跨文化交际整理

跨文化交际知识点汇总咱们生活的这个世界，那可真是多姿多彩，不同的国家、不同的民族，都有着各自独特的文化。

这就引出了一个有趣的话题——跨文化交际。

先来说说啥是跨文化交际。

简单讲，就是当你和来自不同文化背景的人打交道时发生的交流。

比如说，你去国外旅游，跟当地的居民聊天；或者在学校里，和外国来的交换生交朋友，这都算跨文化交际。

那在跨文化交际里，有个特别重要的东西，叫文化价值观。

不同文化里，人们看重的东西可不太一样。

就拿时间观念来说吧，在有些国家，人们特别守时，约会迟到一分钟都会觉得很抱歉。

可在另一些地方，时间可能没那么严格，晚个十几分钟也不算啥大事。

我记得有一次我去参加一个国际会议，和一位来自欧洲的朋友约好了提前半小时在会场碰面。

结果我到了之后等了好久他才来，当时我心里还有点小郁闷。

后来交流了才知道，在他们那儿，这样的时间差很正常，他们更注重交流时的质量和氛围，而不是准点到达这个形式。

还有语言和非语言交流。

语言嘛，大家都懂，不同的语言有不同的语法、词汇、发音。

但非语言交流也很关键哦！比如说肢体语言、面部表情。

在有些地方，点头表示同意，摇头表示不同意；但在另一些地方，可能正好反过来。

再比如眼神交流，有的文化觉得直视对方眼睛是尊重和坦诚，有的却觉得这样不太礼貌。

宗教信仰也是跨文化交际里得小心对待的部分。

世界上有各种各样的宗教，每个宗教都有自己的教义、仪式和禁忌。

要是不了解这些，一不小心可能就会冒犯到别人。

我有个朋友去一个宗教氛围浓厚的国家旅游，因为不了解当地宗教的禁忌，在寺庙里不小心做了不合适的举动，结果引起了当地人的不满。

风俗习惯的差异也很大。

就拿饮食来说，有的地方用筷子，有的用刀叉，还有的直接用手抓。

而且食物的种类、烹饪方式、用餐礼仪都各有讲究。

像在日本，吃拉面的时候发出吸溜吸溜的声音表示好吃，可在咱们这儿，可能就会被认为不太礼貌。

在跨文化交际中，文化冲击也是常有的事儿。

当你一下子进入一个完全陌生的文化环境，可能会感到困惑、不适应甚至焦虑。

跨文化交际知识点总结一、文化差异文化差异是跨文化交际中最显而易见的挑战之一。

不同文化有着不同的价值观、信仰、习俗和礼仪，这些差异可能会导致误解和冲突。

因此，了解不同文化之间的差异是非常重要的。

在跨文化交际中，人们需要尊重并理解对方的文化，避免出现冲突和误解。

二、语言障碍语言是人们进行跨文化交际的工具，而不同的语言可能会带来沟通障碍。

在跨文化交际中，人们可能面对语言不通、口音差异、语法错误等问题。

因此，提前学习和了解对方的语言是非常重要的。

此外，人们还可以通过学习一些国际通用的语言，比如英语，来帮助解决语言障碍。

三、非语言交流除了语言交流之外，非语言交流也是跨文化交际中非常重要的一部分。

比如肢体语言、眼神交流、面部表情等都能传递出人们内心的真实想法和感情。

在跨文化交际中，人们需要学会观察和理解对方的非语言信号，这样才能更好地进行交流和沟通。

四、文化敏感度文化敏感度指的是对不同文化的敏感和理解能力。

在跨文化交际中，人们需要拥有足够的文化敏感度，才能更好地进行交流和合作。

文化敏感度包括对不同文化的尊重、理解和包容，同时也要避免出现歧视和偏见。

五、文化适应能力文化适应能力是指在不同文化环境中，人们能够适应和融入当地文化的能力。

在跨文化交际中，人们有时需要到不同的文化环境中工作和生活，这就需要他们具备一定的文化适应能力。

文化适应能力包括对当地文化的理解和尊重，同时也要保持自己的文化特色和认同感。

六、跨文化沟通技巧跨文化沟通技巧包括对话技巧、谈判技巧、冲突管理等。

在跨文化交际中，人们需要具备一定的跨文化沟通技巧，才能更好地进行跨文化交际。

比如，人们需要学会用简单明了的语言沟通，避免使用隐晦难懂的词语；在谈判时，要尊重对方的文化和利益；在冲突出现时，要学会妥善处理，避免情绪化和愤怒。

总之，跨文化交际是当今社会中非常普遍的现象，人们需要学会适应和处理好跨文化交际中的各种挑战和障碍。

除了以上所述的知识点之外，还有许多其他的跨文化交际知识点，比如文化适应、文化冲突解决等等。

跨文化交际知识点总结随着全球化的深入发展，跨文化交际成为一种越来越重要的能力。

无论是在学术领域还是在商业领域，都需要跨文化交际的能力。

在跨文化交际中，了解对方文化的知识是非常重要的。

同时，还需要掌握一些跨文化交际的技巧。

本文将通过深入分析的方式，总结出一些跨文化交际的知识点，希望能够帮助读者更好地进行跨文化交际。

第一部分：跨文化交际的定义和重要性跨文化交际是指在不同文化背景下进行沟通和交流的过程。

在today’s globalized world，跨文化交际成为了一种非常重要的能力。

无论是在学术交流中，还是在商业交易中，跨文化交际都起着至关重要的作用。

跨文化交际的目的是促进不同文化之间的相互理解和合作，避免文化冲突，提高跨文化交流的效果。

第二部分：跨文化交际的挑战和障碍在跨文化交际中，可能会遇到很多挑战和障碍。

其中最主要的挑战之一是语言障碍。

在不同的文化背景下，人们使用的语言可能会有很大的差异。

此外，文化差异也会导致跨文化交际的困难。

不同文化之间的价值观、信仰、习俗等也会产生很大的差异，这些差异可能会导致误解和冲突。

第三部分：跨文化交际的重要技巧在进行跨文化交际时，掌握一些重要的技巧是非常重要的。

首先，要尊重对方的文化。

要学会欣赏和尊重不同文化的差异，不要试图改变对方的文化。

其次，要保持开放的心态。

要学会接纳不同的文化，接受文化差异，不要过分强调自己文化的优越性。

此外，要注重非语言交流。

在许多情况下，非语言交流比语言交流更加重要。

要学会关注对方的肢体语言、面部表情等非语言信号。

最后，要积极学习对方的文化。

只有深入了解对方的文化，才能更好地进行跨文化交际。

第四部分：跨文化交际中的文化差异分析每个文化都有其独特的特点，跨文化交际时，我们需要了解对方文化的具体特点。

比如，在中国文化中，注重集体主义，强调家庭和社会的和谐；而在美国文化中，强调个人主义和自由。

对于这些文化差异，我们需要了解并尊重，以便更好地进行跨文化交际。

跨文化交际知识点总结随着全球化的深入，跨文化交际变得越来越重要。

跨文化交际是指在不同文化背景下进行的交流互动。

对于从事国际贸易、外语教育、海外学习等领域的人来说，掌握跨文化交际知识点是必不可少的。

在本文中，我们将总结一些跨文化交际的知识点，希望能够给您提供帮助。

一、文化差异文化是不同地域、不同族群、不同历史阶段人们的共同体验和思维方式的总和。

文化背景不同，人们的价值观、行为方式和传统习惯也会不同。

在跨文化交际中，文化差异是一个非常重要的问题，因为文化差异可能会导致沟通障碍、误解和冲突。

1、时间观念在不同的文化环境中，人们对时间的认知和运用都会有所不同。

在一些文化中，时间被视为一种固定的资源，应该被精确地利用。

比如说，美国文化中的时间就是金钱；而在中国文化中，时间常常被视为一种循环，它存在于人们之间的关系中，对于“准时”也有一些灵活的理解。

意大利、西班牙等南欧国家虽然有严谨的公共时间表，但在私人交往中强调情感和人际关系，在时间管理上相对宽松和弹性。

了解不同文化的时间概念，可以帮助我们更好地把握时间、精确地计划和实施任务，同时也能够避免因时间观念差异导致的误解和冲突。

2、礼仪习惯不同的文化中，人们对礼节和礼仪也会有所差异。

在日本、韩国等文化中，人们注重礼节和尊重他人，他们有很多规范和习惯需要遵守，比如在进屋时要脱鞋、在用餐时要用筷子等等。

在教堂、公共场所、重大活动等地区域中，西方文化中介绍穿着正式，男士要穿西服领带。

如果在跨文化交际中忽视和破坏这些礼仪和习惯，会引起对方的不满，降低你自己的形象和信誉度。

因此，尊重别人的文化习惯和传统礼仪是跨文化交际中一个很重要的方面。

3、语言差异不同的文化中，语言的表达方式也会有所不同。

中式英语且各地口音，甚至不同文化中的口头禅和惯用语，都可能会导致跨文化交际中的不同理解和误解。

比如，在西方国家中，对别人的称呼往往比较简洁明了，而在亚洲一些国家中，对别人的称呼往往会比较热情和亲切；在外国企业中，重要的决策和安排都可能会用英语或其他国际语言来表达，导致语言差异的问题尤为突出。

一、跨文化交际概论1.什么是跨文化交际跨文化交际是不同文化背景的人们之间的交际. 一个层面指不同国家和民族的人们之间的交际. 另一个层面指同一个国家或民族中, 不同性别、年龄、职业、地域的人们之间的交际.2.跨文化交际的特点是什么跨文化交际主要指人与人、面对面的交际；跨文化交际中涉及很多差异性；跨文化交际容易引起冲突；跨文化交际的误解和冲突大多属于“善意的冲突〞；跨文化交际常常引起情绪上的强烈反响；跨文化交际是一种挑战,更是一种收获.3.国际汉语教师为什么要学习跨文化交际学国际汉语教师学习跨文化交际的必要性表达在：更好地理解中国文化；建立敏锐的跨文化意识；提升文化适应能力；建立开放、宽容、尊重的文化态度；提升在不同文化环境中进行汉语教学的水平；掌握培养学习者跨文化交际水平的方法和策略.4.跨文化交际主要学习内容有哪些文化与交际；价值观与文化模式；语言交际; 非语言交际；文化身份&认同；文化适应；跨文化交际的心理因素；不同领域的跨文化交际；跨文化交际水平；跨文化交际练习.二、交际与文化1.什么是文化关于文化的定义,学界至今未有统一的定论.而作为跨文化交际的学习者,我们最关心的并不是哪位学者提出的文化定义最全面、最精确,而是哪个文化定义与跨文化交际最相关,最能表达文化与跨文化交际的关系.教材推荐跨文化交际学者Brislin(2000)的文化定义：文化是大多数说同一种语言和住在一起的人们所分享的价值和观念,这些价值和观念是世代相传的而且为人们提供对日常行为的指导.2.什么是文化要素文化要素包罗万象.其中与跨文化交际关系最为密切的是历史、宗教、社会组织、语言.理解这些文化要素,有助于我们理解文化在跨文化交际中的影响和作用.3.G. Hofstede与G.J.Hofstede(2004) 提出的文化要素包括几个层次包括象征符号、英雄人物、礼仪、价值观4个层次.4.在跨文化交际领域,常用的文化分类方法有几种分别是什么有两种文化分类的方法在跨文化交际领域最为常用.一种是客观文化与主观文化.另二种是主导文化与亚文化.5.文化有什么特点呢〔1〕文化是后天习得的.〔2〕文化是共享的,并世代相传.〔3〕大局部文化是无意识的.〔4〕文化是象征的.〔5〕文化是动态的.6.什么是交际与文化的定义相似,关于交际的定义也非常丰富和复杂.教材仅推荐与跨文化交际语用领域相关的定义.即Gudykunst& Kim〔2003〕提出的关于交际的定义：交际是编码和解码的过程,但是这种编码和解码的过程并非单纯的传递和接受过程,而是包含着意义的协商和共建.7.交际的要素是什么交际是互相交往的过程,交际的全部过程包含以下要素：传送者、信息、编码、解码、媒介、反响、噪音.8.交际有什么特点〔1〕交际是象征的〔2〕交际是动态的过程〔3〕交际涉及意义的协商和共建〔4〕交际发生在意识的各个层面.〔5〕交际是特定语境中发生的.9.文化对交际有什么影响文化从两个层面影响交际：一是从文化标准的层面,二是从个人层面.文化影响着人们的感知.首先, 文化影响人们对外部刺激的选择.其次,文化影响人们对外部刺激的分类.第三,文化影响人们对外部刺激的意义联想.最后,文化影响人们对外部刺激的解释.文化的特征值是它为行为提供指南.文化影响人们的饮食行为.文化还影响人们的衣着打扮.文化影响居住方式.文化影响人们的出行方式.文化也影响了人与人交往的方式.1.什么是价值观价值观不是实际的行为, 而是关于行为的规那么；价值观是一套关于什么是真善美的标准系统；这些规那么和标准是用来判断和指导人们的行为的；价值观不是个人的爱好或倾向,而是一种集体的文化意识.2.价值观如何分类一类是终极性价值观, 它是关于生命、生存等终极目标的价值观,另一类是工具性价值观,它是关于道德和水平的价值观.3.价值观有什么特点〔1〕价值观属于深层文化.〔2〕价值观是人们的行为指南. 〔3〕价值观既是稳定的,也是变化的.〔4〕不同文化的价值观既有相同的也有不同的成分.〔5〕价值观被违背时会引起情感上的强烈反响.4.关于价值观模式的研究具有影响力的理论是哪些1.价值取向理论〔由kluckhohn与Strodtbeck提出〕2.文化尺度〔由Hofstede提出〕3.高语境文化与低语境文化〔由Hall提出〕.5.中国文化模式有什么特点〔 1〕集体主义〔2〕以家庭为中央〔3〕尊重传统〔4〕等级观念〔5〕面子观念〔6〕重视人情6.美国文化模式有什么特点〔 1〕个体主义〔2〕平等观念〔3〕强调变化和进步〔4〕物质享受〔5〕科学与技术〔6〕工作与娱乐〔7〕竞争意识四、跨文化的语言交际1概念提要：1.萨丕尔-沃尔夫假说的含义萨丕尔-沃尔有三层含义.〔1〕不同的语言以不同的方式感知和划分世界.〔2〕一个人所使用的语言结构影响他感知和理解世界的方式.〔3〕讲不同语言的人感知世界是不同的.2.语言与价值观之间是什么关系语言与文化的关系最直接的表达是语言表达了人们对世界的看法、态度和价值取向.每种语言都拥有丰富的格言、警句和俗语.这些句子往往就是价值观的表达.3.词义与文化是什么关系在语言的各要素中,词汇与文化的关系最为密切,其对跨文化交际的影响也最为突出.语言的含义不具有普遍性,它受到文化和语境的制约.不同语言和文化的人们进行跨文化交际时,可能会由于对词语含义的误解而产生交流的障碍.4.什么叫委婉语学习它有什么意义禁忌是人类社会普遍存在的文化现象, 人们对诸如生老病死、隐私等许多方面多有避讳,因此产生了大量的委婉语. 了解不同文化中的禁忌和相应的委婉语不仅可以深入理解不同文化的价值取向,也可以防止在跨文化交际中出现不必要的误会.四、跨文化的语言交际2概念提要：1.礼貌原那么包括哪些准那么〔1〕得体准那么〔2〕慷慨准那么〔3〕赞扬准那么〔4〕谦虚准那么〔5〕一致准那么〔6〕同情准那么.2.中国人的礼貌特征包括哪些〔1〕贬己尊人〔2〕称呼准那么〔3〕文雅准那么〔4〕求同准那么〔5〕德、言、行准那么.3.礼貌策略的使用受到什么因素的制约〔1〕说话人与听话人之间的权力距离〔2〕说话人与听话人之间的社会距离〔3〕言语行为的强加程度4.什么是交际风格交际风格是指说话的特点.5.在跨文化交际领域中,常见的交际风格包括哪些〔1〕直接与间接的交际风格〔2〕谦虚与自信的交际风格〔3〕归纳与演绎的交际风格五、跨文化的非语言交际概念提要：1.什么是非言语交际非言语交际不包括语言,而是包括了各种非语言的交际行为；非语言交际具有互动性,涉及信息的发出者和接受者的编码和解码过程；非言语交际是在特定情境中产生的,与语境有密切关系；非语言交际可能是有意的,也可能是无意的.2.非语言交际的功能有哪些〔 1〕传达真实的内在感情〔2〕营造交际印象〔3〕进行会话治理3.非语言交际与语言交际是什么关系非语言交际对语言信息起着重复、补充、代替、标准和否认等作用.4.体态语包括哪些人们的外貌服饰、面部表情、眼神交流、手势、姿势以及身体接触都是体态语,都参与了交际,是非语言交际的一局部.5.时间观念与文化之间有什么联系时间观念是非语言交际的重要维度, 也是价值观的表达.6.什么是单时制文化其特点是什么单时制文化中的时间是线性的,可以向前延伸到未来,向后延伸到过去.单时制文化的人们通过方案和预约来限制时间,在一段时间内只做一件事,强调准时、预约和最后期限.7.什么是多时制文化其特点是什么多时制文化并不把时间看做是线性的.多时制文化中的人认为时间围绕着生活,在同一时间内可以做多件事情.工作常常被打断,方案也常改变.身处多时制文化中的人,维系人际关系和谐远比遵守时间重要.8.人们对于空间的利用与文化之间有什么联系空间利用也是非语言交际的重要内容.空间利用方式表达了特定文化中人际关系的特点.六、文化适应概念提要：1.文化适应策略有哪些同化、别离、融合以及边缘化.2.文化适应是一个复杂、动态的开展过程.短期旅居者的跨文化适应过程分为哪几个阶段蜜月期、挫折期、恢复期和适应期.3.焦虑处理理论认为什么因素影响跨文化适应个体性格因素、社会支持、性别、民族、处理文化适问题的策略等.4.什么是文化休克文化休克是一种因失去了熟悉的社会交往符号而产生的心理焦虑.5.应对文化休克可采取什么策略应对呢广交朋友,建立良好人际关系；学习目的国的语言；了解目的文化的知识；做自己感兴趣的事情；参加社会文化活动；改变自己的思维.6.什么是文化适应假说第二语言教学领域的学者很早注意到了文化适应与第二语言学习的关系.Schuman(1986跟出了文化适应假说〞.他认为, 学习者只有适应了第二文化以后才能习得第二语言,文化适应的程度决定第二语言学习的程度.7.Schuman(198觎出的社会距离的概念是什么社会距离指的是学习者的原有文化与目的语文化之间的差异程度.七、跨文化的人际交往概念提要：1.人际关系与文化的联系表达在哪几方面不同文化间的朋友关系、人情关系、工作关系、与陌生人之间的关系都受到文化的影响.2.交往习俗与文化之间有什么联系在社会交往中,人们需要遵循社交礼仪和规那么,而这些规那么会因文化而异.一种文化中得体、礼貌的规那么到了另一种文化中可能是不得体的,甚至还造成了冒犯.了解不同文化的社交习俗和礼仪,对提升跨文化交际的有效性和得体性是非常有必要的.3.公共礼仪与文化之间有什么联系遵守公共秩序和礼仪是现代人的基本素养,也是一个国家文明程度的表达. 在跨文化交往中,了解和遵守不同文化的公共礼仪非常重要.不遵守公共礼仪会给人留下负面的印象,甚至引起跨文化交往中的冲突.八、跨文化人际交际的心理与态度概念提要：1.什么是刻板印象刻板印象又作成见〞与谊型观念〞,是指一个群体成员特征的概括性看法.2.刻板印象有什么特点〔1〕刻板印象是人们正常思维的一局部.〔2〕刻板印象是文化的一局部.〔3〕刻板印象的最大局限是以偏概全,无视个体差异.3.如何克服刻板印象〔1〕意识到刻板印象的存在.〔2〕改变懒惰和简化的思维习惯.〔3〕扩大与不同文化的人的接触范围.〔4〕试图寻找充分的证据和例外的情况.〔5〕对于来自其他文化的个人的行为的描述,应采用表达性语言,而不是对这一文化群体进行评价和简单概括.4.什么是偏见偏见是对一个群体的成员建立在错误而僵化的概括根底上的负面感情5.如何克服偏见〔1〕坦诚面对自己的偏见.〔2〕扩大与不同文化的人的接触范围.〔3〕参加课程学习和培训.〔4〕在交际中防止使用带有偏见或歧视色彩的表达方式,特别是对弱势群体要注意使用委婉而礼貌的称呼.6.什么是种族中央种族中央指的是在思考和评价别的文化时,把自己的文化放在一切事物的中央位置,并且以自己文化的框架作为衡量的标准.7.什么是文化相对主义文化相对主义是与种族中央主义相对的概念.它最早由美国著名人类学家弗朗兹博厄斯所倡导.其包括两个方面的内容.第一, 每种文化都有自己长期形成的独特历史, 其形态并无上下之分；第二,任何一个民族都有自己的社会思想、世界观和道德观,人们不应该用自己的一套标准来衡量其它民族的文化.。

1. Culture: All the material and spiritual things created by man.2. Communication: Transmission of information/feelings between a sender and a receiver.3. Intercultural/Cross-cultural communication: Communication between people of any two different cultures between countries or within a country.4. Intercultural communication: Usually communication between members of the same culture.5. Intercultural (communicative) competence: Knowledge, attitudes and ability / skills required for intercultural communication.6. Racial, ethnic, international communication: Communication between races, ethnic groups or nations.7. Contact, encounter, interaction, exchange, dialog, negotiation, etc.Culture The total sum of material and spiritual wealth created by the mankind in the process of the social and historical development, especially literature, art, science, technology, architecture, education, traditions and customs, etc.Characteristics of culture:(1) Culture is learned:(2) Culture is dynamic and adaptive:(3) Culture is pervasive (传遍):(4) Culture is interrelated: Spring Festival(5) Culture is largely invisible:(6) Culture is ethnocentric:种族优越感Cultural identity:One’s sense of belonging to a particular culture or ethnic group. intercultural identity：One’s sense of belonging to more than one particular culture or ethnic group in an intercultural situation.Types of intercultural identity /acculturation(1) Assimilation 融入型: Breaking away from one’s ethnic culture and trying to identify with the dominant culture;(2) Integration 融合型: Maintaining contact with the dominant culture while retaining the core values of one’s ethnic culture;(3) Separation 分离型: Adhering to one’s ethnic culture and shunning the dominant culture in the foreign environment;(4) Marginalization 边缘型: Alienated from and unidentified with either one’s ethnic culture or the dominant culture.Communication: Transmission of information between a sender and a receiver. Ingredients/process of communication:Source：The source is the person with an idea he or she desires to communicate. Encoding：Encoding is the process of putting an idea into a symbol.Message：The term message identifies the encoded thought. Encoding is the process, the verb; the message is the resulting object.Channel：The term channel is used technically to refer to the means by which the encoded message is transmitted. The channel or medium, then, may be print,electronic, or the light and sound waves of the face-to-face communication.Noise：The term noise technically refers to anything that distorts the message the source encodes.Receiver：The receiver is the person who attends to the message.Decoding：Decoding is the opposite process of encoding and just as much an active process.Receiver response：It refers to anything the receiver does after having attended to and decoded the message.Feedback：Feedback refers to that portion of the receiver response of which the source has knowledge and to which the source attends and assigns meaning.Context：The final component of communication is context. Generally, context can be defined as the environment in which the communication takes place and which helps define the communication.Characteristics of communication:(1) Communication is dynamic: p44(2) Communication is symbolic:(3) Communication is irreversible(4) Communication is transactional:(5) Communication is self-reflective: Thinking about oneself.(6) Communication is contextual and systematic:The necessity and importance of intercultural communication1) It is a historical trend of the modern world: globalization and glocalization;2) It improves ties and enhances understanding between different peoples;3) It reduces the possibilities of conflicts and the dangers of war between nations4) It increases international trade and stimulates domestic economy5) It promotes exchanges in various fields including culture, education, technology, et6) It helps environmental protection on a global scale.Types and features of intercultural communication:1) Intercultural communication: Between different cultures;2) Interethnic communication: Between different ethnic groups;3) Interracial communication: Between different races;4) International communication: Between different nations;5) Inter-class, inter-professional, inter-age, etc. Communication.Major causes of intercultural misunderstanding1) Culture shock 文化震撼/文化休克: 2) Ethnocentrism 民族中心主义: 3) Projected similarity误以为相似: 4) Stereotypes刻板印象/固见: 5) Misevaluation错误评判；6) Prejudice偏见；7) Discrimination歧视Relation between language and culture:1) Language is part of culture;2) Culture can be affected by language;3) Language reflects culture:Relation between language and (intercultural) communication:1) Language is the major tool used in (intercultural) communication;2) Language may pose problems for translation due to its cultural loading;3) Language may cause misunderstanding because of differences in interpreting speech acts (the real intension / meaning of the speaker):Conversational principles1) The Cooperative Principle (CP) (H.P. Grice, 1975, 1989):The maxim of quantity:The maxim of quality:The maxim of relationThe maxim of manner:2) The Politeness Principle (PP) (G. N. Leech, 1983):Tact maxim (得体):Generosity maxim (慷慨):Approbation maxim (赞誉):Modesty maxim (谦逊):Agreement maxim (一致):Sympathy maxim (同情):Speech acts：The way in which speech or words are used to cause acts or actions Assertive (阐述):Directives (指令):Commissives (承诺):Expressives (表情):Declarations (宣告):Nonverbal communication:All types of communication that take place without words.Importance of nonverbal communication:1) It often occurs unconsciously;2) It can define relationship between people;3) It tends to be a more reliable demonstration of the interlocutor’s true meaning (because it is less consciously controlled);4) It can be used to help verbal communication;5) It may easily be misunderstood and cause problems or trouble, especially in cross-cultural communication.Function of non-verbal communication:1) Emphasizing:2) Repeating:3) Substituting:4) Regulating:5) Contradicting:Categories of nonverbal communication:1) Body movement / posture2) Gestures, facial expressions and eye contact3) Touching4) Paralanguage: 副语言High context culture (强语境文化) :A culture in which much is understood in communication by referring to the (extra-linguistic) context so that people tend tospeak out the least.Low context culture (弱语境文化) : A culture in which less is understood in communication by referring to the (extra-linguistic) context so that people tend to speak out the most.China: High-context culture:English-speaking countries: Low-context culture:。

第一章.跨文化交际概论1跨文化交际汉语国际教育本质上是一种跨文化的活动。

新世纪如此广泛而深入的跨文化交际主要是受到以下因素的影响1.交通和通信技术的发展2.经济的全球化3.人口的流动4.广泛的国际交流与合作什么是跨文化交际？跨文化交际既是一种人类的社会活动，也是指一门研究跨文化交际活动的学科。

根据几个定义归纳出跨文化交际的重要特点：1.跨文化交际是不同文化背景的人们之间的交流；2.跨文化交际是通过象征符号来实现的；3.跨文化交际是一种动态的过程4.跨文化交际是一种双向的互动；5.跨文化交际的目标是创建共享的意义跨文化交际是不同文化背景的人们之间的交际，这里的跨文化交际实际上包含着两个层面一个层面是指不同国家和不同民族的人们之间的交际，例如中国人与美国人等另一个层面是指同一个国家或民族中，不同性别、年龄、职业、地域的人们之间的交际，例如男性和女性之间的交往就可以被看做是一种跨文化的交往跨文化交际的特点1.跨文化交际主要指人与人之间面对面的交流面对面的交流既包括了语言交际也包括了非语言交际，而且是一种双向交流和互动的过程2.跨文化交际中涉及很多差异性（陈国明）差异可以是文化传统、价值观、信仰等方面的差异，也涉及行为方式和习俗方面，如手势、衣着、语言使用的差异，同时也涉及个人文化身份和社会角色方面的差异。

这些存在差异的因素相互作用，影响了跨文化交流的过程和结果3.跨文化交际容易引起冲突由于语言、交际风格、非语言行为、思维模式、社会准则、价值观等方面的差异，跨文化交际很容易产生误解和冲突4.跨文化交际的误解和冲突大多属于“善意的冲突”许多冲突往往不是出于人们恶意的动机，而是来源于人们良好的愿望。

在自己文化中得体而礼貌的行为到了另一种文化中却成了无礼的举动，善良的意图却产生了意想不到的误解和不愉快5.跨文化交际常常引起情感上的强烈反应很容易造成心理紧张，人们经常提到的“文化休克”就是形容在跨文化交际中产生的心理反应。

跨文化交际技巧参考答案定义题1、Intercultural communication跨文化交际P3There are three kinds of things you need to learn if you want to be able to communicate effectively with Westerners. First, you need to learn a foreign language, usually English. Second, you should learn as much as possible about Western cultures. However, studying English language and Western culture is not enough. You should also learn something about what happens when people from different cultures try to communicate with each other —in other words, "intercultural communication."2、Individualist个人主义Individualist culture is one in which people tend to view themselves as individuals and emphasize the needs of individuals. In general, Western culture tends to be individualist. They view themselves as independent of collectives; are primarily motivated by their own preferences, needs, rights, and the contacts they have established with others; give priority to their personal goals over the goals of others; and emphasize rational analyses of the advantages and disadvantages to associating with others.3、Collectivist集体主义Collectivist culture is one in which people tend to view themselves as members of groups (families, work units, tribes, nations), and usually consider the needs of the group to be more important than the needs of individuals. Most Asian cultures, including China's, tend to be collectivist. People see themselves as parts of one or more collectives; are primarily motivated by the norms of, and duties imposed by, those collectives; are willing to give priority to the goals of these collectives over their own personal goals; and emphasize their connectedness to members of these cultures.4、public behavior /private behaviorPublic behavior is the behavior in public settings, such as in work places, shops and so on. Private behavior is the behavior in private life, such as when you are at home or with your family and so on. Both individualist and collectivist cultures make a distinction between public life and private life. However, individualist Western cultures tend to make an especially clear and firm distinction between the public and private, and generally feel that these two aspects of life should be kept separate from each other. In other words, Westerners tend to believe that having a personal relationship with someone should not affect how you treat that person in public, work-related situations.5、Generalizations文化的笼统性P26It‟s a neutral word which is a general conclusion drawing from particular examples or evidence.( In any culture group there will be many different beliefs represented, but most of the members of the group will tend in a certain direction. It is this "preponderance of belief," — not uniform acceptance of a given belief — that gives a culture its nature and is the legitimate subject of generalization. People in the same culture share many things in common, such as shared knowledge, shared values, shared perspectives, shared beliefs, shared behavior.)6、Stereotypes老套思路P26It is a derogatory word. It means that image, idea, character that has become fixed or standardized in a conventional form without individuality and is therefore false and shallow.( A way of thinking that does not acknowledge internal difference within a group, and does not acknowledge exception to its general rules or principles. These stereotypes are often based on accurate information but the problem is that stereotypes blind us to other, equally important aspects of a person's character or behavior. Stereotypes may have been created by direct experience with only one or two people from a particular group. Others are probably based on the second-hand information and opinion, output from the mass media, and general habits of thinking; they may even have been formed without any direct experience with individuals from the group. Yet many people are prepared to assume that stereotype is an accurate representation of all members of a specific group.)7、Hierarchy不同的等级权利P33Different in rank and power----equalityEvery society has hierarchy to some degree. In other words, some people have higher rank and more power than others, perhaps because they are older, stronger, wealthier, or have some kind of official position. On the other hand, however, most modern societies also believe that equality is a virtue, at least to some extent. So each culture needs to find its own balance between hierarchy and equality.1) Westerners generally have less respect for seniority — age, position and so forth — than would be the case in a collectivist culture.2) Western societies often try to limit the power of government officials.3) Westerners tend to have a somewhat suspicious and even negative view of power and authority.8、Culture shock文化冲击P36Culture shock is a feeling of being confused and overwhelmed by life in another culture. People who experience culture shock often feel fatigued, impatient and irritable. They may also begin trying to avoid interaction with foreigners, and even become increasingly critical and hostile toward them. Foreigners in China sometimes experience culture shock — and so do Chinese who go to live in other countries.9、Projected cultural similarity P48Projected cultural similarity is the tendency to assume that people from other cultures basically think and feel more the same way we do. In other words, we sometimes assume that while foreigners may look different, dress differently, and speak different languages, "inside we are all more or less the same". People from different culture assume they understand each other instead of asking each other what they think. Because they each expect the other person to react more or less the same way they would, they don't check to see whether or not the other person actually has the same feelings and reactions they would.10、loose culture and tight cultureLoose culture doesn‟t demand a high degree of conformity. In loose cultures, people have a relatively wide range of views as to what is considered normal behavior. They also tend to berelatively tolerant of behavior that does not conform to cultural norms. And there is less pressure on individuals within the same culture to behave the same way most other people in the culture do. Tight culture: expect a relatively high degree of conformity. There is a clear consensus as to what is and is not acceptable behavior and there is more pressure on people to conform to the norms of the culture.Here is an example of how people deal with people who are born left-handed. In tight cultures, children who favor their left hand are encouraged or even forced to use their right hand instead, and the percentage of left-handed people in the adult population is much smaller.11、Ethnocentrism 民族优越感P59"Ethnocentrism" is the tendency to think of one‟s own culture as being at the center of the world and identify with one‟s in-group and to evaluate out-groups and their members according to its standards; in other words, to assume that one‟s own culture's way of thinking and acting is more natural, normal, and correct than the way people from other cultures think and act, and tend to view one‟s own cultural values and ways of doing things as more real, or as the …right‟ and natural values and ways of doing things.12、In-groups and out-groups P70In-Groups: “In-groups”are the people we have the most in common with and identify most closely with, such as our family, classmates, or co-workers. We also have larger in-groups such as people who are from our own region, religious group, ethnic group, or nation. In-groups are groups of people about whose welfare we are concerned, with whom we are willing to cooperate without demanding equitable returns, and separation from whom leads to discomfort or even pain. Out-groups: out groups are those groups of people who we do not identify with---people from other families, regions, ethnic groups, or nations. Out-groups are groups of people about whose welfare we are not concerned, and groups with whom we require an equitable return in order to cooperate.13、war stories P80The term “war stories” originally referred to the kinds of stories soldie rs would tell after experiences in battle. Now “war stories” refers more generally to any stories people tell after strange or stressful experiences, including stories about unusual encounters with foreigners.14 low context/ high context1.Low context: the way westerners communicate tends to be relatively explicit and direct. In other words, Westerners tend to put most of their ideas and feelings into words, and then state their ideas and feelings plainly and openly. It‟s generally considered a good thing to get to the point and say what you mean, and it‟s largely the speaker‟s responsibility to ensure that his/her massage is stated in a way that is clear and easy to understand. --low context, people are expected to pay more attention to the words used in communication than to context in which things are said. They expect others to …take them at their words‟-to believe that what they say is what they mean.2.High context: in collectivist cultures, people tend to communicate in a way that is more indirect and subtle, and listeners are expected to take more responsibility for inerpreting messages correctly. -High context, people are expected to pay much attention to the context in which communication takes place- who the speaker is, where and why the conversation is taking place, body language, and so forth-and when people interpret what others mean, they often give more weight to the context than to the actual words said. People in high context often view direct, explicit communication as unsophisticated or even rude.问答题1、Why would intercultural communication be more difficult than the communication between people from the same culture?（Why is it hard to learn a foreign culture?）先定义intercultural communication1)Some stumbling blocks2)Assuming more cultural similarities leads to misunderstanding3)Language difference4)Misinterpreting verbal communication and body language from other country5)Stereotype and preconceptions6)Evaluate before really understanding7)Interact with foreigners stressfully and suffer from culture shock8)Tend to generalize or simplify9)Tend to define groups by a few key characteristic10)Assume everyone is similar2、What are some differences between an individualist culture and a collectivist one?Are all Westerners individual ? Are all Chinese collectivist?先定义individualist 和collectivist(1) Westerners tend to believe that people should rely on themselves as much as possible- and they usually expect other people to do the same. In contrast, people in collectivist cultures generally feel they have a right to expect help from other members of their groups(family, classmates, and so forth), and they also tend to feel they have an obligation to help other members of their groups.(2) Westerners generally feel that the rights of individuals should not be subordinated to the needs of a larger group, or at least that individuals should have to right to decide for themselves whether to sacrifice their benefit for the sake of the group.(3) Westerners tend to believe that individuals should make decisions for themselves and that individuals should take credit and responsibility for what they have personally done.(4) A final difference lies in the way people in difference cultures view the idea of “individualism”. Westerners tend to view individualism as a good thing. In English, the word “individualism”has no negative connotation. In fact, its connotation is somewhat positive. In contrast, the Chinese term for “individualism” , often has a somewhat negative connotation, and is sometimes used as a synonym for “selfishness”.3、What are the different virtues Chinese and Americans emphasize most?先要定义一下virtueChinese: formality/ hierarchy/ industriousness/ being filial/ hard work/ modesty/ thrifty Americans: activity-dominant/ equality/ motivation based on achievement/ the world is material rather than spiritual/ optimistic/ individualist/ materialism/ success/ humanitarianism4、How do Western cultures view the relationship between public and private life?先定义public: work, national duty; private: home, family, personal friendshipsWestern cultures tend to make an especially clear and firm distinction between the public and private, and generally feel that these two aspects of life should be kept separate from each other. In other words, westerners tend to believe that having a personal relationship with someone should not affect how you treat that person in public, work-related situations. (In fact, some westerners try to avoid mixing work and play completely, and keep their circle of work acquaintances quite separate from their circle of personal friends)Of course, personal relationships do make a difference in how people in the west treat each other, even in public settings. However, the wall between public and private life tends to be somewhat higher in the individualist west than it is in collectivist cultures.5、What are stereotypes? Why are they a problem?It is a derogatory word. It means that image, idea, or chance that has become fixed or standardized in a conventional form without individuality and it is therefore false and shallow. A way of thinking that does not acknowledge internal difference within a group, exception to its general rules or principles. These stereotypes are often based on accurate information but the problem is that stereotypes blind us to other equally important aspects of a person‟s character or behavior. Stereotypes may have been created by direct experience with only one or two people from a particular group. Others are probably based on the second hand information and opinion outputfrom the mass media, and general habits of thinking; they may even have been formed without any direct experience with individuals from the group. Yet many people are prepared to assume that stereotype is an accurate representation of all members of a specific group.6、Try to think of several more generalization that can be made about important characteristics of Chinese culture.Collectivism: emphasis on the doctrine of the meanLarge power distance--hierarchyIntergroup harmony and avoidance of over conflict in interpersonal relationsBelief in the naturalness, necessity and inevitability of hierarchyInequality based on achievement, especially academic, moral and finance achievementBelief that “the judgment of wise people” is a better way to regulate life than rigid artificial laws. People exist “in and through relationship with others”Academic emphasis on memory, attention to details, and lengthy homeworkBrain washThe golden meanHypocriticalThe judgment of wise people/law8、What are the similarity and difference between Projected Cultural similarity and Ethnocentrism? P48两个定义Projected Cultural similarity and EthnocentrismThe similarity: both of them can not be avoided or overcame in intercultural communication. These two phenomena show that every country or nation considers their own culture as the center.The difference: E is taking one‟s own culture norms as the standard by which to judge people of other cultures. PCS is assuming that people of other cultures view things the same way you do. PCS: People have the tendency to assume that other people from other cultural background basically think and feel more or less the same way as they do.E: People have the tendency to think their culture has the superiority to others‟ and assume that their own culture‟s way of thinking and acting is more natural, normal and correct than the way people from other cultures‟ thinking and act.9、Comment on “Do unto others what you would have them do unto you. “P49先定义Projected cultural similarityThe sentence means that it‟s better not to do things to others what you don‟t want others do to you. This behavior shows the phenomena” projected cultural similarity”. In our cultural system, if you don‟t like thing done to you, you just don‟t impose on others. It‟s a kind of virtue. But from the aspect of PCS, people just assume people from other cultures view things the same way we do. What we think is right, we consider others will think it‟s right, too. However, it just doesn‟t work out like that. Because of different cultural background, we have different interpretations of everything happened. We can not expect others o think or act the same as we do.10、Why would people project cultural similarity? P49定义Projected cultural similarityIt is hard for people to imagine a perspective different from their own. It is effected by human nature, people are accustomed to self-centered. When they communicate with foreigners, they usually assume that foreigners are similar to us. As we grow up and learn what is right and wrong, truth and false, normal and abnormal, and so forth, we naturally learn to view the world as our culture view it. The only way to solve PCS is communication.11、comment on conformity in western cultures p56定义Loose cultures do not demand a high degree of conformity. In loose cultures, people have a relatively wide range of views as to what is considered normal behavior.Tight cultures, in contrast, expect a relatively high degree of conformity. There is a clear consensus as to what is and is not acceptable behavior, and there is more pressure on people to conform to the norms of the culture.Chinese culture is tight culture, and western cultures are loose culture. So conformity in western cultures is less in Chinese culture.Weak conformity12、What factors lead to looseness or tightness in culture? P54定义(1)The degree of change in the population--- the more people move, the looser and more individualist a society tends to be.(2)The density of the population.: small dense societies tend to be collectivist, hence tighter. Large dense society tend to be more complex, hence not quite so tight---melting pot.(3)The number of choices available in society--- the more choices available, the more room there is for individualism.(4)strict registration/registered permanent residence13、why does ethnocentrism cause difficulty in intercultural communication? P59定义ethnocentrismBecause we naturally feel that the ways and ideas of our culture are more natural and correct than those of other cultures. So we tend to use the norms of our own culture---such as the idea of what is good/bad, right/wrong, normal/abnormal—as standards when we judge the behavior of people from other cultures. So when we encounter foreigners who behave or think in ways that differ from our cultural norms, we too quickly tend to judge these other ways as strange, wrong or bad.14、Why are in/out-groups a problem in intercultural communication?P70定义We generally have more positive feelings toward members or our in-groups than we do toward outsiders. We trust insiders more. We tend to have a stronger sense of obligation to insiders. We feel it‟s right to help insider more than we help outsiders. We tend to judge in-groups and out-groups by different standards. To insiders, more generous but to outsiders, more critical, suspicious, more harsh judgments.So the tie of goodwill and trust between in-groups and out-groups are often relatively weak, and they break easily when there is conflict or misunderstanding.15、How do Chinese people treat in-group and out-group in line with culture back? P77定义There is a difference between the inside and the outside. Chinese generally have a high sense of loyalty and obligation to their in-groups, and will often go to great lengths to help people they consider members of their in-groups; however, they feel less obligation to outsiders.Chinese often view outsiders who come to china as guests., and give them much special treatment. In part, this is because Chinese view guests as a kind of in-group, and tend to treat in-group members very well.16、Never a borrower or a lender be. P79定义individualismAs it is firstly a famous American saying.This sentence means that ii is best to not lend money to other people and not to borrow from other people. When we lend or borrow something, we risk losing both things and the friendship with that person. To begin with, t is because westerners are in individualist cultures. In such kind culture, individualists tend to view themselves as individuals and to emphasize the needs of individuals. Individualists feel less obligation to others, whether they are in-groups or out-groups. Secondly, because of their characteristics, their individualism, western people tend to be very independent and self-reliant. They will always solve their problems by themselves. So they don‟t want others to rely on them. either.17、Characteristics of war stories P82The term “war stories”originally referred to the kinds of stories soldiers would tell after experiences in battle. Now, “war stories”refers more generally to any stories. People tell after strange or stressful experiences, including stories about unusual encounters with foreigners.War stories about intercultural communication tend to share several characteristics:(1)One reason we tell war stories is to get reassurance that our interpretation of the encountermakes sense.(2)In war stories, we generally portray ourselves as the hero or victim, and we often paint theforeigner as the “bad guy”.(3)We generally tell war stories to people who are likely to sympathize with us, usually peoplefrom our own culture rather than outsiders.(4)As we tell war stories, we often generalize from one specific experience to groups offoreigners as a whole.。

跨文化交际英语知识点归纳跨文化交际是指在不同文化背景下进行的人际交往和沟通。

在全球化背景下，跨文化交际的重要性日益凸显。

了解并掌握跨文化交际的英语知识点对于有效地与不同文化背景的人进行交流和合作至关重要。

本文将详细介绍跨文化交际的英语知识点，包括文化差异、非语言交际、礼仪与礼貌等方面。

一、文化差异1. 时间观念：不同文化有不同的时间观念，如西方注重准时，东方则注重灵活性。

了解并尊重对方的时间观念，避免引起误会。

2. 社会等级：不同文化中对社会地位的看法不同，有些文化注重等级分明，有些文化则强调平等。

在交际中应注意尊重对方的社会地位和身份。

3. 个人主义与集体主义：西方文化注重个利和自由，而东方文化注重集体利益和团队协作。

了解并尊重不同文化的价值观念，有助于建立良好的跨文化交际关系。

二、非语言交际1. 肢体语言：不同文化对于肢体语言的解读和使用有所差异，如眼神接触、手势等。

了解并注意对方的肢体语言，避免产生误解。

2. 面部表情：不同文化对面部表情的解读也有所差异，如微笑、皱眉等。

了解并适应对方的面部表情，有助于推动交际进程。

3. 身体姿势：身体姿势也是非语言交际的一种形式，如坐姿、站姿等。

注意对方的身体姿势，尊重对方的个人空间，避免给对方带来不适。

三、礼仪与礼貌1. 问候礼仪：不同文化有不同的问候方式和习惯，如握手、鞠躬等。

了解并尊重对方的问候方式，展示友好和尊重。

2. 礼貌用语：不同文化有不同的礼貌用语和礼貌表达方式，如道歉、感谢等。

适当使用对方的礼貌用语，展示尊重和关注。

3. 社交礼节：不同文化有不同的社交礼节，如用餐礼仪、着装规范等。

了解并遵守对方的社交礼节，展示自己的文化素养。

四、语言交际1. 语言障碍：不同文化使用不同的语言，语言障碍是跨文化交际中常见的问题。

尽量使用简洁明了的词汇和表达方式，避免产生歧义和误解。

2. 文化障碍：语言与文化密切相关，不同文化对于词汇、语法和表达方式有不同的理解和运用。

跨文化交际总结跨文化交际是指不同文化背景的人之间的交流和互动。

在现代社会中，跨文化交际变得越来越重要。

无论是旅游、商务活动、还是国际组织合作，我们都经常与来自不同文化背景的人打交道。

在这个过程中，我们需要学会适应和尊重不同的文化习俗和价值观。

以下是我在跨文化交际中的一些总结和经验分享。

首先，了解和尊重不同的文化背景是非常重要的。

每个文化都有其独特的价值观和行为规范。

在与不同文化的人交往时，我们应该尊重他们的文化差异，避免对其价值观和做法做出过于主观的评判。

而是要持有开放的心态，去理解和包容他们的文化特点。

其次，语言是跨文化交际中最关键的一个方面。

不同的语言有着不同的表达方式和文化内涵。

在与非母语人士交流时，我们应该尽量使用简洁明了的词汇和句子结构，避免使用难以理解或容易产生误解的表达方式。

同时，我们也应该注意语言的语气和态度，避免使用不礼貌或冷漠的说话方式，以免引起误解或冒犯对方。

另外，文化礼仪也是跨文化交际中不可忽视的一部分。

不同的文化有着不同的礼仪规范和举止习惯。

在尊重他人的同时，我们应该了解并遵守所在文化的礼仪要求。

比如，在一些东方国家，居民会主动问候彼此的家庭情况，而在一些西方国家，个人隐私是被高度尊重的，因此提问过于私人的问题可能会被视为无礼。

在跨文化交际中，我们要时刻关注对方的反应和表情，以确保我们的言行不会冒犯到对方。

此外，了解一些基本的跨文化沟通技巧也是非常有帮助的。

比如，学会倾听和询问，而不是仅仅关注自己的观点和意见。

这样可以促进有效的双向交流，提高沟通的效果。

同时，避免使用难以理解或容易产生误解的俚语和幽默。

这些因为文化背景差异而导致的误解可能会破坏沟通的效果，甚至导致冲突。

最后，要有耐心和关心他人。

在跨文化交际中，沟通可能会面临各种障碍，比如语言障碍、文化差异和个人价值观的冲突等。

因此，我们应该保持耐心，尽量去理解对方的观点和感受。

同时，也要关心他人，尊重他们的需求和感受，以建立良好的人际关系。