房地产项目的可行性研究外文参考文献翻译3000 英文翻译
The Analysis of the Issue Related to the Feasibility of
Study the Real Estate Project on the Basis of the
Implicit Cost
Bilin Shao, Bin Ding
Abstract: It is known that the feasibility study of real estate
project plays an important role in real estate development. Nevertheless, there still remains many problems in the feasibility study. In this paper, the concept of implicit cost will be introduced, which will be used to analyse these problems.Meanwhile, some useful strategies will be raised for these problems,which intends to further improve the
feasibility study of the real estate projects.
Keywords: real estate project; feasibility study; implicit cost; problems
1. Introduction
The feasibility study is the decision science has been used in
project area, and the basic target is on the basis of the comprehensive investigating and researching to identify a construction object whether have the characteristics of progressive, reality and reliable in the whole prosess from previously project construction to line operation. We also need to know those whether can pay off from the finance and the credibility in the economy to give a big help for the investating
decisions. It is real role that a framework to investing project , and is the key factors that can decide the project can be invested or not to give some supports on the project decisions. The real estate is characteristic of accounting for huge financing, a long period relative to the investing and easily influenced by the instable factors. Therefore, the the feasibility study is very important for the real estate. However, currently we are more and more focusing on the explicit cost in the feasibility study and ignoring the intangible cost. The intangible cost is , as opposed to explicit cost and hided among the total cost of enterprise, caused by the decision maker characterized by lower diathesis, wrong concept, and the deficiency of informations, coupled with the non-market factors to lead to the total cost increaseing directly or indirectly . The amount of economic benefits of the project largely depend on getting full knowledge of the intangible cost in the real
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estate.
2. The Existence of the Questions Lied in the Feasibility Study on the Basis of the Intangible Cost
Recently, the real estate have got a big improvement in the
feasibility study. As the main contents and methods, it have been normed and stabilized gradually to use in the project decisions. But that is fact that the feasibility study cannot play the role above mentioned in
the real case. The worst case is that there is no the feasibility study before starting the work. And another events is that the feasibility study had been done, but the result was not fit to the requestions. The main problems are following:
2.1. The Investor with Low Diathesis Did Not Pay More Attentions on
it
Until now, a number of the investors did not get a clear clue and realize the importantance related to the feasibility study. They had made a decision whether building the real estate relied on their own wish, and reckoned the feasibility study was just a “payable paper” to submit to lending institution, investor and government. There is no meaning in the feasibility study because of carrying on is not thorough, foc using on the format. Therefore, the “feasibility study” is the aim that how to get a permission from the related department and a loan from the bank, so the data cannot be used to reflect the real conditions. The economic benefits of the whole real estate project have decreased, even failed that was mainly ascribed to the invetor’s attitude,
ignoring the importance of feasibility study. Those are called the intangible cost. The other factors is linked closely with calibre that a excellent decision maker should be characterized by determination, confidence, far-sighted.ect. When a favorite investing project lie in front of a investor, he must be confidence and determination to make a decision as soon as possible, or the problems relative to the economic
bene fits′ lost would be happened to create the intangible cost. Moreover, the
investor should have the characters of far-sighted to consider the investing process, and not care the “gain and loss” in a small events to make a wrong decision. It is obviously that the high-calibre is an very important factor to the investor to avoid the intangible cost.
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2.2. The Feasibility Study Related to theConstruction Project is Mainly Completed by the Consultant Agency and Design Dthe Deviser Has Low-Calibre
Department of construction entrusted by investor. It is possible
that the accuracy largely depend on those institutions′ level
controlled by the deviser’s calibre. Unfortunately, a huge number of devisers are lacking of the attitude on seek truth from facts. They have partially used the data to optimistically evaluate the market price movement. They also did not exploit the market survey in details to predict the market prospect; at the same time, they did not care about some faults, however, more lights shed in exaggerateing the advantages of technology and product that reducing the success rate of investing. On the basis of the devisers having low-calibre, the feasibility study cannot be completed by course of correct way and canonical process that the decision maker got a wrong judgement to result in losting the economic benefits, even the whole project’s depleting.
2.3. The Analysis and Forecasting of the Market is not Enough
The earning power of investing project is not only depending on the all kinds of available resources, but also relying on the current and potential requests needed by society. Currently, there are no more attenions concentrated on the market survey and forecasting in the feasibility study. A large numbers of data came from the related researchers’ experience and social relations.
Even though they did a survey and forecasted the market trend, the results are more qualitative analysis than quantitative. The data measured by above process cannot really reflect the market condition and prospect. It is seemly like having good benefits, because of the fault existed in the analysis and forecasting of market to lead to the investing project has to face the condition “having a price but no sales”. Those can be avoided according to the reseacher’s endeavor.
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2.4. There is No Comparative among Every Project
A larger numbers of reseachers pay more attentions on the single project than the comprehensive in the feasibility study. In some cases, they also analyse some projects at the same time but a particular one will be analysed more deeper than another analysed superficially. The decision maker have to accept the project choosed by reseachers on their wishes, and then the comprehensive researching changed into single will lose the meaning in the feasibility study. Because lack of the
comparative project, leading to the economic benefits related to the finance will be fixed to lose the chance of getting more benefits from the market to create more intangible cost.
2.5. Ignoring the Value of the Environmental
Assessment
There are many faults lies in the currently environmental assessment showed by the report of feasibility study. In some cases, there is few contents and the analysing superficially about the environmental assessment, because of there is no surveying the surroundings nearby the project or the assessment is not correct. It is obviously that those are contradiction with the strategy of sustainable development developed by our country. Moreover, there is no consideration between the project and sustaining ability of environment carried out by the investor. As a result, the developing intensity will exceed the loading capacity of environment near by the project to produce seriously environment contamination. This will increase the project later environmental protection costs, such as controling environmental pollution and strengthen the green, ect.
There is a serious environmental evaluation work to be needed on environmental protection, and using real data reflect the revenue and expenditure to provide true evidences for the final decision. However, many of the feasibility study overlooked this respect that the project had been put more money in late to produce increasely the intangible cost.
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2.6. Don't Pay Attention to the Analysis of the
Sensitivity and Risk Factors
The estate project itself has a high risk and investing, because of there are some uncertain factors in project implementation process. With these uncertainties, the investment project there is a risk, thus the uncertainty of the whole project is of vital importance. If the feasibility study of these risk factors were accurately analysed that will cause additional costs of the project.In practical work of the feasibility study , the analysis of risk is not enough or only stay in qualitative analysis, give a quantitative analysis. Though some of them to quantify, but either quantitative method unsuitable or quantitative results do not take seriously, not have a good understanding to project risk factors , thus make some project in concrete implementation appear of risk or risk factors change , led to increase costs and economic benefit greatly decreased, causing the recessive cost of production.
3. Countermeasures of Feasibility Study
3.1. Strengthening Ideological Education and Quality Education of
the Decision Maker
In order to make feasibility study go smoothly, decision makers should be educated to fully realize the importance and function of the feasibility study. The ideologycal recognition and definite feasibility study effect, so that it can from the fundamental guarantee of
feasibility study work smoothly. In addition, there must be necessary education to investors to improve the quality and professional skills of their own, so that when making decisions they can decisively and correctly make decision to reduce implicit costs and increase profits.
3.2. Improving ability of the deviser
Institutions of training feasibility study professional must be established and perfected ,related departments should organize professional training regularly. Professional ethics
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education should is necessary to make professionals realize the importance of feasibility study; in the mean time , in order to decrease fault because of professsional skills deficiency and increase correctness of feasibility study professional skills must be enhanced. Establishing and perfecting of the feasibility study for the vocational education training employees of the system, by related departments groups regularly for feasibility research personnel's service training.
3.3. Pay Attention to Market Investigation and Market Research
In the feasibility study phase, in order to avoid "negotiable
without city" awkward situation and more implicit costs, feasibility study professionals should be ready for market research and market forecast work. This requires the relevant personnel take related work seriously, guarantee the correctness of market information to reflect a true market prospect. And earnestly analyze the market consumption
levels, an accurate grasp of market demand. In order to keep commodity to consumption group and to avoid implicit costs, feasibility study professionals must earnestly analyze the market consumption levels, grasp market needs and main consumption groups accurately, prepare for marketing positioning.
3.4. Compare and Chose Comprehensive Investment
Project
For a specific project there may be several different investment plan, after accurately study and compare of every investment project, the optimal project can be achieved. Through compare of different comprehensive investment project risks can be reduced, more profits can be achieved. That proves feasibility study plays a important role in reducing costs and making accurate decisions.
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3.5. Paying More Attention to Environmental
Evaluation
Pay importance to environmental evaluation, abstractly analyze environmental impact. qualitative analysis must be made thoroughly if quantitative analysis is not suitable. During site selecting phase, in order to decrease later costs and implicit costs load capacity of environment around must be taken into account. When considering investment project, we should realize environment impact and economic
profit to chose relatively environmental project and reduce implicit costs.
3.6. Deepen Investment Projects Sensitivity and Risk Analysis
In order to effectively prevent and control the risk, in feasibility study, we should strengthen the sensitivity analysis, pay great attention to digging the potential risk factors, such as investment environment risk, project construction risk, etc. And we should pay special attention to unfavorable factors and bad results, for example, implicit cost because of residents unmovement; Implicit cost caused by construction damage and extension of construction limits time limit because of local seasonal natural disaster. Therefore we should unify the quantitative analysis and qualitative analysis and give priority to quantitative analysis so as to prevent risk purposely and make
scientific decisions. If sensibility analysis and risk analysis should be based on scientific data, strategic fault of project can be reduced greatly so as to reduce implicit accuracy.
References
[1] Guangjun Ma:The discussing of investment project feasibility research work problems and measures.[J]. Economic research guide ,2009,p.132-133.
[2] Yang Wang and Shourong Wu:The impact analysis and countermeasures of market economy to the project feasibility study[J]. Manage engineering journal ,2005,p.179-181. [3] Kai Liu:Discuss the current investment project feasibility study of the main existing
problems and countermeasures [J].Building economy and
management ,2006,p.137-138.
[4] Xinhua Mu:Discuss the investment project feasibility study problem in the work and countermeasures [J].Chinese collective economic strategy research,2009,p.35-36.
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可行性研究对房地产项目隐形成本的相关问题分析
作者:Bilin Shao, Bin Ding
摘要:据了解～房地产项目的可行性研究在房地产开发中起着重要的作用。然而～可行性研究仍然存在很多问题。在本文中～隐性成本这个概念将推出～这将被用来分析这些问题.与此同时～一些有用的战略将针对这些问题～进一步完善房地产项目可行性研究报告的真实性。
关键词:房地产项目的可行性研究报告;隐形成本的问题
1介绍
可行性研究是决策科学已用于项目区的全面调查和研究，以在建设目标的基础上确定基本目标是有进步的，现实的，可靠的特点，在整个项目建设进展前。我们我们还需要知道这些是否能偿还从金融和经济的信誉给一个很大的帮助。它是真实的角色,一个框架来决定投资项目，是关键因素，可以决定这个项目是否可以投资或不给一些支持性的项目决策。房地产是典型的，巨大的长期融资、相对于其他投资和容易受到不稳定的因素。因此,可行
目前我们正在越来越关注显性成本的可行性研究而性研究对于房地产是非常重要的。然而,
忽视隐形成本。隐形成本，相对于显性成本，他藏在总成本里面，造成企业决策者错误的概念。信息的不足，再加上非市场因素导致总成本直接或间接地保值增值。这个数量的该项目的经济效益在房地产上，很大程度上取决于隐形成本。
2对隐形成本存在的问题为基础的可行性研究。
近年来，房地产的可行性研究有一个很大的改进。它已成为主要内容和方法，逐步使用在项目决策。但是，可行性研究事实上并不能发挥在实际案例中提到的作用。最糟糕的是还开始工作前的没有进行可行性研究。另一个事件是，可行性研究已经完成，但效果不符合要求。存在的主要问题如下:
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2.1 低素质的投资者并没有对它进行更多的关注
直到现在,很多投资者并没有得到一个明确的方法来实现产品相关的可行性研究。他们依赖他们自己的希望,对于是否建立房地产已经做了一个决定,认为可行性研究只是一个“支付纸”提交贷款机构、投资者和政府。因为进行不彻底,只关注该格式，可行性研究是没有意义的。因此,“可行性研究”的目标是如何从相关部门和银行贷款获得许可,所以数据不能用来反映实际状况。整个房地产项目的经济效益减少了,即使失败了,主要是归因于劳动者的态度,而忽略了可行性研究的重要性。那些被称为隐形成本与其他因素密切相关，一个优秀的决策者应该体现出的品质是有决心、有信心、目光长远正常等。当一个最喜欢的投资项目躺在投资者面前时，他一定是有信心和决心尽快做决定，相对于经济利益是否会发生创建隐形成本。此外,投资者在投资过程应该有远见,不在乎在一个小事件做出错误的决定的得失。很明显,这个品质是投资者避免隐形成本的一个非常重要的因素。
2.2 建设项目可行性研究主要完成顾问机构和设计者水准过低。
委托投资建设部，这是可能的。其精度在很大程度上取决于这些机构′设计者质量控制的水平。不幸的是，大多数的设计者缺乏实事求是的态度。他们用部分已使用的数据，乐观的评估市场价格运动。他们还没有开发详细的市场调查来预测市场前景;同时，他们不关心一些故障，更多的目光放在技术和产品的优势，减少投资的成功率。在设计者具有低水平的基础上，在可行性研究的过程中不能用正确的方法和规范，决策者的一个错误的判断甚至导致整个项目的消耗过度，失去经济利益。
2.3 分析和预测的市场不够完整
投资项目的盈利能力不仅取决于可用的各种资源，而且还依赖于现有的和潜在的社会所需。目前，有没有更多的目光集中在市场调查和可行性研究预测。一个大的数据的数据是相关研究人员的经验与社会关系。尽管他们做了一个调查和预测市场趋势，但是结果是定性分析多于定量。通过以上方法测量的数据无法真正反映市场现状和前景。它似乎是喜欢有好处，因为错误预测市场导致投资项目分析所面临的条件存在故障。那些可以根据研
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究者的努力避免。
2.4 没有在每一个项目中进行比较
大量的科研人员更关注单一项目的可行性，忽略综合项目的可行性研究。在某些情况下,他们也分析一些项目。但在同一时间，一个特定的项目将比另一个在表面上被分析的更深入。决策者必须采用他们的愿望值接受该项目,然后，综合研究变成单一项目研究，这将失去可行性研究的意义。因为缺乏比较项目,导致经济效益过低，相关的财务将固定失去获得更多利益的机会，从而在市场上创造更多的隐形成本。
2.5 忽视环境评估的价值
评估显示的可行性研究报告，对于当前环境有许多缺点。在某些情况下,有几个内容和分析在表面上对环境进行了评估,但是因为没有测量周围附近的项目，这些评估是不正确的。很明显,这些与我国研制的可持续发展战略有矛盾。此外,投资者没有考虑项目之间的环境和持续能力就开始。因此,开发强度将超过环境的承载能力，项目将产生严重的环境污染。这将增加项目完成后环境保护成本,如控制环境污染,加强绿色等费用。
在环境保护上，需要有一个严格的环境评估工作，使用真实的数据反映收入和支出。然而,许多可行性研究忽视了这方面,该项目将把更多的钱放在后期生产和日益增长的无形成本上。
2.6 没有注意灵敏度分析和风险因素
房地产项目本身具有很高的投资风险,因为在项目实施的过程有一些不确定的因素。这些不确定性在投资项目中存在风险,因此整个项目的不确定性分析是至关重要的。如果可行性研究不能对这些风险因素进行准确分析,将导致项目的额外成本。在实际工作的可行性研究,分析风险的投入是不足够的或只停留在定性分析。尽管他们进行了一些量化,但是要么是量化方法不合适，要么就是对定量结果不重视,没有很好地了解到项目的风险因素,从而使一些项目在具体实施之前出现风险，或风险因素变化导致成本增加,经济效益大幅下降,导致隐性成本的产生。
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3 可行性研究的对策
3.1 加强决策者的思想教育和素质教育
为了使可行性研究进展顺利,决策者应该充分认识到教育的重要性和功能的可行性研究。识别和明确的意识形态卡尔可行性研究的效果,所以,它可以从根本保证
可行性研究顺利工作。此外，投资者必须具有必要的教育和改善他们自己的专业技能,所以,当他们能果断正确的决策，就能减少隐性成本从而增加利润。
3.2 提高设计者的能力
培训机构必须建立和完善可行性研究专业,相关部门应定期组织专业培训。职业道德教育应是必要的，要让专业人士认识可行性研究的重要性;同时，由于技能不足，为了减少故障,提高可行性研究的正确性，必须加强专业技能的学习。建立和完善的可行性研究，为员工提供系统的职业教育培训，通过相关部门组织定期为可行性研究人员进行业务培训。 3.3重视市场调查和市场研究
在可行性研究阶段,为了避免“没有可转让城市”的尴尬局面,更隐含成本，可行性研究专业人员应该做好迎接市场调研和市场预测工作。这需要相关人员认真采取相关工作，保证市场信息的正确性，以反映一个真正的市场前景。并认真分析市场消费水平,准确把握市场需求。为了保持商品消费群体,避免隐性成本,可行性研究专业人员必须认真分析市场消费水平,把握市场需求,把握主要消费群体，为市场准确定位。
3.4 比较和选择全面的投资项目
对于一个特定的项目可能会有几种不同的投资计划，准确地研究和比较每一个投资项目之后，项目可以达到最优。通过比较不同的投资项目，综合风险会降低,可以获得更多的利润。这证明了可行性研究在降低成本，进行准确的决策中起着重要的作用。
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3.5 更多的关注环境评价
重视环境评价，抽象地分析环境影响。如果定量分析是不合适的，定性分析必须彻底。
在选择阶段,为了降低成本和隐性成本，所以对于周围环境负荷能力必须加以考虑。在考虑
投资项目,我们应该意识到环境影响和经济利润,选择相对好的环境项目和减少隐性成本。
3.6 深化敏感性投资项目和风险分析
为了有效预防和控制风险，在可行性研究中，我们应该加强灵敏度分析,注重挖掘潜在
风险因素，如投资环境风险、项目建设风险等等。我们应该特别注意不利因素和不良后果,
例如，因为居民不配合搬迁造成的隐形成本;因为当地的季节造成限制建设建设期限的扩
展从而造成隐形成本。因此我们应该统一定量分析和定性分析。并以定量分析为主，以防
止风险，进行科学决策的针对性。如果敏感性分析和风险分析根据了科学数据，从而战略
上的失误项目可以大大降低，以减少隐性成本。
参考文献
[1] Guangjun Ma:The discussing of investment project feasibility research work problems and measures.[J]. Economic research
guide ,2009,p.132-133.
[2] Yang Wang and Shourong Wu:The impact analysis and countermeasures of market economy to the project feasibilitystudy[J]. Manage engineering journal ,2005,p.179-181. [3] Kai Liu:Discuss the current investment project feasibility study of the main existing
problems and countermeasures [J].Building economy and
management ,2006,p.137-138. [4] Xinhua Mu:Discuss the investment project feasibility study problem in the work and countermeasures [J].Chinese collective economic strategy research,2009,p.35-36.
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景德镇陶瓷学院 毕业设计(论文)有关外文翻 译 院系：机械电子工程学院 专业：自动化 姓名：肖骞 学号： 201010320116 指导教师：万军 完成时间： 2014.5.8 说明
1、将与课题有关的专业外文翻译成中文是毕业设计（论文）中的一个不可缺少的环节。此环节是培养学生阅读专业外文和检验学生专业外文阅读能力的一个重要环节。通过此环节进一步提高学生阅读专业外文的能力以及使用外文资料为毕业设计服务，并为今后科研工作打下扎实的基础。 2、要求学生查阅与课题相关的外文文献3篇以上作为课题参考文献，并将其中1篇（不少于3000字）的外文翻译成中文。中文的排版按后面格式进行填写。外文内容是否与课题有关由指导教师把关，外文原文附在后面。 3、指导教师应将此外文翻译格式文件电子版拷给所指导的学生，统一按照此排版格式进行填写，完成后打印出来。 4、请将封面、译文与外文原文装订成册。 5、此环节在开题后毕业设计完成前完成。 6、指导教师应从查阅的外文文献与课题紧密相关性、翻译的准确性、是否通顺以及格式是否规范等方面去进行评价。 指导教师评语： 签名： 年月日
TMS320LF2407, TMS320LF2406, TMS320LF2402 TMS320LC2406, TMS320LC2404, MS320LC2402 DSP CONTROLLERS The TMS320LF240x and TMS320LC240x devices, new members of the ‘24x family of digital signal processor (DSP) controllers, are part of the C2000 platform of fixed-point DSPs. The ‘240x devices offer the enhanced TMS320 architectural design of the ‘C2xx core CPU for low-cost, low-power, high-performance processing capabilities. Several advanced peripherals, optimized for digital motor and motion control applications, have been integrated to provide a true single chip DSP controller. While code-compatible with the existing ‘24x DSP controller devices, the ‘240x offers increased processing performance (30 MIPS) and a higher level of peripheral integration. See the TMS320x240x device summary section for device-specific features. The ‘240x family offers an array of memory sizes and different peripherals tailored to meet the specific price/performance points required by various applications. Flash-based devices of up to 32K words offer a reprogrammable solution useful for: ◆Applications requiring field programmability upgrades. ◆Development and initial prototyping of applications that migrate to ROM-based devices. Flash devices and corresponding ROM devices are fully pin-to-pin compatible. Note that flash-based devices contain a 256-word boot ROM to facilitate in-circuit programming. All ‘240x devices offer at least one event manager module which has been optimized for digital motor control and power conversion applications. Capabilities of this module include centered- and/or edge-aligned PWM generation, programmable deadband to prevent shoot-through faults, and synchronized analog-to-digital conversion. Devices with dual event managers enable multiple motor and/or converter
微软Visual Studio 1微软Visual Studio Visual Studio 是微软公司推出的开发环境，Visual Studio可以用来创建Windows平台下的Windows应用程序和网络应用程序，也可以用来创建网络服务、智能设备应用程序和Office 插件。Visual Studio是一个来自微软的集成开发环境IDE，它可以用来开发由微软视窗，视窗手机，Windows CE、.NET框架、.NET精简框架和微软的Silverlight支持的控制台和图形用户界面的应用程序以及Windows窗体应用程序，网站，Web应用程序和网络服务中的本地代码连同托管代码。 Visual Studio包含一个由智能感知和代码重构支持的代码编辑器。集成的调试工作既作为一个源代码级调试器又可以作为一台机器级调试器。其他内置工具包括一个窗体设计的GUI应用程序，网页设计师，类设计师，数据库架构设计师。它有几乎各个层面的插件增强功能，包括增加对支持源代码控制系统（如Subversion和Visual SourceSafe）并添加新的工具集设计和可视化编辑器，如特定于域的语言或用于其他方面的软件开发生命周期的工具（例如Team Foundation Server的客户端：团队资源管理器）。 Visual Studio支持不同的编程语言的服务方式的语言，它允许代码编辑器和调试器（在不同程度上）支持几乎所有的编程语言，提供了一个语言特定服务的存在。内置的语言中包括C/C + +中（通过Visual C++）,https://www.doczj.com/doc/8b9414685.html,（通过Visual https://www.doczj.com/doc/8b9414685.html,），C＃中（通过Visual C＃）和F＃（作为Visual Studio 2010），为支持其他语言，如M,Python,和Ruby等，可通过安装单独的语言服务。它也支持的 XML/XSLT,HTML/XHTML ,JavaScript和CSS.为特定用户提供服务的Visual Studio也是存在的：微软Visual Basic，Visual J＃、Visual C＃和Visual C++。 微软提供了“直通车”的Visual Studio 2010组件的Visual Basic和Visual C＃和Visual C + +，和Visual Web Developer版本，不需任何费用。Visual Studio 2010、2008年和2005专业版，以及Visual Studio 2005的特定语言版本（Visual Basic、C++、C＃、J＃），通过微软的下载DreamSpark计划，对学生免费。 2架构 Visual Studio不支持任何编程语言，解决方案或工具本质。相反，它允许插入各种功能。特定的功能是作为一个VS压缩包的代码。安装时，这个功能可以从服务器得到。IDE提供三项服务：SVsSolution，它提供了能够列举的项目和解决方案; SVsUIShell，它提供了窗口和用户界面功能（包括标签，工具栏和工具窗口）和SVsShell，它处理VS压缩包的注册。此外，IDE还可以负责协调和服务之间实现通信。所有的编辑器，设计器，项目类型和其他工具都是VS压缩包存在。Visual Studio 使用COM访问VSPackage。在Visual Studio SDK中还包括了管理软件包框架(MPF)，这是一套管理的允许在写的CLI兼容的语言的任何围绕COM的接口。然而，MPF并不提供所有的Visual Studio COM 功能。
文献信息 标题: Best address: the use of innovative marketing in the real estate industry 作者: Meyers, Yuvay Jeanine; Harmeling, Susan S 出版物名称: Journal of Research in Marketing and Entrepreneurship 卷: 13;期: 1;页: 74-84;出版年份: 2015; 出版物国家/地区: United Kingdom ISSN: 1471-5201 Best address: the use of innovative marketing in the real estate industry Meyers, Yuvay Jeanine; Harmeling, Susan S Abstract This paper seeks to explore the successful entrepreneurial marketing communications done by a small, residential real estate firm, Best Address LLC, in Washington, DC (USA). The goal of the study is to develop an understanding of best practices used by this firm that can translate into marketing tactics used by other small businesses. Qualitative research was conducted to investigate the tactics used by Best Address LLC along with an extensive academic literature search to provide support for the study's findings. Findings - The service quality portrayed by the firm's marketing communication efforts were examined and the key tactics used by this firm were categorized into three areas that fall in line with previous research on successful entrepreneurial marketing strategy. This paper concludes by presenting a theoretical model that conceptualizes service quality as a function of the marketing communications efforts executed by a firm in hopes of guiding entrepreneurs' activities towards positive consumer affect. This study highlights how Best Address LLC differentiates itself from its much larger competitors and provides key insights for successful entrepreneurial marketing strategy in the residential real estate business. Although there is a stream of academic literature regarding entrepreneurial marketing, there are few cases such as this one that present the marketing communications tactics successfully used by a small firm. Entrepreneurs hoping to venture into the real estate industry would benefit from the findings of this study. Key Words: Innovative marketing; Real estate industry; Marketing Introduction Entrepreneurs often fail to plan strategically and differentiate themselves on service quality despite their best intentions as they become occupied with short-term, day-to-day tasks ([38] Quinton and Harridge-March, 2006). In addition, due to budget constraints, and lack of expertise, they may fail to take advantage of technology to support both operations and marketing ([35] Fillis et al. , 2004). This paper highlights the way Best Address?Real Estate, LLC, a residential real estate start-up in the Washington, DC (USA) metropolitan area, has planned strategically and provided excellent service quality, differentiating itself from competitors through the use of new technology and a comprehensive approach to marketing for all its customers - buyers and sellers alike. Like most successful, small firms that are focused on entrepreneurial marketing, Best Address? Real Estate, LLC is "constantly scanning the environment to discover or create new opportunities, assessing these opportunities and then exploits these opportunities successfully creating and renewing
南京理工大学 毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译 学院（系）：南京理工大学继续教育学院 专业：土木工程 姓名： 学号： 外文出处：学术论坛网 附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。 注：请将该封面与附件装订成册。
附件1：外文资料翻译译文 建筑类型和设计 厂房与人民息息相关，因为它提供必要的空间，工作和生活中。 由于其使用的分类，建筑主要有两种类型：工业建筑和民用建筑各工厂或工业生产中使用的工业大厦，而那些居住，就业，教育和其他社会活动的人使用的民用建筑。 工业楼宇厂房可用于加工和制造各类采矿业，冶金工业，机械制造，化学工业和纺织工业等领域。可分为两种类型的单层和多层的厂房，民用建筑，工业建筑是相同的。然而，工业与民用建筑中使用的材料，在使用它们的方式不同。 民用建筑分为两大类：住宅建筑和公共建筑，住宅建筑应满足家庭生活应包括至少有三个必要的房间：每个单位。一个客厅，一个厨房和厕所，公共建筑，可以在政治文化活动，管理工作和其他服务，如学校，写字楼，公园，医院，商店，车站，影剧院，体育场馆，宾馆，展览馆，洗浴池，等等，他们都有不同的功能，这在需要以及不同的设计类型。 房屋是人类居住。房屋的基本功能是提供遮风挡雨，但今天人们需要更他们的住房，一个家庭迁入一个新的居民区知道，如果现有住房符合其标准安全，健康和舒适。附近的房屋是如何粮店，粮食市场，学校，商店，图书馆，电影院，社区中心，家庭也会问。 在60年代中期最重要的住房价值足够空间的内部和外部。多数首选的一半左右1英亩的土地，这将提供业余活动空间单户住宅的家庭。在高度工业化的国家，许多家庭宁愿住尽量尽可能从一个大都市区的中心，“打工仔”，即使行驶一段距离，他们的工作。不少家庭的首选国家住房郊区住房的大量的，因为他们的主要目的是远离噪音，拥挤，混乱。无障碍公共交通已不再是决定性因素，在住房，因为大多数工人开着自己的车上班的人。我们主要感兴趣的安排和房间的大小和卧室数目。 在建筑设计中的一个重要的一点是，房间的布局，应提供有关它们目的，最大可能的便利，在住宅，布局可根据三类认为：“天”，“夜必须注意“和”服务“。支付提供这些地区之间容易沟通。”天“的房间，一般包括用餐室，起居室和厨房，但其他房间，如一项研究，可能会补充说，可能有一个大厅，客厅，通常是最大的，往往是作为一个餐厅，也或厨房，可有一个用餐凉亭。“夜”的房间，卧室组成。“服务”，包括厨房，卫生间，储藏室，厨房和储藏室的水厕。连接天与客房的服务。 这也是必须考虑的前景问题，从不同的房间，和那些在使用中最应该尽可能最好朝
自动化制造系统与PLC关系 控制工程随着时间的演变。过去的人们主要致力于控制方面研究。最近电力已被应用于控制,早期电气控制是基于继电器的。这些继电器使其可以在没有机械开关的情况下被开动和关闭。这是通常使用继电器进行简单的逻辑控制的方法。低成本计算机的发展带来了新的革命,可编程逻辑控制器(PLC)出现于70年代,它已成为制造控制的最常见选择。PLC的功能受到越来越多的工厂欢迎并可能作为主要控制手段再今后的一段时间内。而这其中绝大部分原因是因为PLC 它的优点很多。 1.1梯形逻辑 梯形逻辑编程法是主要的PLC编程方法。正如之前所说,梯形逻辑已发展到模仿继电器逻辑。通过选择简单的梯形逻辑编程法,培训工程师和商人所需要的金钱极大的减少。现代控制系统仍然包括继电器,但这些都是很少的逻辑使用。字母a继电器是一个简单的装置,它使用一个磁场来控制开关,如图图1.1。当电压作用于输入线圈产生的磁场,产生电流领域。拉起磁场的金属开关,再实现它的接触和联系,关闭开关。 图1.1 简单的布局和继电器电路图 继电器的工作方式,让一个电源开关关闭另一(通常是高电流)电源,同时保持他们孤立。一个简单的例子,控制继电器应用,见图 1.2。在这方面,左边第一个接力是通常使得系统关闭,并允许电流流动,直到电压加到输入端甲,第二个中继器通常是开放的,不会允许目前的速度,目前的输入二是流经前两个继电器
然后电流流通过在第三继电器线圈,并关闭输出 C.此电路的开关会通常应用在制定阶梯逻辑形式。这可以被解释为将C逻辑作用,如果A关闭B合上的话。 图1.2一个简单的继电器控制器 图1.2中的例子没有显示整个控制系统,只有逻辑。当我们考虑一个PLC 有输入,输出,和逻辑。图1.3显示的更全面。这里有两个按钮的输入。我们可以想像激活24V直流在PLC继电器线圈的输入。反过来驱动器是一个输出继电器,开关115伏交流电,结果打开了一盏灯。请注意,在实际情况下PLC的输入继电器,常常又是输出继电器。PLC梯形图逻辑其实一种计算机程序,用户可以输入和更改它。注意,两个输入的推按钮常开,但里面的PLC梯形图逻辑有一个常开触点,和一个常闭触点。在PLC梯形逻辑图不需要匹配输入或输出。许多初学者会被抓住这点试图使阶梯逻辑匹配它的输入类型。 图1.3继电器PLC的简图 许多继电器也有多个输出(抛出),这允许输出继电器可以同时输入。图1.4所示的电路是一个例子,它是在电路里称为印章。此电路的电流流过两个电路的分支,通过接触标签A或B的输入端,B只相对乙输出。如果B是关闭的,而A 是通电,那么B将打开。如果B打开,然后输入,B将打开。打开后,乙在输出,乙将不会关闭。 图1.4电路 1.2编程
数字电视外文翻译文献 (文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译) 原文： Ginga Middleware and Digital TV in Latin America Gabriel Baum, Universidad Nacional de La Plata Luiz Fernando G. Soares, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro In 2005, Brazil launched its digital TV (DTV) agenda. Its main premise was to reduce the digital divide present in the country, giving the lower social classes the right to access , produce, and distribute information . As a natural consequence, a second premise stressed the generation of local IT jobs and companies to support the entire effort. To bring the benefits of DTV to the masses, Brazil devised the Japanese-Brazilian terrestrial DTV(ISDB-T—the International Standard for Digital Broadcasting),taking the earlier ISDB Japanese standard as a base (with some video and audio coding updates) and introducing the innovative Brazilian middleware system, called Ginga. Argentina adopted ISDB-T in2009 with similar objectives to those of Brazil. Since then, Ginga has been adopted in 12 Latin-American countries. Several other countries in Central America and Africa are testing it as well.
本科毕业设计(论文)外文翻译 译文： ASP ASP介绍 你是否对静态HTML网页感到厌倦呢？你是否想要创建动态网页呢？你是否想 要你的网页能够数据库存储呢？如果你回答：“是”，ASP可能会帮你解决。在2002年5月，微软预计世界上的ASP开发者将超过80万。你可能会有一个疑问什么是ASP。不用着急，等你读完这些，你讲会知道ASP是什么，ASP如何工作以及它能为我们做 什么。你准备好了吗？让我们一起去了解ASP。 什么是ASP? ASP为动态服务器网页。微软在1996年12月推出动态服务器网页,版本是3.0。微软公司的正式定义为:“动态服务器网页是一个开放的、编辑自由的应用环境,你可以将HTML、脚本、可重用的元件来创建动态的以及强大的网络基础业务方案。动态服务器网页服务器端脚本,IIS能够以支持Jscript和VBScript。”(2)。换句话说,ASP是微软技术开发的,能使您可以通过脚本如VBScript Jscript的帮助创建动态网站。微软的网站服务器都支持ASP技术并且是免费的。如果你有Window NT4.0服务器安装,你可以下载IIS（互联网信息服务器）3.0或4.0。如果你正在使用的Windows2000,IIS 5.0是它的一个免费的组件。如果你是Windows95/98,你可以下载(个人网络服务器(PWS),这是比IIS小的一个版本，可以从Windows95/98CD中安装，你也可以从微软的网站上免费下载这些产品。 好了，您已经学会了什么是ASP技术，接下来，您将学习ASP文件。它和HTML文 件相同吗？让我们开始研究它吧。 什么是ASP文件？ 一个ASP文件和一个HTML文件非常相似，它包含文本，HTML标签以及脚本，这些都在服务器中，广泛用在ASP网页上的脚本语言有2种，分别是VBScript和Jscript，VBScript与Visual Basic非常相似，而Jscript是微软JavaScript的版本。尽管如此，VBScript是ASP默认的脚本语言。另外，这两种脚本语言，只要你安装了ActiveX脚本引擎，你可以使用任意一个，例如PerlScript。 HTML文件和ASP文件的不同点是ASP文件有“.Asp”扩展名。此外，HTML标签和ASP代码的脚本分隔符也不同。一个脚本分隔符,标志着一个单位的开始和结束。HTML标签以小于号(<)开始(>)结束，而ASP以<%开始，%>结束，两者之间是服务端脚本。
building types and design A building is closely bound up with people，for it provides with the necessary space to work and live in . As classified by their use ,buildings are mainly of two types :industrial buildings and civil buildings .industrial buildings are used by various factories or industrial production while civil buildings are those that are used by people for dwelling ,employment ,education and other social activities . Industrial buildings are factory buildings that are available for processing and manufacturing of various kinds ,in such fields as the mining industry ,the metallurgical industry ,machine building ,the chemical industry and the textile industry . factory buildings can be classified into two types single-story ones and multi-story ones .the construction of industrial buildings is the same as that of civil buildings .however ,industrial and civil buildings differ in the materials used and in the way they are used . Civil buildings are divided into two broad categories: residential buildings and public buildings .residential buildings should suit family life .each flat should consist of at least three necessary rooms : a living room ,a kitchen and a toilet .public buildings can be used in politics ,cultural activities ,administration work and other services ,such as schools, office buildings, parks ,hospitals ,shops ,stations ,theatres ,gymnasiums ,hotels ,exhibition halls ,bath pools ,and so on .all of them have different functions ,which in turn require different design types as well. Housing is the living quarters for human beings .the basic function of housing is to provide shelter from the elements ,but people today require much more that of their housing .a family moving into a new neighborhood will to know if the available housing meets its standards of safety ,health ,and comfort .a family will also ask how near the housing is to grain shops ,food markets ,schools ,stores ,the library ,a movie theater ,and the community center . In the mid-1960’s a most important value in housing was sufficient space both inside and out .a majority of families preferred single-family homes on about half an acre of land ,which would provide space for spare-time activities .in highly industrialized countries ,many families preferred to live as far out as possible from the center of a metropolitan area ,even if the wage earners had to travel some distance to their work .quite a large number of families preferred country housing to suburban housing because their chief aim was to get far away from noise ,crowding ,and confusion .the accessibility of public transportation had ceased to be a decisive factor in housing because most workers drove their cars to work .people we’re chiefly interested in the arrangement and size of rooms and the number of bedrooms . Before any of the building can begin ,plans have to be drawn to show what the building will be like ,the exact place in which it is to go and how everything is to be done.
1、 外文原文 A: Fundamentals of Single-chip Microcomputer Th e si ng le -ch i p mi cr oc om pu ter is t he c ul mi nat i on o f bo th t h e d ev el op me nt o f th e d ig it al com p ut er an d t he int e gr at ed ci rc ui t a r gu ab ly th e t ow m os t s i gn if ic ant i nv en ti on s o f t h e 20t h c en tury [1]. Th es e to w typ e s of a rc hi te ctu r e ar e fo un d i n s in gl e -ch ip m i cr oc om pu te r. So m e em pl oy t he sp l it p ro gr am /d ata me mo ry o f th e H a rv ar d ar ch it ect u re , sh ow n in Fi g.3-5A-1, o th ers fo ll ow t he p h il os op hy , wi del y a da pt ed f or ge n er al -p ur po se co m pu te rs a nd m i cr op ro ce ss o r s, of ma ki ng no lo gi c al di st in ct io n be tw ee n p ro gram a n d da ta m em or y a s i n th e Pr in cet o n ar ch it ec tu re, sh ow n in F i g.3-5A -2. In g en er al te r ms a s in gl e -chi p m ic ro co mp ut er i s c h ar ac te ri ze d b y th e i nc or po ra tio n o f al l t he uni t s o f a co mp ut er i n to a s in gl e d ev i ce , as s ho wn in Fi g3-5A -3. Fig.3-5A-1 A Harvard type Fig.3-5A-2. A conventional Princeton computer Program memory Data memory CPU Input& Output unit memory CPU Input& Output unit
单片机外文翻译外文文献英文文献单片机简介中英对原文来源图书馆电子资源 Single chip brief introduction The monolithic integrated circuit said that the monolithic micro controller, it is not completes some logical function the chip, but integrates a computer system to a chip on. Summary speaking: A chip has become a computer. Its volume is small, the quality is light, and the price cheap, for the study, the application and the development has provided the convenient condition. At the same time, the study use monolithic integrated circuit is understands the computer principle and the structure best choice. The monolithic integrated circuit interior also uses with the computer function similar module, for instance CPU, memory, parallel main line, but also has with the hard disk behave identically the memory component7 what is different is its these part performance is opposite our home-use computer weak many, but the price is also low, generally does not surpass 10 Yuan then Made some control electric appliance one kind with it is not the 'very complex work foot, We use now the completely automatic drum washer, the platoon petti-coat pipe: VCD and so on Inside the electrical appliances may see its form! It is mainly takes the control section the core part. It is one kind of online -like real-time control computer, online -like is the scene control, needs to have the strong antijamming ability,
The Analysis of the Issue Related to the Feasibility of Study the Real Estate Project on the Basis of the Implicit Cost Abstract: It is known that the feasibility study of real estate project plays an important role in real estate development. Nevertheless, there still remains many problems in the feasibility study. In this paper, the concept of implicit cost will be introduced, which will be used to analyse these problems.Meanwhile, some useful strategies will be raised for these problems,which intends to further improve the feasibility study of the real estate projects. Keywords: real estate project; feasibility study; implicit cost; problems 1. Introduction The feasibility study is the decision science has been used in project area, and the basic target is on the basis of the comprehensive investigating and researching to identify a construction object whether have the characteristics of progressive, reality and reliable in the whole prosess from previously project construction to line operation. We also need to know those whether can pay off from the finance and the credibility in the economy to give a big help for the investating decisions. It is real role that a framework to investing project , and is the key factors that can decide the project can be invested or not to give some supports on the project decisions. The real estate is characteristic of accounting for huge financing, a long period relative to the investing and easily influenced by the instable factors. Therefore, the the feasibility study is very important for the real estate. However, currently we are more and more focusing on the explicit cost in the feasibility study and ignoring the intangible cost. The intangible cost is , as opposed to explicit cost and hided among the total cost of enterprise, caused by the decision maker characterized by lower diathesis, wrong concept, and the deficiency of informations, coupled with the non-market factors to lead to the total cost increaseing directly or indirectly . The amount of economic benefits of the project largely depend on getting full knowledge of the intangible cost in the real estate. 2. The Existence of the Questions Lied in the Feasibility Study on the Basis of the Intangible Cost Recently, the real estate have got a big improvement in the feasibility study. As the main contents and methods, it have been normed and stabilized gradually to use in the project decisions. But that is fact that the