2009年北京大学公共卫生学院卫生综合考研真题(回忆版)

北京大学医学部卫生综合历年真题2012年卫生综合一、名词解释1、calcitonin2、food fortification3、Experimental effect4、cluster sampling5、细颗粒物6、持久性污染物7、personal protecting equipment8、work related muscle skeletal disorders9、Ecological fallacy10、placebo二、选择题略三、简答题1、维生素C的作用及缺乏表现2、亚硝酸盐中毒及其防治3、Pearson相关与spearman秩相关的区别4、环境流行病学的特点5、富营养化现象及其危害6、职业病的特点7、噪声的控制措施8、疫源地的概念及其消灭条件9、评价真实性的指标及其关系10 、23 名精神病患者，随机分为两组，使用甲乙两种方法治疗，分别评价两种资料方法的有效率。

请回答该研究属于何种类型的研究，怎样分析，为什么？四、论述题1、某人通过饮食摄入蛋白质30g后，通过以下三种途径进行了代谢，其中粪氮1.2g ，尿氮4g ，皮肤氮0.3g ，试计算其氮平衡，并评价其蛋白质营养状况及其对健康的影响。

2、甲乙两厂工龄小于十年的人数分别为500与100名，患病人数分别为25与4名；工龄大于十年的人数分别为100与600名，患病人数分别为20与66名。

（ 1 ）、列表，计算统计指标（ 2 ）、哪个患病率高，为什么？3、试述反映小气候对人体影响的指标4、有机溶剂生产厂…… 资料齐全，发病率高于一般。

现需要调查识别该厂是否存在职业性危害，请你设计调查方案和技术路线。

包括流行病学主要调查手段、对象纳入排除标准，观察指标，环境暴露评价方案，混杂因素与质量控制。

5、论述队列研究和病例对照研究的基本原理及其异同点。

2011年卫生综合一、名词解释（5分一题，共50分）91、钴胺素2、大肠菌群3、拟合优度检验4、决定系数5、环境影响评价6、化学耗氧量7、热适应)8、生物监测9、偏倚10、筛检二、选择（3分一题，60分）（略）三、简答（10分一题，100分1、反式脂肪酸的概念和健康危害2、食品腐败变质的原因及处理措施3、假设检验功效的概念及意义4、去死因寿命表的原理5、大气污染的间接危害6、土壤生物性污染的危害7、职业卫生基本调查内容8、职业卫生标准制定原则9、AR和RR的概念及用途10、举例说明移民流行病学概念和意义四、论述（18分一题，90分）1、某个人的人体资料，给了视黄醇，类胡萝卜素和B-胡萝卜素的含量，计算他的维生素A 摄入量，评价他的维生素的营养状况及可能的健康危害（注：涉及到视黄醇当量的计算）2、普通饲料和两种饲料喂养大白鼠一段时间后血红蛋白含量的变化，给出方差分析表，并完成方差分析表。

2．举例说明流行病学因果关系推断的原则。 3．工作中预防疲劳的措施主要有哪些？ 4．试述室内空气污染的来源和特点。 5．试述蛋白质-热能营养不良症的类型、临床表现及预防。
2003年北京大学卫生综合考研真题 一、名词解释（每题3分，共30分） 1．Berkson bias（入院率偏倚） 2．Infectious focus（疫源地） 3．统计推断 4．动态数列 5．职业病 6．劳动卫生监督 7．POPs 8．Eutrophication（富营养化） 9．Acceptable daily intake（可耐受每日摄取量） 10．Amino acid pattern 二、选择题（每题2分，共20分） 1．当评价一项筛检试验的真实性时，下列哪种说法是正确的？（ ） A．只要灵敏度高其真实性必定高 B．只要特异度高其真实性必定高 C．阳性预测值越高其真实性越高 D．假阳性率与假阴性率均低时真实性高 E．假阳性率与假阴性率均高时真实性高 2．下列哪种说法是正确的？（ ）
2015年北京大学762卫生综合（一）考 研真题（回忆版）
2016年北京大学762卫生综合（一）考 研真题（回忆版）
2017年北京大学762卫生综合（一）考 研真题（回忆版）
2001年北京大学卫生综合考研真题 一、名词解释（每题2分，共20分） 1．Fatality rate 2．Dynamic series 3．Monosaccharide 4．Botulinum toxin 5．Work-related disease 6．Biological monitoring 7．Dioxin 8．Humus 9．Overmatching 10．Attributable risk proportion 二、简答题（每题4分，共40分） 1．简述煤烟型烟雾事件的特点。 2．简述饮水消毒剂选择时应考虑的基本因素。 3．正态分布，标准正态分布与对数正态分布在概念和应用上有何异 同。 4．假设检验时，一般当P＜0.05，则拒绝H0，理论依据是什么？ 5．多糖可分为哪两类，每类列举三种多糖。 6．维生素E（生育酚）在自然界中有哪些八种化合物，其中以何种化合

2009年公共卫生硕士真题（流行病学基础）新阳光公共卫生硕士辅导老师为大家整理的2010年公共卫生硕士真题，望大家勤加练习。

一、单项选择题（每小题1分，共10分）1．关于续发率，下列说法不正确的是（）。

A．续发率是指某病的易感接触者中，在该病的最短潜伏期至最长潜伏期内发生二代病例数的频率B．续发率的性质类似于患病率C．通过续发率可以分析传染力的大小D．通过续发率可以推算传染期E．通过续发率可以评价防疫措施的效果2．在一定时期、一定人群中某病新病例出现的频率称为（）。

A．感染率B．续发率C．检出率D．患病率E．发病率3．欲调查全国高一学生的身高，首先根据经济水平将全国34个省市自治区直辖市分成发达、中等、落后三类，在每类中随机抽取2个省；在抽中的省内随机抽取3个市，对抽中的市内所有高一学生进行身高测量。

以上调查中所用的抽样方法是（）。

A．分层抽样+系统抽样B．分层抽样+整群抽样C．整群抽样+单纯随机抽样D．系统抽样+单纯随机抽样E．系统抽样+整群抽样4．关于样本量，以下说法正确的是（）。

A．预期患病率越高，所需样本量越大B．允许误差越小，所需样本量越小C．把握度越大，所需样本量越大D．统计检验的水准α越小，所需样本量越小E．精确度越低，所需样本量越大5．在一项关于生活压力事件和患冠脉疾病是否相关的病例对照研究中，如果病例组比对照组更易回忆出既往的生活压力事件，这将造成关联强度OR值发生什么改变：（）。

A．被高估B．被低估C．无影响D．无法判断E．无法计算OR值6．为探讨孕妇感染风疹病毒后对胎儿的影响，选择200例确诊有风疹病毒感染史的孕妇，同时选择同期医院中确诊无风疹病毒感染史的孕妇，追踪两组孕妇的胎儿出生情况，此研究方法属于（）。

A．病例对照研究B．队列研究C．现况研究D．临床试验E．生态学研究7．流行病学三角包含的因素是（）。

A．宿主、环境和病原体B．机体、生物环境和社会环境C．宿主、环境和病因D．遗传、环境和社会E．遗传、环境和人群8．流行病学研究的观察法与实验法之间的根本区别是（）。

北京大学医学部2016卫生综合一名词解释50分( e' Y' K# v" x1.prebiotic% P. `, u) H) M2.N-nitrosomines3.systematic error4.土壤环境容量" Q4 J6 @+ m! d5.GZB/T6.randomized block design7.environmental health risk assessment8 z" I. ^$ I3 E" D# i9 ]; x8.work related disease0 I4 o% A- d4 G0 ^munity intervention trial 6 f5 k4 W) n# l1 e" N10.secondary attack rate二，选择题，60分，20个选择我国允许使用的天然色素（番茄红素）环境基准哪项是错的（有法律效力是错的）不是因果推断强度的指标（人群危险度，归因危险度，比值比，以上都不是，还有一个忘了）一个配对OR计算正态曲线右侧面积97.5%的界点是多少（均数—1.96标准差）母乳中缺乏的维生素（铁）多环芳烃说法错误的是（空气中最多的是苯并比？？）哪项受到颗粒物粒径的影响三，简答题。

100分，10个1.反式脂肪酸主要来自于哪些食物，对健康有什么影响 1 H7 s: L$ x2 P& s2.油脂酸败的原因和预防措施3.t检验与Z检验的使用条件有什么不同( Z3 V. w$ K5 p f4.生存概率1P x和生存率P0有什么区别 3 v/ a7 x4 x# o% F5 f- q5.职业流行病学的调查人群的偏性来源: ]* q# D/ \) A$ F8 w! }6.防止振动危害的措施有哪些* f- x) M& n1 ?0 @% k- I7.集中式地下水水源选择的原则是什么8.军团菌的传播途径有哪些+ ]- }( s/ m7 _" y9.人群易感性的定义，影响其升高或降低的因素有哪些 3 Y/ H6 E: ^ L( ?- S10匹配的定义，目的，什么是过度匹配四，论述，90分，5个1.2014年《中国居民膳食营养素参考摄入量》2013版中，（1）DRIs的主要指标以及其意义和应用，（2）2013版与2000版本有什么变化# g1 v; [0 s" r2.某医生采用甲乙两种疗法治疗某种严重疾病，甲疗法治疗30人，死亡4人，乙疗法治疗64人死亡9人，) t( j4 [9 a: B( ?5 W7 G& M（1）制作统计表格，计算病死率，（2）采用何种统计方法来比较两种疗法的优劣) M% @" d i; E9 _! q（3）写出具体的检验步骤，包括检验假设，数据需代入公式（不需要计算），并写出可能的统计结论，写出可能犯的错误类型，% e* `7 o5 c1 K/ M" C; @/ c$ @' n3.写出评价小气候对人体影响的生理指标" b3 x B3 X- w: A5 E% d4.根据中国的经济发展估计下中国未来20年可能需要重点管理的2中职业病，并说明理由，并对预防措施提出建议) N W" A) ?- N- @# l3 u O9 g5.串联和并联实验，记得是应用尿碘和血碘来检测甲状腺功能正常还是异常表格是9 Y3 D) i$ l$ o* b. l尿碘阳性，血碘阴性甲状腺功能异常甲状腺功能正常尿碘阴性，血碘阳性 2 M, y; C& I, ?6 W* j0 D" s两者均阳两者均阴& k( |% ^; C+ w; L（1）单独计算尿碘，血碘的灵敏度和特异性（2）并联和串联时的灵敏度和特异性（3）忘记了，如果谁记得的话可以补充哈，或者错的地方改正下，2015北京大学卫生综合考研真题一、名解（10×5=50）1、Nutrition claims 2 S" @; ]8 I! h! I2、Risk Assessment- l- \; I/ ?$ ^( M9 e# Q3、survival rate, S/ n2 t8 \8 n& Q& b4 ^7 a, T4、experimental effect 6 @8 Q& O6 g! C5 k5、PoPs: K" R1 X1 M, x, O6 b& o& ~9 D6、化学耗氧量7、劳动强度指数% U5 R& q4 @- G1 h# h- w( l& r5 A8、职业暴露评价& Z) Y3 \6 @! B4 H9、Incidence density10、Confounding bias0 z* V( a' O3 c7 M( A二、选择（20×3=60）三、简答（10×10=100）6 |( n% r; q- ` N* c. y% ]1、简述孕妇营养不良对胎儿的影响？" k4 _# j5 ?! u) j: e2、高温处理含高蛋白的食物可能产生哪种有害物质，会产生哪些危害？. ~" K: ]2 x* i ?8 R2 Y2 O3、简述原生环境和次生环境的区别与特点？: C8 L* ^8 K! R! B4、简述室内甲醛的来源和健康危害？5、简述估计样本含量的意义及影响因素？6、简述2×2析因设计的基本思想？7、简述职业卫生法律法规安全体系的基本构成？. V, X- h' n! x5 B! g' Y8 u8、简述职业安全生产监督总局与职业卫生和生育计划委员会在职业卫生和职业病防治中的责任或作用？# H% [6 Q( E& k/ a9、简述潜伏期的概念及其在流行病学研究中的意义？0 A b# k$ W) O! d% u10、简述病例对照研究的优缺点？四、论述（5×18=90）, w/ S5 D/ A T4 A V' z7 [1、某男25岁，身高170cm，体重90公斤。

年年 年
北京大学 合计 201362657 13.20 18797265914.15 18546 2925 15.77 22472288 2319
合计 277 18 6.50 267 25 9.36 273 26 9.52 59 70 71
应用
统计
7 4 57.14 30 9 30.00
15 18
硕士
物信
息学）
★生
物学
（生 17
13 1 7.69 3 1 33.33 4 2 5
物技
术）
生态
3 学
地球与空 合计 194 57 29.38 166 44 26.51 203 54 26.60 62 57 55
专注中国名校保（考）研考博辅导权威
间科学学 地图
院
学与
地理 34 5
本专业 02、03、06～10、15～27 方向为推荐免试，01、04 方向各含推荐 免试生 2 名。
101 思想政治理论
201 英语一
353 卫生综合
专注中国名校保（考）研考博辅导权威
三、2015 北京大学公共卫生考研参考书
01 《西方哲学原著选读》（上下卷）商务印书馆 02 《现代西方哲学论著选读》上册 洪谦商务印书馆 03 《现代西方哲学论著选读》陈启伟 北京大学出版社 04 《存在主义哲学资料选集》（上） 熊伟商务印书馆 05 《西方哲学简史》赵敦华北京大学出版社 06 《新现代西方哲学》刘放桐 人民出版社 07 《现代西方哲学新篇》赵敦华 北京大学出版社 08 《现象学运动》施皮格伯 商务印书馆 09 《西方哲学通史》（第一卷）赵敦华 北京大学出版社 10 《西方哲学史》 梯利 美商务印书馆 50 元 01 中国现代哲学史 张文儒 郭建宁 北京大学出版社 02 中国现代哲学史教学资料选编 许全兴 陈战难 北京大学出版社 03 马克思主义哲学史 北京大学出版社 第 6,7 卷

北京大学医学部2006——2011年卫生综合北京大学医学部2006 年卫生综合一、名词解释（3’×10=30）1、acid precipitation2、Legionella disease3、miscible calcium pools4、GRAS 物质5、秩和检验6、方差分析7、尘肺8、职业肿瘤9、epidemic process10、selection bias二、选择题（2’×10=20）1、以下疾病与脂肪摄入过高无关的是：A 高血压B 乳腺癌C 痛风D 冠心病2、某沿海地区居民进食海鲜后6 小时，突发上腹部阵发性痉挛、腹泻，粪便为水样或洗肉水样，体温在37-38℃之间，回盲部有明显的压痛，最可能是何种细菌引起的食物中毒：A 葡萄球菌B 变形杆菌C 肉毒梭菌D 副溶血弧菌3、以下关于Ⅰ类错误和Ⅱ类错误的描述那一项是不正确的A．犯Ⅰ类错误的概率用α表示，犯Ⅱ类错误的概率用β表示B．样本量确定时，犯Ⅰ类错误的概率越大，犯Ⅱ类错误的概率也越大C．要想同时减少Ⅰ类错误和Ⅱ类错误，需要增大样本含量D．样本量确定时，犯Ⅰ类错误的概率越大，犯Ⅱ类错误的概率越小4、三个率比较的 2检验，若P<0.05,则结论是：A．三个样本率各不相同B．总体率间两两有差别C．至少有两个总体率有差别D．P1、P2、P3 不等或不全等5、能产生温室效应的气体是：A．CO2B．SO2C．COD．H2S6、光化学烟雾的指示物：A．过氧甲酰硝酸酯B．O2C．过氧乙酰硝酸酯D．甲醛7、电离辐射的生物学作用的一般规律是：A．频率愈高，生物学作用愈强B．频率愈低，生物学作用愈强C．波长愈长，生物学作用愈强D．频率愈短，生物学作用愈弱8、生产过程中铅进入人体的主要途径是：A．皮肤B．呼吸道C．消化道D．皮肤和呼吸道9、当评价一项筛检试验的真实性时，下列哪种说法是正确的；A．只要灵敏度高其真实性必定高B．只要特异度高其真实性必定高C．假阳性率与假阴性率均低时真实性高D．假阳性率与假阴性率均高时真实性高10、下列哪种说法是正确的：A．计算某病的病死率与死亡率的分子相同．B．计算某病的病死率与死亡率的分母相同．C．死亡率高的疾病其病死率一定低D．死亡率高的疾病其病死率一定高三、简答题（5’×10=50）1、简述膳食纤维的生理作用？2、简述中国缮食指南？3、简述氯化消毒的基本原理？4、简述环境流行病学的特点？5、某项研究显示：200 名学龄儿童的舒张压与三年后的舒张压的相关系数r=0.215，P<0.01，于是研究者认为两次舒张压的线性关系非常密切。

03年一．名词解释Berkson bias \\ infectious focus \\ 统计推断 \\ 动态数列 \\ 职业病 \\ 劳动卫生监督 \\ POPs \\ eutrophioation \\ acceptable daily intake \\ amino acid pattern二．选择题1．当评价一项筛检试验的真实性时，下列哪种说法是正确的：A．只要灵敏度高其真实性必定高B．只要特异度高其真实性必定高C．阳性预测值越高其真实性越高D．假阳性率与假阴性率均低时真实性高E．假阳性率与假阴性率均高低时真实性高2．下列哪种说法是正确的A．计算某病的病死率与死亡率的分子相同B．计算某病的病死率与死亡率的分母相同C．死亡率高的疾病其病死率一定低D．死亡率高的疾病其病死率一定高E．死亡率的高低与其病死率无关3．反映计量资料的频数分布，宜选用A．直条图 B．圆图 C．直方图 D．线图 E．散点图4．等级资料比较，宜用A．t检验 B．t’检验 C．方差分析 D．秩和检验 E．U检验5．在生产劳动过程中毒物进入人体最主要的途径是A．皮肤 B．消化道 C．呼吸道D．呼吸道及消化道 E．消化道及皮肤6．确认人类致癌物最有力的证据是A．流行病学调查研究已有明确证据B．动物实验已有明确证据C．临床发现肿瘤病例D．细胞生物学研究得到阳性结果E．细胞生物学和动物实验都有明确证据7．慢性砷中毒可引起人体A．皮肤瘙痒 B．骨软化 C．皮肤角化D．视野缩小 E．骨质硬化8．评价室内空气清洁度最常用的指标是A．NO2 B．SO2C．CO D．CO2E．NO9．储留氮/吸收氮*100%表示的是A．蛋白质净利用率 B．生物价 C．蛋白质的功效比值D．蛋白质的消化率 E．蛋白质的表观消化率10．表示体内储存铁降低的指标是A．血红蛋白降低 B．红细胞游离原卟啉下降 C．红细胞游离原卟啉升高D．血清铁蛋白下降 E．红细胞总数下降三．简答题1．流行病学实验研究与队列研究有何不同2．病毒性肝炎的分类与其传播途径的特点3．某研究发现，乳腺癌病人中有80%的结过婚，该研究者据此认为，结婚是乳腺癌俄危险因素之一，请问这种观点对吗，为什么4．调查研究中，如何控制/减少系统误差5．说出铸工可能接触到的职业有害因素（3种以上）及其引起的职业病名称6．说出4种能够引起视觉损伤的物理因素，并说明引起何种损伤7．环境镉污染对健康影响的特征8．PM10对人群健康的危害9．DRI与RDA的异同四．问答题1．评价筛检方法优劣的主要指标有哪些，说明指标间的相互关系，评价一项筛检计划的主要内容包括什么，影响因素有哪些2．据文献报道，中国西部贫困地区儿童体格发育较发达地区落后，且集中表现在12-36个月的儿童，某研究随机调查了青海等西部5省12-36个月儿童50000名，对每位儿童询问/测量了性别、月龄和体重，请问针对上述资料，能做哪些统计分析3．如何识别职业性有害因素4．举例说明环境污染所致慢性健康危害的特征5．试述我国居民膳食中易缺乏的脂溶性和水溶性维生素与人体健康的关系及预防措施（各举一例）。

公卫考研北大试题及答案一、单项选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 下列哪项不是公共卫生的主要研究领域？A. 流行病学B. 环境卫生C. 健康心理学D. 临床医学答案：D2. 公共卫生的核心目标是什么？A. 提高个体健康水平B. 预防疾病、促进健康C. 治疗疾病D. 提高医疗服务质量答案：B3. 以下哪个指标通常不用于衡量公共卫生干预措施的效果？A. 死亡率B. 发病率C. 治愈率D. 健康预期寿命答案：C4. 公共卫生中“三级预防”指的是什么？A. 初级预防、二级预防、三级预防B. 预防、诊断、治疗C. 初级预防、治疗、康复D. 预防、诊断、康复答案：A5. 在公共卫生领域，以下哪个概念与“健康促进”最为接近？A. 疾病预防B. 健康教育C. 疾病治疗D. 健康监测答案：B6. 公共卫生专业人员在进行健康教育时，应该关注哪个方面？A. 疾病治疗B. 疾病预防C. 健康促进D. 健康监测答案：C7. 公共卫生的“社会决定因素”指的是什么？A. 社会经济地位B. 个人行为C. 医疗资源D. 环境因素答案：A8. 以下哪个不是公共卫生监测的常见方法？A. 病例报告B. 健康访谈C. 实验室检测D. 健康体检答案：D9. 公共卫生政策制定中，以下哪个步骤是至关重要的？A. 数据收集B. 数据分析C. 政策实施D. 政策评估答案：B10. 以下哪个因素不是影响公共卫生干预效果的？A. 干预措施的强度B. 干预措施的持续时间C. 干预措施的成本D. 干预措施的类型答案：C二、多项选择题（每题3分，共15分）1. 公共卫生专业人员需要掌握哪些技能？A. 数据分析B. 项目管理C. 临床诊断D. 政策制定E. 沟通协调答案：ABDE2. 公共卫生研究中常用的研究方法包括哪些？A. 观察性研究B. 实验性研究C. 描述性研究D. 病例对照研究E. 队列研究答案：ABCDE3. 公共卫生干预措施的类型包括哪些？A. 健康教育B. 环境改善C. 疫苗接种D. 健康促进E. 疾病筛查答案：ABCDE4. 公共卫生监测的目的是什么？A. 疾病预防B. 健康促进C. 早期发现疾病D. 评估干预效果E. 制定健康政策答案：CDE5. 公共卫生专业人员在制定健康政策时需要考虑哪些因素？A. 社会经济因素B. 政治因素C. 文化因素D. 法律因素E. 伦理因素答案：ABCDE三、简答题（每题5分，共20分）1. 简述公共卫生与临床医学的主要区别。

XXX公卫考研真题-卫生综合1999-2013年(整理版)Anhui Medical University's 1999 XXX sciencesExam subject: Health ComprehensiveMajor: logy and Health Statistics。

XXX。

Maternal and Child Health and Family Planning。

n and Food XXXI。

n of XXX:1.Resident food structure2.Social norms of food hygiene3.Lead n4.Mercury toxicity tremors5.Geochemical diseases of logical origin6.XXX XXX7.Probability8.Confidence interval9.Life XXX10.n d11.Cohort12.Matching13.logy of nII。

Fill in the XXX:1.XXX _____.2.Pesticides that have been banned from n and use in China include _____.3.N-XXX。

of which _____ is the XXX.4.The public health issues related to melamine plastics are _____.5.XXX silicosis can be divided into _____.6.n XXX.7.The types of combined effects of environmental factors include _____.8.Meteorological factors。

including temperature。

98年1.影响红细胞谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性的营养素是A 维生素EB 维生素C C 硒 D铁2．大米、面粉蛋白质的限制氨基酸是A 蛋氨酸B 赖氨酸C 色氨酸 D亮氨酸3．β-胡萝卜素的生物效价相当于维生素A的A 1/2B 1/6C 1/3 D1/44．二十二碳六烯酸可由下列不饱和脂肪酸转换而来A 亚油酸B α-亚麻酸 Cγ-亚麻酸 D油酸5.孕早期严重缺乏下列维生素，是造成新生儿神经管畸形的主要原因A 维生素AB 维生素B12C 叶酸 D维生素B6 6．不耐高温加热的毒素有A 葡萄球菌肠毒素B 肉毒毒素C 黄曲霉毒素 D河豚毒素7．单端孢霉毒素产生于A 赫曲霉B 寄生曲霉C 青霉菌属 D镰刀菌属8．引起低血钾症状的食物中毒有A 鲜黄花菜中毒B 发芽马铃薯中毒C 毒蕈中毒 D棉酚引起的棉籽油中毒9．副溶血性弧菌最适宜生长的含盐浓度为A 0.5%B 3.5%C 7.5%D 10.5%10．叔丁基羟基茴香醚是食品添加剂的A 漂白剂B 抗氧化剂C 乳化剂D 甜味剂11．职业病发病有什么特点12．举出四种能对眼睛产生危害的物理因素，并说明能引起何种损害13．说出下列物质能引起职业肿瘤的好发部位苯煤焦油砷联苯胺14．简述具有重要卫生学意义的粉尘理化特性15．解释下列名词含义MAC TLV-TWA 局部振动病尘肺16．比较伦敦烟雾事件和洛杉矶光化学烟雾事件的污染特征和影响17．反映地面水生物性污染及自净能力，常用哪些检测指标18．什么是有效温度，包括哪几项气象因素19．简述镉米的污染来源及对人体健康的主要危害20．排毒系数的含义及用途是什么21．简述流行病学研究方法的基本类型的定义，并说明各方法在病因推断中的价值22．列举物五种流行病学研究中常见的偏倚，阐述其概念，并举实例解释23．实施以医院为基础的病例对照研究时，如何考虑对照组设计24．简述随机对照实验的设计要点25．病毒性肝炎分几型，与肝癌有病因联系的是何型，并说明其流行病学依据26．统计推断包括哪两个主要方面，并列举其内容27．构成比有哪两个特点，理解其特点在实际应用上有何意义28．当样本较大时，两样本率比较的卡方检验得卡方值为 1.64 ，若用两样本率比较的u检验，则u值等于多少，为什么29．何谓可靠性，如何衡量样本可靠性，样本可靠性差时，可以采取什么措施来提高样本的可靠性30．SY.X 的中英文名称请写出，并解释其含义，写出SY.X的计算公式、计算步骤及用途统计学概念题1．寿命表的种类、编制方法（写出步骤、公式）及用途2．何谓根本死因，简述死因统计的归类原则3．疾病统计中疾病分类及疾病统计分组的原则是什么4．随机区组方差分析的适用条件，它与单因素方差分析有何区别，优点是什么，多组间两两均数比较为何不用通常的t检验5．实验设计的基本要素是什么，阐述其要点计算题1．下表是完全随机抽样测量资料，可做哪些分析（要求写出计算公式、步骤、计算结果精确到小数两位）某地健康成人的第1秒肺通气量FEV（L）FEV（L）人数男女2.0- 1 42.5- 3 83.0- 11 233.5- 27 334.0- 36 204.5- 26 105.0- 10 25.5- 3 06.0-6.5 1 0118 100注：正态性检验男女FEV（L）均呈正态分布2．某病用一种新的治疗方法，治愈率为80%，若抽取一个含量为64例的随机样本，根据正态近似法，此样本所得治愈率在70.2%-89.8%之间的可能性是多大？3．初估A法的阳性率为71%，B法的阳性率为39%，拟检出两种方法结果的差异，需多大样本作实验（规定双侧α=0.05，β=0.1）注：U0.1双侧=1.65，=1.262U0.1单侧4．在同一时间、同一环境中完全随机抽取年龄、工龄相近（相差不超过两岁或两年）的男工人（工种相同）测定肺活量与血液氧分压得关系，结果如下肺活量（L） X 3.41 3.10 3.00 2.95 3.90 3.95血液氧分压 Y 13 8 9 12 15 16（已知成年男子肺活量与血液氧分压测定值均呈正态分布）问：（1）直线相关系数r及其假设检验（2）直线回归方程（3）设肺活量为3.5L ，95%可信区间① UY②个体Y值得95%区间流行病学一．名词解释1．Birth cohort analysis2．Cumulative incidence3．Migrant epidemiology4．Odds ratio5．Specificity6．Confounding7．Mcneyman bias8．Compliance9．RCT10．Nests case-control study二．判断题1．天花不属于国际检疫传染病2．解决伤寒、痢疾、霍乱等肠道传染病的关键是做好易感人群的预防保护3．人群感染脊髓灰质炎病毒后，绝大多数人无临床表现，出现瘫痪症状者极少4．戊型肝炎主要是经血或血制品传播的5．目前我国发现的性病中以梅毒最多三、简答题1．发病率与患病率有何不同2．进行疾病筛检应具备哪些条件3．简述队列研究与流行病学实验研究的异同点4．试以吸烟与肺癌关系的流行病学研究为例，简述因果关系的病因推断5．传染病流行过程的生物学基础与影响因素6．疫源地消灭的基本条件是什么7．类实验研究的主要特点是什么8．病毒性肝炎的主要类型与乙型肝炎的抗原抗体系统有哪些9．AIDS的主要传播途径和预防要点10．简述传染病潜伏期的流行病学意义四．分析题1．在一项队列研究中，暴露组和非暴露组某病发病的真实情况的分布如下暴露组非暴露组合计发病 60 30 90未发病 40 70 110合计 100 100 200现假设某研究者对暴露者和非暴露者分别采用了真实性不同的两种方法去确定疾病，暴露组所用方法的正确指数=0.6，假阳性率=0.3，非暴露组所用方法的正确指数=0.5，假阳性率=0.1，问：（1）研究结果会出现何种偏倚（2）偏倚的大小（3）偏倚的方向2．有一项对饮酒者的随访研究，探讨饮酒、戒酒与喉癌发病的关系，其真实结果为：人群中2/3人仍然为饮酒者，其发病率为50/10万人年，戒酒者发病率为10/10万人年，戒酒可减少喉癌发病，假定在调查时的实际饮酒者中只有20万的人承认饮酒，请对研究结果进行评价。

99年1．必需氨基酸是指（）氨基酸A人体必需的 B人体合成的C人体不能合成的 D必须从食物中来源的2．必需脂肪酸是指（）脂肪酸A人体必需的 B人体合成的C人体不能合成的 D必须从食物中来源的3．铁蛋白和含铁血黄素是（）的指标A循环中的铁 B血红蛋白中的铁C体内储存的铁 D人体可利用的铁4．人体血液中维生素A浓度处于（）状态A不稳定 B相对稳定C动态平衡 D随摄入维生素A而变动5．叶酸缺乏，可造成（）贫血A小细胞低色素性 B大细胞低色素性C镰刀细胞性 D巨幼红细胞性6．RDA是指A推荐的营养素需要量 B推荐的每日营养素需要量 C推荐的营养素供给量 D推荐的每日营养素供给量7．霉菌毒素中毒性最强的毒素是A赫曲毒素 B镰刀菌素C黄曲霉毒素B1 D黄曲霉毒素N8．人体内N-亚硝基化合物的来源A主要从食物中来 B主要是体内合成C人体合成小于食物来源 D人体合成大于食物来源9．ADI值越大，表明食品添加剂A安全性大 B安全性小C食品添加量大 D食品添加量小10．肉毒中毒的病原体为A无芽孢肉毒梭菌 B有芽孢肉毒梭菌C肉毒毒素 D肉毒外毒素11．劳动者接触职业性有害因素引起职业性损害，主要取决于（）（）（）方面的因素12．进入体内的毒物排出途径有（）（）（）（）13．矽肺病理形态分为（）型（）型（）型14．生产环境的气象条件主要指（）（）（）（）15．职业肿瘤具有的流行病学特点主要有（）（）（）（）（）16．水俣病是何种污染物引起的，主要症状有哪些17．氯化消毒为何要测定水中余氯，为何要在加氯后用半小时再测定18．大气采样为何要在呼吸带高度，呼吸带高度是多少19．控制农药对土壤的污染为何以有机氯农药为重点，常见有机氯农药有哪几种20．简述室内空气污染的主要污染物种类21．简述流行病学研究的三大特点22．什么是以人群为基础的病例对照研究，可做哪些流行病学指标分析23．什么是分子流行病学研究，简述其应用领域24．试以吸烟与肺癌为例，按重要性大小排列，确立因果关系的标准25．流行病学实验有哪几种类型，其设计的关键是什么26．样本例数的估计，事先应考虑哪些因素27．简述去死因寿命表的意义28．解释名词：population pyramid29．寿命表法计算生存率的基本原理30．统计描述与统计推断分别应掌握哪些要点营养一．名词解释RAD \\ retinol binding protein \\ polyunsaturated fatty acid \\ polysaccharides \\ specific dynamic action \\ heterocyclic amines \\N-nitrosamide \coliform group \\ ADI \\ tetrodotoxin \\二．解答1．简述营养素生理需要量与营养素膳食供给量的概念，并说明热能供给量的制定原则与营养素供给量制定原则相比有何特点2．简述人体铁缺乏的分期及各期常用生化鉴定指标的变化3．生物细胞膜为何易受过氧化损伤，试在体内两类抗氧化作用防御系统中各举一种营养素并说明其机理4．试以水溶性维生素为例，简述孕期营养不良与新生儿出生缺陷的关系5．试述三个常见的食品细菌污染的指标及其卫生学意义6．我国当前使用最多的一类农药是什么，说明其污染农作物的途径、残留、对人体危害及预防7．试述人体内N-亚硝基化合物的来源、对人体危害及预防8．试比较副溶血性弧菌食物中毒与葡萄球菌肠毒素中毒的异同卫生统计学一．名词解释Factorial design \\ Hamoscedasticity \\ Mean length of generation \\ Binomial distribution \\ Partial regression二．计算分析题1．已知一正态分布平均值为40分，有7%的个体得分达到和超过70分，问标准差是多少2．40-45岁男性的随机样本中，以下三种疾病患者的收缩压有无不同。

2009年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Research on animal intelligence always makes me wonder just how smart humans are.1 the fruit-fly experiments described in Carl Zimmer‘s piece in the Science Times on Tuesday. Fruit flies who were taught to be smarter than the average fruit fly 2 to live shorter lives. This suggests that 3 bulbs burn longer, that there is an 4 in not being too terrifically bright.Intelligence, it 5 out, is a high-priced option. It takes more upkeep, burns more fuel and is slow 6 the starting line because it depends on learning — a gradual 7 — instead of instinct. Plenty of other species are able to learn, and one of the things they‘ve apparently learned is when to 8 .Is there an adaptive value to 9 intelligence? That‘s the question behind this new research. I like it. Instead of casting a wistful glance 10 at all the species we‘ve left in the dust I.Q.-wise, it implicitly asks what the real11 of our own intelligence might be. This is 12 the mind of every animal I‘ve ever met.Research on animal intelligence also makes me wonder what experiments animals would 13 on humans if they had the chance. Every cat with an owner, 14 , is running a small-scale study in operant conditioning. we believe that 15 animals ran the labs, they would test us to 16 the limits of our patience, our faithfulness, our memory for terrain. They would try to decide what intelligence in humans is really 17 , not merely how much of it there is. 18 , they would hope to study a 19 question: Are humans actually aware of the world they live in? 20 the results are inconclusive.1. [A] Suppose [B] Consider [C] Observe [D] Imagine2. [A] tended [B] feared [C] happened [D] threatened3. [A] thinner [B] stabler [C] lighter [D] dimmer4. [A] tendency [B] advantage [C] inclination [D] priority5. [A] insists on [B] sums up [C] turns out [D] puts forward6. [A] off [B] behind [C] over [D] along7. [A] incredible [B] spontaneous [C]inevitable [D] gradual8. [A] fight [B] doubt [C] stop [D] think19. [A] invisible [B] limited [C] indefinite [D] different10. [A] upward [B] forward [C] afterward [D] backward11. [A] features [B] influences [C] results [D] costs12. [A] outside [B] on [C] by [D] across13. [A] deliver [B] carry [C] perform [D] apply14. [A] by chance [B] in contrast [C] as usual [D] for instance15. [A] if [B] unless [C] as [D] lest16. [A] moderate [B] overcome [C] determine [D] reach17. [A] at [B] for [C] after [D] with18. [A] Above all [B] After all [C] However [D] Otherwise19. [A] fundamental [B] comprehensive [C] equivalent [D] hostile20. [A] By accident [B] In time [C] So far [D] Better stillSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text1Habits are a funny thing. We reach for them mindlessly, setting our brains on auto-pilot and relaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine. ―Not choice, but habit rules the unreflecting herd,‖ William Wordsworth said in the 19th century. In the ever-changing 21st century, even the word ―habit‖ carries a ne gative connotation.So it seems antithetical to talk about habits in the same context as creativity and innovation. But brain researchers have discovered that when we consciously develop new habits, we create parallel synaptic paths, and even entirely new brain cells, that can jump our trains of thought onto new, innovative tracks.But don‘t bother trying to kill off old habits; once those ruts of procedure are worn into the hippocampus, they‘re there to stay. Instead, the new habits we deliberately ingrain into ourselves create parallel pathways that can bypass those old roads.―The first thing needed for innovation is a fascination with wonder,‖ says Dawna Markova, author of ―The Open Mind‖ and an executive change consultant for Professional Thinking Part ners. ―But we are taught instead to ‗decide,‘ just as our president calls himself ‗the Decider.‘‖ She adds, however, that ―to decide is to kill off all possibilities but one. A good innovational thinker is always exploring the many other possibilities.‖A ll of us work through problems in ways of which we‘re unaware, she says. Researchers in the late 1960 covered that humans are born with the capacity to2approach challenges in four primary ways: analytically, procedurally, relationally (or collaboratively) and innovatively. At puberty, however, the brain shuts down half of that capacity, preserving only those modes of thought that have seemed most valuable during the first decade or so of life.The current emphasis on standardized testing highlights analysis and procedure, meaning that few of us inherently use our innovative and collaborative modes of thought. ―This breaks the major rule in the American belief system — that anyone can do anything,‖ explains M. J. Ryan, author of the 2006 book ―This Year I Will...‖ and Ms. Markova‘s business partner. ―That‘s a lie that we have perpetuated, and it fosters commonness. Knowing what you‘re good at and doing even more of it creates excellence.‖ This is where developing new habits comes in.21. The view of Wordsworth habit is claimed by beingA. casualB. familiarC. mechanicalD. changeable.22. The researchers have discovered that the formation of habit can beA. predictedB. regulatedC. tracedD. guided23.‖ ruts‖(in li ne one, paragraph 3) has closest meaning toA. tracksB. seriesC. characteristicsD. connections24. Ms. Markova‘s comments suggest that the practice of standard testing ? A, prevents new habits form being formedB, no longer emphasizes commonnessC, maintains the inherent American thinking modelD, complies with the American belief system25. Ryan most probably agree thatA. ideas are born of a relaxing mindB. innovativeness could be taughtC. decisiveness derives from fantastic ideasD. curiosity activates creative mindsText 2It is a wise father that knows his own child, but today a man can boost his paternal (fatherly) wisdom –or at least confirm that he‘s the kid‘s dad. All he needs to do is shell our $30 for paternity testing kit (PTK) at his local drugstore – and another $120 to get the results.More than 60,000 people have purchased the PTKs since they first become available without prescriptions last years, according to Doug Fog, chief operating officer of Identigene, which makes the over-the-counter kits. More than two dozen companies sell DNA tests Directly to the public , ranging in price from a few hundred dollars to more than $2500.3Among the most popular : paternity and kinship testing , which adopted children can use to find their biological relatives and latest rage a many passionate genealogists-and supports businesses that offer to search for a family‘s geographic roots .Most tests require collecting cells by webbing saliva in the mouth and sending it to the company for testing. All tests require a potential candidate with whom to compare DNA.But some observers are skeptical, ―There is a kind of false precision being hawked by people claiming they are doing ancestry testing,‖ says Trey Duster, a New York University sociologist. He notes that each individual has many ancestors-numbering in the hundreds just a few centuries back. Yet most ancestry testing only considers a single lineage, either the Y chromosome inherited through men in a father‘s line or mito chondrial DNA, which a passed down only from mothers. This DNA can reveal genetic information about only one or two ancestors, even though, for example, just three generations back people also have six other great-grandparents or, four generations back, 14 other great-great-grandparents.Critics also argue that commercial genetic testing is only as good as the reference collections to which a sample is compared. Databases used by some companies don‘t rely on data collected systematically but rather lump together information from different research projects. This means that a DNA database may differ depending on the company that processes the results. In addition, the computer programs a company uses to estimate relationships may be patented and not subject to peer review or outside evaluation.26.In paragraphs 1 and 2 , the text shows PTK‘s ___________.[A]easy availability[B]flexibility in pricing[C] successful promotion[D] popularity with households27. PTK is used to __________.[A]locate one‘s b irth place[B]promote genetic research[C] identify parent-child kinship[D] choose children for adoption28. Skeptical observers believe that ancestry testing fails to__________.[A]trace distant ancestors[B] rebuild reliable bloodlines[C] fully use genetic information[D] achieve the claimed accuracy29. In the last paragraph ,a problem commercial genetic testing faces is __________.4[A]disorganized data collection[B] overlapping database building30. An appropriate title for the text is most likely to be__________.[A]Fors and Againsts of DNA testing[B] DNA testing and It‘s problems[C]DNA testing outside the lab[D] lies behind DNA testingText 3The relationship between formal education and economic growth in poor countries is widely misunderstood by economists and politicians alike progress in both area is undoubtedly necessary for the social, political and intellectual development of these and all other societies; however, the conventional view that education should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic development in poor countries is wrong. We are fortunate that is it, because new educational systems there and putting enough people through them to improve economic performance would require two or three generations. The findings of a research institution have consistently shown that workers in all countries can be trained on the job to achieve radical higher productivity and, as a result, radically higher standards of living.Ironically, the first evidence for this idea appeared in the United States. Not long ago, with the country entering a recessing and Japan at its pre-bubble peak. The U.S. workforce was derided as poorly educated and one of primary cause of the poor U.S. economic performance. Japan was, and remains, the global leader in automotive-assembly productivity. Yet the research revealed that the U.S. factories of Honda Nissan, and Toyota achieved about 95 percent of the productivity of their Japanese countere pants a result of the training that U.S. workers received on the job.More recently, while examing housing construction, the researchers discovered that illiterate, non-English- speaking Mexican workers in Houston, Texas, consistently met best-practice labor productivity standards despite the complexity of the building industry‘s work.What is the real relationship between education and economic development? We have to suspect that continuing economic growth promotes the development of education even when governments don‘t force it. After all, that‘s how education got started. When our ancestors were hunters and gatherers 10,000 years ago, they didn‘t have time to wonder much about anything besides finding food. Only when humanity began to get its food in a more productive way was there time for other things.As education improved, humanity‘s productivity potential, they could in turn afford more education. This increasingly high level of education is probably a necessary, but not a sufficient, condition for the complex political systems required by advanced5economic performance. Thus poor countries might not be able to escape their poverty traps without political changes that may be possible only with broader formal education. A lack of formal education, however, doesn‘t const rain the ability of the developing world‘s workforce to substantially improve productivity for the forested future. On the contrary, constraints on improving productivity explain why education isn‘t developing more quickly there than it is.31. The author holds in paragraph 1 that the important of education in poor countries ___________.[A] is subject groundless doubts[B] has fallen victim of bias[C] is conventional downgraded[D] has been overestimated32. It is stated in paragraph 1 that construction of a new education system __________.[A]challenges economists and politicians[B]takes efforts of generations[C] demands priority from the government[D] requires sufficient labor force33.A major difference between the Japanese and U.S workforces is that __________.[A] the Japanese workforce is better disciplined[B] the Japanese workforce is more productive[C]the U.S workforce has a better education[D] ]the U.S workforce is more organize34. The author quotes the example of our ancestors to show that education emerged __________.[A] when people had enough time[B] prior to better ways of finding food[C] when people on longer went hung[D] as a result of pressure on government35. According to the last paragraph , development of education __________.[A] results directly from competitive environments[B] does not depend on economic performance[C] follows improved productivity[D] cannot afford political changesText 4The most thoroughly studied in the history of the new world are the ministers and political leaders of seventeenth-century New England. According to the standard history of American philosophy, nowhere else in colonial America was ―So much6important attached to intellectual pursuits ‖ Accord ing to many books and articles, New England‘s leaders established the basic themes and preoccupations of an unfolding, dominant Puritan tradition in American intellectual life.To take this approach to the New Englanders normally mean to start with the Puritans‘ theological innovations and their distinctive ideas about the church-important subjects that we may not neglect. But in keeping with our examination of southern intellectual life, we may consider the original Puritans as carriers of European culture adjusting to New world circumstances. The New England colonies were the scenes of important episodes in the pursuit of widely understood ideals of civility and virtuosity.The early settlers of Massachusetts Bay included men of impressive education and influence in England. `Besides the ninety or so learned ministers who came to Massachusetts church in the decade after 1629,There were political leaders like John Winthrop, an educated gentleman, lawyer, and official of the Crown before he journeyed to Boston. There men wrote and published extensively, reaching both New World and Old World audiences, and giving New England an atmosphere of intellectual earnestness.We should not forget , however, that most New Englanders were less well educated. While few crafts men or farmers, let alone dependents and servants, left literary compositions to be analyzed, The in thinking often had a traditional superstitions quality. A tailor named John Dane, who emigrated in the late 1630s, left an account of his reasons for leaving England that is filled with signs. sexual confusion, economic frustrations , and religious hope-all name together in a decisive moment when he opened the Bible, told his father the first line he saw would settle his fate, and read th e magical words: ―come out from among them, touch no unclean thing , and I will be your God and you shall be my people.‖ One wonders what Dane thought of the careful sermons explaining the Bible that he heard in puritan churched.Mean while , many se ttles had slighter religious commitments than Dane‘s, as one clergyman learned in confronting folk along the coast who mocked that they had not come to the New world for religion . ―Our main end was to catch fish. ‖36. The author notes that in the seventeenth-century New England___________.[A] Puritan tradition dominated political life.[B] intellectual interests were encouraged.[C] Politics benefited much from intellectual endeavors.[D] intellectual pursuits enjoyed a liberal environment.37. It is suggested in paragraph 2 that New Englanders__________.[A] experienced a comparatively peaceful early history.[B] brought with them the culture of the Old World[C] paid little attention to southern intellectual life[D] were obsessed with religious innovations738. The early ministers and political leaders in Massachusetts Bay__________.[A] were famous in the New World for their writings[B] gained increasing importance in religious affairs[C] abandoned high positions before coming to the New World[D] created a new intellectual atmosphere in New England39. The story of John Dane shows that less well-educated New Englanders were often __________.[A] influenced by superstitions[B] troubled with religious beliefs[C] puzzled by church sermons[D] frustrated with family earnings40. The text suggests that early settlers in New England__________.[A] were mostly engaged in political activities[B] were motivated by an illusory prospect[C] came from different backgrounds.[D] left few formal records for later referencePart BDirections:Directions: In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions (41-45), choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Coinciding with the groundbreaking theory of biological evolution proposed by British naturalist Charles Darwin in the 1860s, British social philosopher Herbert Spencer put forward his own theory of biological and cultural evolution. Spencer argued that all worldly phenomena, including human societies, changed over time, advancing toward perfection. 41.____________.American social scientist Lewis Henry Morgan introduced another theory of cultural evolution in the late 1800s. Morgan, along with Tylor, was one of the founders of modern anthropology. In his work, he attempted to show how all aspects of culture changed together in the evolution of societies.42._____________.In the early 1900s in North America, German-born American anthropologist Franz Boas developed a new theory of culture known as historical particularism. Historical particularism, which emphasized the uniqueness of all cultures, gave new direction to anthropology. 43._____________ .8Boas felt that the culture of any society must be understood as the result of a unique history and not as one of many cultures belonging to a broader evolutionary stage or type of culture. 44._______________.Historical particularism became a dominant approach to the study of culture in American anthropology, largely through the influence of many students of Boas. But a number of anthropologists in the early 1900s also rejected the particularist theory of culture in favor of diffusionism. Some attributed virtually every important cultural achievement to the inventions of a few, especially gifted peoples that, according to diffusionists, then spread to other cultures. 45.________________.Also in the early 1900s, French sociologist Émile Durkheim developed a theory of culture that would greatly influence anthropology. Durkheim proposed that religious beliefs functioned to reinforce social solidarity. An interest in the relationship between the function of society and culture—known as functionalism—became a major theme in European, and especially British, anthropology.[A] Other anthropologists believed that cultural innovations, such as inventions, had a single origin and passed from society to society. This theory was known as diffusionism.[B] In order to study particular cultures as completely as possible, Boas became skilled in linguistics, the study of languages, and in physical anthropology, the study of human biology and anatomy.[C] He argued that human evolution was characterized by a struggle he called the ―survival of the fittest,‖ in which weaker races and societies must eventu ally be replaced by stronger, more advanced races and societies.[D] They also focused on important rituals that appeared to preserve a people‘s social structure, such as initiation ceremonies that formally signify children‘s entrance into adulthood.[E] Thus, in his view, diverse aspects of culture, such as the structure of families, forms of marriage, categories of kinship, ownership of property, forms of government, technology, and systems of food production, all changed as societies evolved.[F]Supporters of the theory viewed as a collection of integrated parts that work together to keep a society functioning.[G] For example, British anthropologists Grafton Elliot Smith and W. J. Perry incorrectly suggested, on the basis of inadequate information, that farming, pottery9making, and metallurgy all originated in ancient Egypt and diffused throughout the world. In fact, all of these cultural developments occurred separately at different times in many parts of the world.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)There is a marked difference between the education which every one gets from living with others, and the deliberate educating of the young. In the former case the education is incidental; it is natural and important, but it is not the express reason of the association.46It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience; but this effect is not a part of its original motive. Religious associations began, for example, in the desire to secure the favor of overruling powers and to ward off evil influences; family life in the desire to gratify appetites and secure family perpetuity; systematic labor, for the most part, because of enslavement to others, etc. 47Only gradually was the by-product of the institution noted, and only more gradually still was this effect considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution. Even today, in our industrial life, apart from certain values of industriousness and thrift, the intellectual and emotional reaction of the forms of human association under which the world's work is carried on receives little attention as compared with physical output.But in dealing with the young, the fact of association itself as an immediate human fact, gains in importance.48 While it is easy to ignore in our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition, it is not so easy as in dealing with adults. The need of training is too evident; the pressure to accomplish a change in their attitude and habits is too urgent to leave these consequences wholly out of account. 49Since our chief business with them is to enable them to share in a common life we cannot help considering whether or no we are forming the powers which will secure this ability.If humanity has made some headway in realizing that the ultimate value of every institution is its distinctively human effect we may well believe that this lesson has been learned largely through dealings with the young.50 We are thus led to distinguish, within the broad educational process which we have been so far considering, a more formal kind of education -- that of direct tuition or schooling. In undeveloped social groups, we find very little formal teaching and training. These groups mainly rely for instilling needed dispositions into the young upon the same sort of association which keeps the adults loyal to their group.Section & Writing10Part A51. Directions:Restrictions on the use of plastic bags have not been so successful in some regions. ―White pollution ‖is still going on. Write a letter to the editor(s) of your local newspaper to1)give your opinions briefly and2)make two or three suggestionsYou should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. You do not need to write the address.Part B52. Directions:In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain its intended meaning, and then3) give your comments.You should write neatly on ANSHWER SHEET 2. (20 points)11。

A、盖膜
B、卵圆窗膜 C、基底膜
D、前庭膜
18、下列化学性突触传递特征叙述，正确的是
A、双向传播
B、不衰减传播 C、兴奋节律不变 D、对内环境变化敏感
19、脑干结构当中网状上行激活系统的主要功能
A、形成模糊的感觉
B、激发情绪生理反应
C 、起上行唤醒作用
D、 维持躯体姿势的平衡
20、生长激素增多的患者可出现
D 5S-rRNA
36、对真核和原核生物反应过程均有干扰作用，故能用作抗菌药物的是
A、四环素
B、链霉素
C、卡那霉素 D、嘌呤霉素
37、一个 tRNA 的反密码为 5 UGC 3 ,它可识别的密码是
A、 5 GCA 3
B、 5 ACG 3
C、 5 GCU 3
D、 5 GGC 3
38、基因表达调控的基本控制点是
A、顽固性高血压可联合应用不同降压药
B、尿蛋白定量大于等于 1g/d,血压应控制在 130-80mmHg 以下
C、尿蛋白定量小于 1g/d，血压应控制在 125-75mmHg 以下
D、血肌酐小于 400mmol/L 时,才能用 ACEI
70、患者,男，35 岁,反复水肿伴患血压高 5 年，近半年夜尿增多，有时牙龈出血，口渴，急促，面色逐渐
C、正反馈控制系统
D、前馈控制系统
2、神经细胞膜上的纳泵活动受抑制时，可导致的变化是
A、静息电位绝对值减小，动作电位幅度增大
B、静息电位绝对值增大，动作电位幅度减小
C、静息电位绝对值和动作电位幅度均减小
D、静息电位绝对值和动作电位幅度均增大
3、在神经-骨骼肌接头完成信息传递后，能消除接头处神经递质的酶是
A 、白色血栓

北京大学医学部卫生综合历年真题13年真题一、名词解释 5分*101.sampling error：抽样误差2.standard normal deviation：标准正态偏离3.cellulose：纤维素4.preservative：防腐剂5.humus：腐殖质6.逆温(本来就是中文)7.occupational injury：工伤8.work capacity：作业能力9.cumulative incidence:累积发病率10.recall bias:回忆偏倚二、选择题 3分*20(很多选项不记得就略了)1.比较两国疾病发病的变化趋势应该用哪种统计图A.对数线图B.普通线图C.直方图D.散点图E.百分条图2.在单因素方差分析中必定有：A.SS总=SS组间+SS组内B.MS总=MS组间+MS组内C.SS组间&gt;SS组内D.SS组内&lt;组间E.不记得3.描述线形与回归变量要求正确的是4.完全寿命表中分析20岁的期望寿命实际年龄是A.=&lt;20B.=20C.&gt;=20D.E.略5.在DRIs中哪项是针对群体的指标:A.ULB.ADIC.AID.RNIE.EAR6.我国允许使用的天然色素7.霉变甘蔗的致病物质8.下列氨基酸中人体不可缺少自身又不能合成必须由食物供给的是9.酸雨形成的前体是10.下列属于空气二次污染物的是11.慢性甲基汞中毒的主要靶器官是12.不记得了....13.我国用于评价噪声的卫生指标是:A.A声级B.B声级C.C声级D.网络计权14.下列不属于窒息性气体的是15.测量铅不能使用的方法是16.下列对职业病的描述不正确的是A.病因明确B.接触同一有害因素的人出现群体发病C.是人为性疾病D.我国职业病中尘肺是发病最多的职业病E.有剂量-反应关系17.研究者为研究吸烟与肺癌的关系,搜集了吸烟与肺癌以往的发病资料进行病因分析,这种研究属于18.某已知灵敏度与特异度的筛检试验,分别对甲乙两人群进行筛检,筛检阳性结果甲人群10人,乙人群1人,说明。

简答
1.P和α的差别 2．方差分析的原理
论述 1．案例题，和书上的标准误那章的难度一样，大家看书上的就 好，主要是弄明白原理 还有两道题，没来得及看
劳动卫生与职业病学
名解（都是英文的） 1静力作业，2化学窒息性气体，3职业肿瘤，4生物监测 ，5 工效学
简答 1 影响振动作用的因素 2中暑按发病机制分类
住宅的室内由于屋顶、地板、门窗和墙壁等围护结构以及室内的人 工空气调节设备等综合作用，形成了与室外不同的室内气候，称为室内 小气候。室内小气候主要是由气温、气湿、气流和热辐射这四个气象因 素组成。
二、选择(每题1分，共10分) 1．臭氧层位于（ ） A、平流层 B、对流层 C、外层大气 D、热层 E、中间层
简答 1病例对照研究的原理 2疾病的三间分布
论述：忘了
2014年首都医科大学卫生综合考 研真题（回忆版）
环境卫生学 名解 化学耗氧量，环境内分泌干扰物，人口净 密度， 论述 集中式给水水源选择要求。
简答 室内污染物来源 氟中毒的临床表现
选择 环境内分泌干扰物 有个军团菌的 有关于镉的 甲基汞 大气温度垂直递减率。
2010年首都医科大学卫生综合考 研真题（含部分答案）
一、环境卫生学
一、名解（每题4分，共20分） 光化学烟雾：【（Photochemical smog）P77】 由汽车尾气中的氮氧化合物（NOx）和挥发性有机物（VOCs）在 日光紫外线的照射下，经过一系列的光化学反应生成刺激性很强的浅蓝 色烟雾所致型。其主要成分是臭氧、醛类以及各种过氧酰基硝酸酯，这 些通称为光化学氧化剂。 致癌强度系数【carcinogenic potency factor，CPF P62】 实验动物或人终生暴露于剂量为每日每公斤体重1mg致癌物时的终 生超额患癌危险度。其值为剂量-反应曲线斜率的95%上限，以 [mg/(kg.d)]-1表示。 生化需氧量【biochemical oxygen demand，BOD P118】 指水中有机物在有氧条件下被需氧微生物分解时消耗的溶解氧量。 健康危险度评价【health risk assessment，HRA P60】 是按一定准则，对有害环境因素作用于特定人群的有害健康效应进 行综合定性、定量评价的过程。 住宅小气候【室内小气候（indoor microclimate），小气候又称微小 气候 P303】

法律（法学、非法学）
社会工作 035200 汉语国际教育 045300
专业 政外 数 或 治 语 学 综合
课 50 50 90 90 50 50 90 90 50 50 90 90 50 50 90 90
50 50
90
50 50
90
50 50
90
总分
备注
340 340 340 340
深圳研究生 360 院总分为
二、 北京大学 762 卫生综合（一）考研复试分数线
专注中国名校保（考）研考博辅导权威
根据教育部有关制订分数线的要求，我校按照统考生、联考生等不同类型分别确定复试基本 分数线。考生能否进入复试以各院系所规定的各项单科成绩和总成绩确定的复试名单为准。 我校将按照德、智、体全面衡量，择优录取，保证质量，宁缺毋滥的精神和公开、公正、公 平的原则进行复试与录取工作。
90
90
工 学 (08)
50 50
90
90
管理学 (12)
50 50
90
90
艺术学 (13)
50 50
90
总分 360 370 345 360
345
345 320 320 350 350
备注
北大-新加坡国 立大学汉语言 文字学双硕士 班为 340。
（2）、联考：
考试科目 专业学位
应用统计 025200 金融硕士 025100 税务硕士 025300 保险硕士 025500
公共卫生学院设有流行病学与卫生统计学、劳动卫生与环境卫生学、营养与食品卫生学、 妇女与儿童青少年卫生学、毒理学、卫生政策与管理、社会医学与健康教育七个系和中心实 验室及北京大学儿童青少年卫生研究所。目前全院教职员工 151 人，其中教授、研究员 29 人，副教授、副研究员 28 人，博士研究生导师 9 人。各类在校学生 562 人、其中博士生 59 人、硕士生 183 人、本科生 320 人。

北京大学公共卫生学院考研《762卫生综合》保分辅导课程介绍：一、适用人群：2015年报考北京大学以下专业的考研同学，需要学习此内部课程提升专业课竞争力，提升复试竞争力，超越本校本专业考生公共卫生学院：流行病与卫生统计学专业营养与食品卫生学专业劳动卫生与环境卫生专业儿少卫生与妇幼保健学专业卫生毒理学专业社会医学与卫生事业管理学专业101思想政治理论①201英语一②762 卫生综合（一）：含流行病学、卫生统计学、劳动卫生与职业病学、环境卫生学、营养与食品卫生学。

另外，公共卫生硕士卫生综合的考试内容有所不同为：卫生综合（353）：含公共卫生基本知识、流行病学基础、社会医学。

二、课程主讲内容：1、院校专业考研介绍：2014年北京大学公共卫生学院总体报录比约为4.5:1，各科目初试实际要求的分数单独划线，2014年分数线为英语50，政治50，专业课210.初试达到学校的复试分数线均有资格参加复试，进入复试的与录取人数比约为1.4:1，学院内专业，及校内可以进行调剂，不接受外校调剂。

公共卫生学院六大专业方向较多，就业情况良好。

具体情况视每年情况有所不同。

2、专业课资料及知识点串讲：专业课参考书有五本：①．《流行病学》作者：李立明人民卫生出版社第6版②．《卫生统计学教程》作者：王燕北京大学医学出版社 2006年版③．《职业卫生与职业医学》作者：金泰廙人民卫生出版社第6版④．《环境卫生学》作者：杨克敌人民卫生出版社第6版⑤．《营养与食品卫生学》作者：孙长颢人民卫生出版社第6版三大卫生（即职业卫生、营养与食品卫生、环境卫生）、卫生统计学、流行病学这五大部分内容是卫生综合考试中缺一不可的。

以《流行病学》为例，复习主要包括以下几部分：第一章绪论重点掌握流行病学的定义、原理、应用、研究方法和特征，了解简史和展望第二章疾病的分布重点掌握疾病的分布、疾病频率测量指标、散发、爆发和流行、大流行的定义，短期波动、长期趋势的定义，移民流行病学。