新编英国文学及选读--培根

弗朗西斯·培根弗朗西斯·培根，第一代圣阿尔本子爵（1st Viscount St Alban），英国文艺复兴时期最重要的散文家、哲学家。

他不但在文学、哲学上多有建树，在自然科学领域里，也取得了重大成就。

培根是一位经历了诸多磨难的贵族子弟，复杂多变的生活经历丰富了他的阅历，随之而来的，他的思想成熟，言论深邃，富含哲理。

他的整个世界观是现世的而不是宗教的（虽然他坚信上帝）。

他是一位理性主义者而不是迷信的崇拜者，是一位经验论者而不是诡辩学者；在政治上，他是一位现实主义者而不是理论家。

他曾说过：“知识就是力量。

”英国文艺复兴时期哲学家培根唯物主义第一人更多培根的最大哲学贡献在于，提出了唯物主义经验论的一系列原则，制定了系统的归纳逻辑，马克思、恩格斯称他是“英国唯物主义的第一个创始人”。

政治生涯的结束更多培根作为法官当面接受诉讼当事人4万英镑，被政敌揭发赶下台，被判有期徒刑，关押在伦敦塔，终身不得担任任何公职，政治生涯结束。

相关词条：伊丽莎白一世詹姆士一世培根随笔中文名弗朗西斯·培根外文名Francis Bacon国籍英国出生日期1561年1月22日（辛酉年）逝世日期1626年4月9日（甲子年）职业唯物主义哲学家、思想家、作家（散文家）信仰新教安立甘宗代表作品《新工具》、《学术的进步》、《新大西岛》《培根随笔》目录1生平经历2个人著作3人物思想▪归纳方法▪唯物主义▪科学态度▪逻辑学▪哲学贡献4人物影响5人物评价6个人荣誉1生平经历弗朗西斯·培根（Francis Bacon，1561 - 1626）在1561年出生于伦敦一个官宦世家，父亲尼古拉·培根是伊丽莎白女王的掌玺大臣，曾在剑桥大学攻读法律，他思想倾向进步，信奉英国国教，反对教皇干涉英国内政；母亲安妮·培根是一位颇有名气的才女，她精通希腊文和拉丁文，是加尔文教派的信徒。

良好的家庭教育使培根各方面都表现出异乎寻常的才智。

英国文学史及选读1Part 1. The Anglo-Saxon PeriodBeowulf (the national epic of the English people) stricking feature: alliteration, metaphors and understatements. CaedmonParaphrase of the Bible/ (the first known religious poet of England) Cynewulf The Christ /( poet on religious subjects)Part 2. The Anglo-Norman PeriodSir Gawain and the Green Knight/ a mixture of Anglo-Saxon poetry and French poetry. (alliterative verse with metrical verse ), The poem reflects the ideal of feudal knighthood. A true knight should not only dedicate himself to the church, but also possess the virtues of great courage, of fidelity to his promise, and of physical chastity and purity.Part 3. Geoffrey Chaucer Geoffrey Chaucer 1340-1400The House of Fame ; Troilus and Criseyde (long narrative poem);Legend of Good Women (first used heroic couplet); The Parliament of Fowls poetry ：Canterbury Tales / Significance(重要性): It gives a comprehensive picture of Chaucer’s time ; It has a dramatic structure; It re flects Chaucer’s humor ; It shows Chaucer’s contribution to the English language and poetry. his contribution to English poetry: 1.introduced from france the rhymed couplet of 5 accents in iambic meter (the heroic couplet), 2.Is the first great poet who wrote in the English language. Who making the dialect of London the standard for the modern English speech. 3.He is considered as the founder of English poetry. Part 4. The English renaissance(英国文艺复兴)Thomas More(托马斯.莫尔) Utopia(乌托邦) ( He is the outstanding humanist) Lyrical poems(抒情诗) Thomas Wyatt(托马斯.怀亚特)(the first to introduce the sonnet<十四行诗> into English literature); Henry Howard; Philip Sidney; Thomas Campion Epic poem(史诗) Edmond Spenser The Faerie Queen Novels John Lyly(Eupheus gives rise to the term euphuism ); Thomas Lode (they dealing with court life and gallantry Thomas Deloney; Thomas Nashe (they are realistic authors devoted to the everyday life of craftsman, merchants and other representatives of the lower classes.) Francis Bacon(弗兰西斯.培根)1561-1626 The philosophical: Advancement of Learning ; Novum Organum 新工具; De Augmentis The literary: Essays(随笔)(Of Truth, Of Death; Of Revenge, Of Friendship ) The professional: treatises entitled Maxims of the Law and Reading on the Statute of Uses The founder of English materialist philosophy Drama Christopher Marlowe ( the greatest pioneer of English drama who made blank verse the principle vehic le of expression in drama); Robert Greene George Green /the Pinner of WakefieldWilliamShakespeare1564-1616 (37plays, two narrative poems, 154sonnets) The Tempest暴风风雨;The Two Gentlemen of Verona维罗纳二绅士;The Mercy Wives of Windsor温莎的风流妇人;Measure for Measure恶有恶报;The Comedy of Errors错中错;Much Ado about Nothing无事自扰;Love’s Labour’s Lost空爱一场;A Midsummer Night’s Dream仲夏夜之梦;The Merchant of Venice威尼斯商人;As You Like It如愿;The Taming of the Shrew驯悍记;All’s Well That Ends Well皆大欢喜;Twelfth Night第十二夜;The Winter’s Tale冬天的故事;The Life and Death of King John/Richard the Second/Henry the Fifth/Richard the Third约翰王/理查二世/亨利五世/理查三世;The First/Second Part of King Henry the Fourth亨利四世（上、下）;The First/Second/Third Part of King Henry the Sixth亨利六世（上、中、下）; The Life of King Henry the Eighth亨利八世；Troilus and Cressida脱爱勒斯与克莱西达;The Tragedy of Coriolanus考利欧雷诺斯;Titus Andronicus泰特斯·安庄尼克斯;Romeo and Juliet罗密欧与朱丽叶；Timon of Athens雅典的泰门;The Life and Death of Julius Caesar;朱利阿斯·凯撒；The Tragedy of Macbeth麦克白;The Tragedy of Hamlet哈姆雷特/王子复仇记;King Lear李尔王;Othello奥塞罗;Antony and Cleopatra安东尼与克利欧佩特拉;Cymbeline辛白林;Pericles波里克利斯;Venus and Adonis维诺斯·阿都尼斯;Lucrece露克利斯;The Sonnets十四行诗The Great Comedie(伟大的喜剧)s: A Midsummer Night’s Dream; The Merchant of V enice; As You Like It ;Twelfth Night;The Great Tragedies(伟大的悲剧): The Tragedy of Hamlet; Othello; King Lear; The Tragedy of Macbeth;The Later Comedies(romances): Pericles; Cymbeline; The Winter’s Tale; The Tempest;Part 5. The English Bourgeois revolution period and RestorationJohn Milton1608-1674 Shorter poems: L‘Allegro欢乐的人;Il Penseroso沉思的人;Comus科马斯;Lycidas;Principle pamphlets: Areopagitica论出版自由; Eikonoklastes; Defense for theEnglish people;Poem: Paradise Lost (The poem was written in blank verse); Paradise Regained;John Bunyan1628-1688 The Pilgrim’s Progress(It is the greatest English allegory, its style is simple and biblical)John Donne1572-1631 Poetry(love lyrics & religious poems);Sonnets(The founder of the Metaphysical school of poetry)John Dryden Critic, poet and playwright of restoration periodPart 6. The eighteenth CenturyThe Age of Enlightenment or The Age of ReasonEnlightenment Alexander Pope；Joseph Addison&Richard Steele The Spectator；Jonathan Swift；Daniel Defoe；Henry Fielding；Richard B. Sheridan；Oliver Goldsmith；Edward Gibbon；Samuel JohnsonPope exercised the greatest influence on the 18th century poetry;Swift is the most outstanding personality, Gulliver’s TravelsNeoclassicism John Dryden, Alexander Pope, Jonathan Swift, Joseph Addison, Richard Steele, Henry Fielding, Samuel Johnson, Oliver Goldsmith, Edward Gibbon The Decline & Fall of theRoman Empire Neoclassical poetry, as represented by Dryden, Pope & Johnson, reachedits stylistic perfection during the periodModern Realistic Novel Defoe Robinson Crusoe,Richardson,Fielding, Sterne, Goldsmith, T.G..Smollet’s satirical novel The adventures of Roderick RandomFielding and Smollet are the real founders of the genre of the bourgeois realistic novel in England and Europe.Richardson displays the innermost life of an individual, Pamela or Virtue Rewarded, he History of a Young Lady, The History of Sir Chares GrandionGothic Novel The real originator of English Gothic novel was Horace Walpole Castle of Otranto；Mary Shelley Frankenstein;Ann Radcliff The Mysteries of UdolphoSentimentalism Novels: Laurence Stern Sentimental Journey;Tristram Shandy；Oliver Goldsmith The Vicar of WakefieldPoetry: Thomas Gray’s An Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard;Goldsmith’s The Deserted Village;George Crabbe The VillageSatire Pope , Swift, Richard B. Sheridan School for ScandalPre-Romanticism in poetry, which was ushered in by Percy Macpherson & Chatterton, and represented by William Blake&Robert Burns。

英国文学①上古及中世纪民族史诗（The National epic）:[Beowulf]乔叟(Geoffrey Chaucer):[The Canterbury Tales][The Romaunt of the Rose][The Legend of Good Women][Troilus and Criseyde]②文艺复兴时期斯宾塞（Edmund Spenser）:[The Faerie Queene] 马洛(Christopher Marlowe):[Dr Faustus][Tamburlaine]莎士比亚(William Shakespeare):[HenryⅣ][The Merchant of Venice][Hamlet][Othello][King Lear][Macbeth][Romeo and Juliet]培根（Francis Bacon）:[Novum Organum][Of Studies]邓恩（John Donne）:[The Songs and Sonnets][The Sun Rising][Death, Be Not Proud]弥尔顿（John Milton）:[Paradise Lost][Paradise Regained][Samson Agonistes]③新古典主义时期班扬（John Bunyan）:[The Pilgrim’s Progress] 蒲柏（Alexander Pope）:[An Essay on Criticism][The Dunciad][The Rape of the Lock][An Essay on Man]笛福（Daniel Defoe）:[Robinson Crusoe]斯威夫特（Jonathan Swift）:[A Tale of a Tub][The Battle of the Books][The Drapier’s Letters][Gulliver’s Travels][A Modest Proposal]菲尔丁（Henry Fielding）:[The History of Jonathan Wild the Great][The History of Tom Jones a Foundling][The History of Amelia]约翰逊（Samuel Johnson）:[To the Right Honorable the Earl of Chesterfield]谢立丹（Richard Sheridan）:[The School for Scandal]格雷（Thomas Gray）:[Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard] ④浪漫主义时期布莱克（William Blake）:[Songs of Experience][Songs of Innocence][Marriage of Heaven and Hell]华兹华斯（William Wordsworth）:[The Prelude][Composed upon Westminster Bridge][Lyrical Ballads][I Wonder Lonely as a Cloud][The Solitary Reaper]柯勒律治（Samuel Taylor Coleridge）:[Kubla Khan][The Rime of the Ancient Mariner]拜伦(George Gordon Byron):[Don Juan][Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage][Song for the Luddites]雪莱(Percy Bysshe Shelley):[To a Skylark][Men of England][Ode to the West Wind]济慈（John Keats）:[Ode to a Nightingale][Ode on a Grecian Urn]奥斯汀（Jane Austen）:[Pride and Prejudice] ⑤维多利亚时期狄更斯（Charles Dickens）:[Oliver Twist][The Pickwick Paper][David Copperfield][Dombey and Son][A Tale of Two Cities][Bleak House][Hard Times][Great Expectation][Our Mutual Friend]勃朗蒂姐妹:(Emily Bronte):[Wuthering Heights] (Charlotte Bronte):[Jane Eyre]丁尼生（Alfred Tennyson）: [Ulysses][In Memoriam][Break, Break, Break][Crossing the Bar][Morte d’ Arthur][Dora][The Gardener’s Daughter][The Princess]布朗宁（Robert Browning）:[The Ring and the Book][My Last Duchess]艾略特（George Eliot）:[The Mill on the Floss] [Middlemarch][Romola][Daniel Deronda]哈代（Thomas Hardy）:[Under the Greenwood Tree][Far From the Madding Crowd][The Return of the Native][The Mayor of Casterbridge][Tess of the D’Urbervilles]⑥现代时期高尔斯华绥（John Galsworthy）:[From the Four Winds][The Silver Box][The Forsyte Sage Ⅰ (The Man of Property, In Chancery, and To Let)][The Forsyte SagaⅡ (A Modern Comedy)][The Forsyte Saga Ⅲ (End of the Chapter)]叶芝(William Butler Yeats):[The Lake Isle of Innisfree][The Man Who Dreamed of Faeryland][No Second Troy][September 1913][Sailing to Byzantium][Leda and the Swan]劳伦斯（D·H·Lawrence）:[Sons and Lovers][The Rainbow][Women in Love][Lady Chatterley’s Lover][Aaron’s Rod][Kangaroo][The plumed Serpent]乔伊斯（James Joyce）: [Dubliners][A Portrait of the Artist as a Y oung Man] [Finnegans Wake][Ulysses]美国文学①浪漫主义时期欧文（Washington Irving）:[The Sketch Book][Pip V an Winkle][The Legend of Sleepy Hollow]爱默生（Ralph Waldo Emerson）: [Essays][The American Scholar][Self-Reliance][The Over-Soul][The Poet][Experience][Nature]霍桑（Nathaniel Hawthorne）:[Mosses from an Old Manse][The Scarlet Letter][The Snow-Image and Other Twice-Told Tales] [The House of the Seven Gables]惠特曼（Walt Whitman）:[Leaves of Grass][There was a Child Went Forth][Drum Taps][Cavalry Crossing a Ford][Song of Myself][When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom’ d] 麦尔维尔（Herman Melville）:[Moby-Dick][Billy Budd][Typee][Omoo][Mardi][Redburn][White Jacket]②现实主义时期马克吐温（Mark Twain）:[Adventures of Huckleberry Finn][The Adventures of Tom Sawyer][The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County] [Innocents Abroad][The Gilded Age]詹姆斯（Henry James）:[The American][Daisy Miller][The Europeans][The Portrait of A Lady][What Maisie Knows][The Wings of the Dove][The Ambassadors][The Golden Bowl][The Art of Fiction]狄金森（Emily Dickinson）:[I heard a Fly buzz-when I died-] [Because I could not stop for Death-] [This is my letter to the World][I like to see it lap the Miles-]德莱赛（Theodore Dreiser）:[Sister Carrie][American Tragedy]③现代时期庞德（Ezra Pound）:[The Cantos][In a Station of the Metro]弗洛斯特（Robert Lee Frost）:[The Road Not Taken][Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening] 尤金（Eugene O’Neill）:[Beyond the Horizon][The Emperor Jones][The Hairy Ape][All God’s Chillun Got Wings] [Desire under the Elms][Anna Christie][The Great God Brown][Lazarus Laughed][Strange Interlude][The Iceman Cometh][Long Day’s Journey Into Night] 司各特（F·Scott Fitzgerald）: [This Side of Paradise][The Beautiful and Damned] [The Great Gatsby][Tender is the Night] [Flappers and Philosophers] [Tales of the Jazz Age][All the Sad Y oung Men] [Taps at Reveille][Babylon Revisited]海明威（Ernest Hemingway）: [In Our Time][The Sun Also Rises][A Faremell to Arms][For Whom the Bell Tolls] [The Old Man and The Sea] [Men Without Women]福克纳（William Faulkner）:[The Sound and the Fury] [Light in August] [Absalom, Absalom!] [Go Down, Moses][A Rose for Emily]。

第3单元弗朗西斯•培根Of Marriage and Single Life1.Is marriage an impediment or help to one’s career development?Key:Sometimes,marriage can be an impediment,and sometimes,it can help one develop his or her career as well,because it depends on the quality of the marriage.As the saying goes“A peaceful family will prosper”,so we can say that husbands and wives can benefit a lot from good marriages,while a terrible marriage will ruin both sides.In a good marriage,husband and wife will be happier,and they will help and encourage each other,which will be good for their careers.On the contrary,in an unhappy marriage,husband and wife usually quarrel a lot and things tend to be worse.2.In what sense are wife and children“a kind of discipline of humanity”?Key:A single man has no others to think about,so he is likely to think of himself and spend a lot of money on himself.What’s more,he tends to take any risk if he wants to,for he does not need to be responsible for anyone.However,a married man cannot be so go-as-you-please,because he has wife and children, and he must be responsible for them.Furthermore,he has to work hard to fulfill his wife and children’s expectation.He becomes a loving man,who not only loves his wife and children,but also loves others.A loving husband and a qualified father can contribute the greatest merit to the public to a large extent.In this sense,we can say that wife and children are“a kind of discipline of humanity”.3.Bacon prefers marriage to single life.Do you find his arguments convincing? Key:Yes,I think Bacon’s arguments are convincing.He proves his points by comparison.He clearly points out the disadvantages of single life and the advantages of marriage.For instance,a single person only cares about himself, and does not pay attention to the future;a married man tends to become responsible,tender,enthusiastic and warm-hearted.As the sentence goes “wives are young men’s mistresses,companions for middle age,and old men’s nurses”which means that when a man is young,his wife can make many decisions and arrangements for the family;when he comes to middle age,wife always stays with him as a companion;when he becomes old,wife will take care of him till the end of life.Even though a woman marries a bad husband,marriage offers a chance for husband to correct themselves.These points all are reasonable,which make Bacon’s arguments very convincing.Of Study1.We are now living in the age of“information explosion”.What lessons can we learn from Bacon’s“Of Studies”in our access to information?Key:According to Bacon’s opinion:“studies themselves do give forth directions too much at large,except they be bounded in by experience”.Weshould combine theory and practice together.That is,practicing what we have learned is quite important.Bacon’s idea that“some books are to be read only in parts;others to be read,but not curiously;and some few to be read wholly,and with diligence and attention.”also teaches us to use different methods of reading in terms of the quality and content of the book.When we face information,we should do some selections rather than easily trust them all.More importantly,we should have an independent mind.2.In what sense does reading make a full man?Key:As Bacon says“Histories make men wise,poets,witty;the mathematics, subtle;natural philosophy,deep;moral,grave;logic and rhetoric,able to contend”,we can know that different books and subjects have their different influences on people.Some books can make people wiser and make fewer mistakes;some books can make people wittier and more sensible to beauty; some books can make people think in a more scientific and accurate way…So reading can cultivate and better a man.In this sense,reading makes a full man.。

第3单元弗朗西斯•培根3.1复习笔记Francis Bacon（1561-1626）（弗朗西斯·培根）1.Life（生平）Bacon was an English philosopher,statesman,scientist,lawyer,jurist,author and the father of empiricism and modern science.Bacon was born in a noble family, son of Sir Nicholas Bacon.In1573,he entered Trinity College,Cambridge.After graduating at16he took up law.He completed his legal education and was called to the bar.At23,he became a member of the House of Commons.During the reign of James I,Bacon was appointed Lord High Chancellor,the head of the legal system of England and made a peer with the titles of Baron Verulam and Viscount St Alban. But three years later,he was accused of bribery and was deprived of his office and banished from London.In his after years,he focused on philosophy and science.培根是英国著名的哲学家、政治家、科学家、律师、法官、作家，被称为“经验主义和现代科学之父”。

英国文艺复兴的文学巨匠莎士比亚弥尔顿与培根英国文艺复兴的文学巨匠莎士比亚、弥尔顿与培根在英国文艺复兴时期，出现了许多杰出的文学巨匠，其中莎士比亚、弥尔顿与培根无疑是最为耀眼的三位。

他们各自在戏剧、诗歌和哲学领域取得了惊人的成就，对于英国文学的发展和世界文化的影响不可忽视。

本文将从他们的生平事迹、代表作品以及影响等方面，介绍这三位英国文艺复兴时期的文学巨匠。

1.莎士比亚（William Shakespeare）1.1 生平事迹莎士比亚生于1564年，是一个戏剧家、诗人和演员。

他在伊丽莎白一世时期的伦敦剧院取得了巨大的成功。

据推测，他创作了39部戏剧和154首十四行诗，包括《哈姆雷特》、《罗密欧与朱丽叶》等经典作品。

1.2 代表作品莎士比亚的戏剧作品被誉为世界戏剧史上的瑰宝。

他的作品涉及爱情、悲剧、喜剧、历史等多个领域，情节曲折、人物形象生动。

其中，《哈姆雷特》以其复杂的人物关系和深入的心理描写被誉为西方文学经典之一，《罗密欧与朱丽叶》则以其浪漫的爱情故事触动了无数人的心。

1.3 影响莎士比亚的作品对世界戏剧、文学和艺术产生了深远影响。

他的词藻优美、描写精准，对人物性格和人类心理有着独到的洞察力，他的戏剧语言丰富多样，被广泛运用于各类戏剧演出和文学作品中。

2.弥尔顿（John Milton）2.1 生平事迹弥尔顿生于1608年，是一位杰出的诗人、政治家和文学评论家。

他的代表作《失乐园》堪称英国文学史上最伟大的长诗之一。

他曾担任议会政治家，参与了英国内战时期的政治活动。

2.2 代表作品《失乐园》被认为是弥尔顿最重要的作品，以十二卷诗篇的形式讲述了亚当和夏娃的堕落故事。

作品展现了对自由意志和个人权利的思考，同时还反映了作者对英国政治的看法。

2.3 影响弥尔顿的作品在思想和风格上都具有独特性，他运用史诗的形式表达了对自由和正义的追求。

他的作品影响了18世纪启蒙运动，对亚当斯密、卢梭等思想家产生了重要的影响。