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BF-2000 - Plastics - ComponentCOMPANYROGERS CORP171 W Saint Charles RdCarol Stream, IL 60188-2013 United StatesMODEL INFOBF-2000Silicone (SI), addition-cure, vinyl, platinum catalyzed, cellular, extra soft, furnished as rollsFLAMMABILITY PROPERTIES VALUETEST METHOD FlammabilityANSI/UL 942.2 mm, Color: BK V-0 2.6 mm, Color: BKHF-1V-012.7 mm, Color: BK HF-1V-0ISO/IEC FLAMMABILITY PROPERTIES VALUETEST METHOD FlammabilityIEC 60695-11-102.2 mm, Color: BK V-0 2.6 mm, Color: BK V-0 12.7 mm, Color: BKV-0FlammabilityISO 97722.6 mm, Color: BKHF-1Plastics - ComponentFile Number: E83967Yellow Card®12.7 mm, Color: BK HF-1THERMAL PROPERTIES VALUE TEST METHOD Relative Thermal Index - Electrical Strength UL 746B2.2 mm150°C2.6 mm150°C12.7 mm150°CRelative Thermal Index - Mechanical Impact UL 746B2.2 mm150°C2.6 mm150°C12.7 mm150°CRelative Thermal Index - Mechanical Strength UL 746B2.2 mm150°C2.6 mm150°C12.7 mm150°CPHYSICAL PROPERTIES VALUE TEST METHOD Density Range160 to 240kg/m³Report Date: 1991-02-12Revision Date: 2020-09-18 The appearance of a company's name or product in this database does not in itself assure that products so identified have been manufactured under UL's Follow-Up Service. Only those products bearing the UL Mark should be considered to be Certified and covered under UL's Follow-Up Service. Always look for the Mark on the product.UL permits the reproduction of the material contained in the Online Certification Directory subject to the following conditions: 1. The Guide Information, Assemblies, Constructions, Designs, Systems, and/or Certifications (files) must be presented in their entirety and in a non-misleading manner, without any manipulation of the data (or drawings). 2. The statement "Reprinted from the Online Certifications Directory with permission from UL" must appear adjacent to the extracted material. In addition, the reprinted material must include a copyright notice in the following format: "© 2021 UL LLC"。
S c o r e P e r c e n t a g e L e g e n dBMW i320132157%Chevrolet Trax 20132364%Citroen C4Picasso 20132568%Dacia Sandero 20132157%Brand Year Vehicle Image Ped proFord EcoSport20132158%Ford Tourneo20132262% ConnectHonda CR-V20132568% Infiniti Q5020132467%Jeep Cherokee20132467% Kia Carens20132364% Lexus IS 300h20132980% Maserati Ghibli20132774% Mazda 320132465%Mazda 620132466%Mercedes Benz20132056% CITAN KombiMercedes-Benz20132056% CITAN Kombi(reassessment)Mercedes-Benz20132774% CLA-ClassMitsubishi20132364% Outlander PHEVMitsubishi20132673% Space Star /MirageNissan Evalia20132467% Nissan Note20132158%Opel/Vauxhall20132465% AdamPeugeot 200820132672%Peugeot 30820132364% Qoros 3 Sedan20132877%Renault20132261% CAPTURRenault ZOE20132466%Skoda Octavia20132466% Suzuki SX420132672% Toyota Auris20132568% Toyota Corolla20132467%Toyota RAV420132466% VW T520131032%H e a d P e l v i sL e g B o d y s t y l e P u b l i c a t i o n Y e a r C u r b m a s s15065 doorhatchback 20131250kg The bumper scored maximum points for its protection of pedestrians' legs, with good results in all areas tested. However, the front edge of the bonnet was poor and scored no points. The bonnet provided protection to the head that waspredominantly adequate or marginal, with poorresults recorded at the base of the windscreenand along the stiff windscreen pillars.17065 doorhatchback 20131433kg The bonnet surface provided good protection in most areas likely to be struck by the head of a struck child. Protection for taller pedestrians was predominantly adequate or marginal. The bumper provided good protection in all areastested and scored maximum points. However,the front edge of the bonnet scored no points forits protection of the pelvis area, offering poorprotection across the car's width.15365 door MPV 20131405kg The C4 Picasso scored maximum points for the protection provided by the bumper to pedestrians' legs. The front edge of the bonnet was also good in places but provided mostly marginal protection to the pelvis area. Theprotection provided to the head of a struckpedestrian was poor along the base of thewindscreen and on the windscreen pillars butwas otherwise largely good or adequate.15065 doorhatchback 2013980kg The bumper scored maximum points for the protection offered to pedestrians' legs. However,the front edge of the bonnet offered poor protection to the pelvis area. In those areaswhere a child's head might strike the bonnet,adequate protection was offered but it wasmostly poor in the areas likely to be struck bythe head of an adult.Commentsvehicle15065 doorhatchback20131350kgThe EcoSport scored maximum points for theprotection provided by the bumper, with goodperformance in all areas tested. However, thefront edge of the bumper offered predominanlypoor protection to the pelvis area. The protectionprovided by the bonnet surface was mostly goodor adequate with poor results recorded along thebase of the windscreen and on the stiffwindscreen pillars.16065 door MPV20131612kg The bumper scored maximum points for its protection of pedestrians' legs. However, the front edge of the bonnet was poor in most of the areas tested. The bonnet surface provided good or adequate protection in most areas, apart from the stiff windscreen pillars.16365 doorhatchback20131653kgThe bumper scored maximum points for theprotection it offered to pedestrians' legs. Theprotection provided to the head of a struckpedestrian was predominantly good or adequate.190520131723kg The Q50 is equipped with an 'active' bonnet. Sensors detect when a pedestrian has been hit and the bonnet is automatically raised to provide greater clearance to the hard structures beneath. Infiniti demonstrated that the system operated robustly and deployed correctly over a range of vehicle speeds and for different statures of pedestrian. Accordingly, the car was tested with the bonnet in the deployed (raised) position. Test results showed good or adequate protection to a pedestrian's head over the whole bonnet surface with a few poor results recorded on the stiff windscreen pillars. The protection provided by the bumper to pedestrians' legs was good in some areas and marginal in others. The protection provided by the front edge of the bonnet was poor in all of the areas tested and the car scored no points in this area.17265 door SUV20131788kg The bumper provided good protection to pedestrians' legs in all areas tested, and scored maximum points. However, the front edge of the bonnet showed poor levels of protection to the pelvis region in most test locations. The bonnet surface gave mixed results, with good and adequate performance in many areas and poor results primarily around the stiff windscreen pillars.15265 door MPV20131555kg The bumper scored maximum points for its protection of pedestrians' legs, and scored maximum points. The front edge of the bumper gave predominantly marginal protection the pelvic region of a struck pedestrian. Head protection was adequate over much of the bonnet surface and windscreen, apart from the stiff windscreen pillars.17664 doorsaloon20131670kgThe IS 300h has an 'active' bonnet whichprovides additional head protection for struckpedestrians. Sensors in the bumper detect whena pedestrian has been struck and actuators liftthe bonnet to provide greater clearance to thehard structures underneath. Lexus showed thatthe system could detect pedestrians of differentstatures over a range of speeds. Accordingly,the car was tested with the bonnet in thedeployed position and provided good oradequate levels of protection over most of thebonnet surface. The bumper and the leadingedge of the bonnet also performed well, the carscoring maximum points for the protection itoffered to the legs and pelvis of a struckpedestrian.15665 doorsaloon20131875kgThe bumper scored maximum points for itsprotection of pedestrians' legs, with good resultsin all areas tested. The front edge of the bonnetalso scored maximum points in Euro NCAP'stests. The bonnet provided protection to thehead that was largely good or adequate, withpoor results recorded at the base of thewindscreen and along the stiff windscreenpillars.17165 doorhatchback20131249kgThe bumper scored maximum points for theprotection provided to pedestrians' legs.However, the protection provided by the frontedge of the bonnet was predominantly poor. Thebonnet surface showed good or adequateprotection over most of its surface, with poorresults recorded on the stiff windscreen pillars.18065 doorTranslationnot found20131420kgThe bumper scored maximum points for itsprotection of pedestrians' legs. However, thefront edge of the bonnet offered poor protectionto the pelvis of a struck pedestrian and scoredno points. On the bonnet surface, headprotection was predominantly good or adequate.1416SMALLMPV20131460kgThe bumper was predominantly good but thefront edge of the bonnet provided poorprotection in most of the areas tested. Adequateprotection was provided by the bonnet overmuch of its surface but protection in those areaswhere an adult's head might strike was mostlypoor.1416SMALLMPV20131460kgPedestrian test results were carried over fromthe original assessment. The bumper waspredominantly good but the front edge of thebonnet provided poor protection in most of theareas tested. Adequate protection was providedby the bonnet over much of its surface butprotection in those areas where an adult's headmight strike was mostly poor.17464 doorTranslationnot found20131430kgThe CLA is equipped with an active bonnet.Sensors detect when a pedestrian has beenstruck and automatically raise the bonnet toprovide greater clearance to the hard structuresbeneath. Mercedes-Benz showed that thesystem triggered robustly over a range ofspeeds and for different statures of pedestrians,so the car was tested with the system deployed.As a result, protection of the head is good overmost of the bonnet surface. The protection ofpedestrians' legs by the bumper is also good.The front edge of the bonnet also providedpredominantly good protection to the pelvisregion.17065 door SUV20131810kg The bumper scored maximum points for its protection of pedestrians' legs. However, the front edge of the bonnet was poor in all areas tested and scored no points. The bonnet surface provided predominantly good or adequate protection to the head of a struck pedestrian with some poor results recorded only on the stiff windscreen pillars.17465 doorhatchback2013860kgThe bumper scored maximum points for itsprotection of pedestrians' legs, with good resultsin all areas tested. The front edge of the bonnetshowed marginal protection of the pelvis in mosttest locations. The bonnet surface providedpredominantly good or adequate protection tothe head of a struck pedestrian.14555 door MPV20131426kg The bumper offered good protection to pedestrians' legs in most areas tested. The front edge of the bonnet also provided mostly good protection to the pelvis area. The protection provided by the bonnet in those areas likely to be struck by a pedestrian's head was predominantly adequate or marginal.15065 doorhatchback20131052kgThe bumper scored maximum points for theprotection provided to pedestrians' legs.However, the protection provided by the frontedge of the bonnet was poor in all areas tested.The bonnet surface generally showed good oradequate protection over most of its surface,with poor results recorded along the base ofwindscreen and on the stiff windscreen pillars.14463 doorhatchback20131067kgThe bumper scored maximum points for theprotection it provided to pedestrians' legs. Thefront edge of the bonnet was good in most areastested but provided poor protection at the outeredges. The bonnet surface, where a child'shead might strike, showed mixed performancewith areas of good, adequate and marginalprotection. The windscreen offered good headprotection to taller pedestrians but was pooraround the windscreen pillars and at the base ofthe screen.16465 doorhatchback20131111kgThe methodology for testing pedestrianprotection has changed since the 208 wasassessed in 2012, and new tests have beendone. The bonnet surface showed good oradequate protection over most of its surface,with poor results recorded only at the base ofthe windscreen and on the stiff windscreenpillars. The bumper scored maximum points forits protection of pedestrians' legs while the frontedge of the bonnet gave good or marginalprotection to the pelvis region.12565 doorhatchback20131327kgThe bumper scored maximum points for theprotection provided to pedestrians' legs. Theprotection provided by the front edge of thebonnet was also predominantly good. Thebonnet surface showed adequate protectionover most of its surface, with poor resultsrecorded along the base of windscreen and onthe stiff windscreen pillars.18465 doorhatchback20131425kgThe bumper provided good protection topedestrians' legs in all areas tested and the carscored maximum points in this area. The frontedge of the bonnet provided predominantly goodprotection. The protection provided by thebonnet to the head of a struck pedestrian wasmostly good or adequate, except for the stiffwindscreen pillars.13365 doorhatchback20131180kgThe bumper scored maximum points for itsprotection of pedestrians' legs. Protection of thehead was predominantly adequate, both in thoseareas likely to be struck by an adult and thosewhere a child's head might strike.14465 doorhatchback20131468kgThe bumper provided good protection topedestrians' legs in all areas tested and scoredmaximum points. The front edge of the bonnetoffered marginal protection to the pelvis area.The bonnet offered predominantly fair protectionfor the head of a struck pedestrian, with somegood protection in the areas where a child'shead and an adult's head might strike.17265 doorhatchback20131276kgIn May 2013, Skoda decided to discontinue the'active' bonnet on the Octavia which hadpreviously been standard equipment acrossEU27. Accordingly, the results presented hereare updated to show the normal bonnet. Carswith the active bonnet (VINs beforeTMBBG7NE8D0040380) would also be rated as5 stars but achieved a score of 30 points (82percent) in pedestrian protection. Without theactive bonnet, protection of the head wasgenerally adequate, with good areas towards thecentre of the bonnet surface and some poorregions around the windscreen pillars. Theprotection provided by the bumper topedestrians' legs was good but the front edge ofthe bonnet provided marginal or poor protectionto the pelvic area.20065 doorhatchback20131125kgThe bumper scored maximum points for itsprotection of pedestrians' legs, with good resultsin all areas tested. However, the front edge ofthe bumper scored no points, with poorprotection of the pelvis area. The bonnet surfaceprovided mostly good or adequate protection tothe head of a struck pedestrian with poor resultsbeing recorded only at the stiff windscreenpillars.17265 doorhatchback20131300kgThe bumper scored maximum points for itsprotection of pedestrians' legs. The front edge ofthe bonnet provided good protection to the pelvistowards the centre of the car but was poor atthe outer edges. Similarly, the bonnet providedgood protection to the head of struck pedestrianin some areas but protection was poor for anadult's head around the windscreen pillars.16264 doorsaloon20131290kgThe bumper scored maximum points with goodprotection of pedestrians' legs in all areastested. However, the front edge of the bonnetprovided predominantly poor protection to thepelvis of a struck pedestrian. The bonnetsurface was mostly good or adequate in thelevel of protection it offered to the head of astruck pedestrian.18065 door SUV20131680kg The bumper provided good protection to pedestrians' legs in all areas tested and scored maximum points. However, the front edge of the bonnet scored no points, offering poor protection to the pelvis area. The bonnet offered predominantly fair protection for the head of a struck pedestrian, with some good protection in the areas where a child's head and an adult's head might strike.9.800Businessand familyvans20131880kgThe bumper provided poor protection topedestrians' legs and scored no points in thisarea. Most of the bonnet surface providedprotection that ranged between poor andmarginal though good results were recorded onthe windscreen.。
1 2[公开号］: US8443730B2[专利名称］：HIGH STRENGTH POLYMER-BASED CARTRIDGE CASING AND MANUFACTURING METHOD[公开日]: May 21,2013[国际分类］: F42B 5/SO (2006。
01）［申请号]: 13/350,607［申请日］: Jan. 13， 2012[发明人]:Charles Padgett， Orlando, FL （US)［申请人］：PCP Tactical， LLC， Vero Beach, FL （US)［优先权号]：US 2012/0180688 A1 Jul. 19， 2012[同族专利]:［发明摘要]:A high strength polymer—based cartridge casing can include a first end having a mouth and a neck extending away from the mouth。
Next， a shoulder extends below the neck and away from the first end。
The cartridge can be have a frangible portion capable of being split upon discharge of a projectile. The shoulder can have unequal outside and inside shoulder angles。
The casing can also include an insert having a rim at one end or a plurality of ribs extending longitudinally along a wall between the shoulder and the bottom of the cartridge and spaced radially from each other around a circumference of the wall. A projectile canbe disposed in the mouth and a relief can be disposed on the neck near the mouth and projectile. The relief can form a gap between the neck and the projectile to receive an adhesive.[发明领域（关键词)]:The present subject matter relates to ammunition articles with plastic components such as cartridge casing bodies, and, more particularly, to making ammunition articles with ribs, a variable width shoulder, an insert, and frangible neck.［发明背景］：It is well known in the industry to manufacture cartridge cases from either brass or steel。
04445322A-07Manual source changeoverInverseur manuel monoblocTransfer PacTFXM100-250Schneider Electric Industries SAS35 rue Joseph MonierCS 30323F - 92506 Rueil Malmaison Cedex© 2022 Schneider Electric.All rights reserved.Printed on recycled paper.TENGA EN CUENTAp La instalación, manejo, puesta en servicio ymantenimiento de equipos eléctricos deberánser realizados sólo por personal cualificado.p Schneider Electric no se hace responsablede ninguna de las consecuencias del uso deeste material.REMARQUE IMPORTANTEp L’installation, l’utilisation, la réparation et lamaintenance des équipements électriquesdoivent être assurés uniquement par dupersonnel qualifié.p Schneider Electric décline touteresponsabilité quant aux conséquences del’utilisation de ce matériel.PLEASE NOTEp Electrical equipment should be installed,operated, serviced, and maintained only byqualified personnel.p No responsibility is assumed by SchneiderElectric for any consequences arising out ofthe use of this material.04445322A-07Transfer PacTFXM320-630Manual source changeoverInverseur manuel monoblocSchneider Electric Industries SAS35 rue Joseph MonierCS 30323F - 92506 Rueil Malmaison Cedex© 2022 Schneider Electric.All rights reserved.Printed on recycled paper.TENGA EN CUENTAp La instalación, manejo, puesta en servicio ymantenimiento de equipos eléctricos deberánser realizados sólo por personal cualificado.p Schneider Electric no se hace responsablede ninguna de las consecuencias del uso deeste material.REMARQUE IMPORTANTEp L’installation, l’utilisation, la réparation et lamaintenance des équipements électriquesdoivent être assurés uniquement par dupersonnel qualifié.p Schneider Electric décline touteresponsabilité quant aux conséquences del’utilisation de ce matériel.PLEASE NOTEp Electrical equipment should be installed,operated, serviced, and maintained only byqualified personnel.p No responsibility is assumed by SchneiderElectric for any consequences arising out ofthe use of this material.。
2nd semester of 2013-2014 academic year1st Monthly TestEnglish Grammar(9B) Teacher: PhilipGrade ______ Name _______ Score ______/100Section 1: Choice (20分)( ) 1. ------Where is Mr. Green now? I haven’t seen him for a few days.-----He _________ to Hong Kong.A. goesB. will goC. is goingD. has gone( ) 2. ------I am very _____ with my own cooking. It looks nice and smells delicious.------Mm, it does have a _____________ smell.A. pleasant; pleasedB. pleased; pleasedC. pleasant; pleasantD. pleased; pleasant( ) 3. They didn’t _________until they bought a new house.A. marryingB. be marriedC. get marriedD. marry to( ) 4. The old man has ___________ alone since his wife passed away.A. beenB. gotC. becomeD. turned( ) 5. The excellent teacher always has a good way ____________ making his class _____________.A. of; interestingB. of; interestedC. to; interestingD. to; interested( ) 6. It’s brave ________ you to go ____________ the rainforest alone.A. for; acrossB. of; acrossC. for; throughD. of; through( ) 7. You can’t imagine ______________when they received these nice Christmas presents.A. how they were excitedB. how excited they wereC. how excited were theyD. they were how excited( ) 8. The factory __________ its waste into the river, but now it disposes of the waste in a new way.A. used to dumpB. is used to dumpC. used to dumpingD. is used to dumping ( ) 9. In the UK, a woman usually doesn’t like to be asked how much ___________.A. she is weighedB. is she weighedC. she weighsD. does she weigh( ) 10. -------I’m looking forward to the latest Hollywood film. _______will it be on?--------________________next Friday.A. How soon; UntilB. How long; Not untilC. How soon; Not untilD. How long; Until( ) 11. ------I haven’t heard from Henry for a long time.------What do you think ______________ to him?A. has happenedB. to happenC. was happeningD. was happened( ) 12. I am not sure _________you like the main character in the play.A. thatB. whatC. ifD. when( ) 13. When the editor heard that the accident was __________ reported, he kept his mouth ____________ open for a long time.A. wide; wideB. widely, widelyC. wide, widelyD. widely, wide( ) 14. -----What is being exhibited in the hall?-----Some new kinds of watches ________ in Swiss.A. are madeB. madeC. have madeD. are being made( ) 15. -----How much homework has your cousin finished?-----__________at all. He has sat there the whole morning, doing _______.A. None; nothingB. Nothing; noneC. No one; nothingD. nothing; none ( ) 16. ------What did the doctor say? -----He asked me how long __________.A. has my daughter caught a coldB. had my daughter caught a coldC. my daughter had caught a coldD. my daughter had had a cold( ) 17. Last year the trip to Disneyland in Hong Kong _____ us about a whole week.A. spentB. tookC. spendsD. takes( ) 18. On my birthday, my father bought a watch ________ a present _______ me. A．for; as B. as; as C. as; for D. for; for( ) 19. —Which do you prefer, tea or coffee?—I don’t care. ______ is fine.A. EitherB. NeitherC. BothD. All( ) 20. ------Where did you go last night, Ann?-------I __________ to go to Linda’s birthday party.A. am invitedB. was invitedC. have been invitedD. will be invitedSection 2: Fill in the blanks with correct verb forms(20分)1.Tanya ___________(speak) German very well.2.Let’s go out. It___________(not/rain) now.3.I ___________(see) Rose in town a few days ago.4.I ______________(have) a dinner at 8 o’clock yesterday evening.5.Linda _____________(study) in Wuxi International School since 2010.6.When we got home last night, we found that somebody __________(break) into the flat.7.I don’t know if it_____________(rain) tomorrow. If it ____________(rain), I will stay at home.8.Many accidents ______________(cause) by careless driving.9.The house ______________(build) in 1935.10.-----___________ you ever _____________(bite) by a dog?----No, I haven’t.11. —Would you like some bananas?—No, thanks. I _____________(eat) one already.12. He won’t call you until he ____________ (reach) Beijing.13. You ______________(know) the result of the exam in an hour.14. She was watching TV while her mother _______________(wash) her clothes.15. When they got to the cinema, the film _______________(be) on for an hour.16. We are looking forward to _________________(hear) from you soon.17. The murderer ________________(catch) by the brave policeman yesterday morning.18. - _________ Mr. James ____________(forgive) you for your mistake?- Not yet.19. Would you mind _____________(add) your name to this list?20. Her grandma is badly ill. She must ______________(take) to the hospital at once.Section 3: Correction (10分)1.Do you know who am I ?___________________________________________________________________________2. He said he will pay our school a visit.___________________________________________________________________________3. I know the person which you spoke to just now.___________________________________________________________________________4. This is the best book which I have ever read.___________________________________________________________________________5. He is comes from Taiwan.___________________________________________________________________________6. Is there a boy is called Ryan in your class?___________________________________________________________________________7. Neither you nor I are right.___________________________________________________________________________8. If you are interested about our products, you can contact us by e- mail.___________________________________________________________________________9. The baby should be taken good care.___________________________________________________________________________ 10.What a terrible weather it is!___________________________________________________________________________Section 4: Reading Comprehension （36分）AAre you afraid of tests？What will you do to prepare for a test？The following suggestions will be helpful。
ProKlenz NpHHigh Performance Neutral Detergent FEATURESFormulated detergentNeutral pHLow foaming across a wide temperature rangeFree rinsing with an HPLC analyzable surfactant.Both specific and non-specific methods are available for detecting cleaning agent residuesFormulation is phsphate free. Contains biodegradable surfactantsManufactured within an FDA registered plant, ISO 9001:2015 and ISO 13485:2016 compliant Complete lot and change control traceability- Processing equipment - Processing vessel - Reactors- Blenders - Component parts washing - Manual cleaning- Ultrasonic cleaningAPPLICATIONS BENEFITSCleans a broad spectrum of soils with multiple cleaning mechanismsExcellent substrate compatibility. Safe to use in manual cleaning applications. No Effluent neutralization required Can be used in high-impingement spray applications Easily removed from product surfaces. Saves time and reduces utility consumption.Multiple validated analytical methods to facilitate the cleaning validation processEnvironmentally friendly. Complies with EC 648/2004. Ab excellent choice for harmonization of cleaning validation Meets the highest standard in manufacturing and processingSupports quality assurance and quality controlMentor,OH||Phone1-800-444-9009|***********************LS334EN 4/2020TECHNICAL SUPPORTA highly qualified, industry-recognized team of chemists, microbiologists, and engineers is available to offer product and process consultation. STERIS Technical Support currently provides both on- and off-site seminars with topics focusing on process cleaning and cleaning validation. An extensive library of technical data, laboratory reports, analytical methods, and case studies have been developed including cytotoxicity, LD 50, substrate compatibility, and many others.PACE PROGRAMOur T echnical Support Services also include the Process And Cleaner Evaluation (PACE®) program, which is an evaluation service designed to provide our Customers with recommendations for an effective cleaning protocol. Once an evaluation has been completed, STERIS provides a report that assists Customers in developing a leaning protocol by defining parameters based on chemical type, concentration, cleaning time, temperature, cleaning method and water quality. The PACE program is an essential first step for any cleaning application.For more information about this application, please contact your local sales representative or visit our website at:https:///products/detergents/pharmaceutical-detergents-and-cleaners/proklenz-nphPHYSICAL PROPERTIESFormSpecific Gravity (25°C/77°F)pH undiluted Solubility Foam Rinsing PhosphatesLiquid1.04 (typical)7.0 (typical)Complete LowExcellent NoneORDERING INFORMATION5 gallon (18.9 L)143005WR Description Product Number 55 gallon drum (208.2 L)143001WRProKlenz® NpHHigh Performance Neutral Detergent。
Bastion - Single Skin Steel Partitioning Installation PackTroax Lee Manufacturing Ltd.Troax Lee Manufacturing Ltd Building 52, Third Avenue,Pensnett Trading Estate,Telephone :Facsimilie : Email :+44 (0) 1384 277 441+44 (0) 1383 273 627**************Scan meContentsPage 1 Page 2-6 Page 7-12 Page 13-18 Page 19 Page 20ContentsBastion PartitioningBastion Sliding Door (King 0)Bastion Sliding Door (King 1)SSS HandleMaintenance Information______Bastion Partitioning Drill with hammer action Metal Shears Hacksaw Pliers or Mole Grips Tape MeasureSpirit LevelFileScrewdriver Adjustable SpannerSet SquareHammerInstallation InstructionsBefore you begin: - Identify all of the components for your installation. - Choose a datum point from which to measure all positions of corners.- Measure and mark up the lines of the walls with a chalk line, between the feature points.Fix the panel to the floor using M8 x 40mm coach and rawl If NOT fixing into concrete check the fixing listed on the Beginning InstallationInstalling DoorsFix the door frame to the floor using spit-hit fixings.Double doors will need to be fitted together with provided fixings.Install the completed frame into the run of partitioning.Install the over panels.A hole will need to be drilled into the floor and top lintel toaccommodate the flush bolt locking mechanism for double doors.*Door closers are to be fitted, install instructions will be provided.Threshold StripFloor FixingBefore install ensure that the threshold strip is removed from the base of the door.Single doors usually come pre-hung into the frame.Round posts are used when creating non-standard angles.1 set of holes are pre-drilled and tapped, fix panel to the holes 56Male Bead (x4)Glass PaneFemale Bead (x4)Fitting Glazing is simple but requires two people.Female BeadMale BeadPanelFit the female bead round the edge of the panel where it will be glazed.When the glass fits correctly to this clip the Male Bead in place to fix the glass pane in.Glass PaneInstalling Glazed PanelsTop Capping3 Way Top CapTop Cap CornerAt a 90 degree corner use a corner cover and fix in place using pop rivets as shown.At a 3 way junction use the top capping supplied. Fix in place using pop rivets as shown.Slot the top capping over the top of the panels.Installing Top CapsSliding Door (King 0)Drill with hammer action Metal Shears Hacksaw Pliers or Mole Grips Tape MeasureSpirit LevelFileScrewdriver Adjustable SpannerSet SquareHammerInstallation InstructionsOnce the panels are installed a gap will be left for the door.There will be two lintel cleats welded onto the mullions situated as shown.1Installing Over Panel2PanelMullionLintelBox SectionCountersunk BoltsFix in place using M8 x 16mm bolts.Fitting the Track2Slide the track in as shown at the open end. Tek screw the track to the open end bracket to fix it in place.Slide the roller trolley halves into the track at the open end as shown.The length of the floor guide is greater than the length of the door, this is so it will always be in the floor track.Fixing Floor TrackAlign the floor track up to the opening of the door as shown to the slide the door will open to.Fix to the floor through the pre-drilled holes in the floor track using push spit hit fixings.Place the floor guide as shown to the base of the sliding door panel.Attaching the Sliding DoorSliding Door PanelFloor GuideFloor TrackTop TrackSliding Door (King 1)Drill with hammer action Metal Shears Hacksaw Pliers or Mole Grips Tape MeasureSpirit LevelFileScrewdriver Adjustable SpannerSet SquareHammerInstallation InstructionsOnce the panels are installed a gap will be left for the door.There will be two lintel cleats welded onto the mullions situated as shown.1Installing Over Panel2PanelMullionLintelBox SectionCountersunk BoltsUsing two M10 x 25 countersunk bolts and M10 nuts fix the End bracket to the track angle as shown.Using a M10 x 25mm countersunk bolts and an M10 nut fix each bracket to the track angle as shown.Leave one end open to allow the Track to be inserted.Installing the TrackSlide trolley halves into track asshown.Slide the track into position.Once the trolleys are in position fix end bracket on trackangle using M10 x 25mm countersunk bolts and nuts.Align the track angle with pre-drilledand tapped holes In the mullions.Fix using M10 x 25mmhex bolt.Repeat at each mullion.The length of the floor guide is greater than the length of the door, this is so it will always be in the floor track.Fixing Floor TrackAlign the floor track up to the opening of the door as shown to the slide the door will open to.Fix to the floor through the pre-drilled holes in the floor track using push spit hit fixings.Place the floor guide as shown to the base of the sliding door panel.Attaching the Sliding DoorSliding Door PanelFloor GuideFloor TrackTop TrackAll Fixings must be used when installing the SSS Handle.2 x Grub Screw 2 x Through Fixings 8 x RivetsGrub Screw (x2)Rivets (x8)Through Fixings (x2)SSS HandleMaintenance Information1.0 General Cleaning:1.1 Daily cleaning is recommend for the removal of dust and dirt.1.2 Do not use abrasive cleaning solutions, abrasive papers or alkaline solutions.1.3 Wipe down only! Must not be washed down.2.0 Laminated & Wooden Doors:2.1 Wipe down periodically using a damp cloth and mild detergent drying with aclean cloth afterwards.3.0 Sliding Doors:3.1 Lightly oil trolley hangers every 3 to 5 months.3.2 Check the trolley alignment in the track every 3 to 5 months.4.0 Locks & Hinges:4.1 Duplicate keys can be ordered from Troax Lee Manufacturing Ltd.4.2 Lightly oil hinged every 3 to 5 months.5.0 Bolt Fixings:5.1 Check bolted fixings to ensure they are still tight every 6 to 12 months.6.0 Glazing:6.1 Clean glass when necessary using a suitable glass cleaner only.6.2 Wipe down only! Must not be washed down.7.0 Polycarbonate7.1 Cleaning must be carried out manually. Carefully brushed with a very softbrush to remove any particles. Using a lint free cloth, gently wipe (do NOTrub) with lukewarm water mixed with a milddomestic soap (i.e. Washing-UpLiquid). Rinse thoroughly with clean water and wipe dry with a very soft lintfree cloth (do NOT rub)8.0 Door Closers:8.1 To be maintained as per manufacturers recommendations.9.0 Damaged Items:9.1 Contact Troax Lee Manufacturing Ltd. for a range of replacement parts,doors, panels & glazing.Page 20。
u Indicador LED de aviso en la cubierta del micrófono u 15 teclas de función programables de forma libre u Teclado numérico integradouBotones de selección táctiles programablesEl modelo PVA-15CST es una estación de llamada para el sistema PAVIRO. Esta estación de llamada incorpora de serie un micrófono de cuello flexible conprotección antirruido y supervisión permanente, un total de 20 botones, una pantalla LC iluminada y un altavoz integrado. Puede modificarse para adaptarla a las necesidades del usuario conectando hasta cinco extensiones de estación de llamada PVA-20CSE, cada una de ellas con 20 botones de selección personalizables.Otras propiedades:•Cinco teclas de menú/función (preprogramadas): un indicador verde o un indicador amarillo por cada botón•15 botones de selección (personalizables): dos indicadores (verde/rojo) por cada botón•Etiqueta con cubierta transparente: la etiqueta puede cambiarse en cualquier momento•Puede utilizarse como dispositivo independiente o de sobremesa/empotrado en un bastidor•Supervisión interna con registro de errores: conforme con todas las normas nacionales e internacionales relevantes•Fácil configuración: uso del asistente de configuración o del software IRIS-NetPara obtener más información (sobre todo en lo que se refiere a la puesta en marcha), consulte lasinstrucciones de funcionamiento del PVA-15CST y la documentación del software IRIS-Net.Resumen del sistema1Botones de selección2Ranuras de instalación de botones3Indicador de alarma de voz4Indicador de aviso de fallo general5Indicador de encendido6Micrófono7Altavoz8Pantalla9Botón ESC10Botón ↑11Botón DEL12Botón ↓13Botón ↵1Puerto EXT OUT2Puerto CST BUS3Puerto LINE4Puerto MICCertificados y homologaciones •IEC 60065•EN 61000-6-3•EN 50130-4Especificaciones técnicasE X T .P C A B U SM i c r o p h o n eE x t . M i cL I N E I NDiagrama de circuitosDimensiones de la estación de llamada Información sobre pedidosEstación de llamada PVA-15CST PAVIRO Número de pedido PVA-15CST Accesorios de hardwareExtensión de estación de llamada PVA-20CSE PAVIRO Número de pedido PVA-20CSEBotón de emergencia PVA-1EB PAVIRO Número de pedido PVA-1EB Interruptor PVA-1KS PAVIRO Número de pedido PVA-1KSRepresentada por:Spain:Americas:America Latina: Bosch Security Systems, SAU C/Hermanos García Noblejas, 1928037 MadridTel.: +34 914 102 011Fax: +34 914 102 056****************************www.boschsecurity.esBosch Security Systems, Inc.130 Perinton ParkwayFairport, New York, 14450, USA Phone: +1 800 289 0096Fax: +1 585 223 9180***********************.com Robert Bosch LtdaSecurity Systems Division Via Anhanguera, Km 98CEP 13065-900Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil Phone: +55 19 2103 2860Fax: +55 19 2103 2862*****************************© Bosch Security Systems, SAU 2015 | Información sujeta a cambios sin previo aviso 175****9771|es,V2,04.Ago2015。
Updated 5/2014Updated 5/2014Michael Printz Awards continued…2003 Honor Books: The House of the Scorpion, by Nancy Farmer; My Heartbeat, by Garret Freymann-Weyr; Hole in My Life, by Jack Gantos2002A Step from HeavenCall #: FIC NA Na, AnHonor Books:The Ropemaker, by Peter Dickinson; Freewill, by Chris Lynch; True Believer, by Virginia Euwer Wolff2001Kit's WildernessCall #: FIC ALM Almond, DavidHonor Books: The Body of Christopher Creed, by Carol Plum-Ucci; Angus, Thongs, and Full Frontal Snogging: Confessions of Georgia Nicolson, by Louise Rennison; Stuck in Neutral, by Terry Trueman2000MonsterCall #: FIC MYE Myers, Walter DeanHonor Books:Skellig, by David Almond; Speak, by Laurie Halse AndersonPulitzer for FictionThe Pulitzer Prize has a reputation as the country’s most prestigious award. Receiving a Pulitzer brings the author worldwide attention and praise.2007The RoadCall #: FIC MCC McCarthy, Cormac2002Empire FallsCall #: FIC RUS Russo, Richard Pulitzer Prize continued…2001The Amazing Adventures of Kavalier & Clay: a novel Call #: FIC CHA Chabon, Michael1994The Shipping NewsCall #: FIC PRO Proulx, Annie1993A Good scent from a Strange Mountain: storiesCall #: SC BUT Butler, Robert Olen1992A Thousand AcresCall #: FIC SMI Smiley, Jane1990The Mambo Kings Play Songs of LoveCall #: FIC HIJ Hijuelos, Oscar1988Beloved: a novelCall #: FIC MOR Morrison, Toni1983The Color PurpleCall #: FIC WAL Walker, Alice1983 Best First Novel CategoryThe Women of Brewster PlaceCall #: FIC NAY Naylor, Gloria1975The Killer AngelsCall #: FIC POT Shaara, Michael1968The Confessions of Nat TurnerCall #: FIC STY Styron, William1963The ReiversCall #: FIC FAU Faulkner, William1961To Kill a MockingbirdCall #: FIC LEE Lee, Harper1958A Death in the FamilyCall # FIC AGE Agee, James1953The Old Man and the SeaCall #: FIC HEM Hemingway, ErnestUpdated 5/2014Pulitzer Prize continued…1952The Caine Mutiny : a novel of World War IICall #: FIC WOU Wouk, Herman1950The Way West: a novelCall #: FIC GUT Guthrie, A. B.National Book AwardCelebrates the best of American literature. Started in 1950, its goal is to expand its audiences and enhance the cultural value of great writing in America. YCP= Young People’s Category2013The Good Lord Bird: a novelCall #: FIC MCB McBride, JamesFinalist: Boxers & Saints by Gene Luen Yang YPC 2012Finalist: Never Fall Down by Patricia McCormick YPC 2011Salvage the Bones: a novelCall #: FIC WAR Ward, JesmynFinalist: The Tiger's Wife by Téa Obreht2008What I Saw and How I LiedCall #: FIC BLU Blundell, Judy YPC Finalist: Chains by Laurie Halse Anderson YPC2007The Absolutely True Diary of a Part-Time IndianCall #: FIC ALE Alexie, Sherman YPC Finalist: The Invention of Hugo Cabret by Brian Selznick 2006Pox Party: The Astonishing Life of Octavian Nothing Call #: FIC AND Anderson, M.T. YPCFinalists: Sold by Patricia McCormick YPC; The Rules of Survival by Nancy Werlin YPC; Keturah and Lord Death by Martine Leavitt2002The House of the Scorpion by Farmer, Nancy YPCCall #: FIC FAR2002 Finalist:Feed M. T. Anderson YPC2001True BelieverCall #: FIC WOL Wolff, Virginia E. YPC 2000Homeless BirdCall #: FIC WHE Whelan, Gloria YPC1999Finalist:House of Sand and Fog by Andre Dubus1997Cold MountainCall #: FIC FRA Frazier, Charles1993The Shipping NewsCall #: FIC PRO Proulx, Annie1992All the Pretty HorsesCall #: FIC MCC McCarthy, Cormac1990Middle PassageCall #: FIC JOH Johnson, Charles1983The Color PurpleCall #: FIC WAL Walker, Alice1980Sophie's ChoiceCall #: FIC STY Styron, William1980 (tie)The World According to GarpUpdated 5/2014National Book Award continued…1979Going after CacciatoCall #: FIC OBR O'Brien, Tim1967The FixerCall #: FIC MAL Malamud, Bernard1964The CentaurCall #: FIC UPD Updike, John1959The Magic BarrelCall #: SC MAL Malamud, Bernard1953Invisible ManCall #: FIC ELL Ellison, RalphThe Evergreen Young Adult Book Award This award was created to give teens in our state a voice in deciding the best literature aimed at their age group. The winner of the Evergreen Award is the novel receiving the most votes from students across Washington State.2015 NomineesShadow and Bone by Leigh BardugoThe Fault in our Stars by John GreenAsk the Passengers by A.S. KingTen by Gretchen McNeilCinder by Marissa MeyerWonder by R. J. PalaciaBoy 21 by Matthew QuickBomb: the Race to Build – and Steal –The World’s Most Dangerous Weapon by Steve SheinkinThe Raven Boys by Maggie StiefvaterDrama by Raina Telemeier Evergreen Young Adult Book Award continued (2014)DivergentCall # FIC ROT Roth, VeronicaAlso nominated:The Girl of Fire and Thorns by Rae Carson Ready Player One by Ernest ClineThe Silence of Murder by Dandi Daley Mackall Ghetto Cowboy by G. NeriThis Dark Endeavor by Kenneth Oppel Between Shades of Gray by Ruta SepetysI'll Be There by Holly Goldberg Sloan Daughter of Smoke and Bone by Laini Taylor The Running Dream by Wendelin Van Draanen 2013The Lost HeroCall #: FIC RIO Riordan, Rick.2012The Maze RunnerCall #: FIC DAS Dashner, James 2011The Hunger GamesCall #: FIC COL Collins, Suzanne 2010UnwindCall #: FIC SHU Shusterman, Neal 2009Life as We Knew ItCall #: FIC PFE Pfeffer, Susan Beth 2008TwilightCall #: FIC MEY Meyer, Stephenie 2007The SupernaturalistCall #: FIC COL Colfer, Eoin2006EragonCall #: FIC PAO Paolini, Christopher 2004The Sisterhood of the Traveling PantsCall #: FIC BRA Brashares, AnnUpdated 5/2014Evergreen Young Adult Book Award continued…2003The Princess DiariesCall #: FIC CAB Cabot, Meg2002SpeakCall #: FIC AND Anderson, Laurie Halse 2001HolesCall #: BOT FIC SAC Sachar, Louis2000Chicken Soup for the Teenage Soul: 101 Stories of Life, Love, and LearningCall #: 158.1 CHI Jack1999The Voice on the RadioCall #: FIC COO Cooney, Caroline B1998The Hot ZoneCall #: 614.5 PRE Preston, Richard1997Driver's EdCall #: FIC COO Cooney, Carolyn1996The ClientCall #: FIC GRI Grisham, John1995The Pelican BriefCall #: FIC GRI Grisham, John1994Say Goodnight, GracieCall #: FIC DEA Deaver, Julie Reece1993The True Confessions of Charlotte DoyleCall #: FIC AVI Avi1991Seventh SonCall #: FIC CAR Card, Orson Scott Hugo AwardWorld Science Fiction Convention awards the Hugoto the year’s best science fiction novel. This prestigious award has been presented annually since 1955.2009The Graveyard BookCall #: FIC GAI Gaiman, NeilFinalist: Little Brother by Cory DoctorowHugo Awards continued…2005Jonathan Strange & Mr. NorellCall #: FIC CLA Clarke, Susanna2000Finalist: Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban by J. K. Rowling2002American GodsCall #: FIC GAI Gaiman, Neil2001Harry Potter and the Goblet of FireCall #: FIC ROW Rowling, J. K.1987Speaker for the DeadCall #: FIC CAR Card, Orson Scott.1983Foundation's EdgeCall #: FIC ASI Asimov, Isaac1975The Dispossessed : an Ambiguous UtopiaCall #: FIC LEG Le Guin, Ursula1970The Left Hand of DarknessCall #: FIC LEG Le Guin, Ursula1966DuneCall #: FIC HER Herbert, Frank1962Stranger in a Strange LandCall #: FIC HEI Heinlein, Robert AUpdated 5/2014Hugo Award continued…1961A Canticle for LeibowitzCall #: FIC MIL Miller, Walter M1960Starship TroopersCall #: FIC HEI Heinlein, Robert AEdgar AwardMystery Writers of America award the Edgar to the best mystery, crime, suspense, or intrigue novel published during the current year.2013Code Name VerityCall #: FIC WEI Wein, Elizabeth2012The Silence of MurderCall #: FIC MAC Mackall, Dandi Daley2010Reality CheckCall #: FIC ABR Abrahams, Peter2009Paper TownsCall #: FIC GRE Green, John2008Rat LifeCall #: FIC ARN Arnold, Tedd2006Last Shot: a Final Four MysteryCall #: FIC FEI Feinstein, John2004AccelerationCall # FIC MCN McNamee, Graham2002The Boy in the Burning HouseCall #: FIC WYN Wynne-Jones, Tim1998Ghost CanoeCall # FIC HOB Hobbs, Will1997Twisted SummerCall #: FIC ROB Roberts, Willo Davis PEN/ Faulkner AwardsWilliam Faulkner used his Nobel Prize money to create a PEN (Poets, Playwrights, Editors, Essayists, and Novelists) Award2002 Bel CantoCall #: FIC PAT Patchett, Ann1995 Snow Falling on CedarsCall #: FIC GUT Guterson, David。
Independent effects of warming and nitrogen addition on plant phenologyin the Inner Mongolian steppeJianyang Xia 1,†and Shiqiang Wan 1,2,*1State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change,Institute of Botany,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Xiangshan,Beijing 100093,China and 2State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology,Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology,College of LifeSciences,Henan University,Kaifeng,Henan 475004,China†Present address:Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology,University of Oklahoma,OK,USA.*For correspondence.E-mail swan@Received:29November 2012Revision requested:24January 2013Accepted:19February 2013Published electronically:12April 2013†Background and Aims Phenology is one of most sensitive traits of plants in response to regional climate warming.Better understanding of the interactive effects between warming and other environmental change factors,such as increasing atmosphere nitrogen (N)deposition,is critical for projection of future plant phenology.†Methods A 4-year field experiment manipulating temperature and N has been conducted in a temperate steppe in northern China.Phenology,including flowering and fruiting date as well as reproductive duration,of eight plant species was monitored and calculated from 2006to 2009.†Key Results Across all the species and years,warming significantly advanced flowering and fruiting time by 0.64and 0.72d per season,respectively,which were mainly driven by the earliest species (Potentilla acaulis ).Although N addition showed no impact on phenological times across the eight species,it significantly delayed flowering time of Heteropappus altaicus and fruiting time of Agropyron cristatum .The responses of flowering and fruiting times to warming or N addition are coupled,leading to no response of reproductive dur-ation to warming or N addition for most species.Warming shortened reproductive duration of Potentilla bifurca but extended that of Allium bidentatum ,whereas N addition shortened that of A.bidentatum .No interactive effect between warming and N addition was found on any phenological event.Such additive effects could be ascribed to the species-specific responses of plant phenology to warming and N addition.†Conclusions The results suggest that the warming response of plant phenology is larger in earlier than later flowering species in temperate grassland systems.The effects of warming and N addition on plant phenology are independent of each other.These findings can help to better understand and predict the response of plant phenology to climate warming concurrent with other global change driving factors.Key words:Climate warming,functional group,grassland,nitrogen,reproductive phenology,temperature.INTRODUCTIONPlant phenology,the timing of plant development and growth,is one of the traits sensitive to regional climate warming (Pen˜uelas et al.,2002;Schwartz et al.,2006;Cleland et al.,2007).Its variation among species is important in maintaining species coexistence (Rathcke and Lacey,1985;Cleland et al.,2007)and in determining growth dynamics of the whole plant community (Gu et al.,1998).In the past decades,a trend of earlier spring onset has been widely detected around the world (Parmesan and Yohe,2003;Root et al.,2003;Piao et al.,2007;Pau et al.,2011).However,such an advance in plant phenology is triggered not only by temperature itself,but also by other aspects of environmental change, e.g.enhanced nitrogen (N)input via deposition.For example,a recent meta-analysis found a larger temperature sensitivity of plant phenology from long-term observations than temperature-only manipulative experiments (Wolkovich et al.,2012),suggesting that other environmental factors may enhance the temperature sensitivity of plant phenology in natural ecosys-tems.Thus,the interactive effects between climate warming and other factors driving global change on plant phenology are critical for improving the prediction of plant responses to future climate change.Along with regional climate warming,the Earth’s land surface has experienced approximately doubled N input as a result of the worldwide use of artificial N fertilizers (Gruber and Galloway,2008).Given the effects of both temperature and N availability on plant activity,global warming and in-creasing N input have been found to interact to affect terrestrial plant growth (Majdi,2004;Liu et al.,2011).However,it remains unclear whether and how atmospheric N deposition will alter the sensitivity of plant phenology to climate warming.To our knowledge,little effort has been made to examine the effects of an interaction between warming and N addition on plant phenology (Cleland et al.,2006;Lupi et al.,2012;Smith et al.,2012).In an annual grassland in North America,warming-advanced community greenness was dampened by N addition (Cleland et al.,2006).In an alpine tundra,N addition delayed flowering of forbs but advanced that of graminoids (Smith et al.,2012).Therefore,N addition could impact the temperature sensitivity of plant phenology differently,not only among ecosystem types but also among species within an ecosystem.#The Author 2013.Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Annals of Botany Company.All rights reserved.For Permissions,please email:journals.permissions@Annals of Botany 111:1207–1217,2013doi:10.1093/aob/mct079,available online atat Nanjing University on July 16, 2013/Downloaded fromResponses of plant phenology to environmental changes have been documented to be very diverse among different species (Cleland et al.,2006;Sherry et al.,2007),exacerbating the difficulty in assessing the changes in plant phenology under concurrent climate warming and N enrichment.For example,a long-term observation of the phenology of 385British plant species has shown that 16%of species flowered earlier whereas 3%of species flowered later in the 1990s com-pared with the previous 45years (Fitter and Fitter,2002).The variation in phenological trends among species has been ascribed to life form,pollination type and time of year (Fitter and Fitter,2002).For instance,species blooming in spring are usually more sensitive to temperature increase than autumn species (Menzel,2003;Cleland et al.,2007;Wolkovich et al.,2012).Irrespective of a large body of reports on N addition and plant growth response (Xia and Wan,2008),only a few studies have focused on the influences of N on plant phenology.Even these studies have found that increasing N input can advance (Dewald et al.,1992;Pen˜uelas et al.,1995),not affect (Zhang et al.,1997)or delay phenology of individual plant species (Cleland et al.,2006).In addition,N enrichment can have various impacts on species within a plant community,e.g.it delayed flowering of grasses but slightly accelerated that in forbs in an annual grassland in North America (Cleland et al.,2006).Moreover,if species from different growing season stages and functional types have differential phenological responses,it will pose a greater challenge to assess the community-level phenological response to climate warming,N addition and their interactions.Here,we present the results from a field study to investigate responses of plant phenology to simulated warming and N addition with four treatments,i.e.control,warming,N addition and warming plus N addition,in a semi-arid steppe in northern China since 2006.We monitored phenological times of eight species from different functional types over the entire growing seasons (May–October)from 2006to 2009.In par-ticular,we address the following two questions in this study.(1)How does warming in combination with N addition affect the phenology of plant species in the semi-arid steppe in northern China?(2)Are there interactive effects of warming and N addition on plant phenology in this ecosystem?MATERIALS AND METHODSStudy siteThe study was conducted in a semi-arid temperate steppe in Duolun County (42802′N,116817′E,1324m a.s.l)in Inner Mongolia,China.Long-term (1953–2007)annual precipita-tion and temperature are 383mm (with 90%falling within May–October)and 2.18C (with monthly mean temperature ranging from –17.58C in January to 18.98C in July),respect-ively.The soil of the study site is classified as chestnut accord-ing to the Chinese classification or Haplic Calcisols according to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)classification,with 62.75+0.04%(mean +s.e.)sand,20.30+0.01%silt and 16.9+0.01%clay.Mean bulk density is 1.31g cm 23and pH is 7.7.Nitrogen deposition in this area was estimated at about 20kg ha 21year 21in 2005–2006(Zhang et al.,2008).Experimental designThe experiment used a completely randomized block design with six treatments,comprisiing control (C),daytime warming (0600–1800h,local time),night-time warming (1800–0600h),continuous warming (24h;W),nitrogen addition (N)and continuous warming plus nitrogen addition (WN).The six treatments were randomly arranged into a block and replicated six times.Thus,thirty-six 3×4m plots were arranged in a 6×6matrix,with a 3m distance between adja-cent plots.We used C,daytime warming,night-time warming and W treatments to examine the differential impacts of day and night warming,and the treatments C,W,N and WN to test the interactive effects between warming and N addition.The C and W treatments were shared between the two sub-experiments because the warming treatment is costly.The effects of day and night warming on plant phenology were not included in this study and have been reported previously (Xia and Wan,2012).The warmed plots have been heated con-tinuously by using MSR-2420infrared radiators (with a power consumption of approx.1600W;Kalglo Electronics Inc.,Bethlehem,PA,USA)suspended 2.25m above the ground since 23April 2006.Across the four growing seasons from 2006to 2009,warming treatment significantly increased the soil temperature at the depth of 10cm by 1.88C [P ,0.001;two-way analysis of variance (ANOV A)].More detailed infor-mation of the effects of warming treatments on soil microcli-mates can be found in Xia et al.(2010).In order to simulate the shading effects of the infrared radiator,a ‘dummy’heater with the same shape and size was suspended 2.25m above the ground in each control plot.N additions were spread by hand before the first rain event in the rainy season,and thr plots were treated once a year with NH 4NO 3on 19July in 2006and 2007and on 9July in 2008and 2009.Given that N effects on species composition and ecosystem production saturate at N addition rates of about 10.5g N m 22year 21in this region (Bai et al.,2010),the level of N addition in this study was 10g N m 22year 21.Phenological observationEight species,comprising five forbs (Potentilla acaulis ,P.bifurca ,P.tanacetifolia ,Allium bidentatum ,and Heteropappus altaicus ),two C 3grasses (Agropyron cristatum and Stipa krylovii )and one semi-arid shrub (Artemisia frigida ),were chosen for phenological observation in this study.The phenological stages of these eight species were dis-tributed evenly throughout the entire growing season,from the earliest species (P.acaulis )in May to the latest species (A.frigida )in October.Over the four growing seasons,the eight plant species together accounted for about 78%of the total above-ground biomass.The changes in plant reproductive phenology with time follow a logistic growth curve (Sadras et al.,1997).As shown in Fig.1,the reproductive phenology of both graminoid (grass)and non-graminoid (forb and semi-shrub)species can be divided into several stages (Price and Waser,1998;Dunne et al.,2003;Sherry et al.,2007).For grasses,there were six stages:plant with flower stalks (stage 0),most culms in boot were visible (stage 0.5),presence of spikeletsXia &Wan —Warming and nitrogen effects on plant phenology1208 at Nanjing University on July 16, 2013/Downloaded from(stage 1),exerted anthers and styles from the spikelet florets (stage 2),dried and broken off anthers and styles (seed devel-opment;stage 3),and disarticulated seeds (stage 4).For forbs and semi-shrubs,plant phenology was divided into seven stages:plant not yet flowering (stage 0),unopened buds (stage 1),open flowers (stage 2),old flowers (post-anthesis;stage 3),initiated fruit (stage 4),expanding fruit (stage 5)and dehisced fruit (stage 6).At the start of each growing season,we tagged five mature individuals for each species in each plot as soon as any of the eight species had produced obvious bud.We monitored the current stages of all individuals at weekly intervals.If a plant has more than one flower,we first recorded the current stage for each flower,and then calculated a score by averaging all flowers.By this means we obtained a single ‘phenological score’for each individual in each plot and observation date.For example,an individual forb with one bud (stage 1),two open flowers (stage 2)and three old flowers (stage 3)received a score of 2.3.On each sampling date,the phenological scores for each species were averaged from its five individuals in each plot.We ended the observation when all individuals of a species have reached phenological stage 6and 4for forbs and grasses,respectively,or most of the fruits of a plant had dehisced and no more seeds dehisced in the following 2weeks.Phenological analysisSince it is difficult to monitor the times of flowering and fruiting directly for all individuals,they are usually obtained by fitting some statistical models to the observed data.For example,Price and Waser (1998)fitted the observed pheno-logical scores to a linear regression model,and obtained two parameters that describe the mean timing and duration of re-productive phenology.In this study,we fitted the observed scores to the Richards growth equation (Richards,1959),which has been suggested to be very flexible to describe differ-ent shapes of growth data.The Richard growth equation has been successfully applied for studying plant phenology in atallgrass prairie in North America (Sherry et al.,2007).We applied the Richards growth equation with the contraction–expansion algorithm (Gu et al.,1998)to fit phenological scores (Y )of each species against the day in Julian units (X )in each plot.The equation was described as:Y =K1+ae −bXm (1)where K is the maximum growth;a is a parameter related to the first observation date;b is the growth rate over time X in Julian days (the number of days in the Gregorian calendar year);and m is a parameter related to the curve shape.The timing of each phenological event can be calculated from Equation 1as:X =−1b ln mKY −1a ⎛⎜⎜⎝⎞⎟⎟⎠(2)We conducted the analysis to calculate the timing and duration ofreproduction by the following steps.First,in each season,the sequences of calculated phenological scores from a species in each plot were fitted to Equation 1.Best parameter estimates of K ,a ,b ,X and m were obtained for each individual from each plot in each year.Secondly,based on Equation 2,flowering time was calculated as Y ¼2for all species,and fruiting time was obtained as Y ¼2.5and Y ¼3.5for grasses and forbs/semi-shrubs,respectively (Fig.1).Phenological duration was calcu-lated as X between stage 0.5(Y ¼0.5)and 3(Y ¼3)for grasses,and between stage 1(Y ¼1)and 5(Y ¼5)for forbs/semi-shrubs (Fig.1).Finally,the calculated flowering and fruit-ing times as well as the phenological duration were used in further statistical analyses for treatment effects.Although Equation 1fits our data well,our method may generate some additional uncertainties in the analysed phenological times.For example,our scoring method assumes an equal increase in ‘phenological score’between major phenological stages,e.g.from bud to opened flowers and from opened flowers to old flowers for forbs and shrubs.It would neglect the differences in temporal patterns of reproductive phenology among species.As a result,some analytical errors cannot be avoided when the analysed results are used to compare phenology among species.Reproductive allocationIn late August of 2008,we clipped a 50×15cm quadrat in each sub-plot.Above-ground biomass and fruit production of each species were measured.The dry mass of above-ground biomass and fruit production were determined by oven drying at 708C to constant weight.Reproductive allocation was calculated as the percentage of fruit production in above-ground biomass for each species.Data analysisRepeated-measures ANOV As (RMANOV As)were used to examine warming and N addition effects and their possibleP h e n o l o g i c a l s t a g eF IG .1.Ideal curves of phenological stage changes for graminoids (G;grey lines)and forbs and semi-shrubs (F;black lines).Parameters (K ,a ,b ,X and m )describing the shape of the curve were obtained by fitting the observed phenological scores to eqn (1)for each species in each growing season.Details of the methods are provided in the text.Xia &Wan —Warming and nitrogen effects on plant phenology1209at Nanjing University on July 16, 2013/Downloaded frominteractions on soil microclimate and plant phenology.Soil temperature and moisture in each year were first averaged to seasonal means,and then used in RMANOV A.Treatments in-volving warming and N addition,as well as species were treated as fixed effects,and plot was treated as a random effect.Between-group effects were evaluated as warming or N addition treatment,and within-group effects were inter-preted as the effect of year.Three-way ANOV A was used to examine the effects of warming,N addition,species and their interaction on reproductive allocation in 2008.Two-way ANOV As were used to analyse the main and inter-active effects of warming and N addition on reproductive allo-cation for each species.The fitting of the calibrated Richards equation with the contraction–expansion algorithm (Gu et al.,1998)was carried out in Matlab (Mathworks,Natick,MA,USA)and all statistical analyses were conducted with SAS software (SAS Institute Inc.,Cary,NC,USA).RESULTSClimate conditions and soil microclimateBoth precipitation and air temperature fluctuated within the growing season and peaked in July and August from 2006to 2009(Fig.2).The annual total precipitation from 2006to 2009was 423.6,209.8,369.8and 196.3mm,respectively.Most of the annual precipitation was distributed in the growing season (May–October),with 403.5,194.0,346.2and 176.0mm from 2006to 2009.Mean annual air tempera-ture was 3.1,3.5,2.7and 3.18C,and the growing season mean air temperature was 13.8,14.3,13.3and 14.08C from 2006to 2009.Among the four growing seasons,soil temperature at 10cm depth in the control plots was relatively low in 2006(17.9+0.18C;mean +s.e.)and 2008(17.2+0.18C),buthigh in 2007and 2009(both 19.9+0.18C).In contrast,soil moisture at the depth of 0–10cm in the control plots was rela-tively high in 2006(9.64+0.24%v/v)and 2008(10.77+0.35%v/v)but low in 2007(8.01+0.17%v/v)and 2009(6.44+0.24%v/v;Fig.3A).Both warming (F ¼34.00,P ,0.001;RMANOV A)and N addition (F ¼4.33,P ¼0.043)increased soil temperature across the four growing seasons (Fig.3B).Warming significantly decreased soil mois-ture by 0.39%v/v (absolute difference;F ¼5.00,P ¼0.003;RMANOV A)across the four growing seasons,while the nega-tive effect of N addition on soil moisture (–0.21%v/v,F ¼1.44,P ¼0.237)was insignificant (Fig.3C).No interactive effect between warming and N addition on soil temperature or moisture was found.Warming effects on species-level plant phenologyAcross the eight species and four growing seasons (2006–2009),warming significantly advanced the flowering time by 0.64d per season (Table 2),which was primarily determined by P.acaulis (1.15d;P ¼0.044)and P.tanacetifolia (1.24d;P ¼0.091;Table 3,Fig.4A;Supplementary Data Figs S1and S2).The fruiting time across all the species was also advanced by 0.72d per season (Fig.4;Table 2),which was mainly determined by P.acaulis (1.47d;P ¼0.009;Table 3,Fig.4B;Supplementary Data Figs S1and S2).As a result of the advance of both flowing and fruiting phenology,the reproductive duration across the eight species did not change under warming (P .0.10;Table 1).Nevertheless,warming shortened the reproductive duration of P.bifurca (2.45d;P ¼0.023)and H.altaicus (1.50d;P ¼0.064)but extended that of A.bidentatum (1.45d;P ¼0.007;Table 3,Fig.4C;Supplementary Data Figs S1and S2).80302010–10–20–30Month (2006–2009)J a nA p rJ u lO c tJ a nA p rJ u lO c tJ a nA p rJ u lO c tJ a nA p rJ u lO c tDaily precipitation (mm)D a i l y m e a n a i r t e m p e r a t u r e (°C )70605040302010F IG .2.Daily precipitation and daily mean temperature from 2006to 2009.Data are from a meteorology station close to the experimental plots (approx.500m).Xia &Wan —Warming and nitrogen effects on plant phenology1210 at Nanjing University on July 16, 2013/Downloaded fromAcross the eight species,warming effects on flowering time,fruiting time and reproductive duration did not vary with year (Table 2).At the species level,interactive effects between warming and year were found on the fruiting time of P.acaulis (P ¼0.013)and on the reproductive durations of P.acaulis (P ,0.001)and H.altaicus (P ¼0.014;Table 3).The fruiting time of P.acaulis was not affected by warming in 2006and 2007,but advanced by 2.46d (F ¼8.45,P ¼0.009)and 0.45d (F ¼3.46,P ¼0.078)in 2008and 2009,respectively (Supplementary Data Figs S1and S2).The repro-ductive duration of P.acaulis was not changed by warming from 2006to 2008,but was significantly shortened by 5.36d in 2009(F ¼12.07,P ¼0.002;Supplementary Data Figs S1and S2).Warming showed various impacts on the repro-ductive duration of H.altaicus during different years,i.e.sig-nificant shortening in 2006(–3.24d;F ¼8.92,P ¼0.007)and 2007(–3.70d;F ¼8.27,P ¼0.009),extension in 2008(+2.02d;F ¼6.60,P ¼0.018)and no influence in 2009(Supplementary Data Figs S1and S2).Nitrogen effects on species-level plant phenologyAlthough N addition showed no influence on flowering time across the eight species and the four seasons (Table 2),it30252015S o i l t e m p e r a t u r e (°C )Soil moisture (% v/v)D S o i l T (°C )D S o i l M (% v /v )105025201510501·51·00·50–0·5–1·0–1.5–2·0F IG .3.Temporal dynamic of (A)soil temperature and moisture (0–10cm)in the control plots,and treatment-induced changes in (B)soil temperature and (C)soil moisture in response to warming,nitrogen addition,and warming plus N addition.Xia &Wan —Warming and nitrogen effects on plant phenology1211at Nanjing University on July 16, 2013/Downloaded fromsignificantly delayed the flowering time of H.altaicus (1.30d;P ¼0.023)and marginally postponed that of A.cristatum (1.31d;P ¼0.053;Table 3,Fig.4A;Supplementary Data Figs S1and S2).Similarly,N addition had no main effect on the fruiting time (Table 1)but significantly delayed that of A.cristatum (2.66d;P ¼0.003;Table 3,Fig.4B;Supplementary Data Figs S1and S2).For reproductive dur-ation,no N effect was detected across all the eight species,while a significant reduction in the phenological duration of A.bidentatum (2.51d;P ,0.001;Table 3,Fig.4B;Supplementary Data Figs S1and S2)was found under N treat-ment across the four growing seasons.Across the eight species,the effect of N addition did not vary with year for flowering or fruiting time,but strongly depended on year for reproductive time (P ¼0.002;Table 2).Across the eight species,N did not affect reproduct-ive time in 2007and 2009,but significantly changed repro-ductive time in 2006(+1.74d;F ¼9.43,P ¼0.003)and 2008(–1.15d;F ¼4.68,P ¼0.032),respectively (Supplementary Data Figs S1and S2).At the species level,N addition and year interacted to affect the flowering time of P.acaulis (P ,0.001)and H.altaicus (P ¼0.015),the fruit-ing times of P.acaulis (P ¼0.005),and the reproductive dur-ation of P.acaulis (P ¼0.024),P.bifurca (P ¼0.003)and A.bidentatum (P ¼0.003)(Table 3;Supplementary Data Figs S1and S2).The flowering time of H.altaicus was earlier in 2007(2.15d;F ¼5.59,P ¼0.028)but later in 2008(2.15d;F ¼5.09,P ¼0.035)in N plots.The flowering time of H.altaicus was marginally advanced in 2006(1.24d;F ¼4.22,P ¼0.053),not affected in 2007,but delayed in 2008(2.39d;F ¼5.70,P ¼0.027)and 2009(2.99d;F ¼4.90,P ¼0.039)by N addition (Supplementary Data Figs S1and S2).The fruiting time of P.acaulis was significantly advanced in 2007(2.33d;F ¼11.04,P ¼0.003)but not changed in the other three years by N addition (Supplementary Data Figs S1and S2).Nitrogen addition extended the reproductive duration of P.bifurca in 2006(6.14d;F ¼15.83,P ,0.001)and 2007(3.85d;F ¼3.45,P ¼0.078)but not in the other three years,but shortened that of P.acaulis in 2008(3.80d;F ¼12.67,P ¼0.002)and of A.bidentatum in 2007(3.11d;F ¼7.90,P ¼0.011)and 2009(5.29d;F ¼179.0,P ,0.001).Interactive effects between warming and N addition on species-level phenologyAcross the eight species,no interactive effect between N addition and warming was detected on flowering time,fruitingFlowering timeFruiting timeDurationPa Pb Ac Pt Ab Sk Ha S p e c i e sAf Days earlier (–) or later (+) than ambientF IG .4.Changes in (A)flowering time,(B)fruiting time and (C)phenological duration (in days)under nitrogen addition and warming.Species are listed in order of mean time of buds first observed in control plots over the four growing seasons,beginning in April with P.acaulis and ending in October with A.frigida .Dataare the mean +s.e.for advanced (–)or delayed (+)phenology.For species’abbreviations see Table 1.†P ,0.1;*P ,0.05;**P ,0.01.T ABLE rmation on the species examiined in this studySpecies name AbbreviationLife form Pollination type Cover (%)Potentilla acaulis Pa Forb Entomophilous 3.44Potentilla bifurca Pb Forb Entomophilous 2.00Agropyron cristatum Ac Grass Anemophily 3.22Potentilla tanacetifoliaPt Forb Entomophilous 1.76Allium bidentatum Ab Forb Entomophilous 1.43Stipa krylovii Sk Grass Anemophily 4.45Heteropappus altaicusHa Forb Entomophilous 1.43Artemisia frigidaAfShrubAnemophily26.73Cover is calculated as the average of the coverage in the control plots in late August from 2006to 2009.Xia &Wan —Warming and nitrogen effects on plant phenology1212at Nanjing University on July 16, 2013/Downloaded fromtime or duration (all P .0.10;Table 2).The additive effect between N addition and warming did not vary with year or species (all P .0.10;Table 2).At the species level,no inter-active effect between N addition and warming was detected on the flowering time,fruiting time or phenological duration of any species (all P .0.10;Table 3).The interactive effect between N addition and warming only varied with year on the flowering time of P.bifurca (P ¼0.022),the fruiting time of A.bidentatum (P ,0.001)and the reproductivedurations of A.bidentatum (P ,0.001)and H.altaicus (P ¼0.002;Table 3).Variations with functional typeThe impacts of N addition and warming varied among life forms when the eight species were divided into grasses,forbs and shrubs.N addition had no effect on any phenological event for any life form (all P .0.10),except for a marginallyT ABLE 2.Results (F -values)of repeated-measures ANOVA on the effects of warming (W),nitrogen addition (N),species,block,sampling year (Y),and their interactions on flowering time,fruiting time and phenological duration.Treatmentsd.f.Flowering time Fruiting time Duration W 1,1609.26**8.95**0.36N1,1601.910.770.00Species 7,16016012.9***11590.6***183.9***Y3,480553.1***405.0***573.8***W ×N 1,1601.010.220.01W ×Y 3,4801.022.110.77N ×Y3,4800.400.214.95**W ×species 7,1600.670.651.98†N ×species7,1601.262.642.03†W ×N ×species 7,1600.600.801.40W ×N ×Y3,4800.200.241.28W ×species ×Y 21,4800.460.981.52†N ×species ×Y21,4802.14**2.59***1.36W ×N ×species ×Y21,4801.65*1.60*2.18**The degrees of freedom are shown as numerator,denominator.†P ,0.10;*P ,0.05;**P ,0.01;***P ,0.001.T ABLE 3.Results (F -values)of repeated-measures ANOVA on the effects of warming (W),nitrogen addition (N),sampling year (Y)and their interactions on flowering time,fruiting time and reproductive duration for the eight speciesd.f.Pa Pb Ac Pt Ab Sk Ha Af Flowering time W 1,204.64*1.511.573.162.210.200.030.09N 1,200.080.134.24†0.010.020.466.08*0.35Y3,60233.1***386.7***255.8***331.6***370.9***2067.9***33.9***252.6***W ×N 1,201.250.460.690.900.650.070.960.19Y ×W 3,602.060.830.710.670.370.110.340.10Y ×N3,607.48***0.670.401.621.121.893.78*1.72Y ×W ×N 3,601.583.44*0.691.152.040.072.36†1.12Fruiting time W 1,208.35**1.010.552.830.370.551.140.05N 1,200.040.1411.06**0.041.251.022.530.01Y3,60112.8***112.8***17.9***415.8***171.4***1179.9***15.7***895.9***W ×N 1,200.380.080.540.821.800.960.960.51Y ×W 3,604.98**2.19†1.050.510.540.310.930.12Y ×N3,604.75**2.57†2.71†0.932.23†1.322.52†2.31†Y ×W ×N 3,601.531.720.121.336.81**0.042.51†0.95Duration W 1,200.486.08*0.000.979.09**0.173.86†0.29N 1,200.561.291.530.1427.12***0.720.891.75Y3,6090.2***9.5***562.5***24.4***1293.6***116.6***132.2***604.8***W ×N 1,202.590.000.012.832.270.940.000.00Y ×W 3,608.22***0.390.210.951.010.583.83*1.39Y ×N3,603.39*5.23**0.900.295.17**0.870.880.66Y ×W ×N3,601.280.620.151.7816.54***0.965.73**0.77The degrees of freedom are shown as numerator,denominator.†P ,0.10;*P ,0.05;**P ,0.01;***P ,0.001.Xia &Wan —Warming and nitrogen effects on plant phenology 1213at Nanjing University on July 16, 2013/Downloaded from。
