6-32 Design and Operation of Cryogenic Vertical Testing System for Superconducting Cavity

A rapid sample-exchange mechanism for cryogen-free dilution refrigerators compatible with multiple high-frequency signalconnectionsG.Batey,S.Chappell,M.N.Cuthbert,M.Erfani,A.J.Matthews ⇑,G.TelebergOxford Instruments Omicron NanoScience,Tubney Woods,Abingdon,Oxfordshire OX135QX,UKa r t i c l e i n f o Article history:Received 29October 2013Received in revised form 13January 2014Accepted 15January 2014Available online 24January 2014Keywords:Dilution refrigerator Sample exchange Cryogen-freea b s t r a c tResearchers attempting to study quantum effects in the solid-state have a need to characterise samples at very low-temperatures,and frequently in high magnetic fields.Often coupled with this extreme environ-ment is the requirement for high-frequency signalling to the sample for electrical control or measure-ments.Cryogen-free dilution refrigerators allow the necessary wiring to be installed to the sample more easily than their wet counterparts,but the limited cooling power of the closed cycle coolers used in these systems means that the experimental turn-around time can be longer.Here we shall describe a sample loading arrangement that can be coupled with a cryogen-free refrigerator and that allows sam-ples to be loaded from room temperature in a matter of minutes.The loaded sample is then cooled to temperatures $10mK in $7h.This apparatus is compatible with systems incorporating superconducting magnets and allows multiple high-frequency lines to be connected to the cold sample.Ó2014The Authors.Published by Elsevier Ltd.This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-NDlicense (/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/).1.IntroductionOver the past century studying condensed matter systems at extremely low temperatures,and often in extremely high magnetic fields,has lead to the discovery of several new states of matter,such as:superconductivity in mercury [1];superfluidity in 4He [2,3];superfluidity in 3He [4];the integer quantum Hall effect in silicon MOSFET devices [5];the fractional quantum Hall effect in GaAs–AlGaAs heterojunctions [6].More recently there has been a drive to harness these quantum systems to realise devices that exploit their quantum nature,for example in the field of quantum information processing [7],with the realisation of a general quantum computer [8]being the holy grail.Inevitably the development of these quantum devices re-quires temperatures <10mK,and possibly magnetic fields >10T,however in addition to these environmental constraints device characterisation and development also requires the necessary experimental services be installed at the sample position:most challengingly high-bandwidth,high-fidelity micro-wave cabling.In the following sections we describe briefly a suitable experi-mental environment for quantum device development (or any other experiments requiring high-frequency measurements atlow-temperatures),then we show that device characterisation is more convenient with a sample loading mechanism,and describe its realisation,operation and performance,before providing a brief conclusion.2.Experimental environmentPulse-tube precooled dilution refrigerators [9]are becoming increasingly popular.Initially this popularity stemmed from the fact that they were cryogen-free,meaning that they could be in-stalled at institutions without the associated low-temperature re-search infrastructure,such as a helium liquefaction plant,or in remote locations.Additionally,there are benefits from an opera-tional point of view as such systems can be automated to a higher degree than their ‘‘wet’’counterparts.It has also been found that these cryogen-free systems have further benefits when compared to wet systems with regards to the installation of experimental ser-vices,as will be discussed in the following sections,and this has driven the recent rise in their uptake.With the installation of high-frequency wiring these refrigera-tors have been developed into measurement systems for circuit quantum electrodynamics [10]and superconducting qubits [11].The integration of superconducting magnets [12],with the entire system able to be run from a single pulse-tube cooler,has enabled/10.1016/j.cryogenics.2014.01.0070011-2275/Ó2014The Authors.Published by Elsevier Ltd.This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/).⇑Corresponding author.Tel.:+441865393440;fax:+441865393333.E-mail address:Anthony.Matthews@ (A.J.Matthews).a wider range of experiments(those requiring magneticfields)to be performed using this cryogen-free technology[13].2.1.Low-temperatures and high magneticfieldsCryogenic systems using liquid helium are usually designed to minimise its consumption.This is because liquid helium is expen-sive,refilling the system can be time consuming,and refilling the system may perturb the experiment to an unacceptable level. The central neck of a cryostat is often responsible for the biggest single heat load into the helium bath,and as a result these necks are usually made as long and as narrow as possible.Dilution refrig-erators designed to be inserted into such a cryostat have to inherit this aspect ratio,which has tended to limit the experimental real estate available for the installation of services.With no boil-off considerations,cryogen-free systems have evolved to be much wider than their wet counterparts with exper-imental plates(to which services can be mounted)typically several hundred mm in diameter[12].This has enabled more and/or more complex services to be installed on dilution refrigerator systems,in particular bulky signal conditioning elements such as cryogenic amplifiers,microwave components(bias-tees,circulators, switches,etc.)andfiltering(such as metal powderfilters,for exam-ple[14]and the references therein).Cryogen-free systems can also be designed without the need for a low-temperature,vacuum-tight vessel,the so called inner vac-uum chamber(IVC),which makes the routing and heat-sinking of the installed services much more straightforward,see Section2.2.2.The range of magnets that are able to be produced for cryogen-free operation is also continually expanding with higherfields (>16T)and vector-rotation(>6–1–1T)available.For these reasons cryogen-free dilution refrigerators with inte-grated magnets have become the workhorse of quantum device development laboratories around the world.2.2.High-frequency wiringAs was noted in Section1high-fidelity,high-bandwidth wiring is an experimental requirement for quantum device development applications.In addition to the quality of the signal transmission performance of these cables,they also need to be thermally an-chored adequately to ensure that they do not affect adversely the base temperature performance of the system onto which they are installed.In this section we shall:review various options for the coaxial lines and some of the materials available for the lines themselves,and discuss their relative merits;describe a conve-nient method for mounting multiple high-frequency lines onto a dilution refrigerator;quantify the frequency dependence of signal transmission of installed lines with S12measurements made with a vector network analyser;comment on the heat load to the mix-ing chamber likely to result from the installation of the type of wir-ing described.2.2.1.Coaxial cables and materialsTo date,most high-frequency cabling installed in dilution refrigerators have been of‘‘semi-rigid’’construction with the UT-85cable(having an outer diameter of85/1000of an inch,approx-imately2.16mm)being commonly used.The optimal choice of coaxial cable,in terms of both size and material,depends on its in-tended application.Typically coaxial cables are used to(1)improve noise immunity for‘‘small’’signals and/or(2)transmit high-fre-quency signals to/from the sample.If using coaxial cables for either of these reasons one should en-sure that the cables themselves are suitable for the intended appli-cation.For dilution refrigerator based experiments,this suitability is generally determined by two key parameters:the heat load to the experiment due to the thermal conductivity of the cable;and its(frequency dependent)attenuation.Both of these parameters are affected by the choice of the cable geometry(size)and conduc-tor materials.The heat load conducted to the coldest parts of the dilution refrigerator is always to be minimised.For a given choice of coaxial cable material and geometry there is a lower limit to this heat load determined by the bulk thermal conductivity of the cable materi-als.This limit is approached as the cable(both the inner and outer conductor)is perfectly thermally connected to every available temperature stage in the refrigerator,of course the conducted heat load can be much higher than this limit if the thermal connections are inadequate.A convenient method of installing semi-rigid coax-ial cables into a dilution refrigerator that gives good thermal per-formance is discussed in Section2.2.4.The heat load can only be reduced further by using either cables with a smaller cross sec-tional area and/or cables made from materials with a lower ther-mal conductivity,however such changes may well have implications for the cable attenuation.The frequency dependent attenuation of a coaxial cable is deter-mined by the cable geometry(outer diameter of the inner conduc-tor and inner diameter out of the outer conductor),the (temperature and frequency dependent)resistivity of the conduc-tor materials and the dielectric losses[15].In general smaller diameter cables have higher attenuation at high frequencies than larger diameter ones,and cables manufactured from materials with higher bulk resistivity have higher attenuation(at a given fre-quency)than low resistance ones.Depending on the application, this increase in attenuation can be fortuitous or problematic.In applications where coaxial cables are used for noise immunity for small,low-frequency signals,having increased attenuation at high frequencies is advantageous:in fact‘‘lossy’’coax cables have been used as microwavefilters[16].However,for high-bandwidth signals the change in attenuation, a,with frequency,f,is undesirable as it results in the‘‘shape’’of signals(in the time-domain)being modified as they propagate along the cable and this can cause problems with,for example, high-fidelity qubit control.Techniques borrowed from the NMR/ MRI world for pulse preshaping using a posteriori knowledge of the cabling transfer function[17]can be applied to compensate for this effect,but it would still be advantageous to keep the fre-quency response of the cable asflat as ing(lots of) large-diameter low-resistance cables can be incompatible with experiments at dilution refrigerator temperatures,as the thermal and electrical conductivity of a normal metal are closely related [18].However,superconducting cables made from Nb,or prefera-bly NbTi(due to its higher criticalfield and temperature,and lower thermal conductivity),can be used.Below their superconducting transition temperature these cables provide very low attenuation and have a small thermal conductivity[15]so in many cases are the ideal solution to this problem.However,with cryogen free dilution refrigerators enabling experiments over extended temper-ature ranges[12]some care needs to be taken,as the electrical per-formance of these lines will change(attenuation will increase) dramatically above their transition temperature.Onefinal point is that the desire to keep d adf%0is not the same as keeping a%0.Indeed,the types of cables described here are very good at transmitting‘‘thermal noise’’from warmer parts of the refrigerator to colder ones,equating h m%K B T gives a photon fre-quency of20GHz at1K and UT-85cables operational range can extend to>60GHz[19],and so having some attenuation in the line is desirable to reduce these thermal perturbations.Attenuators with aflat frequency response,compatible with cryogenic temper-atures[20],can be used to increase the attenuation of a line whilst avoiding the complications of distorting high-bandwidth signals. Details of measurements of such lines will be given in Section2.2.3.G.Batey et al./Cryogenics60(2014)24–32252.2.2.High-frequency wiring cartridgesAs described in Section2.2.1,for some experiments small diam-eter coaxial cables with high attenuation at high-frequencies can be appropriate.For example,UT-13cables have an outer diameter of approximately330l m and can be installed and thermally an-chored likeflexible‘‘DC’’wiring.In this section we focus on semi-rigid cables and describe a convenient method of installing multiple,configurable,semi-rigid coaxial lines into a dilution refrigerator in a way that gives good electrical and thermal perfor-mance and allows for the cable assemblies to be rapidly demount-ed and modified if necessary.Cryogen-free dilution refrigerators typically have several large (40–100mm diameter)line-of-sight(LoS)ports that allow connec-tions between the room temperature top-plate and the mixing chamber plate.Whilst traditional wet dilution refrigerators also of-ten feature LoS ports they tend to be less numerous and of smaller diameter.Wet systems also require an IVC and so services need to be installed in vacuum tubes from room temperature to4K,mak-ing the thermal anchoring of the installed services more difficult (services can of course be thermalised by bringing them through the main helium bath,but then cryogenically compatible,hermet-ically sealed feed-throughs are required to bring the services into the IVC).A typical cryogen-free refrigerator will have experimental plates that can be used to thermally anchor wiring at temperatures of approximately50K,3K,0.8K,100mK and the mixing chamber at around10mK.The wiring cartridge shown in Fig.1has anchor-moved in one piece allows for bench testing of the microwave lines prior to installing them into the system.It also means,for example, that should there be a desire to change installed attenuators for ones with a different attenuation value the assembly can be re-moved from the refrigerator by simply opening one room temper-ature o-ring seal and loosening the clamping bolts.With the assembly removed,the microwave lines or attenuators,between the bulkhead connectors,can be reconfigured and tested before being refitted to the system.2.2.3.Transmission measurementsThe microwave performance of installed coaxial cable assem-blies has been measured with an Antitsu model MS2028C/2vector network analyser[22]which recorded the scattering parameters at frequencies up to12GHz.Typical curves between5kHz and8GHz are shown in Fig.2.The S12parameter can be associated with the total attenuation in the line and the measured values agree well with cable manufactures’data for expected values of the frequency dependent attenuation(per unit length)of the cables they produce [19,23],in this case the coaxial cable sections themselves were sil-ver-plated stainless steel inner conductor,stainless steel outer con-ductor from room temperature to the4K plate,and NbTi inner and outer from4K to the mixing chamber.Faults with the coaxial cables,such as loose connectors or cracked solder joints,can be identified from scattering parameter measurements[24],and for the cables installed on these systems typically result in additional attenuation(reflection)features at frequencies of a few GHz,Fig.2.Fig.1.A wiring cartridge for a cryogen-free dilution refrigerator:(a)Shows a fully assembled cartridge with hermetic feed-throughs on the room temperature top plate and additional attenuators installed above and below some of the thermal stages.(b)Shows the detail of a split clamp used to thermally anchor the cartridge to the refrigerator and the bulkhead connectors through the cartridge plate.(c) Shows how such a section of such a cartridge could be installed through a line-of-sight port of a dilution refrigerator.Scattering parameter measurements on coaxial cables installed The red and black traces show lines with no additionalThe green and blue traces show lines with an additional28dB attenuation.The reduction in the attenuation between room temperature being cooled is due principally to sections of superconducting coaxialbelow their transition temperature.The dip in the attenuation(circled)was due to a loose connector in the cartridge assembly, prior to the cartridge being installed into the system and cooled. interpretation of the references to color in thisfigure legend,the reader version of this article.)26G.Batey et al./Cryogenics60(2014)24–32leak extracted from the difference in these temperatures.For these measurements three wiring cartridges,each containing eight UT-85coaxial lines(24lines in total)manufactured from cupronickel conductors,were installed onto a Triton200[25]dilution refriger-ator system,as show in Fig.3.After the addition of the wiring car-tridges the temperature of the plate mounted at the end of the continuous heat exchanger,colloquially know as the‘‘100mK plate’’,had increased from65mK to120mK as measured with a resistive temperature sensor[26].The base temperature of the dilution refrigerator,measured using a nuclear orientation ther-mometer[27],was found to have risen to9.1mK,corresponding to an increased heat load of%600nW.Extrapolating available data for the thermal conductivity of cupronickel[28]to100mK and cal-culating the anticipated heat load conducted through24UT-85 coaxial lines with the geometry defined by manufactures[23]ac-counts for%200nW of this increase,with a further additional %300nW expected through the stainless steel refrigerator support structure,calculated using published values for the thermal con-ductivity[29],due to the increase in temperature of the100mK plate.3.Rapid sample exchangeIn Section2it was shown that cryogen-free dilution refrigera-tors integrated with superconducting magnets provide an ideal environment for quantum device development experiments due to their ease of use and the convenience of installing experimental services.These systems do,however,have one significant draw-back compared to their wet counterparts as the integrated super-conducting magnets become larger:the experimental turnaround time.High-field cryogen-free magnets can have masses well in ex-cess of50kg and require enthalpy changes of several MJ to cool from room temperature to4K.The pulse tube coolers used in these systems typically have cooling powers at the second stage of %140W at room temperature,falling to%1W at4K[30].This lim-ited cooling power means that the initial cool down from room 3.1.The sample exchange conceptAttaching a sample and experimental wiring directly to a probe and loading the entire assembly into a dilution refrigerator has been attempted,but it was found that the resulting thermal perfor-mance and limited space is incompatible with multiple high-fre-quency lines and additional microwave components(amplifies,filters,etc.),see Section II A of[31].An alternative approach to sample loading,as also implemented in[31],is to leave the experimental wiring on the refrigerator, where it can be efficiently thermally anchored,in this case by using the wiring cartridge design discussed in Section2.2,and to load a ‘‘sample holder’’to connect to this installed wiring.Additionally, this means that the full sample space of the refrigerator can be uti-lised to install other components into the experimental wiring cir-cuits which may notfit onto a smaller diameter probe.Loading only a sample holder into the refrigerator introduces the complica-tion of requiring demountable microwave connectors,but in the following sections we show that this requirement can be fulfilled. It is often also desirable to be able to bias or ground electrical con-nections to delicate samples during the cool down process to pre-vent,for example,electrostatic sample damage.This is accomplished with a‘‘make-before-break’’arrangement whereby all DC and microwave connections to the sample holder are indi-vidually connected to room temperature connectors on the loading probe.As will discussed in Section3.1.2the sample holder can also be made demountable,allowing the loading probe to be removed after the sample is attached to the refrigerator.With a cryogen-free system without an IVC there is no preferred direction for sample loading.Samples can either be introduced from the top of the system using a top-loading load-lock(TLLL) or from below using a bottom-loading load-lock(BLLL).TLLLs re-quire a(central)LoS access port through which the sample can be introduced,and BLLLs require access through the vacuum and radiation shields through which the sample can pass.The distance from the refrigerator top-plate to the magneticfield centre-line is normally longer than that from the bottom of the system tofieldimage showing how multiple coaxial cable cartridges can be installed onto a dilution refrigerator system.In-line attenuators are visible belowposition of the dilution refrigerator still.(b)A plot of the typical cooling capacity available at the mixing chamber of such a dilution refrigerator.y¼ax2Àb.G.Batey et al./Cryogenics60(2014)24–3227normal operation.For TLLL systems these can be controlled with a drive rod mechanically connected to the room temperature top plate.For BLLL systems it is more convenient to make these baffles spring-loaded as the baffles themselves are attached to demount-able radiation shields.3.1.1.ConnectorsThe choice of connectors is critical to the microwave perfor-mance of a cable assembly.With standard UT-85type cables the usual room temperate choices are SMA[32]connectors for opera-tion up to18GHz and SK[33]connectors for operation up to 40GHz.Both of these connectors are screw lock,so unsuitable for pushfit applications,the BMA[34]connector range is a blind-mate equivalent of the SMA connector,but suffers from being rated only to$20GHz and being rather bulky($10mm diameter)which limits the density of connections.SMP[35]connectors have the advantage of being blind-mate,Connectors for multiple DC lines were also trialled cryogenically and a nano d-type connector[36]was chosen,principally due to its extremely small footprint.3.1.2.The loading probeThe loading probe is essentially identical regardless of whether the system is top or bottom loading save for the direction of inser-tion.The loading probe consists of a vacuum lock which is mounted onto a gate valve on the top/bottom of the main vacuum chamber and evacuated prior to introducing the sample holder into the system.Optionally,the loading probe vacuum lock itself can be fitted with an additional gate valve to allow samples to be stored under vacuum prior to loading into the system,and after removal.The sample holder is mechanically connected to drive rods which enter the vacuum lock via piston seals,and electrically con-nected to the biasing/grounding wiring on the probe.The drivepiece for SMP connectors.(b)The round-trip attenuation through pairs of the connectors measured at room temperature as a function number.The data for thefirst25cycles are for one pair of connectors,the last25cycles are for the second pair.(c)The round-trip attenuation measured at room temperature as a function of the temperature of the connectors.28G.Batey et al./Cryogenics60(2014)24–323.1.3.The docking stationThe docking station provides the mating electrical and thermal connections for the sample holder.The cabling attached to the refrigerator is routed to the docking station.For TLLL systems the docking station is a ring around the(central)LoS port,for BLLL sys-tems it is a stand-off that brings the connectionflange into the bore the magnet.Typically48DC lines and14microwave cables can connected to the docking station,however we note that it straightforward to scale up the number of connectors,if required, particularly on TLLL systems as this can be achieved without the need for a larger magnet bore.A BLLL sample holder attached to its docking station is shown Fig.5.Microwave cable links arefitted between the wiring car-tridges,running through the refrigerator,and the docking station.3.1.4.The sample holderExamples of BLLL sample holders are shown in Fig.6.In thefig-ure,panel(b)is a design for integration with high-field magnets with57mm cold bore diameter,giving a clear diameter sample space inside the sample holder of$25mm(reduced from the diameter of the sample holder by the drive rods internal to the holder required to make the bolted connections to the docking sta-tion,visible in thefigure)by90mm long,symmetric about the field centre line of the magnet.Also shown(c)is a larger diameter sample holder for magnets with a90mm cold bore giving a clear sample space diameter of$50mm.Fig.6(a)shows the mating surface of the BLLL sample holder.In particular the SMP connector‘‘bullet’’adaptors can be seen(the bullet has been removed from the lower left shroud).On the sam-ple holder,‘‘full detent’’shrouds are used to retain the bullet.On the docking station smooth bore so called‘‘catcher’s mit’’shrouds are used which allow for a certain amount of radial and axial mis-alignment between the shrouds during loading.The sample holder features an integrated radiation shield, which also protects the sample mechanically during the loading and unloading process.3.2.Sample cool-down5.A bottom loading sample holder,with its integrated radiation shield,connected to the mixing chamber docking station.The microwave cable linksbetween the wiring cartridges and the docking station are visible.surface of a bottom loading sample holder showing the14SMP connectors and51-way nano d-connector.Two alignmentM4captive fasteners are visible at the top and bottom.(b)A bottom loading sample holder with the radiation shieldsample whilst loading can be seen entering the sample holder from the bottom,and the experimental wiring enteringcould be used for mounting a sample into the holder.(c)A larger diameter bottom loading sample holder connected to theload-lock.The four drive rods are visible at the base of the sample holder.60(2014)24–3229refrigerator equipped with eight of the silver-plated upper,NbTi lower coaxial lines described in Sec-further eight stainless steel lines.The base temper-the sample position is shown in the right panel of with a nuclear orientation thermometer over a days.The mean temperature at the sample posi-be9.85mK.turnaround timesdown time of a loaded sample can be seen to be Fig.7,the total turnaround time from removing having another cold is also of interest.As the loading holders are interchangeable the optimum turn-accomplished by having a second sample holder set loading probe whilst the cold sample is being re-removal of the mixture from the refrigerator and the cold sample can be completed in around loading probe is equipped with the additional gate Section3.1.2,or if the sample can be vented tocold,then the two loading probes can be ex-immediately,the vacuum seals can be demounted and re-min.Finally the small volume of the load-lockand leak tested in around20min.The loading 3.3.Cooling power at the sample stageall the experimental services are installed onto refrigerator,and thermally anchored there,the coolingof a bottom loading sample holder after being loaded onto a dilution refrigerator system.(left panel)The cool down from7h.The high-and low-range mixing temperature sensors are calibrated between325K and1.4K,and40K and50mK respectively.measurements with resistive sensors are replaced with a nuclear orientation thermometer.(right panel)Cool down and base temperature temperature stability at the sample position as measured with the nuclear orientation thermometer.Fig.8.The cooling power measured at the sample position on a top-loadedholder.Thefit,a second-order polynomial,is included as a guide.charge pumping in a graphene double quantum dot device.Single electron pumps operating a high frequencies could allow for straight lines represent I¼Æef.The measured current oscillates between the quantised values because of a phase difference betweenunequal lengths of coaxial line.(b)The fractional quantum Hall effect measured in two-dimensional electron system.Quantised features exemplify the low electron-temperatures attained in these measurements,from which a value of15–20mK can be inferred.。

专题07 航空航天（太空科技）——英语语法填空，名校好题热点时事100篇（原卷版)1. 【四川省成都市七中2022-2023学年高二上学期12月阶段性测试英语试题】阅读下面材料, 在空白处填入适当的内容(1个单词) 或括号内单词的正确形式。

China’s Mengtian space lab module, the third major part of the nation’s Tiangong space station, ___1___ (launch) on Oct 31. It is recognized as another key step forward in completing the in-orbit assembly of Tiangong,___2___ (take) construction into its final stage.Mengtian docked with Tianhe, the space station’s core module, early ___3___ the morning of Nov 1.The lab module is about 17.9 meters in length, ___4___ has a diameter of 4.2 meters and weighs more than 23 tons. Consisting of a work cabin, a cargo airlock cabin, a payload cabin and a resource cabin, it is currently the___5___ (heavy) single-cabin active spacecraft in orbit.“There are 13 scientific cabinets inside ___6___ craft to hold scientific equipment,” said Gan Keli, Mengtian’s project manager at the Shanghai Academy of Spaceflight Technology. He added that the equipment onboard would be used for microgravity studies and to carry out ___7___ (experiment) in fluid physics, materials science, andother ___8___ (relate) subjects.After the labs, the Tianzhou 5 cargo craft and the Shenzhou XV crew members are scheduled ___9___ (arrive) at the space station around the end of the year.The country plans to operate Tiangong for at least seven years, during which time it aims to keep it permanently occupied and ____10____ (potential) host commercial missions to the station.2.【上海市复旦大学附属中学高二上学期期末考试英语试卷】Preparations Underway for Moon LandingChina is making preparations for a moon landing that will place its astronauts on the lunar surface, accordingto a senior official at the China Manned Space Agency, who said our astronauts will definitely touch down on the moon.The news conference invited key figures from China’s manned space programs, who are also members of the Communist Party of China, ____11____ (share) their stories and thoughts with journalists.China’s space authorities have a long-term plan to land astronauts on the moon and set up at least one scientific station there. They hope to use the manned missions to carry out scientific surveys ____12____ technological research, explore ways to develop lunar resources and stre ngthen the nation’s space capabilities.Toward that goal, the editor-in-chief of Aerospace Knowledge magazine, said Chinese engineers need to buildnew, stronger carrier rockets and spacecraft ____13____ they arrange a moon-bound journey for Chinese astronauts. “The nation’s current rockets and manned spaceships ____14____ not send astronauts to the moon ____15____ they are not designed for such a mission. We need to design a new rocket, a new spacecraft, a lunar landing capsule fit for a moon walk. We also need to upgrade our ground support system ____16____ was designed for operations in low-Earth orbit ____17____ on the lunar surface,” he explained.Designers at the China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology, the country’s major maker of carrier rockets, are researching a super-heavy rocket that will be several times bigger and mightier than the Long March 5, now the biggest and strongest in China’s Long March rocket family.____18____ a length of nearly 90 meters, the new rocket, which has yet ___19____ (name), will have a liftoff weight of about 2,000 metric tons and will be able to place a 25-ton spacecraft into an Earth-moon trajectory, designers said, _____20_____ (add) that this new model will serve the manned lunar landing.3.【陕西省宝鸡市教育联盟2022-2023学年高二上学期期中考试英语试题】阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。

Table of Contents - 2005 ASHRAE Handbook --FundamentalsTheory1. Thermodynamics and Refrigeration Cycles2. Fluid Flow3. Heat Transfer4. Two-Phase Flow5. Mass Transfer6. Psychrometrics7. Sound and VibrationGeneral Engineering Information8. Thermal Comfort9. Indoor Environmental Health10. Environmental Control for Animals and Plants11. Physiological Factors in Drying and Storing Farm Crops12. Air Contaminants13. Odors14. Measurement and Instruments15. Fundamentals of Control16. Airflow Around BuildingsBasic Materials17. Energy Resources18. Combustion and Fuels19. Refrigerants20. Thermophysical Properties of Refrigerants21. Physical Properties of Secondary Coolants (Brines)22. Sorbents and Desiccants23. Thermal and Moisture Control in Insulated Assemblies—Fundamentals24. Thermal and Moisture Control in Insulated Assemblies—Applications25. Thermal and Water Vapor Transmission Data26. Insulation for Mechanical SystemsLoad and Energy Calculations27. Ventilation and Infiltration28. Climatic Design Information29. Residential Cooling and Heating Load Calculations30. Nonresidential Cooling and Heating Load Calculations31. Fenestration32. Energy Estimating and Modeling MethodsDuct and Pipe Design33. Space Air Diffusion34. Indoor Environmental Modeling35. Duct Design36. Pipe SizingGeneral37. Abbreviations and Symbols38. Units and Conversions39. Physical Properties of Materials40. Codes and StandardsTable of Contents - 2006 ASHRAE Handbook --RefrigerationRefrigeration System Practices1. Liquid Overfeed Systems2. System Practices for Halocargbon Refrigerants3. System Practices for Ammonia and Carbon Dioxide Refrigerants4. Secondary Coolants in Refrigeration Systems5. Refrigerant System Chemistry6. Control of Moisture and Other Contaminants in Refrigerant Systems7. Lubricants in Refrigerant Systems8. Refrigerant Containment, Recovery, Recycling, and Reclamation Food Storage and Equipment9. Thermal Properties of Foods10. Cooling and Freezing Times of Foods11. Commodity Storage Requirements12. Food Microbiology and Refrigeration13. Refrigeration Load14. Refrigerated Facility Design15. Methods of Precooling Fruits, Vegetables, and Cut FlowersFood Refrigeration16. Industrial Food Freezing Systems17. Meat Products18. Poultry Products19. Fishery Products20. Dairy Products21. Eggs and Egg Products22. Deciduous Tree and Vine Fruit23. Citrus Fruit, Bananas, and Subtropical Fruit24. Vegetables25. Fruit Juice Concentrates and Chilled Juice Products26. Beverages27. Processed, Precooked, and Prepared Foods28. Bakery Products29. Chocolates, Candies, Nuts, Dried Fruits, and Dried Vegetables Distribution of Chilled and Frozen Food30. Cargo Containers, Rail Cars, Trailers, and Trucks31. Marine Refrigeration32. Air TransportIndustrial Applications33. Insulation Systems for Refrigerant Piping34. Ice Manufacture35. Ice Rinks36. Concrete Dams and Subsurface Soils37. Refrigeration in the Chemical IndustryLow-Temperature Applications38. Cryogenics39. Ultralow-Temperature Refrigeration40. Biomedical Applications of Cryogenic Refrigeration Refrigeration Equipment41. Absorption Cooling, Heating, and Refrigeration Equipment42. Forced-Circulation Air Coolers43. Component Balancing in Refrigeration Systems44. Refrigerant-Control Devices45. Factory Dehydrating, Charging, and TestingUnitary Refrigeration Equipment46. Retail Food Store Refrigeration and Equipment47. Food Service and General Commercial Refrigeration Equipment48. Household Refrigerators and FreezersGeneral Chapter49. Codes and StandardsTable of Contents - 2007 ASHRAE Handbook --HVAC ApplicationsCOMFORT APPLICATIONS1. Residences2. Retail Facilities3. Commercial and Public Buildings4. Places of Assembly5. Hotels, Motels, and Dormitories6. Educational Facilities7. Health Care Facilities8. Justice Facilities9. Automobiles and Mass Transit10. Aircraft11. ShipsINDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS12. Industrial Air Conditioning13. Enclosed Vehicular Facilities14. Laboratories15. Engine Test Facilities16. Clean Spaces17. Data Processing and Electronic Office Areas18. Printing Plants19. Textile Processing Plants20. Photographic Materials21. Museums, Galleries, Archives, and Libraries22. Environmental Control for Animals and Plants23. Drying and Storing Selected Farm Crops24. Air Conditioning of Wood and Paper Product Facilities25. Power Plants26. Nuclear Facilities27. Mine Air Conditioning and Ventilation28. Industrial Drying Systems29. Ventilation of the Industrial Environment30. Industrial Local Exhaust Systems31. Kitchen VentilationENERGY-RELATED APPLICATIONS32. Geothermal Energy33. Solar Energy Use34. Thermal StorageBUILDING OPERATIONS AND MANAGEMENT35. Energy Use and Management36. Owning and Operating Costs37. Testing, Adjusting, and Balancing38. Operation and Maintenance Management39. Computer Applications40. Building Energy Monitoring41. Supervisory Control Strategies and Optimization42. HVAC CommissioningGENERAL APPLICATIONS43. Building Envelopes44. Building Air Intake and Exhaust Design45. Control of Gaseous Indoor Air Contaminants46. Design and Application of Controls47. Sound and Vibration Control48. Water Treatment49. Service Water Heating50. Snow Melting and Freeze Protection51. Evaporative Cooling52. Fire and Smoke Management53. Radiant Heating and Cooling54. Seismic and Wind Restraint Design55. Electrical Considerations56. Room Air Distribution57. Integrated Building Design58. Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Explosive Incidents59. Codes and StandardsTable of Contents - 2008 HVAC Systems andEquipment HandbookAIR-CONDITIONING AND HEATING SYSTEMSChapter1. HVAC System Analysis and Selection2. Decentralized Heating and Cooling3. Central Heating and Cooling Plants4. Air Handling and Distribution5. In-Room Terminal Systems6. Panel Heating and Cooling7. Combined Heat and Power Systems8. Applied Heat Pump and Heat Recovery Systems9. Small Forced-Air Heating and Cooling Systems10. Steam Systems11. District Heating and Cooling12. Hydronic Heating and Cooling13. Condenser Water Systems14. Medium- and High-Temperature Water Heating15. Infrared Radiant Heating16. Ultraviolet Lamp Systems17. Combustion Turbine Inlet CoolingAIR-HANDLING EQUIPMENT AND COMPONENTSChapter18. Duct Construction19. Room Air Distribution Equipment20. Fans21. Humidifiers22. Air-Cooling and Dehumidifying Coils23. Desiccant Dehumidification and Pressure-Drying Equipment24. Mechanical Dehumidifiers and Related Components25. Air-to-Air Energy Recovery Equipment26. Air-Heating Coils27. Unit Ventilators, Unit Heaters, and Makeup Air Units28. Air Cleaners for Particulate Contaminants29. Industrial Gas Cleaning and Air Pollution Control EquipmentHEATING EQUIPMENT AND COMPONENTSChapter30. Automatic Fuel-Burning Systems31. Boilers32. Furnaces33. Residential In-Space Heating Equipment34. Chimney, Vent, and Fireplace Systems35. Hydronic Heat-Distributing Units and Radiators36. Solar Energy EquipmentCOOLING EQUIPMENT AND COMPONENTSChapter37. Compressors38. Condensers39. Cooling Towers40. Evaporative Air-Cooling Equipment41. Liquid Coolers42. Liquid-Chilling SystemsGENERAL COMPONENTSChapter43. Centrifugal Pumps44. Motors, Motor Controls, and Variable-Speed Drives45. Pipes, Tubes, and Fittings46. Valves47. Heat ExchangersPACKAGED, UNITARY, AND SPLIT-SYSTEM EQUIPMENT Chapter48. Unitary Air Conditioners and Heat Pumps49. Room Air Conditioners and Packaged Terminal Air ConditionersGENERALChapter50. Thermal Storage51. Codes and Standards。

小学下册英语第一单元自测题[含答案]英语试题一、综合题(本题有50小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1 I like to _______ (听音乐) in my room.2 I wish I could design my own ________ (玩具名) one day. It would be the most________ (形容词) toy ever!3 My favorite thing to learn is ______.4 The starfish can be found on the _________. (海底)5 The _____ (sand/gravel) is warm.6 What is the term for a baby llama?A. CriaB. CalfC. KidD. Foal答案:A7 What is the main ingredient in pancakes?A. FlourB. SugarC. EggsD. Milk答案:A8 The discovery of ________ has had a profound impact on environmental science.9 The tree is ________ in the yard.10 What is the name of the largest known star?A. BetelgeuseB. UY ScutiC. VY Canis MajorisD. Antares11 My grandpa has many . (我爷爷有很多。

)12 What is the main ingredient in mayonnaise?A. EggB. OilC. VinegarD. All of the above13 Cacti grow in _______ environments and need little care.14 The country known for its deserts is ________ (沙特阿拉伯).15 What is the capital of Lithuania?A. VilniusB. KaunasC. KlaipedaD. Panevezys答案:A16 What is the main ingredient in chocolate?A. CocoaB. VanillaC. SugarD. Milk答案:A17 The __________ (历史的视野) invites exploration.18 I like to ______ (照顾) my pets.19 A ____(green building) incorporates sustainable materials.20 A saturated solution can be heated to dissolve _______ solute.21 What is the main purpose of a computer?A. To eatB. To writeC. To computeD. To draw22 What is the largest land animal?A. GiraffeB. ElephantC. HippopotamusD. Rhino答案:B23 My ________ (玩具) has a special place in my heart.24 The __________ makes it hard to see the road. (雾)25 I want to learn how to ________ (唱歌).26 An island is a piece of land that is completely __________ by water.27 I like to watch ______ (纪录片) about animals and nature. It helps me learn more about our planet.28 What is the main purpose of a refrigerator?A. To cook foodB. To keep food coldC. To freeze foodD. To heat food答案: B. To keep food cold29 The chemical formula for acetone is _______.30 The __________ (人类进化) from primates took millions of years.31 The children are ________ in the playground.32 My favorite movie is _______ (《狮子王》), and I watch it every _______ (周末).33 He is a _____ (发明家) creating solutions for everyday challenges.34 The ______ (鲸鱼) is known for its size and beauty.35 I think it’s essential to have goals in life. They give us direction and purpose. I set goals for myself by __________ and tracking my progress.36 What is the name of the fairy tale character who lived in a tower?A. CinderellaB. RapunzelC. Sleeping BeautyD. Goldilocks37 The ancient Romans celebrated ________ to honor their gods.38 I can ______ (让) people laugh.39 I have a pet ______ (乌龟) that moves very ______ (慢).40 What is the process of changing from a liquid to a gas?A. EvaporationB. CondensationC. FreezingD. Melting答案:A41 连词成句。

2017·249·the waveforms measured by a fast Faraday Cup at the exit of the RFQ for different RF power and extraction HV. The fastest peaks in thefigures correspond to fully accelerated C6+ion beams,which are followed by partially accelerated ones.The maximum current amplitude was obtained for the extraction HV of60kV and RF power of 190kW,the nominal values for the acceleration of C6+in the RFQ.This was thefirst time that the accelerated C6+ion group is clearly separated from the unaccelerated ones with DPIS at IMP.The energy of7.12MeV was verified by the time offlight according with the design value of the RFQ.To expand the application of laser ion sources in accelerators,a solidified hydrogen target system has been developed for the laser ion source to produce proton beams.The hydrogen is solidified with the method of deposition.A two-stage G-M refrigerator(>1.5W@4.2K/35W@50K)is used as the cold source.The hydrogen gasflowing through the tube attached to thefirst stage of the cryocooler is pre-cooled and sprayed through a nozzle to a copper sheet attached at the second stage,which is also used as the holder of the hydrogen ice.The view of the experimental setup is shown in Fig.4.As shown in Fig.5,the hydrogen ice was observed in the off-line experiment. The investigation of the production of proton beams by the laser ion source with this system will be carried out in 2018.Fig.4(color online)Outline of the solidified hydrogen target system.Fig.5(color online)Photograph of the hydrogen ice(a)view from the observation window(b)closeup of the hydrogen ice.References[1]H.Y.Zhao,J.J.Zhang,Q.Y.Jin,et al.,Rev.Sci.Instrum.,87,(2016)02A917.[2]H.Y.Zhao,J.J.Zhang,G.C.Wang,et al.,Annval Report IMP&HIRFL,(2016)267.[3]H.Y.Zhao,Q.Y.Jin,S.Sha,et al.,Rev.Sci.Instrum.,02B,910(2014)85.6-19Status Report of On-line Ion Sources in2017 Feng Yucheng,Zhang Wenhui,Ma Hongyi,Guo Junwei,Fang Xing,Yang Yao,Li libin,Li Jibo,Qian Cheng, Zhang Junjie,Jin Qianyu,Wang Hui,Ma Baohua,Shen zhen,Shen dingding,Wang guicai,Zhang Xuezhen and Sun LiangtingConsidering that all the ion species provided by LAPECR1can also be supplied by LECR3,the LAPECR1 was removed during the summer maintenance period in2017.Therefore,HIRFL-CSR has two online ion sources presently,which are LECR3and SECRAL.In2017,16kinds of ion beams have been delivered successfully,and the total service time of the two on-line ion sources is6622.5h,3938.5h and2684h for LECR3and SECRAL,respectively.In this year,the service time of the two ion sources contributed to metal ion beams amounts to2028h,corresponding to30.6%of the total service time.·250·2017 Table1summarizes the main information about the ion beams delievered by the two ion sources.Figure1shows the comparison of the ion beam delivering time for HIRFL-CSR accelerator facitily from the two ion sources since 2007.Table1Ion beams delivered by SECRAL and LECR3to HIRFL accelerator in2017.Equipment Ion beam Extraction HV/kVIon beamintensity/eµAService time/hSECRAL 209Bi31+10.3430469 129Xe27+14.0550296 86Kr17+18.86110557 58Ni19+21.6025297.5 58Ni15+19.3228184 40Ca16+23.2921233 40Ca14+19.3940231.5 40Ar13+22.83100298 40Ar12+23.5885118LECR358Ni15+19.321020 40Ca12+19.3925593 40Ar13+22.8327234 40Ar12+23.5850572 40Ar11+19.2490398 32S11+22.734821328Si9+22.8330186.5 13C4+17.7344296.5 12C4+23.071001307.5 12C3+18.5570118Fig.1Beam delivering time of the on-line ion sources from2007to2017.In March,a number of quench trips occurred in SECRAL.The historical record data showed that the performance of the Laybold cooler had degenerated seriously and the temperature of the HTS was higher than the nominal value, which made the quench happen.Therefore all the equipment of the cooler system was replaced,and the temperature of the HTS got back to the safety value.In the second half of2017,the vacuum chamber of the SECRAL extraction area was modified.Referring to the design of SECRAL-II,the three electrode extraction system is added,and the ceramic is integrated with the holder of the puller,which makes the installing and disassembling of the ion source much easier and also helps to obtain good vacuum condition.The effect of the integrative has been confirmed in the routine operation of the ion source. The pressure at the extraction side of the ion source was decreased nearly by one order,remaining at the level of 2.010−8mb presently.It is planned to replace SECRAL with SECRAL-II in the summer of2018as SECRAL-II is superior to SECRAL. More importantly,the design of the cryogenic system of SECRAL-II is more advanced,so it can be operated at the zero liquid helium evaporation mode when the microwave power is less than5kW.This will greatly improve the operation efficiency of the ion source.。

北京石油化工设计院体系文件管道专业常用的英文及缩写词BPDI BE321321-05l 范围本文件规定了管道专业在设计文件上常用的英文及缩写词,在设计文件中使用的其它专业缩写词应按相关专业的规定执行。

本文件适用于管道专业的设计工作。

2 说明本文件编制目的是为了统一用词和词的缩写,使设计文件的用词统一、规范并推荐在图纸上采用英文缩写词,尽量减少使用汉字,以利于国际交流。

文字说明和资料翻译时,应使用本规定的英汉对照词。

3 按中文分类排列汉语词英语词英语缩写3.1 阀门类3.1.1常用阀闸阀截止阀(球心阀)节流阀针型阀角阀(角式截止阀) Y型阀(Y型截止阀) 球阀三通球阀蝶阀柱塞阀旋塞阀三通旋塞阀四通旋塞阀旋塞隔膜阀夹紧式胶管阀止回阀Gate valveGlobe valveThrottle valveNeedle valveAngle valveY-valve(Y-boby globe valve)Ball valve3-Way ball valveButterfly valvePiston type valvePlug valve3-Way ball valve4-Way ball valveCockDiaphragm valvePinch valveCheck valveTRV北京石油化工设计院2005—7—26批准 2005—8—15实施3.1.2其它阀安全泄汽阀(安全阀) 安全泄液阀(卸荷阀) 安全泄压阀罐底排污阀波纹管密封阀电磁阀电动阀气动阀低温用阀蒸汽疏水阀呼吸阀减压阀控制阀调节阀3.1.3不表明结构的阀切断阀手动控制阀调节阀快开阀隔断阀三通阀夹套阀排污阀排液阀放空阀卸载阀排出阀吸入阀多路阀取样阀手动阀旁路阀冲洗阀根部阀底阀3.2 管子与连接3.2.1管子管子(标准规格)管子(非标规格)钢管铸铁管衬里管复合管(包复金属管) Safety valveRelief valveSafety relief valveFlush-bottom tank valveBellow sealed valveSolenoid valveElectrically operated valvePneumatic operated valveCryogenic service valveSteam trapBreather valveReducing valveControl valveBlock valve, Shut-off valve ,Stop valveHand control valveRegulating valveQuick opening valveIsolating valve3-Way valveJacketed valveBlow down valveDrain valveVent valveUnloading valveDischarge valveSuction valveMultiport valveSampling valveHand operated valve, Manually operated valveBy-pass valveFlush valveRoot valve, Primary valve, Header valveFoot valvePipeTubeSteel pipeCast iron pipeLined cining pipeClad pipeSVTRVHCVVTV碳钢管合金钢管不锈钢管奥氏体不锈钢管铁素体合金钢管]无缝钢管焊接钢管镀锌钢管水煤气钢管塑料管玻璃管橡胶管壁厚系列号(管子表号) 壁厚3.2.2管子零件弯头异径弯头长半径弯头短半径弯头180°弯头(回弯头) 三通(T型三通)异径三通等径三通45°三通正三通(Y型三通)四通(十字通)异径管(大小头)同心异径管偏心异径管支管连接支管台(凹台)活接头管接头(管箍)管帽短节(短管)管堵(丝堵)焊接管帽盲板,管道盲板8字盲板特殊管件3.2.3连接对焊的法兰的Carbon steel pipeAlloy steel pipeStainless steel valveAustenitic stainless steel pipeFerric alloy steel pipeSeamless steel pipeWelded steel pipeWater gas steel pipeGalvanized steel pipePlastic pipeGlass tubeRubber tubeSchedule numberWall thicknessElbowReducing elbowLong radius elbowShort radius elbowReturn elbowTeeReducing teeStraight tee45°LateralTrue “Y”CrossReducerConcentric reducerEccentric reducerBranch connectionBossUnionCouling, Full couplingCapNipplePlugWelded capBlank, Blind, Line blankSpectacle blankSpecial pipe fittingsButt weldedFlangedSch.NoW.TLRESREREDCONECCCNIPPLGWCL.BS.PBWFLGD螺纹的承插焊的承插的对焊连接法兰连接螺纹连接管螺纹连接承插焊连接承插连接,套筒连接整体法兰螺纹法兰承插焊法兰松套法兰对焊法兰平焊法兰板式平焊法兰松套板式法兰滑套法兰(平焊法兰)法兰盖孔板法兰异径法兰螺栓圆直径法兰面光面,光滑面突面凹凸面凸面凹面榫槽面榫面槽面环连接面,梯型槽密封面全平面,满平面光滑突面螺栓热紧螺栓冷紧螺纹管帽螺纹焊管座承插焊管帽承插焊管座垫片非金属包覆垫片ThreadedSocket weldedBelledButt welded jointFlanged jointThreaded jointPipe threaded jointSocket welding flangeBell and spigot jointIntegral pipe flangeThreaded flangeSocket welding flangeLap joint flangeWeld neck flangeSlip on flange, Slip on weld flangeWelding plate flangeLoose plate flangeSlip-on-welding flangeBlind flange, BlindOrifice flangeReducing flangeBolt circle diameterFlange facing, facing of flangePlain faceRaised faceMale-female(Seal contact)faceMale faceFemale faceTongue groove faceTongue faceGroove faceRing joint faceFlat face, Full faceSmooth raised faceBolt hot tighteningBolt cold tighteningThread capThread letSocket welded capSocket welded letGasketNon-metallic jacked gasketTHDSWBWTSWTHDFLJFWNFBCDFOFPFRFMFMMFFMFTGFTFGFRJFFFSRFTHDCTHLETSWCSWLET金属包覆垫片缠绕式垫片内环外环金属垫片3.3 管道附件3.3.1组件气液分离器阻火器临时粗滤器永久粗滤器(固定粗滤器) Y型粗滤器T型粗滤器网状粗滤器粗滤器过滤器永久过滤器消音器(消声器)视镜浮球式视镜全视镜取样冷却器喷嘴,喷头喷射器洗眼器膨胀器(伸缩接头)波纹膨胀节球型补偿器填函式补偿器安全淋浴器3.3.2元件排液漏斗漏斗爆破板限流孔板混合孔板软管接头金属软管橡胶管挠性管(柔性管)快速接头旋转接头Metallic jacket gasketSpiral wound gasketInner ringOuter ringMetallic gasketGas-liquid separationFlame arrested(Flame trap)Temporary strainetPermanent strainetY-type strainerT-type strainerGauge strainerStrainerFilterPermanent filterSilencerSight glass(Sight flow glass)Floating ball sight flow indicatorFull view sigh flow indicatorSample coolerSpray nozzleEjectorEye washerExpansion jointBellow expansion jointBall type expansion jointSlip type(packed type)expansion jointSafety showerDrain funnelFunnelRupture diskRestriction orificeMixing orificeHose connectionMetal hoseRubber hoseFlexible hoseQuick couplingSwivel jointE.WS.SRPROHC减压器3.4材料3.4.1 金属材料碳钢合金钢合金结构钢工具钢不锈钢奥氏体不锈钢马氏体不锈钢锻钢铸钢铸铁灰铸铁可锻铸铁球墨铸铁高硅铸铁铝铜黄铜铝镁合金蒙乃尔合金(镍铜合金)钛铅型钢角钢槽钢工字钢(工字梁)宽翼线工字钢(H钢)T字钢方钢扁钢园钢钢带钢板网纹钢板3.4.2非金属材料塑料丙烯晴、丁二烯、苯乙烯橡胶聚乙烯聚氯乙烯ReducerCarbon steelAlloy steelStructural alloy steelTool steelStainless steelAustenitic stainless steelMartensitic stainless steelForged steelCast steelCast ironGrey cast ironMalleable ironNodular cast iron, Nodular cast graphite ironHigh silicon cast ironAluminumCopperBrassAluminum magnesiumMonelTitaniumLeadShaped steelAngle steelChannelI—BeamWide flanged beamT—BarSquare BarFlat BarRound steel, rodStrap steelPlateCheckered platePlasticAcrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene rubberPolyethylenePloy vinyl chlorideREDC.SS.SC.IM.IABSPEPVC氯化聚氯乙烯聚丙烯聚苯乙烯氯化聚醚聚碳酸酯有机玻璃聚四氟乙烯碳纤维聚三氟氯乙烯氯化聚乙烯氯磺化聚乙烯环氧树脂泡沫聚苯乙烯玻璃纤维增强聚酯丁腈橡胶氯丁橡胶天然橡胶丁基橡胶丁苯橡胶顺丁橡胶不饱和聚酯聚氨酯耐火砖陶瓷搪瓷石棉3.5 设备安装3.5.1布置装置边界边界内边界外中心线接续线设备布置标高,高程,立面图绝对标高坐标坐标原点装置北真实北方位危险区Chlorinated ploy vinyl chloridePoly propylenePolystyreneChlorinated polyetherPolycarbonatePoly methyl methacrylatePolytetrafluoroethleneCarbon fiberPoly chlorotrifluoroethyleneChlorinated poly ethyleneChlorosulfonated polyethyleneEpoxy resinExpanded poly styreneGlass fiber reinforced polyesterNitride butadiene rubberNeoprene rubberNatural rubberButyl rubberStyrene-Butadiene rubberCis-polybutadiene rubberUnsaturated polyesterPolyurethaneFire brickCeramicPorcelain enamelAsbestBattery limitInside battery limitOutside battery limitCenter lineMatch lineEquipment arrangement; Equipment layout; Plot PlanElevationAbsolute elevationCoordinateOrigin of coordinatePlant northtrue northOrientationHazardous areaCPVCPPPSCPEPCPMMAPTFECARPCTFECPE;CMCSM;CSPREPEPSFRPNBRNRPIBISBRCBRUPPUB.LL.S.B.LO.S.B.LM.LELTN铺砌区非铺砌区楼面地面标高平台场地管廊电缆槽(架) 建筑物钢结构基础柱梁桁架墙篦子板吊装孔吊梁架顶面钢结构顶面混凝土顶面梁顶面板表面吊勾顶面,上面底面,底下支撑点固定点建筑北设计北电缆沟管沟明沟明火地点散发火花地点防火间距支架间距地面坡度吊装孔道路地面内径外径Paving areaUnpaving areaFloorGround levelPlatformYardPipe rackCable tray(channel)BuildingSteel structureFoundationColun ; Post; StanchionBeamGirderWallGrate; GratingErection openingHoisting beamTop of supportTop of steelTop of concreteTop of BeamPlat faceHookTopBottomPoint of supportFixed pointConstruction northDesign northElectric cable duct; Electrical trenchPipe trenchOpen trenchOpen fire placeSend-out spark placeFire protection spacingSupport spacingGround gradeErection openingRoadGround; Ground levelInside DiameterOutside DiameterGLPFHBTOSTOSTOCTOBPLATFTOPBOTPOSFPDNGRDIDOD公称直径公称压力切线中心线门窗地下底板底面控置室分析室配电室变压器室通风室更衣室贮藏室维修室盥洗室,厕所办工室门卫室,传达室接待室,会客室地秤室泵房压缩机室电池室消防栓电气盘仪表盘就地盘3.5.2设备塔洗涤塔吸收塔冷却塔精馏塔换热器空冷器水冷却器冷却器螺旋板换热器套管换热器石墨换热器板片换热器Nominal diameter; Nominal(pipe)sizeNominal pressureTangent lineCenter lineGateWindowUnder groundBottom of base plateControl roomAnalyzerSubstationTransformer roomVentilation roomLocker roomStorage roomMaintenance roomCloste ; Toilet; WashroomOfficeEntrance guard room; Janito r′s roomReception roomWeigh-bridge roomPump house; Pump roomCompressor house(room)Battery roomFire plugElectrical panelInstrument panelLocal panelTower; ColumnScrubberAbsorberCooling towerFractionating towerHeat exchangerAir coolerWater coolerCondenserSpiral plate exchangerDouble pipe heat exchangerGraphite heat exchangerPlate type heat exchangerDNPNTLUGBBPW.CFPL板翅式换热器板式塔填料塔浮阀塔反应器贮罐缓冲器混合罐浮顶罐内浮顶罐固定顶罐卧式储罐球罐罐,鼓,筒,桶气柜螺旋式气柜湿式气柜干式气柜离心泵涡轮泵旋涡泵转子泵齿轮泵内啮合齿轮泵螺杆泵柱塞泵双作用往复泵计量泵,定量泵泥浆泵管道泵手摇泵深井泵输送泵屏蔽泵液下泵潜水泵多级泵立式泵磁力泵气动泵轴流泵混流泵Plate-fin heat exchangerPlate towerFloating distillation towerValve towerReactorTankKnock-out drumMixing tank(drum)Floating roof tank; Pontoon roof tankFloating internal roof tankStationary roof tankHorizontal tankSpheroid; Spherical tankDrumGas holderHelical gas-holderWet gas holderDry gas-holderCentrifugal pumpTurbine pumpV ortex pumpRotary pumpGear pumpInternal gear rotary pump; Crescen gear pump Screw pumpPlunger pumpDouble action reciprocating pumpMetering pumpSlurry pump; Sludge pump; Mud pumpInline pumpHand pump; Wobble pumpDeep well pumpTransfer pump; Delivery pumpShielding can-type pump; Canned pump Submerged pump; Submersible pumpSubmerged pump; Immersible pumpStage pump;, Multistage pumpVertical pump;Magnetic transmission pump; Magnetic coupled pump Pneumatic pumpAxial flow pumpMixed flow pump陶瓷泵陶制泵自吸泵消防泵真空泵叶片式真空泵水环式真空泵(压缩机) 液环泵(压缩机)活塞式压缩机螺杆压缩机离心压缩机多级压缩机往复式压缩机风机,风扇鼓风机离心机离心分离机离心过滤机压滤机板框式压滤机厢式压滤机带式过滤机转鼓式过滤机盘式过滤机板式塔填料塔浮阀塔带式(皮带)运输机螺旋输送机加热器搅拌器炉子烟囱火炬锅炉发电机汽轮机电动机起重机,吊车板式起重机Ceramic pumpStoneware pumpSelf suction pump; self priming pumpFire pumpVacuum pumpVane vacuum pumpWater ring vacuum pump(compressor)Liquid ring pump(compressor)Piston compressorHelical screw compressorCentrifugal compressorMultiple stages compressorReciprocating compressorFan; VanBlowerCentrifugerCentrifugal separatorCentrifugal filterPressure filterPlate and frame filter pressBox type filer pressBelt filterRotating drum type filterTray filterPlate towerPack tower; Packed columnValve tower; Floating distillation towerRibbon conveyer; Belt conveyerScrew convery ; Spirla conveyer; Worm conveyerHeaterAgitatorFurnaceStackFlareBoilerGeneratorSteam turbineMotorGraneBridge crane吊车梁电动葫芦成套设备附属设备,附件干燥器混合器蒸发器萃取器结晶器澄清器喷射器喷头分离器旋风分离器,旋风除尘器布袋收尘器电除尘器除尘器,吸尘器振动筛破碎机颚式破碎机粉碎机,磨碎机提升机,卷扬机斗式提升机电梯泡沫站软管站3.6 管道布置3.6.1设计文件管道布置管道布置平面管道研究“X”视图“A-A”视图详图轴测图,空视图索引图接续图管道及仪表流程图工艺控制图工艺流程图Crane beam; Hoist beamMotor hoist; Electric hoist; Electric blockPackage unitAttachment equipmentDryerMixerEvaporatorExtractorCrystalligerGravity settlerEjectorSprayerSeparatorCyclone; Cyclone separator deviceCloth envelop collectionElectrostatic precipitator; Electridust precipitatorDuster; Dust arresterVibrating screen; Riddler; Oscillating sieveBreaker; Cracker mill; Crusher; Crushing millJaw breaker ;Jaw crusher; AlligatorGrinder; Pulverizer; Disintegrator; AtomizerHoister; Lifter; Gig; ElevatorBucket elevatorElectrical lift; ElevatorFoam stationHose stationDesign documentPiping assembly; Piping layoutPiping arrangement planPiping studyView“x”Section“A-A”Detail drawingIsometric drawingKey planContinue on drawingPiping and Instrument diagramProcess control diagramProcess flow diagramH.SPAPCODP&ID公用工程流程图总图总平面布置图放大图节点地上地下地面附图草图图例符号比例蒸汽伴管热水伴管电伴热夹套管高压中压低压大气，大气压工作压力，操作压力设计压力工作温度，操作温度设计温度管口取样接口清除口，清洗口排出口出口入口连接，接头管口方位排液放空污水坑，污水池地坑，井地漏下水管人孔手孔关闭后加铅封（封关）开启后加铅封（封开）Utility flow diagramGenera planGeneral arrangement planEnlarged viewNodeAbove groundUnder groundGroundFigueSketchLegendSymbolScaleSteam tracingHot—water tracingElectrical tracingJacketed tracingHigh pressureMedium pressureLow pressureAtmosphereOperating pressure; Working pressureDesign pressureOperating temperatureDesign temperatureNozzleSampling connectionClean outExhaustOutlet; DischargeInlet; suctionConnectionNozzle orientationDrainVentSump pitPitFloor drainSewerManholeHandholeCar seal closeCar seal openUFDAGUGGRDH.P.M.P.L.P.ATMS.CC.ODISCHINLETVENTF.DM.HH.HC.S.CC.S.O关闭后加锁（锁关）开启后加锁（锁开）正常时关闭正常时开启故障时关闭故障时开启垂直，正交平行管顶管底管内底底平顶平水平的，卧式的立式的，垂直的水平安装垂直安装管件直连管间距管道跨距管道等级管道材料规定等级分界隔热分界管道附件管道元件面至面中心至面中心至中心中心至端面坡度公称直径公称压力外径内径螺栓圆直径软管接头管段，短管可拆短管直管弯管管内底标高Locked closedLocked openNormally closedNormally openValve closes on failure of actuating energyValve opens on failure of actuating energyPerpendicularParallelTop of pipeBottom of pipeInvert, Inside bottom of pipeFlat on bottomFlat on topHorizontalVerticalHorizontal installationVertical installationFitting to fittingLine spacingLine spanPiping classPiping material specificationMaterial Specification breakInsulation breakPiping attachmentPiping elementFace to FaceCenter to FaceCenter to CenterCenter to EndSlope; GradeNominal DiameterNominal pressureOutside DiameterInside DiameterBolt circleHose connectionSpool piece; SpoolRemovable joint spoolRun pipe; Straight pipeBendInvert elevationL.CL.ON.CN.OFCFOTOPBOPINVFOBFOTHORVERTFTFF-FC-FC-CC-EDNPNODIDB.CHCRSPIE不许出现袋形孔板孔，洞开孔低点标高低点高点平台袋形管外壳3.6.2 管道安装管托管卡管架支耳U型卡带状卡托座吊耳导向板,夹板底板顶板予埋件支承环加强板垫片(垫平用)锚固件预焊件(设备上) 聚四氟乙烯滑动板连接板连接杆限制杆鞍座裙座支承架滑动架固定架导向架吊架弹簧架弹簧托Not allow pocketOrifice plateHoleCaving holeLow point elevationLow pointHigh pointPlatform; Flat; Floor; Surface plateBag-Shape pipe(outside)Shell; Case(shell);Casing; CoverShoeClampPiping supportLugCleviceStrap clampStoolEarCleatBase plateTop plateEmbedded part; Inserted plateRingStiffenerShimClipClip(on equipment)PTFE sliding plateTie plateTie rodLimit rodSaddleSkirtResting supportSliding supportAnchorGuideHangerSpring supportResting type spring supportNO.PC.HLP.LELPHPPF弹簧吊架恒力吊架滚动支架减振器悬臂架三角架支腿N型管架L型管架柱式管架墙架管墩,低管架特殊管架(予埋螺栓)伸出长度对中心,找正跨度力矩弯矩扭矩荷载反力位移角位移冷紧,冷位约束固定点应力惯性矩断面系数安全系数3.6.3 焊接与热处理电弧焊电熔焊气熔焊电阻焊气焊等离子焊电渣焊焊条焊丝平焊角焊间断焊Spring hangerConstant hangerRolling hangerSnubberCantilever supportTriangular supportLegn-type supportL-type supportPole type supportSupport on wallSleeperSpecial supportExtrusionAlignmentSpanMomentBending momentTorqueLoadReactionDisplacementAngular rotationCold springRestraintFix point; Anchor pointStressMoment of inertiaSection modulesSafety factorArc weldingElectric fusion weldingFusion gas weldingElectric resistance weldingGas welding; flame weldingPlasma weldingElectroslag weldingWelding electrode(rod)Welding wireFlat weldingFillet weldingIntermittent weldingEFWFGWERW点焊对焊搭焊现场焊工厂(车间)焊接坡口无损检验肉眼检验,外观检验超声波控伤磁粉探伤荧光渗透试验水压试验气压试验退火回火正火淬火调质高频淬火渗氮渗碳3.6.4 隔热及涂漆玻璃棉岩棉泡沫玻璃硅酸钙硅酸铝纤维珍珠岩泡沫混凝土蛭石矿渣棉硅藻土石棉板石棉布聚氨酯泡沫聚苯乙烯玻璃布沥青油毡镀锌铁丝镀锌铁丝网管壳毡(被) Spot weldingButt weldingLap weldingField weldShop weldGrooveNon-Destruction testingVisual testingUltrasonic testMagnetic particle testFluorescent penetrate inspectionHydraulic testingPneumatic testingAnnealingTemperingNormalizingQuenchingQuenching and temperingInduction hardeningNitrogen case-hardeningCarbonizationGlass woolRock woolFoam glass; Cellular glassCalcium silicateAluminosilicace fiberPerliteFoamed concrete; Cellular concreteVermiculiteMineral woolKieselguhr; DiatomiteAsbestos boardAsbestos clothPolyurethaneCellular polystyreneGlass(fiber)clothAsphaltAsphalt feltGalvanized wireGalvanized wire meshShellBlanketF.W镀锌铁皮铝板隔热,隔离,绝缘保温保冷人身保护隔音吸声导热系数支承环分贝涂漆底漆面漆防锈漆醇酸瓷漆酚醛漆沥青漆聚氨酯漆有机硅漆环氧树脂漆过氯乙烯漆无机富锌漆3.6.5 紧固件螺栓六角头螺栓方头螺栓双头螺栓环头螺栓沉头螺栓地脚螺栓松紧节,花兰螺栓U型螺栓T型螺栓自攻螺钉膨胀螺栓六角螺母方螺母蝶形螺母锁紧螺母垫圈方垫圈斜垫圈Galvanized(sheet)ironAluminum sheetInsulationHot instructionCold instructionPersonal protectionSound insulationSound-absorbingThermal conductivity factorSupport ringDecibelPaintingPrimary coat; Bottom coatFinishing coatAntirust paintAlkyd enamelPhenolic paintBituminous paintPolyurethane paintOrganic silicon paintEpoxy resin paintEthylene perchloride paintInorganic zinc-rich paintBoltHexagonal head boltSquare head boltStud boltEye boltCountersunk(head)screwAnchor bolt; Foundation boltTurnbuckleU-boltT-boltSelf tapping screwExpansion boltHexagonal nutSquare washerWing nutLock nutWasherSquare WasherSlant WasherINS弹簧垫圈开口销定位销铆钉右螺纹管螺纹锥管螺纹直管螺纹美国标准直管螺纹管子内螺纹梯形螺纹公制螺纹粗牙螺纹通长螺纹,全螺纹粗制的精制的3.7 相关词语基础设计详细设计规划布置阶段初步阶段分析设计阶段成品设计阶段先期确认图纸资料最终确认图纸资料数据表设计文件设计注释设计规定设计规定汇总表详细设计版用户变更通知命名表,管道表规划研究版设计布置图概略版设备布置图投标版设备布置图合同版设备布置图送审版设备布置图成品版设备布置图施工版设备布置图工作程序界区条件标准Spring washerCotter pinDowel pinRivetRight hand threadPipe threadTaper pipe threadStraight pipe threadAmerican standard taper pipe threadInternal pipe threadTrapezoid threadMetric threadCoarse threadFull threadCoarseFinished; FineBasic designDetail designPlanning stagePreliminary stageAnalytical Engineering phaseProduction design phaseAdvanced certified finalCertified finalData sheetDesign documentDesign noteDesign specificationDesign specification summary sheetDetail design issueClient change noticeNomenclaturePlanning plot planConceptual plot planProposal plot planAward plot planApproval plot planProduction plot planConstruction plot planWorking procedureBattery limit conditionStandardNPTIPTACFCFSPECDSSSDDICCNSTD;STAND参考,基准开工会议项目审核会厂商协调会项目进展情况报告顾客承包安装建设试车说明待定版次修改,修订审核提纲审定校核制图部门部,科,室专业图号项目项目号工厂,装置买方(供货)卖方(供货)制造厂(供货)由仪表(专业负责) 铭牌询价净正吸入压头静电接池分散控制系统附件合同号外汇备忘录公章索赔交货付款摄氏ReferenceKick-off meetingProject review meetingVender co-ordinative meetingProject status reportClient; CustomerContractorErectionConstructionCommissioningDescriptionHoldIssueRevision; ModifyCheck listApprovedCheckedByDepartmentDivisionDisciplineDrawing numberProjectJob No.PlantBy buyerBy sellerBy venderBy instrumentName plateInquireNet positive suction headStatic groundingDistributed Control SystemsAttachmentContract numberForeign exchangeMemorandumOfficial sealClaim indemnityCash on deliveryCentigradeK.O,MVCMPSRREVAPVDCHKDBYDWG. No.Job. No.B.BB.SB.VB.INSTDCSCont No.C.O.DC汉语词英语词英语缩写华氏国际单位制美国材料试验协会阀门及配件制造工业标准化协会(美) 全国消防协会(美)石油管线协会(美)美国国家标准协会(美)美国机械工程师学会国际标准化组织国际电工技术委员会美国石油学会美国自来水厂协会美国仪表学会全国电气制造商协会(美) 日本工业标准加拿大标准协会英国标准德国工业标准FahrenheitSystem InternationalAmerican Society for Testing and MaterialsManufacturer s′Standardization Society of ValvAnd Fittings Industry National Fire Protection AssociationAssociation of Oil Pipe LinesAmerican National Standard InstituteAmerican Society of Mechanical Engineers InternationalOrganization for Standardization International Electrotechnical CommissionAmerican Petroleum InstituteAmerican Water Works AssociationInstrument Society of AmericanNational Electrical Manufactures Association Japanese Industrial StandardCanadian Standard AssociationBritish StandardDeutsche Industrie NormFSIASTMMSSNFPAAOPLANSIASMEISOIECAPIAWW AISANEMAJISCASBSDIN4 按英文字母排列英语词英语缩写汉语词3-Way ball valve3-Way ball valve3-Way valve4-Way ball valve45°LateralAAbove groundAbsolute elevationAbsorberAcrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene rubber Advanced certified finalAgitatorAir coolerAlignmentAlkyd enamelAlligatorAlloy steelAlloy steel pipeAluminosilicace fiberAluminum AGABSACF三通球阀三通旋塞阀三通阀四通旋塞阀45°三通地上绝对标高吸收塔丙烯睛·丁二烯:苯乙烯橡胶先期确认图纸资料搅拌器空冷器对中心，找正醇酸瓷漆颚式破碎机合金钢合金钢管硅酸铝纤维铝英语词英语缩写汉语词Aluminum magnesiumAluminum sheetAmerican National Standard Institute American Petroleum InstituteAmerican Society for Testing and Materials American Society of Mechanical Engijeers American standard taper pipe thread American Water Works Association Analytical Engineering phaseAnalyzerAnchorAnchor boitAnch pointAngle steelAngle valveAngular rotationAnnealingAntirust paintApproval plot planApprovedArc weldingAsbestAsbestos boardAsbestos clothAsphaltAsphalt feltAssociation of Oil Pipe Lines AtmosphereAtomizerAttachmentAttachment equipmentAustenitic stainless steelAustenitic stainless steel pipeAward plot planAxial flow pumpBBag-Shape pipeBall type expansion jointBall valveBase plateBasic design ANSIAPIASTMASMENPTAWW AAPVDAOPLATM铝镁合金铝板美国国家标准协会（美）美国石油学会美国材料试验协会美国机械工程师学会美国标准直管螺纹美国自来水厂协会分析设计阶段分析室固定架地脚螺栓固定点角钢角阀(角式截止阀)角位移退火防锈漆送审版设备布置图审定电弧焊石棉石棉板石棉布沥青油毡石油管线协会(美)大气,大气压粉碎机,磨碎机附件附属设备,附件奥氏体不锈钢奥氏体不锈钢管合同版设备布置图轴流泵袋形管球型补偿器球阀底板基础设计Battery limit 英语词B.L英语缩写装置边界汉语词Battery limit condition Battery roomBeamBell and spigot joint BelledBellow expansion joint Bellow swaled valve Belt filterBendBending moment Bituminous paintBlankBlanketBlindBlindBlind flangeBlock valveBlow down valve BlowerBoilerBoltBolt circleBolt cold diameter Bolt cold tightening Bolt hot tightening BossBottomBottom coat Bottom of base plate Bottom of pipeBox type filer press Branch connection BrassBreakerBreather valve Bridge crane British Standard Bucket elevator BuildingButt weldedButt welded joint Butt welding L.BL.BB.CBOTBBPBOPBSBWBW界区条件电池室梁承插连接,套筒连接承插的波纹膨胀节波纹管密封阀带式过滤机弯管弯矩沥青漆盲板,管道盲板毡(被)盲板,管道盲板法兰盖法兰盖切断阀排污阀鼓风机锅炉螺栓螺栓圆直径螺栓圆直径螺栓冷紧螺栓热紧支管台(凹台)底面,底下底漆底板底面管底厢式压滤机支管连接黄铜破碎机呼吸阀板式起重机英国标准斗式提升机建筑物对焊的对焊连接对焊Butterfly valve英语词英语缩写蝶阀汉语词Butyl rubberByBy buyerBy instrumentBy sellerBy venderBy-pass valveCCable tray(channel)Calcium silicateCanadian Standard Association Canned pumpCantilever supportCapCar seal closeCar seal openCarbon fiberCarbon pipeCarbon steel CarbonizationCase(shell)Cash on deliveryCasingCast ironCast iron pipeCast steelCaving holeCellular concreteCellular glassCellular polystyreneCenter lineCenter to CenterCenter to EndCenter fo FaceCentigradeCentrifugal compressor Centrifugal filter Centrifugal pump Centrifugal separator CentrifugerCeramic PIBIBYB.BB.INSTB.SB.VCASCC.S.CC.S.OCARC.SC.O.DC.IC.HC-CC-EC-FC丁基橡胶制图买方(供货)由仪表(专业负责)卖方(供货)制造厂(供货)旁路阀电缆槽(架)硅酸钙加拿大标准协会屏蔽泵悬臂架管帽关闭后加铅封(封关)开启后加铅封(封开)碳纤维碳钢管碳钢渗碳外壳交货付款外壳铸铁铸铁管铸钢开孔泡沫混凝土泡沫玻璃泡沫聚苯烯中心线中心至中心中心至端面中心至面摄氏离心压缩机离心过滤机离心泵离心分离机离心机陶瓷。

磁悬浮列车写一篇英语作文400字Maglev Trains: The Future of High-Speed Transportation.Maglev (Magnetic Levitation) trains are a revolutionary technology that has the potential to transform the future of transportation. These trains utilize the power of magnetism to hover above the tracks, eliminating friction and allowing for unprecedented speeds while providing a smoother and quieter ride than conventional trains.Principle of Operation.Maglev trains employ a combination of superconducting magnets and electromagnetic forces to achieve levitation. Superconducting magnets, cooled to cryogenic temperatures, create a powerful magnetic field that repels magnets on the vehicle. Electromagnetic coils on the track generate an upward force that further lifts the train, creating a stable levitation system.Advantages of Maglev Trains.Maglev trains offer numerous advantages overtraditional rail systems:High Speed: Maglev trains can reach speeds of up to 350 miles per hour (560 kilometers per hour), making them significantly faster than conventional trains.Reduced Friction: The absence of friction between the wheels and tracks eliminates resistance, allowing for smooth and efficient acceleration and deceleration.Quiet Operation: Maglev trains produce minimal noise levels due to the lack of friction and the use of pneumatic tires for guidance.Environmental Sustainability: Maglev trains are powered by electricity, reducing air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions.Increased Capacity: Maglev trains are typicallydouble-decker and can accommodate a higher number of passengers compared to conventional trains.Applications.Maglev trains have the potential for a wide range of applications, including:Intercity Transportation: Maglev lines can connect major cities, reducing travel times and increasing economic productivity.Airport Connections: Maglev can provide seamless connections between airports and urban centers, offering convenient and high-speed transfers.Freight Transport: Maglev trains can transport heavy cargo and goods more efficiently over long distances.Current Developments.Maglev technology has been under development forseveral decades, and several countries have operational or planned Maglev lines:Japan: Japan boasts the world's first commercial Maglev line, the Yamanashi Maglev Test Line, which has been operating since 2005.China: China is actively developing a nationwide Maglev network, with the Shanghai Maglev Train being the world's fastest operational Maglev.Germany: The Transrapid Maglev, a German-designed system, has been implemented in several countries,including Germany, China, and Japan.Challenges.Despite their numerous advantages, Maglev trains also face some challenges:High Construction Costs: Maglev infrastructure requires specialized tracks and equipment, making it moreexpensive to construct than conventional railroads.Reliability: Ensuring reliable and uninterrupted operation is crucial for Maglev systems.Safety: The levitation and high speeds involved in Maglev trains require robust safety measures and emergency protocols.Conclusion.Maglev trains represent a transformative technology with the potential to revolutionize transportation. Their high speeds, reduced operating costs, and environmental benefits make them a promising solution for intercity and airport connections. While challenges exist, ongoing research and development efforts are paving the way for the widespread implementation of Maglev systems, bringing us closer to a future of seamless and high-speed transportation.。

标题：工科英文翻译力学 Mechanics一般力学与力学基础 General and Fundamental Mechanics固体力学 Solid Mechanics流体力学 Fluid Mechanics工程力学 Engineering Mechanics机械工程 Mechanical Engineering机械制造及其自动化 Mechanical Manufacture and Automation机械电子工程 Mechatronic Engineering机械设计与理论 Mechanical Design and Theory车辆工程 Vehicle Engineering光学工程 Optical Engineering仪器科学与技术 Instrument Science and Technology精密仪器及机械 Precision Instrument and Machinery测试计量技术及仪器 Measuring and Testing Technologies and Instruments 材料科学与工程 Materials Science and Engineering材料物理与化学 Materials Physics and Chemistry材料学 Materialogy材料^ 口工工程 Materials Processing Engineering冶金工程 Metallurgical Engineering冶金物理化学 Physical Chemistry of Metallurgy钢铁冶金 Ferrous Metallurgy有色金属冶金 Non-ferrous Metallurgy动力工程及工程热物理 Power Engineering and Engineering Thermophysics 工程热物理 Engineering Thermophysics热能工程 Thermal Power Engineering动力机械及工程 Power Machinery and Engineering流体机械及工程 Fluid Machinery and Engineering制冷及低温工程 Refrigeration and Cryogenic Engineering化工过程机械 Chemical Process 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Contents1.SCOPE (2)2.INSTALLATION (2)3.VALVE OPERATION (3)4.DISASSEMBLY (4)5.ASSEMBLY (4)6.REPAIR KITS (5)7.BILL OF MATERIALS (6)1.SCOPE1.1. CAUTION1.1.1. F or your safety, read this manual before installation or service.1.1.2. B efore installing or servicing, please ensure the line pressure has been relieved and any hazardous fluidshave been drained or purged from the system.1.1.3. E nsure that all Lockout and Tagout procedures for the system have been properly implemented.1.2. USE1.2.1. M aximum results and long life of valves can be maintained under normal working conditions and according topressure/ temperature ratings and corrosion data chart.2.INSTALLATION2.1. GENERAL INFORMATION FOR INSTALLATION2.1.1. When installing the cryogenic valve, the gradient for the extended bonnet can not be greater that 45 degreesas the following illustration. This is to avoid flooding at the top of the gland packing which can cause valvefailure.2.1.2. A s the cryogenic valve is unidirectional, it is required to make sure the direction of the arrow mark on the bodymatch the flow of the pipeline when installing the valve. The vented hole of the ball will be upstream when thevalve is closed.2.2. INSTALLATION OF THREADED VALVES2.2.1. U se conventional sealant, such as hemp core, Teflon, etc. on threads. Apply wrench only on the hexagon ofthe valve ends. Tightening by using the valve body or lever can seriously damage the valve. In someapplications, screwed valves are back welded on site. These valves must be treated as per instructions forthe weld end valves before back welding.2.3. INSTALATION OF WELDED ENDS2.3.1. T ack weld the valve on the pipe in four points on both end caps.2.3.2. W ith the valve in the open position, (lever to be parallel to the axis of the pipe), remove all the body boltsexcept one. Loosen the nut on the remaining bolt. Swing the body outside the pipe. Finish welding both endcaps on the pipe.2.3.3. Take out PTFE gaskets from body, emded new graphite gasket groove of body•Note: Weld-End valves contain PTFE joint gaskets for temporary purposes only; the provided graphite joint gaskets shall be used in place of the PTFE joint gaskets for final installation.2.3.4. W hen cooled down, clean both end caps and body surface.2.3.5. S wing the body back in position and replace the body bolts. Tighten all nuts slightly. This operation is veryimportant to keep the body and end caps perfectly parallel, thus preventing distortion of end caps. Tightenbody bolts evenly (see section 5.5) Make sure that the maximum tightening torque is observed. Check properoperation of the valve.3.VALVE OPERATION3.1. MANUAL3.1.1. H ANDLE3.1.1.1. To OPEN the valve, turn the handle counterclockwise until the handle is parallel with the pipelineand the handle has contacted the handle stop.3.1.1.2. To CLOSE the valve, turn the handle clockwise until the handle is perpendicular with the pipelineand the handle has contacted the handle stop.3.1.1.3. A handle lock is incorporated into the handle. To use, slide the lock into the mounting pad, in thefull open or full closed position. Insert an appropriate size lock or hasp into the handle. If it can beperformed safely, try to turn he handle to ensure the valve has been locked properly.3.1.2. G EAR3.1.2.1. To OPEN the valve, turn the handle wheel counterclockwise. The indicator will be pointing to theopen position and stop rotating when fully open. The flow can be adjusted by stopping the indicatoranywhere between open and close.3.1.2.2. To CLOSE the valve, turn the handle wheel clockwise. The indicator will be pointing to the closeposition and stop rotating when fully closed. The flow can be adjusted by stopping the indicatoranywhere between open and close.3.1.3. A UTOMATED3.1.3.1. A-T Controls Cryogenic High Performance Three-Piece Full Port or Regular Port Ball Valves canbe mounted with quarter-turn actuators. Valves with actuators shall be checked for proper valve stemalignment. Angular or linear misalignment may result in high operational torque and unnecessary wearon the valve stem. See the actuator IOM for information on operating the actuator.4.DISASSEMBLY4.1. Remove actuator or gear if equipped.4.2. Care should be taken to not damage the surface finish of the valve components.4.3. Remove the end caps (2) from the body (1) by removing the body bolts (17) and bolt nuts (18).4.4. Remove the seats (4) and body gasket (5) from both sides of the body (1). Once removed, with the valve in thefully closed position, the ball (3) should slide freely out of the body (1).4.5. If equipped, remove the handle nut (27), and handle stop assembly (15).4.6. While holding the stem (10) stationary, remove the packing nut (13). Once removed, the locking saddle (12),Belleville washers (19), and packing bushing (11) should be free to remove.4.7. Remove the extended bonnet (26) and stem (10) through the top of the valve.4.8. Remove the packing set (9) and thrust washer (8).4.9. Inspect all components for damage and, if necessary, clean or replace.5.ASSEMBLY5.1. Care should be taken to not damage the surface finish of the valve components.5.2. Install extended bonnet (26). Place thrust washer (8) on the stem (10) and install stem (10) by going through theextended bonnet (26). Insert the packing set (9) over stem (10).5.3. Install packing gland (9), Belleville washers (19), locking saddle (12), and packing nut (13). While holding the stem(10), tighten the packing nut (13) to the torque listed in the Fastener Torque Chart below. Tighten further if neededin order to be able to place the locking saddle (12) over the packing nut (13).5.4. Ensure the stem (10) is in the closed position with the body tang parallel with the flow of the valve. Insert a seat(4) and body gasket (5) in one side of the body (1). Carefully slide the ball (3) into the body (1) making sure thevent hole of the ball (1) is upstream of the valve. Insert the other seat (4) and other body gasket (5).5.5. Assembly ends (2) onto body (1). Insert all body bolts (17) and nuts (18) into the valve and tighten to finger tight,making sure that the ends (2) are flat against the body (1). Tighten all body bolts (17) from the nut (18) to the final torque in a star pattern. Check each body bolt (17) torque and tighten if needed a final time. It is acceptable for the torque to relax slightly over time due to relaxation of the polymer components, but the valve will still seal properly.If leakage is detected, repeat the steps for tightening the body bolts (17).5.6. If required, assembly the handle stop (15), handle (14), and the handle nut (27).6.REPAIR KITSRepair kits are available to replace all soft goods. See Bill of Materials for components that are included in the repair kits.7. BILL OF MATERIALSA-T Controls product, when properly selected, is designed to perform its intended function safely during its useful life. However, the purchaser or user of A-T Controls products should be aware that A-T Controls products might be used in numerous applications under a wide variety of industrial service conditions. Although A-T Controls can provide general guidelines, it cannot provide specific data and warnings for all possible applications. Thepurchaser / user must therefore assume the ultimate responsibility for the proper sizing and selection, installation, operation, and maintenance of A-T Controls products. The user should read and understand the installation operation maintenance (IOM) instructions included with the product and train its employees and contractors in the safe use of A-T Controls products in connection with the specific application.While the information and specifications contained in this literature are believed to be accurate, they are supplied for informative purposes only. Because A-T Controls is continually improving and upgrading its product design, the specifications, dimensions and information contained in this literature are subject to change without notice. Should any question arise concerning these specifications, the purchaser/user should contact A-T Controls. For product specifications go to https:///Downloads/A-T Controls, Inc. • 9955 International Boulevard, Cincinnati, OH 45246 • Phone: (513) 530-5175 • Fax: (513) 247-5462 • 。