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Unit1Warm-up TasksTask 1: True or False Statements1. T2. T3. F4. F5. T6. F7. FTask 2: Sentence Completion1. primary care specialists2. choosing to become specialists3. alleviate those problems4. remain a team effort5. fewer and fewer new doctors?Study & PracticeI. Reading Comprehension Questions1. B2. D3. B4. D5. AII. Words to Practice1. unique 6. sterile2. unitary 7. established3. adaptive 8. vary4. expands 9. distinct from5. prescribe 10. superviseIII. TranslationA. Translate the following sentences into Chinese.1.高级临床专科护士是接受了高等教育和培训的注册护士，大部分都有护理硕士或博士学位。
她们在不同的场所工作，包括医院、疗养院、企业、私人诊所、学校以及社区中心。
有些高级临床专科护士自己开业，但大部分都是与医生合作开业。
许多高级临床专科护士有开具处方的权利。
2.护理的初衷是保持人们健康以及为病人提供舒适、照顾和保障。
虽然护理的总体目标历经几个世纪基本未变，但科学的进步和社会需求的变化对护理实践产生了巨大的影响。
护理逐渐发展成一门现代职业。
B. Translate the following sentences into English.1. The doctor prescribed some antibiotics for a patient with pneumonia.2. In China, graduates from whatever nursing programs cannot enter into clinical practice until they get licensures.3. The demand for nurses has been increasing in European and American countries in recent years.4. In the past, the major role and functions of nurses were to provide care and comfort for the clients.5. With the development of science and technology as well as the improvement of people’s living standards, nursing practice scopes will be expanding gradually. IV. Audio TasksTask 1: Short -answer Questions1. Cough and children’s ear infections.2. Rash and anaphylactic shock.3. Infants under the age of one.4. Stop prescribing them unnecessarily.5. They should not argue.Task 2: Spot Dictation1. maladies2. harm3. 1420004. allergic5. incidence6. majority7. reducing8. argueUnit2Warm-up TasksTask 1: True or False Statements1. F2. T3. F4. T5. F6. F7. TTask 2: Sentence Completion1. a lot of pressure2. the way nursing is practiced3. the knowledge level of the nurse4. get a lot of the basic training5. certified in their specialty area?Study & PracticeI. Reading Comprehension Questions1. B2. D3. A4. A5. BII. Words to Practice1. retrievable 6. interventions2. referral to 7. delegate3. subjective 8. incorporated4. expected 9. validation5. priorities 10. implementationIII. TranslationA. Translate the following sentences into Chinese.1.人的基本需求按照重要程度分为五个层次：生理的需要、安全的需要、爱和归属的需要、被人尊重的需要和自我实现的需要。
双胎妊娠早产的临床特点及早产儿结局发表时间：2018-04-11T15:07:10.980Z 来源：《中国误诊学杂志》2018年第2期作者：雷莹娟[导读] 双胎妊娠会增加孕妇早产风险，还会危害早产儿身体健康，临床上应做好双胎妊娠孕妇的早产防治工作。
湖南省妇幼保健院 410008 摘要：目的：研究双胎妊娠早产的临床特点及早产儿结局。
方法：本次研究选取的研究对象为2014年1月～2016年12月期间在湖南省妇幼保健院住院分娩的双胎妊娠产妇100例及其分娩的早产儿200例（观察组），对照组为100例单胎妊娠产妇及其分娩的早产儿100例（对照组）。
对两组孕妇和早产儿的临床资料进行分析，总结两组孕妇的临床特点，并比较两组分娩早产儿的妊娠结局。
结果：观察组孕期体重增加值、保胎时间、产前DEX使用率、剖宫产发生率与对照组数据相比较高度差异（P＜0.05）；观察组早产儿出生体重、呼吸机使用时间、并发症发生率（RDS、肺炎、低血糖、贫血）相较于对照组差距明显（P＜0.05）。
结论：双胎妊娠会增加孕妇早产风险，还会危害早产儿身体健康，临床上应做好双胎妊娠孕妇的早产防治工作。
关键词：双胎妊娠；早产；临床特点；早产儿结局The clinical characteristics of preterm birth of twin pregnancy and the outcome of preterm infant Lei Yingjuan Hunan maternity and child health care hospital 410008 Objective：To study the clinical characteristics of preterm birth of twin pregnancy and the outcome of preterm infants. Methods：the subjects of this study were selected for the January 2014 to December 2016 period in twin delivery in hospital in Hunan Province Maternal and child health hospital 100 cases of maternal pregnancy and childbirth in 200 premature infants（observation group），100 cases in the control group and 100 cases of parturient women single pregnancy premature infants（control group）. The clinical data of two groups of pregnant women and preterm infants were analyzed，the clinical characteristics of the two groups of pregnant women were summarized，and the pregnancy outcome of the two groups of premature infants was compared. Results：the observation group during pregnancy weight gain，the time，prenatal DEX usage，cesarean section rate and control group comparison of the data of height difference（P < 0.05）；observation group of premature birth weight，ventilation time，incidence of complications （pneumonia，hypoglycemia，anemia，RDS）compared with control group difference（P < 0.05）. Conclusion：Double pregnancy will increase the risk of preterm birth of pregnant women，and will also harm the health of preterm infants. The prevention and treatment of preterm labor for pregnant women with double pregnancy should be done clinically. [Key words]：twin pregnancy；preterm birth；clinical characteristics；the outcome of premature infants 早产指的是孕周不足37周而分娩的情况，是导致5岁以内儿童死亡的直接性原因。
全新版大学英语综合教程第三册单词第一单元get by 过得去frustration 挫折；令人失望suburban 郊区的suburb 郊区contentment 满足honey 蜂蜜make it 成功canoe 独木木舟sunset 日落(n)sunrise 日出(n)hawk 鹰cornfield 玉米田haul (用马车，卡车)搬运firewood 木柴sled 雪橇retile 重新用瓦盖longoverdueoverdue 早该有的；早该发生的improvement 改进supplement 补充；增加indoor 室内的spray 喷；洒orchard 果园barn 谷仓chick 小鸡typewriter 打字机freelance 自由撰稿人pursue 努力去获得，追求household 家庭的；普通的；家庭oversee 看管beehive 蜂窝organ 风琴；器官stack 一堆wicked 邪恶的；坏的overflow 溢出；泛滥swamp 淹没；压倒freezer 冰柜cherry 樱桃raspberry 悬钩子；树莓asparagus 芦笋bean 豆；豆形果实canned-goods 罐装品cupboard 食橱；碗橱plum 李子；梅子jelly 果子冻squash 南瓜属植物pumpkin 南瓜gallon 加仑at that point 就在那时decidedly 肯定地；无疑地blessing 祝福bless 为……祝福on balance 总的来说den 兽穴illustrate 举例说明hitch 用-具套住dogsled 狗拉雪橇monster 怪物；妖怪digest 文摘；摘要boundary 边界；分界线widerness 荒野；荒地generate 形成；产生dental 牙的；和牙有关的insurance 保险；保险费policy 保险单；保险契约pick up 付（帐）minor 较少的；较小的premium 保险费；奖金；奖品aside from 除了cut back 减少；削减appreciably 能够感到地，可观的lower 降低；减少dine out 外出吃饭patronize 光顾；惠顾ballet 芭蕾舞extravagant 奢侈的；浪费的suspect 怀疑solitude 孤独budget 预算requirement 要求，必要条件scale 规模on a small /large scale 小规模地resist 抵制temptation 诱惑（n) device 设备，装置machinery 机器，机械horsepower 马力rotary 旋转的cultivator 耕耘机rotary cultivator 旋转式耕耘机profit 利润(n&&v)invest 投资primarily 主要地；起初第二单元slender 苗条的；细长的settlement 新拓居地；confident 有信心的；确信的give up 放弃creator 造物主，上帝devotion 深爱的，挚爱cabin 小棚屋ironically 具有讽刺意味的是symbolize 象征，标志racial 种族的sellout 背叛者；背叛unwilling 不愿意的；勉强的stand up (for) 支持historic 历史上有名或有重要意义的site 地方，位置，遗址slavery 受奴役的状态；奴隶制mission 特殊使命，任务courageous 勇敢的，无畏的forge 建立，伪造forge a signature 伪造签名underground 秘密的；地下的web 网状物；网状组织liberate 解放authorize 批准，委托civil-rights 民权的civil 公民的exploit 功绩，业绩unsung 未赞颂过的intent 坚决的be intent on(sth./doing sth) 热中于，坚决要做pistol 手枪decade 十年foundry 铸造车间，铸造厂on the side 作为兼职；秘密地capture 抓捕；捕获chilly 冷的，寒飕飕的fugitive 逃亡者watchman 看守人；警卫员helplessly 无能为力地pursuer 追赶者；追捕者close in (on/around) 接近；包围hurriedly 仓促地wagon 四轮运货马车painful 疼痛的religious 宗教的conviction 坚定的看法或信仰Quaker 公谊会教徒Bible 《圣经》clothe 给……衣服naked 裸体的，赤条条的converge 会合；集中terminal 终点，终端机magistrate 地方行政长官；执法官impose 把……强加于jail 监狱imprison (vt) 关押；监禁stripe 鞭打；抽打as for 至于cake 覆盖powder 粉；粉末bonnet 女帽veil 面纱transport 运输runaway 逃跑的（人）、disguise 伪装，假扮funeral 葬礼；丧失procession 行列；队伍abolish 废除virgin 未开发的harshly 严厉地，苛刻的diligently 勤奋地compel 强迫，强求plantation 种植园salvation 拯救；pass for 被当作第三单元latch 门闩on the latch 门关着但没有上锁close up 关闭rural 农村vulnerable 易受攻击的；无防御的well-patroled 巡查严密的urban 城市的statistics 统计；统计资料dramatically (vd)显著地；戏剧性地allegedly (vd)据称tranquil 宁静的era 纪元dead-bolt 防盗门electronic 电子的hook up to 连接到patio 露台，平台elegantly 优雅地，高雅地build in 使成为建筑物的一部分pry 撬开，撬动premise (n)房屋，假设，前提surveillance (n)监视feature 给……以显著地位，突出；由……主演padlock 挂锁；扣锁psychic 精神的；心灵的；心理的transformation (n)改变，转变put up 建造，设置barrier (n)障碍barricade (vt)在……设置路障wander (vi)漫游，闲逛，徘徊X-rayterrorist 恐怖分子terror (n)恐怖hold/keep sb. at bay 不让……逼近frisker 搜身器without/with not so much as 甚至连……都没……sideways 斜着（的），斜向一边（的）stand for 代表be bathed in 沉浸于analyze 分析with/by a small/large margin 小/大幅度地error 错误insecure 不安全的secure 安全的，可靠的civilize 开化，使文明reflection 有损声誉的事，思考；反映puzzling 令人困惑的housewife 家庭主妇rape 强奸whistle 哨子self-protection 自我保护outsmart (vt)比……精明；智胜outsmart oneself 聪明反被聪明误evil (n)邪恶legacy (n)遗产look back on 回顾第四单元watery 潮湿的extraterrestrial 外星人；pessimist 悲观主义者pessimistic 悲观的crisscross 交叉往返于on account of 由于sheriff 行政司法长官；县治安官deputy 副职；副手work up 准备；整理ranch 大农场pension 退职金；养老金；disable 使残废veteran 退伍军人；富有经验的complicated 复杂的；难解的；taxman 税务员approachable 平易近人的；亲切的saucer 碟状物；飞碟；茶碟knock off 下班hit the sack 睡觉curse 诅咒；咒骂go over 核对；研究column 列；栏；专栏；柱rocket 火箭bug 张大；使突出；虫子；故障complexion 面色；肤色apiece 每人observation 观察，观测locality 地点；位置isolate 使隔离；使孤立adopt 采用；收养mode 方式；模式；appearance 外貌go for 喜欢blink 闪烁regardless of 不顾nationality 国籍；民族at sb's servicearrangement 安排organization 组织；机构；团体supreme 最高的；极度的come around 拜访hell 见鬼；该死；地狱；苦境leave alone 不打扰；听其自然garbage 废话；垃圾；heave 举起；升起wit 智力；才智make like 假装；装扮作knock down 撞倒；拆毁catch sight of 一眼看见；瞥见shiny 有光泽的；闪耀的，fade out 逐渐消失Venusian 金星人dope 笨蛋第五单元coastguardsman 海岸警卫员under way 航行中；工作中carton 硬纸盒，纸板箱bomb 炸弹pad 用软的材料衬垫rack 炮弹架ashore 在岸上traditional 传统的turkey 火鸡put away 放好sundown 日落时分afterdeck 后甲板draught 气流get to sth./doing sth. 开始认真思考，做cob 玉米；穗轴and the rest 等等quest 寻求in quest of 寻求reverse 反转verbal 口头的；动词turn over 考虑；思考brighten 变亮repay 偿还sincere 诚挚的lastingly 长久地gratitude 感激statement 陈述heartfelt 衷心的；appreciation 感谢agricultural 农业的；农艺的mechanical 机械的；机械学的hometown 故乡；at sea 在海上航行specific 明确的；behalf 利益on sb.'s behalfon behalf of sb. 为了的利益；代表(某人）instance 实例uppermost 最高的impress 使重视boyhood 少年时代quiz 测验diminish 变小；减少expose 暴露be exposed to 暴露于；与……接触immerse 使沉浸在be immersed in 沉浸在awareness 察觉marvelous 不可思议的；美妙的prayer 祈祷assemble 集合；装配considerate 体贴的sprinkle 洒stardust 梦幻unload 将货物卸下cargo 货物reload 再装recede 退去；变得模糊rendezvous 会合accord 使符合topmost 最高的loudspeaker 喇叭rasp 发出；锉，刮hundred-odd 一百多个odd 稍多于；单数的shipmate 同船水手；deck 甲板cluster 群；簇seaman 海员，水手bulge 鼓胀fistful 一把bark 吠叫successive 连续的；in turn 挨个地；amid 在……当中humble 使谦卑；undergo 经过；swift 迅疾的即时的reassurance 放心；确信appreciate 赏识；重视bring back 回想起in a flash 一瞬间weep 流泪；diaper 尿布；being 生命；人go about 表现；忙于；着手in secret 秘密地；quote 引用；引述mightily 在很大程度上；非常paramout 最主要的；stationery 信纸信封；文具第六单元brink 砖studio 画室；照相室；工作室chicory 菊苣salad 生菜；色拉bishop 主教sleeve 衣袖bishop sleeve 灯笼袖in tune 和谐的joint 共同的；共有的pneumonia 肺炎stalk 潜行；偷偷接近here and there 各处icy 极冷的victim 牺牲者；受害的人scarcely 几乎没有；几乎不scarce 不充足的；难得的hallway 门厅；过道bushy 密生的；丛生的eyebrow 眉毛bosh 胡说；无意义的话carriage 载人的马车subtract 减去；扣除curative 能治病的merry 愉快的bedclothes 床上用品backward 倒着bare 裸露的dreary 沉闷的；阴沉的ivy 常春藤vine 藤in a whisper 低声地nonsense 废话turn loose 放手；放纵miner 矿工painter 画家beard 胡须look the part 看上去很像gin 杜松子酒to excess 过度masterpiece 杰作；代表作fragile 易碎的；虚弱的for the rest 至于其它fierce 凶猛的；愤怒的mock 嘲弄；取笑softness 软弱；意志不坚定dimly 暗淡地，模糊不清的canvas 画布easel 画架fancy 幻想；胡思乱想stream 流hear of 听说persistent 持续的；一再发生的mingle 混合upturned 翻转的；倒着放的kettle 烧水用的壶pull up 拉起wearily 疲倦地；劳累地lo 看，瞧stand out 显著wear away 流逝；磨损twilight 暮色；黄昏lone 孤独的cling 抓紧cling to 紧紧抓住merciless 无慈悲心的call to 呼唤gas 煤气stove 火炉sin 罪孽；罪过hand-mirror 带手柄的小镜子pillow 枕头sit up 坐起来acute 急性的；严重的be wet through 湿透的lantern 灯笼palette 调色板flutter 飘动，晃动第七单元salesman 推销员linger 留恋徘徊，磨蹭weatherman 气象报告员surgeon 外科医生scar 伤疤feel like 想要battlefield 战场dignity 尊严cripple 使跛的，受伤致残betray 背叛gain on 逼近tremble 颤抖slacks 宽松裤tan 棕褐色的entryway 入口entry n.进入；入口briefcase 公文包kick up 踢起；扬起tilt （使）倾斜lean 屈身，倾斜brochure 小册子clip-op 用夹子夹牢clip 夹子，别针delivery 分娩；投递section 部分cerebral 脑的palsy 麻痹，瘫痪cerebral palsy 大脑性麻痹disorder 失调；混乱transfer 调动，转移limitation 缺陷；局限apply for 申请Co. 公司representative 代表literature 宣传资料pledge 保证，许诺tetail 零售transit 通行；过境mall 购物中心strain 损伤；使劳损joint 关节useless 无用的；无效的limb 肢；树枝waist 腰off balance 不平衡toddler 学步儿童shoeshine n.擦皮鞋lace 花边；鞋带territory 活动范围；领土on the phone 在打电话spice 调料register 注意到，登记，发生效力laundry 洗好的衣服profitable 有利可图的off one's feet 躺着；坐着VCR 录像机antenna 天线solitary 单独的，孤独的oven 烤箱commission 佣金，回扣surgery 外科手术be laid up (with) 卧床休养checkbook 支票簿recipient 接受人signature 签名scrawl 潦草地写unreadable 枯燥的，无法读的lash 鞭打；猛烈打击in time 及时，最终go off 停止第八单元clone n.克隆lamb 羊羔balding 开始秃顶的bald 秃顶的embryologist 胚胎学家pregnancy n.怀孕（期）give birth to 生孩子，产生champagne 香槟酒veterinarian 兽医for all the world 在各人方面；完全dot n.点vt.散布于creation 创造（物）union 结合，联盟sperm 精子udder （牛羊等的）乳房cell 细胞fuse 融合，合并gene 基因take up 住进，栖居residence n.居住identical 一模一样的genetically 遗传上twin 双胞胎之一beforehand ad.事先oppose 反对be opposed to 反对theoretical 理论的in principle 原则上offensive 冒犯的，无礼的pragmatism 实用观点，实用主义compromise n.妥协morally 道德上plague 使痛苦humanity 人类potential 潜力tolerate 容忍ancient 古代的，古老的vanity n.自负，虚荣donor 捐赠人catalog 目录terrify 使恐惧replica 复制品lottery 抽签；碰巧的事normally 正常地，通常unpredictable 不可预测的mixture 混合物brilliant 才华横溢的inherit 继承purity 纯净，纯洁innocence n.清白，无害comment 评论genius 天才atomic 原子能的let loose 释放curiosity 好奇心physicist 物理学家atom 原子multi-layered 多层次的reprogram 重新编程transplant 移植；移栽marrow 骨髓leukemia 白血病lash out at 猛击；严厉斥责immune 免疫的merge 使融合technician 技术员protein 蛋白质primitive 原始的embryo 胚胎start out 起初意图grow into 长成batch 一组inconceivable 不可思议的conceive v.构想，设想kidney 肾liver 肝脏limitless 无限的hypothetical 假说的。
医学名词解释大全《医学名词解释大全》医学是一门专门研究人类身体健康和疾病的科学，其中包含了大量的专业术语和名词。
对于非医学专业的人来说，这些术语可能很难理解和记忆。
为了帮助读者更好地了解医学名词，本文将介绍一些常见医学名词的解释。
1. 癌症（Cancer）：癌症是一类疾病，由异常细胞的无限增殖和扩散导致。
它可以发生在人体的任何部位，并且可能对身体造成严重的损害。
2. 糖尿病（Diabetes）：一种慢性病，由于胰岛素分泌不足或不能正常使用而导致血糖水平升高。
常见的糖尿病类型包括1型糖尿病和2型糖尿病。
3. 心脏病（Heart disease）：心脏病是指一系列影响心脏的疾病，如冠心病、心力衰竭和心脏瓣膜病等。
心脏病是全球主要的死亡原因之一。
4. 中风（Stroke）：中风是由于脑血管破裂或阻塞而导致的血液供应中断，这可能导致神经系统功能受损，甚至死亡。
5. 肺炎（Pneumonia）：肺炎是一种感染性疾病，通常由细菌、病毒或真菌引起。
它会导致肺部组织的炎症，并且可能引起呼吸困难和咳嗽等症状。
6. 高血压（Hypertension）：高血压是一种慢性疾病，指血压长期高于正常水平。
高血压可以增加心脏病、中风和肾脏疾病的风险。
7. 骨折（Fracture）：骨折是指骨骼断裂或破裂。
它通常由于外伤、骨质疏松或疾病引起，需要适当的治疗和康复。
8. 妊娠（Pregnancy）：妊娠是指女性子宫内受精卵发育成为胚胎和胎儿的过程。
一般持续约40周，产生一个新生儿。
9. 病毒（Virus）：病毒是一种微生物，其由核酸和蛋白质组成。
它可以感染宿主细胞，导致各种疾病，如感冒、艾滋病和流感。
10. 细菌（Bacteria）：细菌是一类单细胞微生物，可以存在于土壤、水和生物体中。
有些细菌是有益的，而另一些可能会引起感染和疾病。
以上只是医学名词解释的一小部分示例，医学领域涵盖了广泛而复杂的主题。
理解医学名词和术语对于患者和医生来说都非常重要，因为它们有助于有效的交流和诊断治疗。
中英文---西医妇产科、儿科术语英文翻译以下是常见的西医妇产科术语英文翻译：1. 妇产科：Obstetrics and Gynecology (OB/GYN)2. 围产期：Perinatal Period3. 孕期：Pregnancy4. 分娩：Delivery5. 产褥期：Postpartum Period6. 早产：Premature Birth7. 足月产：Full-term Birth8. 引产：Induction of Labor9. 剖腹产：Cesarean Section10. 自然分娩：Spontaneous Delivery11. 产程：Stages of Labor12. 产道：Birth Canal13. 胎盘：Placenta14. 羊水：Amniotic Fluid15. 脐带：Umbilical Cord16. 宫颈：Cervix17. 子宫：Uterus18. 卵巢：Ovaries19. 输卵管：Fallopian Tubes20. 外阴：External Genitalia21. 阴道：Vagina22. 乳房：Breasts23. 妊娠高血压综合征：Pregnancy-induced Hypertension (PIH)24. 妊娠糖尿病：Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM)25. 前置胎盘：Placenta Previa26. 胎盘早剥：Placental Abruption27. 胎儿宫内生长受限：Fetal Growth Restriction (FGR)28. 多胎妊娠：Multiple Pregnancy29. 早产儿视网膜病变：Retinopathy of Prematurity (ROP)30. 产褥感染：Postpartum Infection31. 会阴撕裂伤：Perineal Tearing32. 产后抑郁症：Postpartum Depression (PPD)33. 性传播感染：Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)34. 不孕症：Infertility35. 子宫肌瘤：Uterine Fibroids36. 多囊卵巢综合症：Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)37. 子宫内膜异位症：Endometriosis38. 更年期：Menopause39. 经前期综合征：Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS)40. 不孕不育治疗：Infertility Treatments41. 妇科手术：Gynecological Surgeries42. 产前诊断：Prenatal Diagnosis43. 产前筛查：Prenatal Screening44. 妇科检查：Gynecological Exams45. 乳腺检查：Breast Exams46. 生殖健康咨询：Reproductive Health Counseling47. 性教育：Sexuality Education48. 妇科肿瘤筛查：Gynecological Cancer Screening49. 女性生殖系统解剖学与生理学：Anatomy and Physiology of the Female Reproductive System50. 性激素替代疗法：Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT)西医儿科术语英文翻译以下是常见的西医儿科术语英文翻译：1. 儿科：Pediatrics2. 儿童生长发育：Child Growth and Development3. 新生儿：Neonate4. 婴儿：Infant5. 学龄前儿童：Preschool Child6. 学龄儿童：School-aged Child7. 青春期：Adolescence8. 儿童营养：Child Nutrition9. 母乳喂养：Breastfeeding10. 配方奶喂养：Formula Feeding11. 断奶：Weaning12. 幼儿急疹：玫瑰疹：Rubella13. 水痘：Varicella14. 手足口病：Hand-foot-mouth Disease (HFMD)15. 流行性感冒：Influenza16. 中耳炎：Otitis Media17. 急性上呼吸道感染：Acute Upper Respiratory Infection (URI)18. 支气管肺炎：Bronchopneumonia19. 支原体肺炎：Mycoplasma Pneumonia20. 百日咳：Pertussis21. 儿童哮喘：Asthma in Children22. 过敏性鼻炎：Allergic Rhinitis23. 肠道寄生虫病：Intestinal Parasitic Diseases24. 微量元素缺乏症：Trace Element Deficiency25. 维生素缺乏症：Vitamin Deficiency26. 新生儿黄疸：Neonatal Jaundice27. 新生儿窒息：Neonatal Asphyxia28. 新生儿败血症：Neonatal Sepsis29. 肠套叠：Intussusception30. 小儿肺炎：Pneumonia in Children31. 小儿腹泻病：Diarrhea in Children32. 小儿营养不良：Malnutrition in Children33. 小儿肥胖症：Childhood Obesity34. 小儿糖尿病：Diabetes Mellitus in Children35. 小儿先天性心脏病：Congenital Heart Disease in Children36. 风湿热：Rheumatic Fever37. 川崎病：Kawasaki Disease38. 幼年特发性关节炎：Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA)39. 儿科重症监护病房（PICU）：Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU)40. 新生儿重症监护病房（NICU）：Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU)41. 儿童生长发育评估：Child Growth Assessment42. 儿童免疫接种计划：Child Immunization Schedule43. 儿童心理咨询与治疗：Child Psychological Counseling and Therapy44. 儿童康复治疗：Child Rehabilitation Therapies45. 儿童行为问题咨询与治疗：Child Behavioral Issues Counseling and Therapy46. 儿童疫苗接种咨询与指导：Child Vaccination Counseling and Guidance47. 新生儿筛查项目：Neonatal Screening Programs48. 小儿危重症管理技术：Critical Care Management in Children49. 儿科药理学和药物治疗学：Pediatric Pharmacology and Therapeutics50. 小儿外科手术技术：Pediatric Surgical Techniques。
猪场中常用到的英语专业术语一、不同阶段的猪专业词汇boar（公猪）gilt（后备母猪）sow（经产母猪）piglet（乳猪）：特指尚没有断奶的小猪，国内称为仔猪的实际上包括未断奶的和已经断奶的，分别称为“哺乳仔猪”和“断奶仔猪”，用“仔培猪”这样的名称更是少见。
weaning（断奶）weaner（断奶猪）：断奶后的猪只——一般是18-24日龄直到30公斤。
Pre-starter （断奶前仔猪）Starte（断奶仔猪）grower（生长猪）：指大于30公斤的猪只——也称为feeder pig。
finisher（育成猪）：指大于60公斤的猪只，故称为肥育猪或育肥猪是不恰当的。
mummified piglet（木乃伊猪）：在怀孕期间死亡的胎儿以木乃伊的状态被产出。
有些文献上称“产木乃伊”是不正确的，应该是“产木乃伊胎”。
Yorkshire 大白Duroc 杜洛克Hampshire 汉普夏Landrace 长白Farrow to wean出生到断奶Wean to feeder断奶到育肥Farrow to feeder出生到育肥Feeder to finish 育肥到育成Farrow to finish出生到育成二、养繁殖中常用专业词汇farrowing（产仔）：母猪产小猪的过程-即分娩（parturition）。
Introducing control 引种控制Segregated early weaning 早期断奶lactating（泌乳）：母猪产生乳汁的过程。
gestating（怀孕期）：从断奶后配种到产仔的一段时间（即干乳期）。
litter（窝）：从同一头母猪一次产出的一群仔猪。
parity（胎次）：每个胎次就是指每一次分娩——如：第三胎是指母猪产的第三窝。
stillborn（死产）：产出死亡的胎儿。
fostering（寄养）：将仔猪在不同的母猪间饲喂以获得更多的乳汁。
colostrum（初乳）：分娩后最初几天产生的乳汁——含有较多抗体和其它因子。
妇产科学专业英语词汇考验复试不得不看Aabnormal presentation 胎位异常presentation 先露部，产式，胎位abruption placenta (premature separation of placenta) 胎盘早剥plecenta 胎盘acceleration 加速adherent placenta胎膜粘连 adherent 粘连amniocentesis羊膜穿刺amnion 羊膜； centesis体腔穿刺amnioscope 羊膜镜 -scope 镜amnioscopy 羊膜镜检查－scopy 镜检amniotic fluid embolism 羊水栓塞embolism栓塞; embolus栓子anencephalus无脑儿 an－不；无 encephal-与脑有关的antenatal hemorrhage产前出血antenatal/prenatal 产前的; natal出生的臀的homorrhage出血anterior fontanelle 前囱anterior 前的；在前的； fontanel囟门Apgar scoring 阿氏评分artificial rupture of membranes (amniotomy) 人工破膜 artificial人工的；rupture 破裂membranes 膜 amnio-羊膜的 -tomy 切开术aspiration pneumonia吸入性肺炎aspiration 吸入；respiration呼吸作用pneumonia/pneumonitis肺炎atelectasis 肺不张Bbaseline fetal heart rate 胎心基线fetal 胎儿的，与胎儿有关的biparietal diameter双顶径 bi-两个，双parietal 顶骨的 diameter直径birth injure 产伤 injurebrachial palsy臂丛麻痹brachial 臂的 palsy麻痹birth weight 出生体重 blood gas analysis 血气分析blood group incompatibility血型不合in-不，无 compatibility兼容性breech presentation臀位breech臀部 presentation胎位brow presentation 额先露 brow 额头breech extraction 臀牵引extract 提取；拉；牵拉B-scan 型超声波扫描Ccaput succedaneum 先锋头 caput 头central (complete) 中央型cephallohematoma 胎头血肿 cephal(o)- 与头相关的 hematoma血肿cephalo-pelvic disproportion 头盆不称 pelvis骨盆 disproportion不平衡；不成比例 cerclage of cervix宫颈环扎 cerclage环扎 ; cervix 颈cerebral hemorrhage 颅内出血（脑出血 ) cerebral 大脑的 hemorrhage出血cervical dystocia 宫颈难产 dystocia 难产cervicotomy宫颈切开术－tomy 切开Cesarean hysterectomy剖宫子宫切除术cesarean section剖宫产; hystereo-与子宫有关的;-ectomy 切除术Cesarean section (C.S) 剖宫产chorionic villi sampling 绒毛标本采取chorion /villius 绒毛chromosome analysis 染色体分析classical C.S 古典剖宫产cleft palate腭裂 cleft裂；沟 palate腭cleidotomy锁骨切断术compound presentation 复合先露 compound 化合物concealed hemorrhage 隐性出血congenital anomaly (malformation) 先天畸形 congenital先天性的anomaly/malformation异常，反常conjointed twin 联体双胎constriction ring 缩窄环cord around neck脐带绕颈cord 脐带craniotomy 穿颅术 cranial-脑的cyanosis 紫绀cyano-表示青紫Ddecapitation 断头术 decapitation 斩首deccleration 减速 acceleration加速delivery of aftercoming head 后出头分娩 delivery分娩destructive operation 毁胎术disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) 弥漫性血管内凝血disseminate散布，弥散，intra- 内部的 vascular 血管coagulation 血凝固Eearly deceleration 早减速 early postpartum hemorrhage 早期产后出血endotrachael intubation 气管内插管 intubation插管episiotomy 会阴切开术estimation of fetal lung maturity 胎儿肺成熟度估价 fetal胎儿evisceration去脏术external version 外倒转extraperitoneal C.S 腹膜外剖宫产 peritoneum 腹膜Fface presentation 面先露false knot of umbilical cord 脐带假结 knot结 umbilical cord 脐带fetal heart monitoring 胎心监测fetal scalp blood sampling 胎儿头皮血取样scalp 头皮fetoscope 胎儿镜fetoscopy 胎儿镜检查footling足先臀fracture of clavicle锁骨骨折 clavicle锁骨fracture of humorus肱骨骨折 humorus肱骨fracture of skull 颅骨骨折 skull颅骨frank breech伸腿臀产式frozen pelvis 冰冻骨盆 pelvis 骨盆Hhare lip 兔唇hemolytic disease of newborn 新生儿溶血症 hemolysis 溶血现象hemorrhagic disease of newborn 新生儿出血病 hemorrhage 出血history of previous cesarean section 前次剖宫产史 cesarean section 剖宫产hyaline membrane disease (HMD) 透明膜病 hyaline 透明hydrocephalus脑积水hydrops fetalis 胎儿水肿hyperbilirubinemia 高胆红素血症bilirubin 胆红素hypertonic contraction 高张性宫缩tonic紧张的；强直的hypotonic contraction 低张性宫缩hysterotomy 子宫切开术 hystero-与子宫有关的Iimpending of rupture of uterus 先兆子宫破裂 uterus 子宫 impending即将incomplete breech 不完全臀位indution of labor by pitocin 催产素引产 induction诱导 labor分娩 pitocin催产素 indution of labor prostaglandin 前列腺素引产 prostaglandin前列腺素infarction of placenta 胎盘梗死 placenta胎盘 infarction梗死internal podalic version 内倒转intra-amniotic transfusion 羊膜腔内输血 amniotic 羊膜isoimmunization 同族免疫 iso-等同；相同Llaceration of falx cerebri 大脑镰撕裂laceration撕裂伤laceration of tentorium cerebelli 小脑幕撕裂tentorium 幕late deceleration 晚减速late postpartum hemorrhage 晚期产后出血 parturition分娩；生产lecithin/sphimgomyelin ratio 卵磷脂/鞘磷脂比值locked twin 交锁双胎low implantation 低置 implantation 植入lower segment C.S 下段剖宫产lowforceps delivery 低位产钳助产钳 forceps钳Mmanual removal of placenta 手取胎盘manual rotation of fetal head 手转胎头manual stripping of membranes 人工剥膜stripping剥离marginal insertion of umbilical cord 脐带边缘附着meconium aspiration 胎粪吸入median episiotomy 会阴正中切开medio-lateral episiotomy 会阴中侧切meningocele 脑脊膜膨出microcephalus 小头畸形midforceps delivery 中位产钳助产钳molding of fetal head 胎头塑形Nneonatal asphyxia 新生儿窒息 neonatal 新生儿 asphyxia窒息neonatal 新生儿的 non stress test (NST) 非应力试验nucleae jaundice (Kernicterus) 核黄疸jaundice 黄疸病Oobstetric forceps 产钳obstetric 产科学obstetric shock 产科休克outlet forceps delivery 出口产钳助产钳oxytocin challenge test (OCT) 催产素刺激试验 oxytocin催产素oxytocin stimulation for uterine contraction 催产素刺激宫缩Ppartial 部分型pathologic retraction ring 病理性缩窄环pathologic 病理的； retraction牵拉，缩回 pelvic cellulitis 盆腔蜂窝质炎 cellulitis组织炎pelvimetry 骨盆测量persistent occiput posterior 持续性枕后位 occiput枕骨部persistent transverse arrest 持续性枕横位 transverse 横向的peumothorax 气胸thorax 胸廓phototherapy 光疗 photo-与光有关的exchange transfusion 交换输血physiologic jaundice 生理性黄疸placenta accreta 胎盘植入placenta bipartita 双叶胎盘placenta circumvallata 轮状胎盘placenta duplex 双胎盘placenta percreta 胎盘穿透placenta previa 前置胎盘previa前置posterior fontanelle 后囱fontanel囟门primipara with floating head 初产头浮pregnacy test 妊娠试验prolapse of umbilical cord 脐带脱垂 prolapse 脱出，脱垂prolonged deceleration 延长减速prolonged labor 产程延长prolonged second stage 第二产程延长puerperal infection 产褥感染puerperal 产后的，产褥的puerperal morbidity 产褥病率morbidity 发病率，病态puerperal sepsis 产后败血症sepsis 败血症puerperal hemorrhage 产褥期出血puerperal tetanus 产褥期破伤风tetanus 破伤风puerperal endometritis 产褥期子宫内膜炎endometrial子宫内膜的Rradioimmunoassay for hCG hCG放免测定respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) 呼吸窘迫综合征resuscitation of newborn 新生儿复苏retention of fetal membranes 胎膜滞留 retention 潴留；记忆retention of placenta fragment 部分胎盘滞留retention of placenta 胎盘滞留revealed hemorrhage 显性出血rupture of marginal sinus 边缘窦破裂 marginal边缘的 sinus 窦rupture of uterus 子宫破裂Sseptic thrombophlebitis 感染性血栓性静脉炎 phlebitis静脉炎Sheehan#39;s disease 席汉氏征shoulder dystocia 肩难产dystpcia 难产spina bifida 脊柱裂suboccipital bragmatic diameter 枕下前囱径suction abortion吸引流产Ttetanic contraction 强直性宫缩termination of pregnancy 终止妊娠therapeutic abortion 治疗性流产tocograph 宫缩描记tocography 宫缩描记术transverse (shoulder) presentation 横位(肩先露)true knot of umbilical cord 脐带真结Uultrasonic estimation of fetal weight and maturity 超声波估价胎儿体重及成熟 ultrasonic超声的ultrasonic localization of placenta 超声波定位胎盘ultrasonography (ultrasound scanning) 超声波检查umbilical hernia 脐疝 hernia 疝气uteo-placental apoplexy 子宫胎盘卒中 apoplexy 卒中uterine inertia 子宫无力Vvacuum extractor of fetal head 胎头吸引术vacuum extractor 吸引器vaginal hysterectomy 经阴道子宫切开术vaginal 阴道的variability 可变性varial deceleration 可变减速vasa previa血管前置velamentous insertion of umbilical cord 脐带帆状附着妇产科英语词汇Ab antibody 抗体 Ag antigen抗原ACTH adrenocorticotropic hormone 促肾上腺皮质激素 corticotrophin 促皮质素 ADH antidiuretic hormone 抗利尿激素 diuretic 利尿剂 dieresis 多尿的AFE amniotic fluid embolism 羊水栓塞embolism 栓塞AFP alpha fetoprotein 甲胎蛋白Ag antigen 抗原AID artificial insemination with donor＇s semen 供精者精液授精insemination 授精 semen精液AD autoimmune disease 自身免疫病AIDS acquired immuno-deficiency syndrome 获得性免疫缺陷综合症（艾滋病）AIH artificial insemination with husband＇s semen 丈夫精液授精AKP alkaline phosphatase 碱性磷酸酶alkaline 碱性AMPS acid mucopolysaccharide 酸性粘多糖AR autosome recessive 常染色体隐性遗传 recessive隐性ARDS adult respiratory distress syndrome 成人呼吸窘迫综合症 ARV AIDS-related virus AIDS 相关病毒AS Arias-Stella reaction A-S 反应（阿-斯反应）ATP adenosine triphosphate 三磷酸腺苷BBT basal body temperature 基础体温BCG bacille Calmette-Guerin 卡介苗BFHR baseline fetal heart rate 胎心率基线BMR basal metabolic rate 基础代谢率BPD biparietal diameter 双顶径bpm beat per minute 每分钟心跳BSP bromsulphalein 磺溴酞钠医.学教.育网搜.集整理（测肝功能） BV bacterial vaginosis 细菌性阴道病CAH Congenital adrenal hyperplasia 先天性肾上原皮质增生cAMP cyclic adenosine monophosphate 环磷酸腺苷CBG corticosteroid binding globulin 皮质甾类结合球蛋白CC choriocarcinoma 绒毛膜癌CCT chorionic corticotropin 绒毛膜促性腺激素CEA carcinoma embryonic antigen 癌胚抗原CEE 3 cyclopentyl-17-ethinyl estradiol ether 炔雌醇-环戊醚 CF chemotactic factor 趋化因子CHM complete hydatidiform mole 完全性葡萄胎CIN cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 宫颈上皮内瘤样病变CIS carcinoma in situ 原位癌CMV eytomegalovirus 巨细胞病毒CPD cephalopelvic disproportion 头盆不称cpm counts per minute 次／分CRP c-reaction protein C-反应蛋白CSA cell surface antigen 细胞表面抗原CST contraction stress test 宫缩应激试验CT chorionic thyrotropin 绒毛膜促甲状腺素computerized tomography 电子计算机X线断层照相术CVP central venous pressure 中心静脉压DC diagonal conjugate 对角径D dilatation and curettage 刮宫术DES diethylstilbestrol 己烯雌酚（乙菧酚）DHA dehydroepiandrosterone脱氢表雄酮DHAS dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate 硫酸脱氢表雄酮DIC disseminated intravascular coagulation 弥漫性血管内凝血 DNA deoxyribonucleic acid 脱氧核糖核酸DNase deoxyribonuclease 脱氧核糖核酸酶El estrone 雌酮E2 estradiol 雌二醇E3 estriol 雌三醇EC external conjugate 骶耻外径E/C E3/creatinine 雌三醇／肌酐ED early deceleration 早期减速EDC expected date of confinement 预产期EDRFs endothelinum-derived relaxing factor 血管内皮细胞舒张因子EE ethinyl estradiol 炔雌醇EI eosinophilic index 嗜伊红细胞指数EIA enzyme-immunoassay酶免疫试验EIN endometrial intraepithelial neoplasia 子宫内膜上皮内瘤样病变ELISA enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay 酶联免疫吸附试验ER estrogen receptor雌激素受体ESR erythrocyte sedimentation rate 红细胞沉降率ET endothelin 内皮素FAD fetal activity acceleration determination 胎儿活动加速测定FDP fibrinogen degradation product 纤维蛋白原降解产物FECG fetal electrocardiography 胎儿心电图FHR fetal heart rate 胎心率FIGO Federation International of Gynecology and Obstetrics 国际妇产科协会 FM fetal movement胎动FSH follicle stimulating hormone 卵泡刺激素FSH-RH follicle stimulating hormone releasing hormone 卵泡刺激素释放激素FTA-ABS fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption 荧光密螺旋体抗体吸收试验 GFR glomerular filtration rate 肾小球滤过率GIFT gamete intra fallopian transfer医学教.育网搜集配子输卵管内移植Gn-RH gonadotropin releasing hormone 促性腺激素释放激素Gn-RH-a gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist（analogue）促性腺素释放激素激动剂（类似物）GTD gestational trophoblastic disease 妊娠滋养细胞疾病GTT gestational trophoblastic tumor 妊娠滋养细胞肿瘤Gy grayunit 辐射吸收剂量单位，1Gy=100radsHAIR hemoagglutination inhibition reaction血凝抑制反应HAV hepatitis A virus 甲型肝炎病毒HBV hepatitis B virus 乙型肝炎病毒HBAg hepatitis B antigen 乙型肝炎抗原HBcAg hepatitis B core antigen 乙型肝炎核心抗原HBeAg hepatitis B e antigen 乙型肝炎核心相关抗原HBIG hepatitis B immunoglobulin 乙型肝炎免疫球蛋白HBsAg hepatitis B surface antigen 乙型肝炎表面抗原HCV hepatitis C virus 丙型肝炎病毒HDV hepatitis D virus 丁型肝炎病毒HEV hepatitis E virus 戊型肝炎病毒HCG human chorionic gonadotropin （人）绒毛膜促性腺激素HCT human chorionic thyrotropin （人）绒毛膜促甲状腺激素HDN hemolytic disease of newborn 新生儿溶血性疾病HELLP syndrome hemolytic anemia，elevated liver function and low platelet count syndrome 溶血，肝酶升高及血小板减少综合征（HELLP综合征）HGG human gammaglobulin （人）丙种球蛋白HGH human growth hormone （人）生长激素HIV human immunodeficiency virus （人）免疫缺陷病毒HLA human leukocyte antigen （人）白细胞抗原HM hydatidiform mole 葡萄胎HMG human menopausal gonadotropin （人）绝经期促性腺激素HPG human pituitary gonadotropin （人）垂体促性腺激素HPF high power field 高倍视野HPL human placental lactogen （人）胎盘生乳素HPV human papilloma virus 人乳头状瘤病毒HSAP heat stable alkaline phosphatase 耐热性碱性磷酸酶HSG hysterosalpingography 子宫输卵管造影HTLv human T lymphotrophic virus type （人）嗜T细胞病毒重型HSV herpes simplex virus 单纯疱疹病毒H-Y antigen histocompatibility Y antigen 组织相容性Y抗原IC intercristal diameter 髂嵴间径ICP intrahepatic eholestasis of pregnancy 妊娠肝内胆汁淤积症IFN interferon 干扰素Ig immunoglobulin免疫球蛋白IHM invasive hydatidiform mole 侵蚀性葡萄胎IL interleukin 白细胞介素IRDS idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome 特发性呼吸窘迫综合征IS interspinal diameter 髂棘间径IT intertrochanteric diameter 粗隆间径IU，iu international unit 国际单位IUD intrauterine device 宫内节育器IUGR Intrauterine growth retardation 宫内发育迟缓IVF-ET in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer 体外受精与胚胎移植iv gtt intravenously guttae 静脉滴注LAK lymphokine activated killer cell 淋巴因子激活的杀伤细胞LAV lymphadenopathy associated virus 淋巴腺病相关病毒LD late deceleration 晚期减速LD50 median lethal dose 半数致死量LDH lactin dehydrogenase 乳酸脱氢酶LGA large for gestational age 大于孕龄LH luteinizing hormone 黄体生成激素LH-RH luteinizing hormone releasing hormone 黄体生成激素释放激素LMA left mento anterior颏左前LMP left mento posterior 颏左后last menstrual period末次月经日期LMT left mento transverse 颏左横LOA left occipito anterior 枕左前LOP left occipito posterior 枕左后LOT left occipito transverse 枕左横LRF luteinizing hormone releasing factor 黄体生成激素释放因子（即LH-RH） LSA left sacro anterior 骶左前LSP left sacro-posterior骶左后LST left sacro-transverse骶左横LScA left scapulo-anterior 肩左前LScP left scapulo-osterior 肩左后L／S lecithin／sphingomyelin 卵磷脂／鞘磷脂LUFS luteinized unruptured follicle syndrome 黄素化未破裂卵泡综合征mABP mean arterial blood pressure平均动脉压MI maturation index 成熟指数mol mole 摩尔，"物质的量"单位mRNA messenger RNA信使核糖核酸mμg millimicrogram 毫微克McAb monoclonal antibody单克隆抗体MRI magnetic resonance imaging磁共振成相MSH melanocyte stimulating hormone 促黑素细胞激素nm nanometer 毫微米NST non-stress test无应激试验OCT oxytocin challenge test 催产素激惹试验OT old tuberculin 旧结核菌素△OD optical density difference吸光度差PBI protein bound iodine 蛋白结合碘PCOS polycystic ovary syndrome 多囊卵巢综合征PCR polymerase chain reaction 聚合酶链反应PCWP pulmonary capillary wedge pressure 肺毛细血管楔压pg picogram 微微克PG prostaglandin 前列腺素PGF 前列腺素FPGE 前列腺素EPGI2 prostacyclin 前列环素PHM partial hydatidiform mole 部份性葡萄胎PID pelvic inflammatory disease 盆腔炎PIH pregnancy induced hypertension syndrome 妊娠高血压综合征prolact ininhibitory hormone 催乳激素抑制激素PMP previous menstrual period 前次月经日期POP plasma oncotic pressure 血浆胶体渗透压PR progestogen receptor 激素受体PRL prolactin催乳激素PSβ1G pregnancy specific β1-glycoprotein 妊娠特异β1糖蛋白PSTT placental-site trophoblastic tumor 胎盘部位滋养细胞肿瘤PVP polyvinyl-pyrrolidone 聚乙烯吡咯烷酮rad 拉德，辐射吸收剂量单位Rh rheus 猕（指人红细胞某种物质与猕红细胞相似）RIA radioimmunoassay放射免疫测定RMA right mento-anterior 颏右前RMP right mento-posterior 颏右后RMT right mento-transverse 颏右横RNA ribonucleic acid 核糖核酸ROA right occipito-anterior 枕右前ROP right occipito-posterior 枕右后ROT right occipito-transverse枕右横roll over test 翻身试验RPF renal plasma flow 肾血流量RSA right sacro-anterior 骶右前RSP right sacro-posterior 骶右后RST right sacro-transverse 骶右横RScA right scapulo-anterior 肩右前RScP right scapulo-posterior 肩右后RU rat unit 大鼠单位SCJ squamo-columnar junction鳞柱交接部SGA fetus small-for gestational age fetus 小于孕龄儿SGOT serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase 血清谷草转氨酶SGPT serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase 血清谷丙转氨酶（又称ALT） SHBG sex hormone binding globulin 性激素结合球蛋白SOD superoxide dismutase 超氧化物歧化酶STD sexually transmitted disease 性传播疾病T3 triiodothyronine 三碘甲状腺原氨酸T4 thyroxine 甲状腺素TBG thyroxine-bindlng globulin 甲状腺素结合球蛋白TeBG testoterone estrogen binding globulin 睾酮雌激素结合球蛋白TF transfer factor 转移因子TNF tumor necrosis factor 肿瘤坏死因子TO transverse outlct 出口横径TPHA treponema pallidum haemagglutination assay 梅毒螺旋体血凝试验 TRH thyrotropin releasing hormone 促甲状腺素释放激素tRNA transfer RNA 转运核糖核酸TSH thyroid stlmulating hormone 促甲状腺激素TXA2 thromboxane A2 血栓素A2μg microgram 微克USR unheated serum reagm test 不加热血清反应素试验VDRL Venereal Disease Research Laboratory Test 性病研究实验室试验 VD variable deceleratlon 变异减速VSM vasculo-syncytial membrane 血管合体膜VIN vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia 外阴上皮内瘤样病变WHO world health organization 世界卫生。
What Are the Risks of Smoking [1]Before Dr. Luther L. Terry, then the Surgeon General of the United States, issued his office‘s first "Report on Smoking and Health" more than 30 years ago, thousands of articles had already been written on the effects of tobacco use on the human body. [2] Tobacco companies had countered the reports——which purported to show links between smoking and cancer and other serious diseases——with denials and competing studies. [3] So in 1964, Terry and his Advisory Committee on Smoking and Health knew they were stepping into a major pit of controversy when they announced "cigarette smoking is a health hazard of sufficient importance in the United States to warrant appropriate remedial action"/education/index.html [4] It was America‘s first widely publicized acknowledgment that smoking cigarettes is a cause of serious diseases. [5] But the issue wasn‘t settled in 1964, nor is it settled in 1997, despite literally thousands more studies——and litigation that has forced at least one tobacco company to admit what some activists say they knew all along： cigarette smoke is hazardous to your health. [6] More than 30 years——and more than 20 Surgeon General reports——later, the issue appears headed for settlement in the courtroom rather than the laboratory. 30多年前，在当时美国的卫⽣局局长路德。
Pneumonia1. Introduction1.1 Definition：Pneumonia is an inflammatory condition of the lung—especially affecting the microscopic air sacs (alveoli)—associated with fever, chest symptoms, and a lack of air space (consolidation) on a chest X-ray. Pneumonia is typically caused by an infection but there are a number of other causes. Infectious agents include: bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites.1.2 Symptoms：Typical symptoms include cough, chest pain, fever, and difficulty breathing. Diagnostic tools include x-rays and examination of the sputum. Vaccines to prevent certain types of pneumonia are available. Treatment depends on the underlying cause. Presumed bacterial pneumonia is treated with antibiotics.1.3 Classification：Pneumonitis refers to lung inflammation; pneumonia refers to pneumonitis, usually due to infection but sometimes non infectious, that has the additional feature of pulmonary consolidation. Pneumonia can be classified in several ways. It is most commonly classified by where or how it was acquired (community-acquired, aspiration, healthcare-associated, hospital-acquired, and ventilator-associated pneumonia), but may also be classified by the area of lung affected (lobar pneumonia, bronchial pneumonia and acute interstitial pneumonia), or by the causative organism. Pneumonia in children may additionally be classified based on signs and symptoms as non-severe, severe, or very severe.1.4 Cause：Pneumonia is due primarily to infections, with less common causes including irritants and the unknown. Although more than one hundred strains of microorganisms can cause pneumonia, only a few are responsible for most cases. The most common types of infectious agents are viruses and bacteria, with its being less commonly due to fungi or parasites. Mixed infections with both viruses and bacteria may occur in up to 45% of infections in children and 15% of infections in adults. A causative agent is not isolated in approximately half of cases despite careful testing.[The term pneumonia is sometimes more broadly applied to inflammation of the lung (for example caused by autoimmune disease, chemical burns or drug reactions), however this is more accurately referred to as pneumonitis.1.5 Prevention：Prevention includes vaccination, environmental measures, and appropriately treating other diseases.1.5.1 Vaccination：Vaccination is effective for preventing certain bacterial and viral pneumonias in both children and adults. Influenza vaccines are modestly effective against influenza A and B. The Center forDisease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends that everyone 6 months and older get yearly vaccination. When an influenza outbreak is occurring, medications such as amantadine, rimantadine, zanamivir, and oseltamivir can help prevent influenza. Vaccinations against Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae have good evidence to support their use. Vaccinating children against Streptococcus pneumoniae has also led to a decreased incidence of these infections in adults, because many adults acquire infections from children. A vaccine against Streptococcus pneumoniae is also available for adults, and has been found to decrease the risk of invasive pneumococcal disease.1.5.2 Environmental：Reducing indoor air pollution is recommended as is smoking cessation.1.5.3 Other：Appropriately treating underlying illnesses (such as AIDS) can decrease a person's risk of pneumonia. There are several ways to prevent pneumonia in newborn infants. Testing pregnant women for Group B Streptococcus and Chlamydia trachomatis, and giving antibiotic treatment, if needed, reduces pneumonia in infants. Suctioning the mouth and throat of infants with meconium-stained amniotic fluid decreases the rate of aspiration pneumonia.2. Group discussion and summary :When mentioning about pneumonia, we usually take it for granted that it’s caused by an infection. In fact, however, there are a number of other causes including irritants and the unknown.As far as our group is concerned, the prevention of pneumonia is more important than medical cure. First of all, vaccination is vital for preventing certain types of pneumonia. The next, it’s highly recommended to reduce indoor air pollution and smoking cessation is one of the most typical ways to improve the indoor air quality. What’s more, the essential way to prevent pneumonia is not medical cure, but learning to strengthen our body by regular exercise, which can decrease a person’s risk of pneumonia. Last but not least, if you have these symptoms including cough, chest pain, fever, and difficulty breathing, you’d better see a doctor immediately because the pneumonia may have struck you already.Consequently, due to detailed analysis and the reasons mentioned above, which sometimes intertwine to form an organic whole, we may safely arrive at the conclusion that pneumoniais not a severe disease as long as we make a careful prevention.References：/wiki/Pneumonia/view/59758.htm?subLemmaId=59758&fromenter=Pneumonia/view/b13972e919e8b8f67c1cb9c7.html。
Pneumonia in PregnancyCORNELIA R.GRAVES,MDDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology,Baptist Hospital,Tennessee Maternal Fetal Medicine,Vanderbilt University,Nashville,TennesseeAbstract:Recent attention to H1N1influenza has increased awareness in the lay community of the ser-iousness of respiratory complications in the gravid patient.Historically,pneumonia during pregnancy has been associated with increased maternal morbidity and mortality.Similarly,the increased number of pregnant patients with chronic medical illnesses,including dia-betes,HIV,cardiac disease,and obesity may further complicate the clinical outcome in this population.Although data suggest that infants born to mother whose pregnancies have been complicated by pneumo-nia are more likely to be born preterm and to have a lower birth weight,care must be taken to balance treatment to serve both the mother and the fetus.Key words:pneumonia,pregnancy,respiratory complications,influenza,community acquired pneumonia,HIVChanges During PregnancyA number of physiologic changes may affect respiration during pregnancy,markedly increasing the maternal ventila-tor workload.During the first trimester,minute ventilation is increased whereas respiratory rate remains the same.Tidal volume is increased by 40%over baseline values.The increase in tidal volume is thought to be because of the increase incirculating progesterone that affects the respiratory center.Functional residual capacity is decreased by 10%to 25%;this change,in particular,decreases maternal tolerance to respiratory insults.1The cellular components of the mater-nal immune system are modified during pregnancy to enable the survival of the fetus.Decreases occur in the proliferation antibody responses to soluble antigens,cell-mediated cytotoxicity,numbers of T-lymphocytes,and natural killer cell activity.Increases in steroid-mediated hormones can also affect immuno-suppression.Humoral immunity remains unchanged.In theory,these changes may potentiate the risk for infection,especially from viral and fungal pathogens.2The estimated prevalence of antepar-tum pneumonia is similar to the nonpreg-nant population at 0.78to 2.7per 1000.3Pneumonia has been cited as the third most frequent cause of indirect obstetric death in North America and is the most frequent cause of fatal nonobstetric death.3In the influenza season,pneumo-nia during pregnancy increases the like-lihood of hospitalization for respiratory disorders.In one study,92of 294respira-tory admissions in obstetric patients were owing to a suspected pneumonia.4 |329Correspondence:Cornelia R.Graves,MD,Baptist Hospital,Tennessee Maternal Fetal Medicine,Vander-bilt University,Nashville,Tennessee.E-mail:cgraves@CLINICAL OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY/VOLUME 53/NUMBER 2/JUNE 2010CLINICAL OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY Volume 53,Number 2,329–336r 2010,Lippincott Williams &WilkinsRespiratory failure during pregnancy is the third leading indication for intubation during pregnancy,accounting for12%of intubated obstetric patients.3,5Adverse fetal effects have been described in preg-nancies complicated by pneumonia.In one study,preterm labor occurred in 44%of cases with antepartum pneumo-nia.It was reported,in this series,that the need for tocolysis was significantly in-creased22%versus4.2%for controls.6 Maternal risk factors associated with an increase incidence of the development of pneumonia during pregnancy include a history of underlying pulmonary disease, the presence of anemia and gestational age.Beneditti et al7first proposed that a hemoglobin level of10g/dL or less was a risk factor for pneumonia.Richey et al4 noted that asthma was associated with a risk of pneumonia in pregnancy.In their series,24%of71patients that presented with pneumonia had asthma as a confounding factor.4Munn et al6in a recent case control study showed that both of these factors were confirmed to be independently associated with a5-fold increase for the development of pneumo-nia.Studies have shown that the risk of pneumonia in pregnancy is lowest in the first trimester,(0%to16%),with the third trimester(mean gestational age 24to31wk)being associated with an increased incidence of admissions for pneumonia.DIAGNOSIS OF PNEUMONIAInitial clinical symptoms of pneumonia may be subtle and may mimic many complaints of pregnancy.Misdiagnosis is common.In one series of25patients, 20%initially received another diagnosis before being appropriately treated for pneumonia.8Therefore,the clinician should take a detailed history in the patient who presents with complaints of cough or shortness of breath.Fever,rig-ors,chills,cough,pleuritic chest pain, and dyspnea usually present later in the clinical course.In patients that were diag-nosed with pneumonia during preg-nancy,59.3%reported a productive cough,32.2%shortness of breath,and 27.1%pleuritic chest pain.6Nonrespira-tory symptoms may include nausea,head-ache,myalgias,and fever.Physical diagnosis may assist in identifying pa-tients with pneumonia,however,it is neither particularly sensitive nor specific. Routine chest auscultation may reveal decreased or bronchial breath sounds,E to A changes and on occasion,wheezing. Percussion of the chest may show dullness if consolidation is present.Often,physical examination is normal and may lead to misdiagnosis if further investigation is not undertaken.Pregnancy should not prevent the use of standard radiographic techniques9;therefore,chest radiographs should be obtained to confirm the diag-nosis.The differential diagnosis of pneu-monia in pregnancy should include pulmonary embolism,infectious etiolo-gies with systemic inflammatory findings, pulmonary edema associated with tocoly-tic therapy or with hypertensive disease. COMMUNITY-ACQUIRED PNEUMONIA(CAP)As in the nonpregnant population,com-munity-acquired pneumonia is the most common cause of admissions for patients presenting with symptoms of pneumonia. The incidence in pregnancy has been estimated to be the same as in general nonpregnant adults approximately6per 1000.There are no detailed studies to describe the microbial agents associated with pneu-monia.In retrospective or observational studies,the most common pathogen identified is Streptococcus pneumoniae, followed by Hemophilus influenza.Atypi-cal pathogens such as Mycoplasma pneu-moniae or Legionella species occasionally are implicated;however,confirmation by serologic testing was not consistent.330GravesThe clinician is often confronted with the issue of deciding where to provide appropriate management and treatment of patients presenting with CAP.This is particularly an issue in pregnancy as ma-ternal respiratory reserve and fetal oxyge-nation should be at the forefront of the clinician’s concerns.The American Thor-acic Society(ATS)guidelines may be helpful in deciding whether critical care support is necessary.10Yost et al retro-spectively applied the ATS guidelines to 119pregnant patients with pneumonia. Twenty-two(96%)of the23pregnant women with CAP who had a complicated course were correctly identified,based on the following risk factors:presence of coexisting chronic disease,altered mental status;respiratory rate of>30/min;tem-perature>38.31C;white blood cell count <4000or>30,000c cells/mm3;arterial oxygen tension(PaO2)<60mm Hg or arterial carbon dioxide tension>50mm Hg;creatinine>1.2mg/dL;or chest radiograph with unfavorable findings, such as multilobar involvement.In addi-tion,they identified25%of patients that have met the criteria for outpatient man-agement.11Although these guidelines may serve to assist the clinician in devel-oping a management plan,ultimately, clinical judgment and individualization of patient care are essential. TREATMENTManagement of pneumonia in pregnancy includes admission for evaluation,ini-tiation of antimicrobial therapy,fetal evaluation when appropriate,and main-tenance of normal maternal respiratory function.For patients with mild symp-toms,the ATS recommends an advanced generation macrolide.Yost et al showed that monotherapy with erythromycin was inadequate in only1of119patients with pneumonia in pregnancy.For more severe disease,a macrolide and b-lactam antibiotic should be initiated.Doxy-cycline,which is recommended as a second-line antibiotic therapy,should be avoided in pregnancy.Exposure to tetra-cycline preceding12weeks gestation has not been associated with increased fetal toxicity,however,administration in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy has been associated with staining and banding of teeth and up to a40%depres-sion of bone growth,especially the fetal fibula.While reversible,this may be a major cause of concern in the preterm fetus.Although it has been assumed that doxycycline may cause the same issues as other tetracyclines,this has not been shown in retrospective studies.The data on the use of quinolones in pregnancy are limited, however,owing to its high affinity for bone tissues,they are not recommended for persons under18years of age and pregnant women unless the benefit outweighs the risks.The ATS recommends that for pa-tients at-risk of hospital-acquired pneumo-nia or aspiration pneumonia,the addition of an amnioglycoside for the coverage of Pseudomonas and enteric gram negative organisms should be considered(Table1).In patients with an increased alveolar-arterial gradient,supplemental oxygena-tion may be required.Fetal hemoglobin has a higher affinity for oxygen than adult hemoglobin making the fetus more resis-tant to changes in maternal oxygen saturation,however,oxygen delivery to the fetus will decrease when the maternal oxygen saturation is less than90%.The clinician should remember that the TABLE1.Antimicrobial Management ofCommunity-Acquired Pneumonia Mild SymptomsAdvanced generation macrolideSevere symptomsAdvanced generation macrolide andb-lactamSuspected aspiration or hospital acquiredAdvanced generation macrolide andb-lactamAmnioglycosideDoxycycline should be avoided in pregnancyPneumonia in Pregnancy331decrease in maternal functional residual capacity may accelerate the time to frank respiratory distress.The criteria for intu-bation in pregnancy are the same as in the nonpregnant state:inadequate oxygena-tion,inadequate ventilation,systemic infection consistent with sepsis,need for invasive hemodynamic monitoring,or persistent metabolic acidosis.Positive end-expiratory pressure may be useful in improving oxygenation as this may further improve the intrapulmonary shunting that is most often the cause of hypoxemia in pneumonia.Fetal monitoring should be initiated once it has been established that interven-tion would be appropriate.In gestations less than24weeks,fetal heart tone aus-cultation daily may be the only monitor-ing required.If preterm contractions are of concern,one should consider tocolytic therapy only after the patient has been adequately hydrated and oxygenated.For later gestations,a management plan for delivery should be established.Elective delivery has been proposed to improve maternal respiratory response to delivery. In one case series,9intubated patients underwent elective delivery,resulting in a28%reduction in oxygen requirement within24hours.There were no other changes,however,in other ventilator or clinical indices.12The pneumococcal vaccine is available to reduce the incidence of CAP in high-risk populations.It is recommended for preg-nant women with underlying illnesses, including immunocompromised states, asplenia,sickle cell disease,diabetes,or chronic cardiopulmonary diseases.13 Viral PneumoniasVARICELLA PNEUMONIAOnly5%to10%of primary varicella infection cases occur after the age of15, however,this adult infection accounts for 25%to55%of fatal cases of varicella. The risk of primary varicella infection in adults who are at-risk is approximately 70%.14Acute infection in pregnancy affects0.5to0.7in1000gestations.The incubation period is10to21days after exposure.After this time,the patient will present with the usual symptoms asso-ciated with primary varicella-zoster infec-tion that includes fever,headache, malaise,and the characteristic maculo-papular-vesicular rash.Approximately 3to5days after the onset of the rash, symptoms of pneumonia may appear. Risk factors for developing pneumonia include a widely disseminated infection with oral lesions,gestational age in the third trimester,and a history of smoking. Whereas the risk of varicella pneumonia in pregnancy is not increased over that of the general population,before contem-porary management,the mortality risk in pregnancy is markedly higher than in nonpregnant patients(40%vs1.5%to 12%).Even with the addition of antiviral therapy,mortality risk may still be as high as35%.Oral acyclovir therapy has been initiated in patients with primary varicella infection to reduce disease severity.The diagnosis of varicella pneumonia is con-firmed by the interstitial‘‘ground glass’’appearance on chest radiograph in the presence of respiratory symptoms.There-fore,pregnant women with primary varicella infection with respiratory symp-toms should be managed aggressively. Intravenous acyclovir should be initiated promptly at a dose of10mg/kg every 8hours e of acyclovir has been shown to reduce the need for mech-anical ventilation.In one case series,there was a reduction in maternal mortality from36%to13%and fetal mortality from48%to6%.15Some studies have revealed that the addition of corticoster-oids to antiviral agents may further decrease mortality.Cheng et al,16after reviewing120patients with varicella pneumonia,noted that the mortality rate332Graveswith antiviral agents alone was10.3%; however,with the addition of corticoster-oids,there was no maternal mortality.In this particular study,hydrocortisone was used in a dose of200mg intravenously every6hours for2days.Licensed varicella zoster immunoglo-bulin is no longer available in the United States to provide passive immunity to patients that are exposed during preg-nancy.There is a new investigational drug that currently may be administered under research protocol.Under this expanded access protocol,this product may be requested through FFF Enterprises for pregnant individuals that have been ex-posed to rmation regarding this protocol may be obtained by directly contacting the company.Difficulties in obtaining immunoglobulin should be re-ported to the Federal Drug Administra-tion.17INFLUENZA PNEUMONIAConcern over the H1N1virus has rein-forced the seriousness of the influenza in pregnant patients.Historic data denote that during influenza pandemic,mortality rates among pregnant women are unu-sually high.Even during a normal season, Neuzil et al noted that pregnant women when compared with their postpartum counterparts were more likely to be hos-pitalized.The risk of hospitalization was highest in the third trimester with women nearly5times more likely to be hospita-lized than the postpartum control group. Influenza-related morbidity occurs in 10.5of10,000pregnant women compet-ing to a rate of1.91in10,000nonpregnant controls.Influenza pneumonia mortality in pregnancy has been noted to range from12.5%to42.1%.Contemporary management of influ-enza infection in pregnancy includes the use of antiviral medications for prevent-ing and treating the disease.Amantadine and rimantadine have been shown to be effective in shortening the course and duration of disease in influenza A and influenza B.Recently,oseltamivir(Tami-flu)and Zanamivir(Relenza)have been recommended for the prevention of influ-enza infection.Current CDC guidelines recommend that pregnant women(in-cluding patients until2-wk postpartum) receive treatment with documented expo-sure to the influenza virus and in patients that present with symptoms in the first 48hours of illness regardless of the gesta-tional age18(Table2).Medication should be initiated at the first sign of symptoms, as awaiting confirmation of diagnosisTABLE2.CDC Recommendations for ManagingInfluenza in Pregnancy(Level IIEvidence).Pneumonia in Pregnancy333delaying therapy could result in the rapid progression of disease.In the2009flu season,to date6%of deaths have been reported in pregnant women,however, only1%of the population is pregnant at any given time.Data suggest that the use of antiviral medications can significantly reduce perinatal morbidity and mortality. Since1995,the Center for Disease Con-trol has recommended that all pregnant women should receive influenza immuni-zations.Although there has been some discussion regarding the use of thimerosal that is used in the standard influenza vaccine,most authorities feel that the thimerosal-free vaccine when available is preferable.Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)is a new viral illness that was first described in2002.It is characterized by an atypical pneumonia that can rapidly pro-ceed to respiratory failure.Wong et al19 reviewed12cases of SARS occurring in pregnancy,33%of patients required mechanical ventilation.As with other in-fluenza infections,use of antiviral medi-cations resulted in a2-fold decrease in mortality.The investigator holds that all pregnant patients that present with respiratory symptoms after exposure to viral illness should be hospitalized and kept under observation.Owing to changes in mater-nal physiology,progression from mild respiratory distress to respiratory distress may be rapid and unpredictable.THE IMMUNOCOMPROMISED PATIENTOver80%of all cases of HIV infection are in women of reproductive age,with most of the cases occurring through hetero-sexual contact.Bacterial infections are the most common cause of pneumonia in a patient infected with the HIV virus, however,opportunistic infections must be considered.Although Pneumocystis carnii pneumonia(PCP)is not more likely to be seen in pregnant patients than in the non-pregnant population,it is the most com-mon cause of AIDS-related death in pregnant women in the United States. Most patients will present with a dry cough,tachypnea,and dyspnea.Diffuse interstitial infiltrates may be seen on chest radiograph,but these findings may lag behind clinical symptoms.Ahmad et al20 showed that59%of the22cases of PCP in pregnancy,required mechanical ventila-tion.The overall mortality in this series was50%.In this series,all of the patients had previously undiagnosed HIV infec-tion.Fetal mortality in this series was also significantly increased,with5intrauterine deaths and four other deaths shortly after delivery.The current recommendation for the treatment of PCP pneumonia is the use of trimethoprin/sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMX).For patients with mild-to-moderate symptoms,the oral dose is 2double-strength tablets every8hours. IV doses may be used in patients that have difficulty in tolerating oral medications. TMP/SMX should be initiated regardless of gestational age.Pentamidine is less effective than TMP/SMX in the treatment of PCP,however,it may be considered in patients that do not tolerate sulfa deriva-tives.As in other cases of pneumonia,the addition of corticosteroids in more severe cases has been noted to decrease morbid-ity and mortality.In patients with known HIV infection,recommendations for the prevention of PCP include the use of daily TMP/SMX for patients with a CD4cell count of less than200/m L or those with an earlier history of pneumonia. ConclusionsMorbidity and mortality in pregnant patients with pneumonia continue to pre-sent a significant challenge.Fortunately, maternal mortality rates have decreased from approximately20%to less than 4%over the last50years.Much of this improvement can be credited to the334Gravesavailability of appropriate antimicrobials and intensive care services.21Early recognition of the disease process and prompt treatment are required to ascertain an optimal outcome.Although there are no randomized controlled trials for the treatment of pneumonia in preg-nancy,case control studies suggest that the treatment in the gravid patient should generally follow standard guidelines for the treatment of pneumonia in adults. Concern for fetal outcome should not delay treatment,as improvement in ma-ternal oxygenation and status is the best way to ensure that the fetus will be pro-tected.Summary1.Pneumonia in pregnancy is associatedwith a higher rate of morbidity and mor-tality than in the nonpregnant population (level II).2.Macrolide monotherapy is recommendedfor the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia in patient with uncomplicated community-acquired pneumonia(level I).3.In patients with more severe illness orwith comorbidities,a b-lactam plus a ma-colide provides is recommended by the ATS(level I).4.In settings with there is high b-lactam andmacrolide resistance,fluroquinolones are recommended and may be used in preg-nancy when indicated(level I).5.When pneumonia is hospital acquired,there is a history of aspiration or Pseudo-monas is suspected,an aminoglycoside should be added to b-lactam and macrolide coverage(level III).6.Influenza vaccination is recommendedin all pregnant women to decrease the risk of major morbidity and mortality arising from secondary complications (level I).7.PCP pneumonia is prevented by treatingknown HIV-positive patients with a CD4 cell count of less than200/m L or those with an earlier history of pneumonia with ap-propriate prophylaxis(level I).References1.England S,Fahri L.Fluctuations in al-veolar CO2and base excess during the menstrual cycle.Respir Physiol.1976;26: 157–161.2.Baboonian C,Griffiths P.Is pregnancyimmunosuppressive?:humoral immunity against viruses.Br J Obstet Gynaecol.1983;90:1168–1175.3.Kaunitz AM,Hughes JM,Grimes DA,et al.Causes of maternal mortality in the United States.Obstet Gynecol.1985;65: 605–612.4.Richey SD,Roberts SW,Ramin KD,et al.Pneumonia complicating pregnancy.Ob-stet Gynecol.1994;84(4pt1):525.5.Jenkins TM,Troiano NH,Graves CR,et al.Mechanical ventilation in an obste-tric population:characteristics and deliv-ery rates.Am J Obstet Gynecol.2003;188: 549–552.6.Munn MB,Groome LJ,Atterbury JL,et al.Pneumonia as a complication of pregnancy.J Matern Fetal Med.1999;8: 151–154.7.Beneditti TJ,Valle R,Ledger WJ.Ante-partum pneumonia in pregnancy.Am J Obstet Gynecol.1982;144:413–417.8.Madinger NE,Greenspoon JS,Ellrodt AG.Pneumonia during pregnancy:has mod-ern technology improved maternal and fetal outcome?Am J Obstet Gynecol.1989;161:657–662.9.American College of Obstetrics andGynecology.Guidelines for Diagnostic Imaging during Pregnancy.ACOG Com-mittee Opinion No.158.Washington, DC.1995.10.American Thoracic Society.Guidelinesfor the management of adults with com-munity acquired pneumonia.Am J Respir Crit Care Med.2001;163:1730–1754. 11.Yost NP,Bloom SL,Richey SD,et al.Anappraisal of treatment guidelines for antepartum community acquired pneu-monia.Am J Obstet Gynecol.2000;183: 131–135.12.Tomlinson MW,Caruthers TJ,Whitty JE,et al.Does delivery improve maternal con-dition in the respiratory-compromised gra-vid?Obstet Gynecol.1998;91:108–111. 13.Prevention of pneumoncoccal disease:Recommendations of the Advisory Pneumonia in Pregnancy335Committee on Immunization Practices.MMWR Recomm Rep2002.14.Ramsey PS,Ramin KD.Pneumonia inpregnancy:medical complications of preg-nancy.Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am.2001;28:533–569.15.Harger JH,Ernest JM,Thurnau GR,et al.Risk factor and outcome of varice-lla-zoster pneumonia in pregnant women.J Infect Dis.2002;185:422–427.16.Cheng VCC,Tang BSF,Wu AKL,et al.Medical treatment of viral pneumonia complicating pregnancy including SARS in the immunocompetent adult.J Infect.2004;49:262–273.17.CDC.A New Product(VariZIG)forpostexposure prophylaxis of varicellaunder an investigational new drug appli-cation expanded access protocol.MM WR.2006;55:209–210.18.CDC.H1N1Updated Interim Recom-mendations for Obstetric Health Provi-ders.2009.Available at 19.Wong SF,Chow KM,Leung TN,et al.Pregnancy and perinatal outcomes of women with severe acute respiratory syn-drome.Am J Obstet Gynecol.2004;191: 292–297.20.Ahmad H,Mehta NJ,Manikal VM,et al.Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in preg-nancy.Chest.2001;200:666–671.21.Shefffield JS,Cunningham mu-nity acquired pneumonia in pregnancy.Obstet Gynecol.2009;114:915–922.336Graves。
