed frequency is given by:f o=f s×v(v±v s)The intensity of a wave is defined as the wave power transmitted per unit area at right angles to the wave velocity. Hence:intensity=powercross sectional areaThe intensity I of a wave is proportional to the square of the amplitude A (I ∝ A2).All electromagnetic waves travel at the same speed of 3.0×108m/s in a vacuum, but have different wavelengths and frequencies.The regions of the electromagnetic spectrum in order of increasing wavelength are: γ-rays, X-rays, ultraviolet, visible, infrared, microwaves and radio waves.XIVThe principle of superposition states that when two or more waves meet at a point, the resultant displacement is the algebraic sum of the displacements of the individual waves.When waves pass through a slit, they may be diffracted so that they spread out into the space beyond. The diffraction effect is greatest when the wavelength of the waves is similar to the width of the gap.Interference is the superposition of waves from two coherent sources.Two sources are coherent when they emit waves that have a constant phase difference. (This can only happen if the waves have the same frequency or wavelength)For constructive interference the path difference is a whole number or wavelengths: path difference = 0, λ, 2λ, 3λ, etc. orpath difference = nλFor destructive interference the path difference is an odd number of half wavelengths:path difference = 12λ, 112λ, 212λ, etc. orpath difference = (n+12)λWhen light passes through a double slit, it is diffracted and an interference pattern of equally spaced light and dark fringes is observed. This can be used to determine the wavelength of light using the equation:λ=axDThis equation can be used for all waves, including sound and microwaves.A diffraction grating diffracts light at its many slits or lines. The diffracted light interferes in the space beyond the grating. The equation for a diffraction grating is: dsinθ=nλXVStationary waves are formed when two identical waves travelling in opposite directions meet and superpose. This usually happens when one wave is a reflection of the other.A stationary wave has a characteristic pattern of nodes and antinodes.A node is a point where the amplitude is always zero.An antinode is a point of maximum amplitude.Adjacent nodes (or antinodes) are separated by a distance equal to half a wavelength.We can use the wave equation v=fλ to determine the speed v or the frequency f of a progressive wave. The wavelength λ is found using the nodes or antinodes of the stationary wave pattern.XVIThe α-particle scattering experiment provides evidence for the existence of a small, massive and positively charged nucleus at the center of the atom.Most of the mass of an atom is concentrated in its nucleus.The nucleus consists of protons and neutrons, and is surrounded by a cloud of electrons.The number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom is called its nucleon number A.The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom is called its proton number (or atomic number) Z.Hadrons (e.g. the neutron) are the particles that consist of quarks and hence re affected by the strong nuclear force. Leptons (e.g. the electron) are particles that are unaffected by the strong nuclear force.The weak interaction acts between quarks and is responsible for β-decay.Isotopes are nuclei of the same element with a different number of neutrons but the same number of protons.Different isotopes (or nuclides, if referring to the nucleus only) can be represented by A, where X is the chemical symbol for the element.the notation XZThere are three types of ionizing radiation produced by radioactive substances: α-particles, β-particles and γ-rays.In radioactive decay, the following quantities are conserved: proton number, nucleon number and mass-energy.The most strongly ionizing, and hence the least penetrating, is α-radiation. The least strongly ionizing is γ-radiation.Because of their different charges, masses and speeds, the different types of radiation can be identified by the effect of an electric or magnetic field.。

常用物理英语单词absolute acceleration 绝对加速度absolute motion 绝对运动absolute velocity 绝对速度accelerated motion 加速运动acceleration of gravity 重力加速度acceleration 加速度accelerometer 加速度计acting force 作用力active force 主动力angle of friction 摩擦角angle of nutation 章动角angle of precession 进动角angle of rotation 自转角angular acceleration 角加速度angular displacement 角位移angular motion 角[向]运动angular velocity vector 角速度矢[量]angular velocity 角速度areal velocity 掠面速度又称“扇形速度（sector velocity）”arm of couple 力偶臂attraction force 吸引力Atwood machine 阿特伍德机average velocity，mean velocity 平均速度axial acceleration 轴向加速度axial vector 轴矢[量]ballistic curve 弹道ballistic pendulum 弹道摆ballistics 弹道学base point 基点bearing 轴承binormal acceleration 副法向加速度bounce 反弹center of force 力心center of gravity 重心center of mass 质心center of moment 矩心center of parallel force system 平行力系中心center of percussion 撞击中心center of reduction 简化中心又称“约化中心”。

总结强加的英文词语及句子总结强加的英文词语及句子impose by force参考例句：Bold or insolent heedlessness of restraints,as of those imposed by prudence,propriety,or convention.大胆破格，创新性鲁莽或无视任何约束，如那些用慎重，规矩或传统来强加的约束Disposed to inflict pain or suffering.残暴的倾向于强加痛楚或痛苦的Don't fasten the responsibility on him不要把责任强加给他。

Don't inflict your ideas on me.别把你的想法强加于我。

Don't intrude your views on me.别把你的意见强加于我。

He tried to press his opinion on us.他试图把他自己的意见强加给我们。

He showed great reluctance to accept the responsibility thrust upon him 对强加给他的`责任，他不乐于承担。

Don't inflict your belief on me.不要把你的想法强加于我。

I tried to inflict my values on them 我设法将自己的价值观强加给他们。

Don't try to impose your will upon me.别想把你的意志强加于我。

impose是什么意思：v. 征税；强加；施加影响；使遭受；打扰；利用；欺骗To direct or impose with authority and emphasis.命令，吩咐权威性地且强调性地发布施令He was an imposing man.他仪表堂堂。

They are threatening to impose a blockade on the country.他们威胁说要对该国实行封锁。