国际商务复习提纲me

复习提纲1.Clash of Civilizations between two different countries based on their culture, politics, legalsystem and economics.Collective vs. IndividualismDemocratic vs. TotalitarianDifferences in Economic SystemsNorms vs. ValuesReligions: as Norms or as FolkwaysThe Economic Implications ConfucianismFour Hofstede’s Index: Power Distance/ Individualism/ Uncertainty Avoidance/ Masculinity2. The Organization of International BusinessThe definition of Vertical differentiation✧Centralization✧Decentralization✧The main characteristics of each approach of vertical differentiation3. Global Manufacturing and Materials Management∙Introduction✧Definition✧Strategic Objectives of Manufacturing and Materials Management✧Total Quality Management∙Where to Manufacture✧Country factors✧Technological factors✧Product factors✧Match of strategy and manufacture∙Make or Buy✧Advantages of Make✧Advantages of Buy✧Strategic Alliances with Suppliers∙Managing a Global Supply Chain✧Achieve lowest possible cost✧Meet customer’s needs4. Economic integrationStudents should base on the main influences of economic integration to be reviewed, for example Static Effects and dynamic effect.5. International trade patternsReview these five fundamental notions:Franchising, FII, Licensing, greenfield strategy, Countertrade6. International HRMReview the efficiently work of expatriate manager驻外经理in foreign country. A few points/questions can be considered (but not restrict to these) for the review of expatriate issues, which is identified as an important part of the chapter of global HRM (please refers to the PPT slides):First of all, distinguishing the Hofstede’s national dimensions. And identify if there are any differences between China and the UK(or USA) in relation to the national cuture.Secondly, identifying the reasons of expatriate failure and explore the fact that why so many expatriates expeirence failure.Thirdly, telling what are the capabilities that expatriate should acquire in order to qualify for working in multinational subsidiary.Fourthly, concluding what are the factors HR managers should consider when selecting expatriates.7. Foreign exchange marketThe functions of the Foreign Exchange Market: covert currencies and reducing risk.1)the reasons firms need to convert currencies;2)how to use forward exchanges or swaps to hedge against exchange rate changes.8. Financial Management in the International BusinessThe means of moving money across borders to attain efficiencies and reduce taxes.Global money management techniquesHow to use payments netting system to transfer subsidiary capital.How to use financial measures to manage exchange risk.一、Clash of Civilizations between two different countries based on their culture, politics, legal system and economics.1、possible question：what is Collectivism and. Individualism? What is their differences?Collectivism refers to a political system that stressed the primacy of collective goals over individual goals. When collectivism is emphasized, the needs of society as a whole are generally viewed as being more important than individual freedoms. In such circumstances, an individual′s right to do something may be restricted on the grounds that it runs counter to “the good of society”or to “the common good.” On th e contrary, individualism refers to a political system that stresses the primac fo individual goals over the collective goals, it emphasize the individual development and individual rights. So this system emphasize much on individual rights protection.Main differences: A. collectivism is the core of morality of Socialism while individualism is the core of morality of capitalism.2、possible question: what is the Democratic and Totalitarian?Democracy and totalitarianism are at different ends of a political dimension. Democracy refers to a political system in which government is by the people, exercised either directly or through elected representatives. Totalitarianism is a form of government in which one person or political party exercises absolute control over all spheres of human life and prohibits opposing political parties.3、possible question:what is the differences in different Economic Systems?It should be clear that political ideology and economic systems are connected. In countries where individual goals are given primacy over collective goals, we are more likely to find free market system. In contrast, in countries where cillective goals are given preeminence, the state may have taken control over many enterprises, market in such countries are likely to be restricted rather than free. We can identify tree broad types of economic ststems——a market economy, a command economy, and a mixed economy.In a pure market economy, all productive activities are privately owned, as opposed to owned by the state. The goods and services that a country produces are not planed by anyone. Production is determined by the interaction of supply and demand and signaled to producers through the price system. For a market to work in this manner, suppply must not be restricted. A supply restriction occurs when a single firm monopolizes a market. In such circumstances, rather than increase output in response to increased demand, a monopolist might restrict output and let prices rise. Given the dangers inherent in monopoly, the role of government in a market economy is to encourage vigorous free and fair competition between private producers.In a pure command economy, the government plans the goods and services that a country produces, the quantity in which they are produced, and the prices at which they are sold. Consistent with the collectivist ideology, the objective of a command economy is for government to allocate resource for “the good of society.” In addition, in a pure command economy, all businesses are state owned, the rationale being that the government can then direct them to make investments that are in the best interests of the nation as a whole rather than in the interests of private individuals. While the objective of a command economy is to mobilize economic recouces for the public good, the opposite seems to have occurred. In a conmmand economy,state-owned enterprises have little incentive to controlcosts and be efficient because they can not go out of business.Between market economies and command economies can be found mixed economies. In a mixed economy, certain sectors of the economy are left to private ownship and free market mechanisms while other sectors have signifiant state ownship and government planning. In a mixed economy, governments also tend to take over troubled firms they consider to be vital to national interests.4、possible question: what is norms and values?Norms are the social rules that govern people′actions towad on another. Norms can be subdivided further into two major categories: folkways and mores. Folkways are the routine conventions of everyday life. Generally, folkways are actions of little moral significance. Rather, they are social conventions concerning things such as the appropriate dress code in a particular situation, good sicial manners, eating with the correct utensils, neighborly behavior, and the like. Mores are norms that are seen as central to the functioning of a society and to its social life. They have much greater significance than folkways. Accordingly, violating mores can bring serious retribution. Mores include such factors as indictments against theft, adultery, incest, and cannibalism.Values form the bedrock of a culture. They provide the context within which a society′s norms are estabilshed and justified. They may include a society′s attitudes toward such concepts as individual freedom, democracy, truth, justice, honesty, loyalty, society obligations, collective responsibility, the role of women, love, sex,marriage, and so on. Values are not just abstract concepts, they are invested with considerable emotional significance. Values also often are reflected in the political and economic systems of a society.5、possible question: what is religions?Religion may be defined as a system of shared beliefs and rituals that are concerned with the realm of the sacred. 关于norms和folkways上面已说6、possible question: what is the Economic Implications Confucianism?This basis thesis is that confucian ethics may help explain the economic success of China, Japan, and South Korea because it lowers the costs of doing business in those countries. In this regard, three values central to the confucian system of ethices are of particular interest: loyalty, reciprocal obligations, and honesty in dealings with others.In confucian thought, loyalty to one′s superiors is regarded as a sacred duty. In modern organizetions based in confucian cultures, the loyalty that binds employees to the heads of their organization can reduce the conflict between management and labor that we find in more class-conscisous societes. Cooperation between management and labor can be achieved at a lower cost in a culture where the value system emphasizes the virtue fo loyalty.The concept of reciprocal obligations is important. Confucian ethics stess that superiors are obliged to reward the loyalty of their subordinates by betowing blessings on them. If these “blessings” are not forthcoming, then neither will be the loyalty. This confucian ethic si central to the Chinese concept of GUANXI, which refers to relationship networks supported by reciprocal obligations. GUANXI is an important mechanism ofr building long-term business relationships and getting business done in China.A third concept found in confucian ethics is the importance attached to honesty. Confucian thinkers emphasize that, although dihonest behavior may yield short-term benefits for thetransgressor dishonesty does not pay in the long run. The importance attached to honesty has major economic implications. When companies can trust each other not to break contractual obligations, the costs of doing business are lowered. For instance, expensive lawyers are not needed to resolve contract disputes.7、what is Four Hofstede’s Index: Power Distance/ Individualism/ Uncertainty Avoidance/ Masculinity?Hofstede′s pow er distance dimension focused on how a society deals with the fact that people are unequal in physical and intellectual capabilities. According to Hofstede, high power distance cultures were found in countries that let inequalities grow over time into inequalities of power and wealth. Low power distance culture were found in societies that tried to play down such inequalites as much as possible.The individualism versus collectivism dimension focused on the relationship between the individual and his or her fellows. In individualistic societies, the ties between individuals were loose and individual achievement and freedom were highly valued. In socities where collectivism was emphasized, the ties between individuals were tight. In such societies, people were born into collectives, such as extended families, and everyone was supposed to look after the interest of his or her collective.H ofsted′s uncertainty avoidance dimension measured the extent to which different cultures socialized their members into accepting ambiguous situations and toleraing uncertainty. Members of high uncertainty avoidance cultures placed a premimu on job security, careerpatterns, retirement benefits, and so on. They also had a strong need for rules and regulations. Manater was expected to issue clear instuctions, and subordinates′initiatives were tightly controlled. Lower uncertainty avoidance cultures were characterized by agreater rediness to take risks and less emotional resistance to change.Hofstede′s masculimity versus feimininity dimension looked at the relationship between gender and work roles. In masculine cultures, sex roles were shareply differentiated and traditional “masculine values,”such as achievement and the effective eercise of power, determined cultural ideals. In feminine cultures, sex roles were less sharply distinguished, and little differentiation was made between men and women in the same job.二、The Organization of International Business1、possible question: what is the definition of Vertical differentiation?Vertical differentiation determines where in its hierarchy the decision-making power is concentrated. The main two approaches are centralization and decentralization.2、possible question: what is centralization and decentralization? What is the main characeristics of two approaches?Centralization is a kind of organizaion structure that top managers or general company of a group have most rights to make final decisions. While decentralization is the other kind of organization structure that first-line managers or contralled companies of a group have most rights to make final decisions but the top managers just have right to make decision related to he whole group.The main characteristics of centralizatioin are that, first it can facilitate coordination, such as this coordination might be achieved by centralizing production scheduling at the firm′s head office, and so on. Second, centralization can help ensure that decision s are consistent with organizational objectives. Centralization of inmortant decisions minimizes the chance of thisinconsistency occurring. Third, by concentrating power and authority in one individual or a management theam, centralization can give top-level managers the means to bring about needed major organizational changes. Forth, centraliaiton can avoid the duplication of activities that occurs when various subunits within the organization carry on similar activities. Finally, top management can become overburdened when dicision-making authority is centralized.The main characteristics of decentralization are that, first decentralizaiton fives topo management time to focus on critical issues by delegating more routine issues to lower-level managers second, motivational research favors decentralization. Third, decentralization permits greater flexibilit——more rapid response to environmental change. Forth, decentralization can result in better dcisions. In a decentralized structure, decisions are made closer to the spot by individuals who have better information than managers several levels up in a hierarchy. Fifth, decentralization can increase control. The more responsibility subunit managers have for decisions that impact subunit performance, the fewerexcuses they have for poor performance.三、Global Manufacturing and Materials Management1、Possible question：what is the definition of Materials Management? What is the strategic Objectives of Manufacturing and Materials Management? What is Total Quality Management?Materials Management is the activity that controls the transmission of physical materials through the value chain, from procurement through production and into distribution. Additionally, logistics is the procurement and physical transmission of material through the supply chain, from suppliers to customers.The strategic objectives of manufacturing and materials management are first to Lower costs. Dispersing production activities to various locations around the globe where each activity can be performed most efficiently can lower cost. Costs can also be cut by managing he global supply chain efficiently so as to better match supply and demand. Second is to increase product quality by eliminating defective products from both the supply chain and the manufacturing process. Improved quality control reduces costs by increasing productivity, lowering rework and scrap costs associated with defective products and reducing the warranty costs and time associated with fixing defective products. Third is to accommodate demands for local responsiveness. Demands for local responsiveness create pressures to decentralize production activities to the major national or regional markets in which the firm does business or to implement flexible manufacturing processes that enable the firm to customize the product coming out of a factory according to the market in which it is to be sold. Finally is to be able to respond quickly to shifts in customer demand. In recent years, time-based competition has grown more important. When consumer demand is rone to large and unpredictable shifts, the firm that can adapt most quickly to these shifts will gain an advantages.The total quality management is (有多种定义)TQM is a philosophy advocating four basic principles (i) intense focus on customer satisfaction, (ii) accurate measurement of activities, (iii) continuous improvement of products and processes, and (iv) empowerment of people. (Noori & Radford, 1995) ;TQM is a management philosophy that builds a customer driven, learning organization dedicated to total customer satisfaction through continuous improvement in the effectiveness and efficiency of the organization and its processes. (Corrigan, 1995) ; TQM is a system of management that gauges a company’s dedication to consistentimprovement and a sincere effort to serve its customers with what they expect all the time. It is a philosophy of management to achieve greater productivity and a total awareness of quality as an increasingly important element in competitiveness (Gould, 1992).TOTAL Everyone and everything that we doQUALITY Giving the customer what they expect all the time MANAGEMENT The way we act and operate our policies andprocedures, and our training and instruction to all of ouremployeesTotal quality management is defined as both a philosophy and a set of guiding principles that represent the foundation of a continuously improving organization. It is the application of quantitative methods and human resources to improve all the processes within an organization and exceed customer needs now and in the future. TQM integrates fundamental management techniques, existing improvement efforts, and technical tools under a disciplined approach. TQM consists of:• Total: Made up of the whole• Quality: Degree of excellence a product or service provides• Management: Act, art, or manner of handling, controlling, directing, etc. Therefore, total quality management is the art of managing the whole to achieve excellence.2、possible question: what should be considered when we dicide where to manufacture.The main factors we should consider are Country factors, Technological factors and Product factors.The country fators include relative factor costs, political economy, national culture, trade barriers and exchange rates. So other things equal, a firm should locate its various manufacturing activities where the economic, political, and cultural conditions, including relative factor costs, are conducive to the performance of those activities. Also inmortant in some industries is the presence of global concentrations of activities at certain locations.The technological factors include fixed costs, minimum efficient scale and flexible manufacturing. In some cases the fixed costs of setting up a production plant are so high that a firm must serve the world market form a single location ofr from a very few locations. Conversely, a relatively low level of fixed costs can make it economical to preform a particular activity in several locations at once. As for minimum efficient scale, the larger the minimum efficient scale of a plant relative to total global demand, the greater the argument for centralizing production in a single location or a limited number of locations. If lower, several locations. As for flexible manufactruing technologies allow the company to produce a wider variety of end products at a unit cos that at one time could be achieved only through the mass peoduction of a standardized output. Summary: other things being equal, when fixed costs are substantial, the minimum efficient scale of production is high, flexible manufacturing technologies are available, the argument for concentrating production at a few choice locations are strong.The product factors include value to weight ratio (which influence transportation costs) and whether product serves universal needs.3、possible question: what is possible strategy to locate where to manufacture? How should the strategy and manufacture match?Two possible strategy to locate where to manufacture are concentration and decentralization. When Differences in political economy are substantial; Differences in culture are substantial; Differences in factor costs are substantial; Trade barriers are few; Exchange rates are stable; Fixed costs are high; Minimum efficient scale is high; Flexible manufacturing technology is available; Value-to-weight ration is high; Serves universal needs are required, we should choose concentrated stragetic.As for match of strategy and manufacture, 见PPT P174、possible question: what is the advantage of make and what is the advantage of buy?The advantages of make are lower costs, facilitating specialized investments, proprietary product technology protection and improved scheduling. Lower cost: it may pay a firm to continue manufacturing a product or component part in-house if the firm is more efficient at that production activity than any other enterprise, such as Boeing decided to outsource the production of some component prats but keep the design and final integration of aircraft for it is more efficient at design and final intergration. Facilitating specialized investments: in general, we can predict that when substantial investments in specialized assets are required to manufacture a component, the firm will prefer to make the component internally rather than contract it out to a supplier. Protecting proprietary product technology: the firm would not want competitors to get this technology. Improving scheduling: production cost saving result from it makes planning, coordination, dand scheduling of adjacent processes easier.The advantages of buy are strategic flexibility, lower costs and help the firm capture orders from international customers. Strategic flexibility: the firm can maintain its flexibility, switching orders between suppliers as circumstances dictate. This is particularly important internationally, where changes in exchange rates and trade barriers can alter the attractiveness of supply sources. Lower costs: although making is often undertaken to lower costs, it may have the opposite effect. Outsourcing may lower the firm′s cost structure. The firm that sources from independent suppliers has fewer subunits to control and buying component parts from independent fuppliers avoids the bureaucratic inefficiencies and resulting costs that can arise when firms vertically integrate backward and produce their own components, and also avoid increse in roganizational complexity.5、possible question: how to managing a global supply chain?Logistics encompasses the activities necessary to get materials from suppliers to a manufacturing facility, through the manufactruing process, and out through a distribution system to the end user. In the international business, the logistics function manages the global supply chain. The twin objectives of logistics are manage a firm′s global supply chain at the lowest possible cost and in a way that best serves customer needs. JIT-just in time system is to economize on inventory holding costs by having materials arrive at a manufacturing plant just in time to enter the production process and not before. The major cost saving comes from speeding up inventory turnover, which reduces inbentory holding costs. The information technology also play a crucial role in modern materials management as it can enable a firm to optimize its production scheduling according to when components are expected to arrive.四、Economic integration五、International trade patterns1、what is the fundamental notions of Franchising, FII, Licensing, greenfield strategy, Countertrade?Licensing: a licensing agreement is an arrangement whereby a licensor grants the rights to intangible property to another entity for a specified period, and in return, the licensor receives a royalty fee from the licensee. The advantage of licensing is that, firstly the firm does not have to bear the development costs and risks associated with opening a foreign market. In addition, licensing can be attractive when a frm is unwilling to commit substantial financial resources to an unfamiliar or politically volatile foreign market. The final advantage is licensing is frequently used when a firm posesses some intagible property that might have business applications, but it does not want to develop those applications itself. Licensing has three serious problems, first is it does not give a firm that tight control over manufacturing, marketing, and strategy that is required for realizing experience curve and location economies. The second is competing in a global market may require a firm to coordinate strategic moves across countries by using profits earned in one country to support competitive attacks in another. The third problem is licensing is a risk associated with licensing technological know-how to foreign companies.Franchising: franchising is similar to licensing, it is basically a specialized form of licensing in which the franchiser not only sells intangible property to the franchisee but also insists that the franchisee agree to abide by strict rules as to how it does business. The advantage of franchising is by using a franchising strategy, a service firm can build a global presence quickly and at a relatively low cost and risk, as McDonald′s has. The disadvantage is franchising may inhibit the firm′s ability to take profits out of one country to supprot competitive attacks in another. A m ore significant diadvantage of franchising is hard to control quality.Greenfield strateagy is a firm can establish a wholly owned subsidiary in a country by building a subsidiary from the ground up. The big advantage of establishing a greenfield venture in a foreign cuntry is that it gives the firm a much greater ability to build the kind of subsidiary company that it wants. The disadvantage is that greenfield wentures are slowr to establish, they are also rsky.Countertrade is an alternative means of structuring an international sale when conventional means of payment are difficult, costly, or nonexistent. Countertrade denotes a whole range of barterlike agreements, its principle is to trade goods and services for other goods and services when they can not be traded for money. With its roots in the simple trading of goods and services for other goods and services, countertrade has evolved into a diverse set of activities that can be categorized as five ditinct types of trading arrangements: barter, counterpurchase, offset, switch trading, and compensation or buyback. Many countertrade deals involve not just one arrangement, but elements of two or more. countertrade′s main advantage is that it can five a firm a way to finance an export deal when other means are not available. In addition, the government of a country to which a firm is exporting goods or services may require a countertrade agreement. However, the drawbacks of countertrade agreements are substantial. Countertrade contracts may involve the exchange ouf unusable or poor-quality goods that firm can not dispose of profitably. In addition, even if the goods it receives are of high quality, the firm still needs to dispose of them profitably. So given these drawbacks, countertrade is most attractive to large, diverse multinational enterprises that can use their worldwide network of contacts to dispose of goods acquired in countertrading.。

《国际商务》复习题考试题型及分数：一、单项选择题：15分二、多项选择题：10分三、填空题：10分四、名词解释：15分五、简答题：30分六、论述题：20分第一章国际贸易与国际投资基本理论一、单项选择题1.资本主义早期的国际贸易理论是 A A 重商主义 B 重农主义 C 凯恩斯主义 D 超保护贸易主义2.下列各项中属于贸易保护理论的是 A A贸易乘数理论 B绝对成本论 C比较成本论 D要素禀赋说3.晚期重商主义最杰出的代表人物是 B A 斯塔福德 B 托马斯·孟 C 凯恩斯 D 李斯特4.保护幼稚工业理论的代表人物是 D A 斯塔福德 B托马斯·孟 C 凯恩斯 D李斯特5.下列各项中，属于贸易保护理论代表人物的是 D A 亚当·斯密 B 大卫·李嘉图 C 俄林 D 凯恩斯6.为证明增加新投资对就业和国民收入的好处，凯恩期提出了DA重商主义学说 B保护幼稚工业学说 C比较成本理论 D投资乘数理论7.下列理论中，属于自由贸易理论的是 CA 贸易乘数理论B 货币差额论C 绝对成本论D 贸易差额论8.在历史上第一次从生产领域出发,说明国际贸易发生与发展的必然性的理论是AA绝对成本论 B比较成本论 C重商主义 D要素禀赋说9.认为在劳动要素的质的方面具有相对优势，有利于生产和出口技术密集型产品的理论是 DA赫克歇尔—俄林原理 B绝对成本论 C比较成本论 D人力技能与人力资本理论10.林德从需求方面，即由人均收入水平的相同来解释国际贸易的商品流向的理论是 DA产业内贸易理论 B.新贸易理论 C比较成本论 D偏好相似理论11.二战后50年代到60年代上半期，发展中国家实现工业化，一般都是从实施 AA进口替代战略开始的B出口导向战略开始的 C国际投资战略开始的D保护贸易战略开始的12.20世纪60年代中期前后，东亚和东南亚一些国家和地区，如新加坡、韩国等转向何种贸易战略 BA 进口替代战略B 出口导向战略C 国际投资战略D 保护贸易战略13.最早的现代跨国直接投资理论是 CA竞争优势理论 B产品周期理论 C 垄断优势理论 D国际生产折衷理论14.产品周期理论的首创者是 BA海默 B维农 C邓宁 D波特15.目前对跨国公司及直接投资影响最大的一种理论是 DA竞争优势理论 B产品周期理论 C 垄断优势理论 D国际生产折衷理论16.一国（地区）与其他国家（地区）之间商品和服务的交换活动为 DA 国际贸易B 出口C 进口D 进出口贸易17.一个国家在一定时期出口贸易额和进口贸易额之和称为 AA对外贸易额 B对外贸易量 C国际贸易额 D国际贸易量18.世界各国出口贸易额的总和为 BA对外贸易额B国际贸易额 C净出口额 D累计出口额19.出口商品价格与进口商品价格之间的比率称为 AA 贸易条件B 贸易差额C 出超D 入超20.用一个简短的概念或英文缩写字母来表示价格的构成和交易的其他条件称为 CA支付方式 B无形贸易 C贸易术语 D国际贸易21.下列国际贸易术语中，适用于各种运输方式的是 B A.FOB B.CIP C.CFR D.CIF22.下列国际贸易术语中，货物的有关保险手续应当由卖方负责办理的是 A A.CIF B.FOB C.FCA D.CPT 23．“CIF天津”贸易术语中，“天津”表示的是 C A装运港名称B装运地城市名称 C目的港名称 D目的地城市名称24.以银行为付款人的即期汇票称为 A A 支票 B 汇票 C 本票 D 托收二、多项选择题1.下列各项中属于贸易保护理论的有 ADE A重商主义B比较成本论C绝对成本论D贸易乘数理论E凯恩斯主义2.贸易保护理论的代表人物有 ABCD A 斯塔福德B托马斯·孟 C 凯恩斯D李斯特E亚当•斯密3.下列各项中属于自由贸易理论的有 BCE A重商主义B比较成本论C绝对成本论D凯恩斯主义E要素禀赋说4.自由贸易理论的代表人物有 BCDE A汉密尔顿B亚当·斯密C赫克歇尔D俄林 E大卫·李嘉图5.根据国际生产折衷理论，影响企业从事对外直接投资的变量有 ABD A内部化优势 B所有权优势C资源优势D 区位优势E政策优势6.当出口贸易额大于进口贸易额时，可称之为 ADE A贸易顺差B贸易逆差C贸易赤字D贸易盈余E出超7.当出口贸易额小于进口贸易额时，可称之为 BCE A贸易顺差B贸易逆差C贸易赤字D出超E入超8.下列国际贸易术语中，仅适用于水上运输方式的是 ABC A FOB B CFR C CIF D FCA E CPT9.下列国际贸易术语中，适用于各种运输方式的是 ADE A CIP B CFR C CIF D FCA E CPT10.下列国际贸易术语中，货物的风险在船舷转移的是 ABE A FOB B CFR C CIP D FCA E CIF三、填空题1.贸易保护的起点是（重商主义）。

国际商务复习内容第一篇：国际商务复习内容外汇业务第一节即期外汇交易一、即期外汇交易概述即期外汇交易：也叫现汇交易，是在外汇买卖成交以后，原则上两天以内办理交割的外汇业务。

即期外汇交易：分为商业性外汇交易和金融性（即期）外汇交易。

商业性外汇交易：指银行与客户之间的交易，一般采用电汇、信汇和即期汇票进行。

金融性（即期）外汇交易：指银行之间进行的外汇交易，一般通过电话、电报、电传来进行二、即期外汇交易的报价影响外汇银行报价的因素：（1）正在运行的其他国际外汇市场的行情，这些行情可以反映出现在世界普遍的价格和各种汇率的走势；（2）国内、国际经济领域和政治领域的最新变动与发展；（3）本行持有的外汇头寸分布情况，及本行的政策目标。

三、即期外汇交易的交割即期交易通常采用标准日交割即期交易通常采用标准日交割，及在交易成交后第二个营业日交割。

原因：（1）由于全球已经形成一个统一的外汇市场，为克服时差，仅在当天和第二天交割是不够的；（2）交割前要进行大量的计算，核对和交易有关的细节，如交易对方名称、数量、价格、交割地等；（3）银行需要有足够的时间发出交割指令，并在相关银行的账户进行划拨转帐。

第二节远期外汇业务一、远期外汇业务概述远期外汇业务：预约购买与预约出卖的外汇业务，即买卖双方先签订合同，规定买卖外汇的币种、数额、汇率和将来交割的时间，到规定的交割日期，再按合同规定，卖方交汇，买方付款。

远期外汇业远期外汇业务的期限：一般为1个月到6个月，通常是3个月，也可以长达1年二、远期汇率直接标价法：以一定单位（1或100单位）的外币为标准来计算应付多少本币单位的标价方法；国际商务如：中国人民银行公布某日基准汇率为：100美元=827.72人民币；100日元=6.5468人民币间接标价法：又称应收标价法，是以一定单位（1或100单位）的本币为标准来计算应收多少外国货币单位的标价方法；如：某日纽约外汇市场行情：1美元=1.7310德国马克；1美元=107.6450日元远期汇率的标价方法有三种：一种是直接标出远期外汇的实际汇率，如：瑞士、日本等国；一种是标出远期汇率与即期汇率的差额（升水、贴水、平价），如：英国、美国和法国等；一种是点数法：点数是表明货币比价数字中的小数点以后第四位数。

国际商务管理学复习（课堂讲义部分）1.国际商务，是指不同国家或地区之间所进行的有关的商品、服务、技术、生产要素、知识产权等方面的交易或交流活动。

2.国际商务活动的形式：一国际贸易，即进出口二对外直接投资三通过特许经营、合资经营、工程承包、工程承包等对外经营活动3.国际商务活动的最基本形式是国际贸易4.服务商品与有形商品相比，有自身特点：一生产与消费同时进行二价值与使用价值的转移分离5.国际商务管理：是指在从事国际商务活动的过程中寻找、分析、评价有利的市场机会和不利的市场风险，作出相应决策并加以实施的一系列管理过程。

6.宏观国际商务管理是指一国的政府或行业主管部门，从一国整体利益角度出发，对从事国际商务活动的本国企业的经营活动所进行的限制、引导、帮助等活动。

7.微观国际商务管理是指某个企业或企业集团从利益角度出发，在从事国际商务管理活动的过程中寻找、分析、评价有利的市场机会和不利的市场风险，作出相应决策并加以实施的一系列管理过程8.国际商务管理的特殊性：（案例）一从事国际商务管理活动要比从事国内商务活动困难得多A语言不同B法律、风俗习惯不同C商务活动的障碍多于国内D市场调查困难E交易振法困难多F纠纷处理困难二国际比国内复杂多A各国的货币与度量衡差别很大B商业习惯C海关制度及贸易法规不同D国际汇兑复杂E货物运输和保险手续复杂三国际商务活动风险大A信用风险B商业风险C汇兑风险D运输风险E价格风险F政治风险9.现代国际商务发展与历程可以划分为三阶段：一20世纪60年代以前：贸易主导阶段二20世纪70年代：投资主导阶段三20世纪80年代至今：全球商务阶段10.国际商务活动的特点是寻找和开发适应国际市场销售的11.经济体制划分为四种主要类型：一市场经济：在市场经济中，根本没有政府参与，经济系统中的个人或企业本着自身利益最大化的原则作出与自身有关的所有经济决策（中国香港、新加坡、美国）二指令经济：是与市场经济完全对立的一种经济体制，也称计划经济。

国际商务教学幻灯片提要第一章全球化全球化：含义：指转向一个更为一体化和相互依存的世界经济表现：市场的全球化（分离的国家市场合并为一个巨大全球的市场.不同国家的消费者的嗜好和偏爱正在趋向与某些全球标准.）生产的全球化（企业从各地区筹供商品和服务,以利用各国在生产要素上的成本和质量的差异,降低企业生产的总成本构成以及改善他们提供产品的功能,而达到更有效的参与竞争的目的），全球机构的出现（帮助管理,规范和监督全球市场，促使多国协议的制定来治理全球商务秩序）国际化，全球化，一体化三者间区别？经济国际化是指一国经济发展超越国界，与别国经济的相互联系、相互渗透不断扩大和深入的经济发展过程。

经济全球化是指各种经济资源在世界范围内日益广泛和深入地进行自由流动和“合理”配置的过程，从而出现世界各国的经济联系日益加深，是世界各国经济相互间高度依赖和融合的表现。

经济一体化的含义有广义和狭义之分。

广义的经济一体化，即世界经济一体化，或称全球经济一体化，它指各国国民经济之间彼此相互开放，取消歧视，形成一个相互联系、相互依赖的有机整体。

狭义的经济一体化，即地区经济一体化，或称区域经济一体化，区域经济集团化，是指两个或两个以上的国家或地区间不断消除或降低彼此间经济政策与体制差异，相互依存、共同发展经济的过程。

全球化的驱动力：不断降低的关税及贸易壁垒，技术变革，跨国公司的兴起全球化的争议：就业与收入，劳工政策和环境问题，国家主权问题，世界上的穷国国际商务:为满足个人以及组织需求而进行的跨国界的商务活动国际商务研究的是跨越国界的商务活动，即以国家或企业为主体以实现某种经济目标而进行的经济活动。

商务的含义：以实现商品或服务的交易而开展的一系列的经营管理活动。

与相关概念的区别:商业:专门从事商品流通的行业贸易:各种商品买卖行为市场营销:商品供给主体实现市场销售的各种活动国际商务环境政治体制：民主制：纯民主制度，代议民主制度特点：言论自由，定期选举，完全公民与财产权，少数民族的权利，非政治性官僚机构极权制度：神权极权主义和世俗极权主义。

一、题型及分值分布(1) 全卷分单选题、多选题、简答及应用题。

(2) 单选题：30*2=60'；多选题:5*3'=15'；简答题:3、案例题1,合计25'。

二、主要知识点分布1、级别管辖诡域管辖\专属管辖级别管辖：是要划分上下级法院之间受理第一审民事案件的分工和权限。

地域管辖：同级人民法院之间受理第一审民申案件的分工和权限。

>地域管辖与级别管辖不同：级别管辖——纵向划分上、下级人民法院之间受理第一审民窃案件的权限和分工，解决某一民事案件应曲哪一级人民法院管辖的问题。

地域管辖一横向划分同级人民法院之间受理第一审民事案件的权限和分工，解决某一民事案件应山哪一个人民法院管辖的问题。

>地域管辖与级别管辖联系：地域管辖在级别管辖的基础上划分的。

只有在级别管辖明确的前提匚才能确定地域管辖；而要最终确定某一案件的管辖法院,则必须在确定了级别管辖之后,再通过地域管辖來进一步具体落实受诉法院。

专属管辖：指法律强制规定某类案件只能山特定法院管辖，其它法院无权管辖,也不允许当事人协议变更管辖。

与其他法定管辖相比，专属管辖具有优先性、排他性与强制性。

专属管辖是法院管辖独有的制度，仲裁没有专属管辖。

>专属管辖是地域管辖的一种形态，具有如下效力：排他效力、排除效力、限制效力、职权审查效力、撤销效力、拒绝承认效力。

地域管辖:对于普通民事案件，原告起诉被告，在被告所在地起诉介同纠纷案：在被告所在地或者合同履行地侵权纠纷案：在被告所在地或者侵权行为行地专属管辖：不动产纠纷案：不动产所在地遗产继承案：主要遗产所在地或者被继承人死亡住所地首先考虑是否构成"属管辖，只有在不具备少属管辖恬况下，再考虑适川一般地域管辖规则还是特殊地域管辖规则2、二审终审制4 概念：即“两审终审制”。

指一个案件经过两级人民法院审判即告终结的制度，对于第二审人民法院作出的终审判决、裁定,当事人等不得再提出上诉,人民检察院不得按照上诉审程序抗诉。

大学国际商务复习资料大学国际商务复习资料随着全球化的不断深入，国际商务已成为大学商学院中一门重要的课程。

对于学习国际商务的学生来说，复习资料是提高考试成绩的关键。

本文将为大家提供一些关于国际商务的复习资料，帮助大家更好地掌握这门课程。

一、国际贸易理论国际贸易理论是国际商务的基础，了解和掌握相关理论对于理解国际商务的运作机制至关重要。

其中，比较优势理论、绝对优势理论和新贸易理论是学习国际贸易理论的重点。

1. 比较优势理论比较优势理论是由经济学家大卫·李嘉图提出的，它认为各国在生产某种商品上具有不同的比较优势，应该专注于生产自己的比较优势商品，然后通过国际贸易来获取其他商品。

这个理论解释了为什么国际贸易会带来互利互惠的效果。

2. 绝对优势理论绝对优势理论是由亚当·斯密提出的，它认为某个国家在生产某种商品上具有绝对优势，即该国可以以较低的成本生产该商品。

这个理论解释了为什么国际贸易中有些国家能够以较低的价格出口商品。

3. 新贸易理论新贸易理论是20世纪80年代提出的，它认为国际贸易的发展不仅仅是由比较优势和绝对优势所决定，还受到产品差异化、规模经济和垄断力量等因素的影响。

这个理论解释了为什么国际贸易中有些国家能够出口高附加值的产品。

二、国际市场分析国际市场分析是国际商务中的重要环节，它涉及到了市场需求、市场规模、市场竞争等方面的内容。

在进行国际市场分析时，可以采用PESTEL分析和SWOT 分析等方法。

1. PESTEL分析PESTEL分析是对国际市场宏观环境的分析，它包括政治、经济、社会、技术、环境和法律六个方面。

通过对这六个方面的分析，可以了解国际市场的整体环境，为企业的国际业务决策提供参考。

2. SWOT分析SWOT分析是对国际市场微观环境的分析，它包括企业的优势、劣势、机会和威胁四个方面。

通过对这四个方面的分析，可以了解企业在国际市场中的竞争优势和面临的挑战，从而制定相应的国际市场策略。

第一篇：国际商务谈判复习资料1第一章国际商务谈判概述①名词解释国际商务谈判：指在国际商务活动中，处于不同国家或不同地区的商务活动当事人为了达成某笔交易，彼此通过信息交流，就交易的各项要件进行协商的行为过程。

主场谈判：只对谈判的某一方来讲，在其所在地进行的谈判。

中立谈判：指在谈判双方所在地以外的其他地点进行的谈判。

让步型谈判者：为了避免冲突对抗而屈服于对方。

立场型谈判者：把任何情况看作是一场意志力的竞争和搏斗，认为越强硬者，最后的收获也就越多。

原则性谈判：注意于对方的人际关系，使双方各有所获得方案。

投资谈判：指谈判双方就双方共同参与或涉及的某项投资活动，对该投资活动所涉及的有关投资的周期、投资方向、投资方式、投资内容与条件、投资项目的经营及管理，以及投资者在投资活动中的权利、义务、责任和相互关系所进行的谈判。

询盘：指在外贸交易洽谈中，由买卖双方中的一方向另一方就某向商品的交易内容和条件发出询问，以便为下一步彼此间进行详细而周密的洽谈奠定基础。

发盘：又称发价，它是由交易的一方向另一方以书面或口头形式提出交易条件，并表示愿意按照有关条件进行磋商，达成协议，签订合同。

还盘：指收盘人不同意发盘的交易条件而提出的修改或增加条件的表示。

②思考题一、国际商务谈判的特点： 1.以经济利益为谈判的目的2.以经济利益作为谈判的主要评价指标3.以价格作为谈判的核心1.既是一部交易的商洽，也是一项涉外活动，具有较强的政策性2.应按国际惯例办事3.涉及面很广4.影响谈判的因素复杂多样5.谈判的内容广泛复杂二、分类按人数：个体谈判、集体谈判按利益主体：双方谈判、多方谈判按接触方式：口头谈判、书面谈判按地点：主场谈判、客场谈判、书面谈判按态度：让步型谈判、立场型谈判、原则性谈判按内容：投资谈判、租赁及“三来一补”谈判、货物买卖谈判、劳务买卖谈判、技术贸易谈判、损害及违约赔偿谈判。

三、基本原则1、平等互利原则2、灵活机动原则3、友好协商原则4、依法办事原则5、原则和策略相结合的原则四、基本程序1、准备阶段（谈判环境因素分析、信息的收集、目标和对象的选择、谈判方案的制定、模拟谈判）2、开局阶段3、正式谈判阶段4、签约阶段五、PRAM P：制定谈判计划R：建立关系A：达成协议M：协议的履行与关系维护第二章影响国际商务谈判的因素①名词解释公法：大陆法中包括调整宗教活动和国家机关活动的法规。